The Fundamentals of Nursing
Prepared byReinabel Gallardo
Faye Glenn Abdellah
1. To maintain good hygiene and
physical comfort.
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise,
rest, sleep
3. To promote safety by preventing
accidents, injuries, or other trauma
and preventing the spread of infection.
4. To maintain good body mechanics and
prevent and correct the deformity.
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a
supply of oxygen to all body cells.
6. To facilitate the maintenance of
nutrition for all body cells.
7. To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination.
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid
and electrolyte balance.
9. To recognize the physiologic
responses of the body to disease
conditions—pathologic, physiologic,
and compensatory.
10. To facilitate the maintenance of
regulatory mechanisms and functions.
11. To facilitate the maintenance of
sensory function.
12. To identify and accept positive and
negative expressions, feelings, and
reactions.
13. Identify and accept interrelatedness of
emotions and organic illness.
14. To facilitate the maintenance of
effective verbal and nonverbal
communication.
15. To promote the development of
productive interpersonal relationships.
16. To facilitate progress toward
achievement and personal spiritual
goals.
17. To create or maintain a therapeutic
environment.
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
individual with varying physical,
emotional, and developmental needs.
19. To accept the optimum possible goals
in the light of limitations, physical and
emotional.
20. To use community resources as an aid
in resolving problems that arise from
an illness.
21. To understand the role of social
problems as influencing factors in the
cause of illness.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
 Erik Erikson was a psychoanalyst who
developed the theory of psychosocial
development.
 He believed that the achievements and
failures of earlier stages influence later
stages, whereas later stages modify and
transform earlier ones.
 The eight stages of human development
begin at birth and extend into old age.
They are based on biological,
psychological, and social factors each
individual may encounter during their
life.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial
Development
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months)
If babies receive constant care and attention to
their needs, they feel secure. They will develop
trust that everything is okay.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (18 months to
3 years)
Toddlers are learning about personal control,
seeing themselves as individuals, and asserting
their will.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
Preschoolers begin to develop a sense of purpose,
explore and do things independently, and
cooperate with others to achieve goals. They
understand social approval.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
Elementary-age children start to become
competitive and do what their peers do. They
compare themselves to others and focus on
gaining skills, getting results, and feeling capable.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20 years)
Adolescents are experiencing changes in their
bodies and how they see themselves as future
adults. They begin to commit to their principles
and beliefs, developing self-esteem and self-
confidence.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-35 years)
Young adults should have a strong sense of
identity and become focused on finding
companionship and intimacy. They develop the
capacity to offer and accept both physical and
emotional love.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-65 years)
Middle-age is a time to think about leaving a
legacy, to be productive, and to contribute to
society. There can be many changes: children
leave home, careers can shift, bodies become
older.
8. Integrity vs. Despair (65 years-death)
Late adulthood is typically the time of retirement,
as well as the importance of feeling a sense of
fulfillment and pride of achievement for their
actions earlier in life.
Kohlberg’s Moral Development
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) devised a theory
in which he explained six stages of moral
development divided into three levels.
Moral development is the process thought which
children develop proper attitudes and behaviors
toward other people in society, based on social
and cultural norms, rules, and laws.
Morality is the system one uses to decide what is
right and wrong; how one’s conscience affects
choices.
PRECONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Orientation.
Right is obedience to power and avoidance of
punishment.
(“I must follow the rules otherwise I will be
punished”).
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation.
Right is taking responsibility and leaving others to
be responsible for themselves.
(”I must follow the rules for the reward and favor
it gives”).
CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Good-Boy-Nice Girl Orientation.
Right is being considerate: “uphold the values of
other adolescents and adults” rules of society”.
(”I must follow the rules so I will be accepted”)
Stage 4: Society-Maintaining Orientation.
Right is being good, with the values and norms of
family and society at large.
(”I must follow rules so there is order in the
society”).
POSTCONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social Contract Reorientation.
Right is finding inner “universal rights” balance
between self-rights and societal rules –a social
contract.
(”I must follow rules as there are reasonable laws
for it”).
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle
orientation.
Right is based on a higher order of applying
principles to all human-kind; being non-
judgmental and respecting all human life.
(”I must follow rules because my conscience tells
me”).
14 components of Virginia Henderson’s
nursing need theory
1. breathe normally
2. eat and drink adequately
3. eliminate body wastes
4. move and maintain desirable postures
5. sleep and rest
 6. select suitable clothes dress and undress
7. maintain body temperature within a
normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying the environment
8. keep the body clean and well-groomed
and protect the integument
9. avoid dangers in the environment and
avoid injuring others
10. communicate with others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears and opinions
11. worship according to one’s faith
12. work in such a way that there is a sense of
accomplishment
13. play or participate in various forms of
recreation
14. learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that
leads to normal development and health,
and use the available health facilities
Abaquin’s PREPARE ME Holistic Nursing
Interventions
Holistic Nursing Interventions
–nursing interventions provided to address the
multi-dimensional problems of cancer patients
that can be given in any setting where patients
choose to be confined.
PREPARE ME (Holistic Nursing
Interventions)
– “Prepare me” Interventions and the Quality-of-
Life Advance Progressive Cancer Patients
6 COMPONENTS
Presence
being with another person during the times of
need:
 therapeutic communication
 active listening
 touch
Reminisce Therapy
recall of past experiences, feelings and thoughts to
facilitate adaptation to present circumstances
Prayer
Relaxation –Breathing
Techniques to encourage and elicit relaxation,
decreasing undesirable signs and symptoms such
as pain, muscle tension, and anxiety.
Meditation
–encourages an elicit form of relaxation altering
patient’s level of awareness focusing on an image
or thought to facilitate inner sight which helps
establish connection and relationship with God
use of music and other relaxation techniques
Values Clarification
–assisting another individual
–clarify his own values about health and illness in
order to facilitate effective decision-making skills
 Open Mind –that will facilitate
acceptance of disease state or may help
deepen or enhance values
 Process–helps one become internally
consistent by achieving closer between
what we do and what we feel
METAPARADIGMS
Person-Patients in advance stages of cancer
holistic beings with physical, psychological,
social, religious, level of independence, and
environmental aspects.
Environment-nevertheless, we can assume that
environment is an aspect or a dimension
integrated to the cancer patient.
Health revolves around illness, particularly
cancer and the provision of holistic care to
improve the quality of life despite their terminal
cases
Quality of Life Multifaceted construct that
encompasses the individual’s capabilities and
abilities of enriching life when it can no longer be
prolonged
Nursing Goal of nursing care -improvement of
quality of life for advance stage cancer patients
12 Theorist
1. Joyce Travelbee – Human to human
Relationship Model
2. Madeleine Leininger - Culture Care Theory of
Diversity and Universality
3. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse – Theory of Human
becoming
4. Virginia Henderson – Need Theory
5. Ida Jean Orlando – Deliberative Nursing Abraham Harold Maslow – Hierarchy of
Process Theory Needs
6. Rozzano Locsin – Technological Competency
as Caring and the Practice of Knowing
Persons in Nursing
7. Abraham Harold Maslow – Hierarchy of
Needs
8. Hildegard Peplau – Interpersonal Relations
Theory
9. Margaret Newman – Health as Expanding
Consciousness
10. Nola Pender – Health Promotion Model
11. Lydia Hall – Care, Core, Cure Theory
12. Faye Glenn Abdellah – Nursing Problems
Theory
Lydia Hall – Care, Core, Cure Theory
Faye Glenn Abdellah – Nursing Problems
Theory

Ida Jean Orlando – Deliberative Nursing

Process Theory Joyce Travelbee – Human to human
Relationship Model