PTE Prediction File Sep-Oct 2023

SEPT - OCT 2023
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READ ALOUD
Getting enough water every day is important for your health. Drinking water
can prevent dehydration, a condition that can cause unclear thinking, result
in mood change, cause your body to overheat, and lead to constipation and
kidney stones. Water has no calories, so it can also help with managing body
weight and reducing calorie intake when substituted for drinks with calories,
such as sweet tea or regular soda.
Demand for natural gas has grown internationally in recent years, in part
because it has a smaller carbon footprint than coal and other fossil fuels. In
Singapore, where the government has promoted increased use of natural
gas, consumption has grown about ninefold in recent decades. In some
places, natural gas consumption has expanded as public opinion has turned
against nuclear power.
Today, most American citizens over the age of 18 are entitled to vote in
federal and state elections, but voting was not always a right for all
Americans. Because the Constitution did not specifically say who could vote,
this question was largely left to the states in the 1800s. While no longer
explicitly excluded, voter suppression is a problem in many parts of the
country.
Throughout history, Stanford Medicine has been home to cutting-edge

medical advances, including the first successful adult human heart
transplant in the United States and the first combined heart-lung
transplant in the world. Stanford School of Medicine is
oldest medical school and worldwide leader in patient care, education, and
innovation.
Sportsmanship comes in many forms and helps make competitive games fun
and enjoyable. It fosters good habits and positive life skills both in and out of
sports games, and is an important life skill for people of all ages. It is also
key to becoming a mature, respectful, and successful adult.
Contemporary scholars who study scientific methodology are often

frustrated by the implication that science is logically falsifiable. The problem
is that scientists can always make excuses to avoid falsifying a claim. The
discovery of Neptune is a famous case. Astronomers had noticed
irregularities in the orbit of Uranus. One possibility was that these
irregularities violated the theory currently used to explain planetary motion,
and that this theory should be rejected.
With our current situation and the state of the global economy, there is a
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in when you are able to return to work.
Like other cognitive biases, implicit bias is a result of the brain's tendency to
try to simplify the world. Because the brain is constantly inundated with
more information than it could conceivably process, mental shortcuts make
it faster and easier for the brain to sort through all of this data.
It is important to note that even "good" stress can lead to spikes in blood
sugar levels. Mental and physical stress, such as worrying about your job or
getting sick, can create negative stress. But even positive or exciting
events, like riding on a roller coaster or winning an award, can create stress
on your mind and body.
Psychology is both an applied and academic field that benefits both

individuals and society as a whole. A large part of psychology is devoted to
the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues, but that is just the tip
of the iceberg when it comes to the impact of psychology.
For a lunar eclipse to occur, the Sun, Earth, and Moon must be roughly
aligned in a line. Otherwise, the Earth cannot cast a shadow on the Moon's
surface and an eclipse cannot take place. When the three bodies are aligned
in a way that the Moon is partly covered by the Earth's umbra, a partial
lunar eclipse is the result.
As of Friday, Musk and Twitter had given no public notice of the coming
tment and
Retraining Notification statute requires employers with at least 100
workers to disclose layoffs involving 500 or more employees, regardless of
whether a company is publicly traded or privately held.
If you walk into your kitchen, almost everything has encountered plastic in
one way or another: the plastic bags you stuff into a drawer, your favorite
cup, and even the packaging keeping those blueberries fresh. Despite
comes to plastic, our efforts seem much more focused on what happens
after rather than before we use it.
The blame for over-consumption should not and cannot be placed solely on
individuals. Companies and corporations have a vested interest in making you
buy more
green labels onto their products and advertise everywhere. Indeed, the

whole idea of a personal carbon footprint is a propaganda campaign created
by a fossil fuel giant.
For as long as so
influences on our decision-
to a great extent our upbringing, our parents, and the society we grew up in
influence our decision-making process.
Lions and lionesses play different roles in the life of the pride. The lionesses
work together to hunt and help rear the cubs. This allows them to get the
most from their hard work, keeping them healthier and safer. Being smaller
and lighter than males, lionesses are more agile and faster.
But like other low-impact exercises, yoga reliably improves fitness and
flexibility in healthy populations. The practice has also been shown to be a
potentially powerful therapeutic tool. In studies involving patients with a
variety of skeletal disorders, yoga was more helpful at reducing pain and
improving mobility than other forms of low-impact exercise.
Someone who looks extremely active, whose diary is filled from morning till
night, who is always running to answer messages and meet clients may
appear the opposite of lazy, but secretly, there may be a lot of avoidance
going on beneath the outward frenzy. Busy people can evade a different
order of undertaking.
The term "core competence" described a diversified corporation as a large

