How does magma formed?

Where does it Came from?

•It’s Hot Inside the Earth

•Where does the heat that can cause
the production of magma come from?
Some of the Earth’s internal heat is
a relict of the planet’s formation. In
fact, during the first 700 million
years or so of its existence, the
Earth was very hot, and at times
may even have been largely molten.
But our planet has had a long time
to cool since then, and probably
would have become too cool to melt
at all were it not for the presence of
radioactive elements. Every time a
radioactive element decays, it
generates new heat. The Earth
produces enough radioactive heat to
keep its inside quite hot.
 Causes of melting
•Even though the Earth is very hot
inside, the popular image that the
crust floats on a sea of molten
rock is wrong. The crust and the
mantle of this planet are almost
entirely solid. Magma forms only
in special places where preexisting
solid rock undergoes melting.
Below, we describe conditions
that lead to melting. We’ll briefly
note the settings, in the context
of plate tectonics, in which
melting conditions develop, but
will wait until the end of this
chapter to characterize specific
types of igneous rocks that form
at these settings.
The Major Types of Magma
• All magmas contain silica, a Geologists distinguish between “dry” magmas,
compound of silicon and which contain no volatiles, and “wet” magmas,
oxygen. But magmas also which do. In fact, wet magmas include up to 15%
dissolved volatiles such as water, carbon dioxide,
contain varying proportions nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), and sulphur dioxide
of other elements such as (SO2). These volatiles come out of the Earth at
aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), volcanoes in the form of gas. Usually, water
constitutes about half of the gas erupting at a
sodium (Na), potassium (K),
volcano. Thus, magma contains not only the
iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) molecules that constitute solid minerals in rocks
; each of these ions also but also the molecules that become water or air.
bonds to oxygen to form a
metal-oxide compound.
Because magma is a liquid,
its molecules do not lie in an
orderly crystalline lattice but
are grouped instead in
clusters or short chains,
relatively free to move with
respect to one another.
The Four Categories of Magma
• Source rock
composition:
The composition of
a melt reflects the
composition of the
solid from which it
was derived. Not all
magmas form from
the same source rock,
so not all magmas
have the same
composition.
 Partial melting:

Under the temperature and pressure

conditions that occur in the Earth, only
about 2% to 30% of an original rock
can melt to produce magma at a given
location the temperature at sites of
magma production simply never gets
high enough to melt the entire original
rock before the magma has a chance to
migrate away from its source. Partial
melting refers to the process by which
only part of an original rock melts to
produce magma (figure above a).
Magmas formed by partial melting are
more felsic than the original rock from
which they were derived. For example,
partial melting of an ultramafic rock
produces a mafic magma.
 Assimilation
Magma sits in a magma
chamber before completely
solidifying, it may
incorporate chemicals
dissolved from the wall
rocks of the chamber or
from blocks that detached
from the wall and sank
into the magma (figure
above b). This process is
called contamination or
assimilation.
 Magma mixing
• Different magmas formed
in different locations from
different sources may enter
a magma chamber. In some
cases, the originally
distinct magmas mix to
create a new, different
magma. Thoroughly mixing
a felsic magma with a
mafic magma in equal
proportions produces an
intermediate magma.
What happen after they are formed?
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Extrusive igneous rocks form when
magma reaches the Earth's surface a
volcano and cools quickly. Most
extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small
crystals. Examples include basalt,
rhyolite, andesite, and obsidian.
 Basalt
• What is Basalt?
• Basalt is a dark-colored,
fine-grained, igneous rock
composed mainly of
plagioclase and pyroxene
minerals. It most commonly
forms as an extrusive rock,
such as a lava flow, but can
also form in small intrusive
bodies, such as an igneous
dike or a thin sill. It has a
composition similar to gabbro.
The difference between
basalt and gabbro is that
basalt is a fine-grained rock
while gabbro is a coarse-
grained rock.
 Andesite
• Andesite is the name used for a family
of fine-grained, extrusive igneous
rocks that are usually light to dark
gray in color. They often weather to
various shades of brown, and these
specimens must be broken for proper
examination. Andesite is rich in
plagioclase feldspar minerals and may
contain biotite, pyroxene, or amphibole.
Andesite usually does not contain
quartz or olivine.
• Andesite is typically found in lava
flows produced by stratovolcanoes.
Because these lavas cooled rapidly at
the surface, they are generally
composed of small crystals. The
mineral grains are usually so small
that they cannot be seen without the
use of a magnifying device. Some
specimens that cooled rapidly contain
a significant amount of glass, while
others that formed from gas-charged
lavas have a vesicular or amygdaloidal
texture.
 Rhyolite
• Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock with a
very high silica content. It is usually pink
or gray in color with grains so small that
they are difficult to observe without a hand
lens. Rhyolite is made up of quartz,
plagioclase, and sanidine, with minor
amounts of hornblende and biotite. Trapped
gases often produce vugs in the rock. These
often contain crystals, opal, or glassy
material.
• Many rhyolites form from granitic magma
that has partially cooled in the subsurface.
When these magmas erupt, a rock with two
grain sizes can form. The large crystals
that formed beneath the surface are called
phenocrysts, and the small crystals formed
at the surface are called groundmass.
• Rhyolite usually forms in continental or
continent-margin volcanic eruptions where
granitic magma reaches the surface.
Rhyolite is rarely produced at oceanic
eruptions
 Obsidian
• Obsidian is an igneous rock
that forms when molten
rock material cools so
rapidly that atoms are
unable to arrange
themselves into a
crystalline structure. It is
an amorphous material
known as a "mineraloid."
The result is a volcanic
glass with a smooth
uniform texture that
breaks with a conchoidal
fracture
What is the shape of chocolate hills?
 Conical
• A conical hill (also cone or conical
mountain) is a landform with a
distinctly conical shape. It is usually
isolated or rises above other surrounding
foothills, and is often, but not always,
of volcanic origin.
• Conical hills or mountains occur in
different shapes and are not necessarily
geometrically-shaped cones; some are
more tower-shaped or have an
asymmetric curve on one side. Typically,
however, they have a circular base and
smooth sides with a gradient of up to
30°. Such conical mountains are found in
all volcanically-formed areas of the
world
 How it is formed?
• Now, how did they form? There
are several theories. The most
commonly accepted – and the one
you’ll read on a plaque at the
top of the observation hill – is
that they are the weathered
karst formations left behind
after layers of soluble bedrock
were eroded away via a process
of dissolution by rainfall,
surface water and groundwater.
There were also and numerous
rivers and caves and underground
springs which contributed to the
unique conical shape of these
hills.
• But even more interesting: One popular legend is
that two giants went to battle in ancient times,
hurling stones and sand at each other for days.
When they finally made peace after being too
tired to fight, they left the island and the mess
they created in the process.
• Another legend deemed that a young giant, Arogo,
fell in love with a mortal girl named Aloya.
When she died, he wailed and wailed until his
tears covered the landscape and turned into hills.
How wonderfully and tragically romantic.
• Still another story says that the buried gold of
the biblical land of Ophir lies beneath these
man-made hills which were designed to ward off
gold seekers.
• Curious why it’s called the
Chocolate Hills when it’s not
really made of chocolates? It’s
because these hills, which are
usually covered in green grass,
dry up and turn chocolatey
brown in color during the dry
season. There are more than a
thousand hills spread over an
area of 50 square kilometers
in the towns of Carmen,
Batuan, and Sagbayan in
Bohol. And, while the hills do
vary in size, looking at these
from afar, it seems like
they’re almost symmetrical in
shape. This results in a
majestic landscape that might
make you think it’s a man-
made creation.
The end
Group 2