BLAZA, LAICA C.

1. What are other classification of minerals?

 Native Elements: Composed of a single element in its pure form, such as gold (Au) or diamond
(C).
 Sulfides: Compounds of a metal combined with sulfur, like galena (PbS) or pyrite (FeS₂).
 Oxides: Minerals containing oxygen and a metal, such as hematite (Fe₂O₃) or magnetite (Fe₃O₄).
 Carbonates: Minerals formed from metal cations and carbonate anions, like calcite (CaCO₃) or
dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂).
 Silicates: The most abundant mineral group, composed of silicon and oxygen with other
elements. Examples include quartz (SiO₂) and feldspar.
 Sulfates: Minerals containing sulfate anions, like gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) or barite (BaSO₄).
 Halides: Composed of halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) combined with
metals, such as halite (NaCl) or fluorite (CaF₂).
 Phosphates: Minerals containing phosphate anions, like apatite (Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH,F,Cl)).

2. What are the scale used in measuring the hardness of mineral?

The hardness of minerals is commonly measured using the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Developed
by Friedrich Mohs in 1812, this scale ranks minerals based on their ability to scratch or be scratched by
other minerals. The scale consists of ten minerals, each assigned a hardness value from 1 (softest) to 10
(hardest). The minerals on the Mohs scale are:

1. Talc 6. Orthoclase Feldspar

2. Gypsum 7. Quartz

3. Calcite 8. Topaz

4. Fluorite 9. Corundum

5 Apatite 10. Diamond

For example, a mineral with a hardness of 7 (e.g., quartz) can scratch minerals with a hardness of 6 or
lower but can be scratched by minerals with a hardness of 8 or higher. This scale is widely used in
geology, mineralogy, and gemology to assess and compare the hardness of different minerals.

3. What are the different uses if mineral according to their classification?

Native Elements:
  Gold, silver, and copper are used in jewelry and currency.
 Graphite (pure carbon) is used as a lubricant and in pencils.

Sulfides:

 Galena (lead sulfide) is a source of lead.

 Pyrite (iron sulfide) is used in the production of sulfuric acid.

Oxides:

 Hematite and magnetite (iron oxides) are major sources of iron.

 Rutile (titanium dioxide) is used in the production of titanium.

Carbonates:

 Calcite is used in cement and as a building material.

 Dolomite is used in construction and as a source of magnesium.

Silicates:

 Quartz is used in glass and electronics.

 Feldspar is used in ceramics and glassmaking.

Sulfates:

 Gypsum is used in construction materials like drywall.

 Barite is used in the oil and gas industry for drilling fluids.

Halides:

 Halite (rock salt) is used as a seasoning and in the chemical industry.

 Fluorite is used in the production of aluminum and fluoridation of water.

Phosphates:

 Apatite is used in fertilizers and as a gemstone.

4. What is volcano?

 A volcano is a geological feature that forms when magma, ash, and gases escape from the
Earth's interior through an opening in the crust called a vent. This volcanic activity can occur on
land or beneath the ocean. When magma reaches the surface, it may erupt explosively, emitting
lava, ash, and gases.

5. Describe the characteristics of volcano.

  Vent: The opening in the Earth's crust through which volcanic material is expelled is known as
the vent. It can range from a single opening to a complex system of vents.
 Crater: The summit depression or bowl-shaped cavity at the top of a volcano is called the crater.
It's often formed during explosive eruptions.
 Conduit: A conduit is a pipe-like structure that connects the magma chamber below the surface
to the vent. It acts as a pathway for magma to reach the surface.
 Magma Chamber: This is a reservoir beneath the Earth's surface where magma accumulates
before a volcanic eruption. The size and depth of the magma chamber can vary.
 Lava Flows: Molten rock, or lava, can flow down the sides of a volcano during an eruption. The
viscosity of the lava influences the type of flow, ranging from fast-moving and fluid to slow-
moving and viscous.
 Pyroclastic Material: This includes ash, volcanic rocks, and other fragments ejected during an
eruption. Pyroclastic flows, which are rapidly moving currents of hot gas and volcanic particles,
can also occur.
 Crater Lake: In some cases, a volcanic crater may fill with water, forming a crater lake. This often
occurs after the collapse of the volcano's summit during a powerful eruption.
 Vent Structure: Volcanoes can take various shapes, including shield volcanoes with broad, gentle
slopes (e.g., Mauna Loa), and stratovolcanoes with steeper profiles (e.g., Mount St. Helens).

6. What are the common volcanoes found in the Philippines?

 Mayon Volcano: Located in the province of Albay, Mayon is known for its nearly symmetrical
cone. It is one of the most active volcanoes in the country and has had numerous eruptions
throughout history.
 Taal Volcano: Situated in Batangas, Taal is known for its picturesque crater lake. It is one of the
most active volcanoes in the Philippines and had a significant eruption in 2020.
 Mount Pinatubo: Straddling the provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga, Pinatubo gained
international attention after a major eruption in 1991, one of the largest of the 20th century.

 Mount Bulusan: Located in Sorsogon province, Bulusan is one of the most active volcanoes in
Luzon. It has a history of both phreatic and magmatic eruptions.
 Mount Kanlaon: Found on the island of Negros, Kanlaon is the highest peak in Central Visayas. It
is an active stratovolcano with several historical eruptions.
 Mount Hibok-Hibok: Situated on Camiguin Island, this stratovolcano is known for its 1951
eruption. It is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
 Mount Apo: Although more known as the highest mountain in the Philippines, Mount Apo,
located on the island of Mindanao, is a potentially active stratovolcano.