12/1/23, 6:13 PM Planet-forming disk detected around star in another galaxy for the first time | CNN

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Planet-forming disk spotted around star in another galaxy

for the first time
By Ashley Strickland, CNN
4 minute read · Published 10:38 AM EST, Thu November 30, 2023

M. Kornmesser/ESO

An artist's illustration depicts the HH 1177 system, located in a neighboring galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud. The
massive young star at the center pulls in material from a rotating disk of gas and dust, but it also expels matter in the form of
jets.

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(CNN) — For the first time, astronomers have glimpsed a young star outside the Milky Way
galaxy that’s ringed by a dense disk where planets may form
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12/1/23, 6:13 PM Planet-forming disk detected around star in another galaxy for the first time | CNN
galaxy that s ringed by a dense disk where planets may form.
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The massive star, called HH 1177, and its rotating disk were spotted in the Large
Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring dwarf galaxy that’s about 160,000 light-years away. The
unprecedented find could help scientists gain a better understanding of star and planet
formation.

A newborn star grows in size by pulling in matter from its surroundings. The gas and dust
accumulate in a flat disk around the star, known as an accretion disk, as a result of strong
gravitational forces. The spinning disk transports the matter onto the star, which gets
increasingly larger. The greater the star’s mass, the more powerful its gravitational field
becomes, thereby pulling more gas and dust into the disk.

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A colossal star such as HH 1177 lives fast and die young, forming more quickly and only
having a life span that’s a fraction of that of a star like our sun. This shortened timeline
makes the early stages of a massive star hard to observe in our galaxy, as both the star
and its disk is hidden from view by the dusty material from which it forms.

But the material from which stars are formed within the Large Magellanic Cloud is different
from that of the Milky Way.

HH 1177 is within a stellar nursery, called N180, that has less dust and lower metal
abundance. The star isn’t obscured by a cocoon of gas and dust, providing a distant but
clear view.

“When I first saw evidence for a rotating structure in the ALMA data I could not believe that
we had detected the first extragalactic accretion disc, it was a special moment,” said lead
study author Dr. Anna McLeod, an associate professor of physics at Durham University in
the United Kingdom, in a statement. “We know discs are vital to forming stars and planets
in our galaxy, and here, for the first time, we’re seeing direct evidence for this in another
galaxy.”

Astronomers made the detection of the star, which is estimated to be about 15 times the
mass of our sun, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array of telescopes in
Chile, known as ALMA. The findings were published Wednesday in the journal Nature.

Dynamic activity of a young star

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12/1/23, 6:13 PM Planet-forming disk detected around star in another galaxy for the first time | CNN
Dynamic activity of a young star
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The ALMA observations came as a follow-up to a previous detection made with the
European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope. The Multi Unit Spectroscopic
Explorer, or MUSE instrument, on the telescope captured a jet of material releasing from
the young star. HH 1177 was found deep within a gas cloud of the galaxy.

“We discovered a jet being launched from this young massive star, and its presence is a
signpost for ongoing disc accretion,” McLeod said.

ESO/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/A. McLeod et al.

Multiple observatories contributed to the discovery of the extragalactic disk. The star and its jets were first discovered using the
Very Large Telescope's MUSE instrument (left and center). Observations from ALMA (right) revealed the rotating disk around the
star.

To discern whether a disk was present around the star, the team needed to measure how
quickly dense gas moved around the star.

When matter is drawn toward a young, evolving star, it doesn’t fall directly onto the
celestial object. Rather, the material flattens out and spins around the star and forms a
disklike structure. The disk rotates faster at its center. The difference in speed can help
astronomers determine if a disk has formed around a star.

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12/1/23, 6:13 PM Planet-forming disk detected around star in another galaxy for the first time | CNN

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“The frequency of light changes depending on how fast the gas emitting the light is
moving towards or away from us,” said study coauthor Dr. Jonathan Henshaw, a research
fellow at the UK’s Liverpool John Moores University, in a statement “This is precisely the
same phenomenon that occurs when the pitch of an ambulance siren changes as it passes
you and the frequency of the sound goes from higher to lower.”

The ALMA observations were able to make detailed measurements of the disk’s spin.

Young stars aren’t the only celestial phenomena with accretion disks. Supermassive black
holes also have thin, hot disks of matter swirling around them that they feed off of.

“We are in an era of rapid technological advancement when it comes to astronomical

facilities,” McLeod said. “Being able to study how stars form at such incredible distances
and in a different galaxy is very exciting.”

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