tree. The core products are the trunk and major limbs. The business units
are smaller branches, and the end products are the leaves. The core
competence is the root sy
essentially what your organization knows about coordinating production and
technology.
maturity and kindness with a capacity not to give up on people. But this
broad and generous truth can be in danger of missing out on an important
caveat that health and maturity may also require a subtle capacity to give
up on one or two people.
Films
Films can be compelling when used well. They have the power to change
people's perspectives and outlook on life. When we consider it in education,
it has become one of the ideal teaching methods for various reasons. It

helps to motivate learners to be more productive and look on a positive side
of life.
Locomotion
Locomotion underpins a limitless array of animal behaviors and can be a rich
source of inspiration for the design of modern machines. Movement requires
mechanical interaction with the physical environment to monitor and control
musculoskeletal systems that may be complex with many degrees of
freedom. Recent advances in robotics have proven to be powerful in
broadening our understanding of how animals run in a controlled manner.
Agricultural Problems
Agricultural problems due to climate change or normal weather, water
depletion, and the collapse of soil have become big problems in all parts of
the world. Many are now focusing on ethics and family farming as a way to
combat these issues.
Innovative Product
An innovative new product or service can give a firm a head start over its
rivals, which can be difficult for a new entrant to overcome. If the new
technology is also patented, then other firms cannot simply copy its design.
It is legally protected.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets perform a number of distinctive functions in the life of each
company. Firstly, they witness the prosperity of the firm in its good name.
Such a position allows human resource management to employ professional
workers and increase labor productivity. Moreover, intangible assets
guarantee future value for the firm. And although it is difficult to destroy
intangible assets, they can lose their importance in case of carelessness or
business failure.
Mediterranean Diet
Countries bordering the Mediterranean have built up a solid reputation for
sunshine, great tasting food as well as impressive health statistics,
featuring some of the lowest rates of heart disease, and increased life
expectancy. This has created a lot of attention towards the Mediterranean
diet, which is not a typical weight loss diet, but more of a set of habits.
Executive Residence
The Executive Residence in the White House in the United States of
America, where the president resides, is divided into several wings. It also
includes the vice-president's and president's staff's offices. This government
building is a national heritage.
Amphibians

Whether salamander frog or toad, amphibians are some of the most diverse
and far-flung animals on the planet. However, they're disappearing, and
experts are worried since frogs are considered bellwethers for the
environment. Their double life makes them unique. It's through their skin that
they breathe and drink water because their skin is so permeable.
Satellite Imagery
Commercial satellite imagery is currently in a sweet spot: powerful enough
to see a car, but not enough to tell the make and model; collected frequently
enough for a farmer to keep tabs on crops' health, but not so often that
people could track the comings and goings of a neighbor. Federal regulations
limit images taken by commercial satellites to a resolution of the length of a
shoe.
Golden Goose
Successful economies and cultures are built on trust, but a number of high-
profile data breaches and privacy intrusions have caused anxiety for
consumers. New legislation may be needed to bolster confidence in the
digital marketplace, but we've got to be thoughtful about it. So we don't
strangle the golden goose that we call the Internet.
Core Competence
The term core competence described a diversified corporation as a large
tree. The core products are the trunk and major limbs. The business units
are smaller branches, and the end products are the leaves. The core
competence is the root system that provides nourishment and stability. It's
essentially what your organization knows about coordinating production and
technology.
Urban Forests
A community's urban forest is an extension of its pride and community
spirit. Trees enhance community economic stability by attracting businesses
and tourists as people tend to linger and shop longer along tree-lined
streets. Apartments and offices in wooded areas rent more quickly and
businesses leasing office spaces in developments with trees reported higher
productivity and fewer absences.
Root Network
The networks of roots that plants use to absorb water and nutrients can
encompass a space larger than the part of the plant visible above ground.
The nature of these roots systems can help plants adapt to challenging
environments such as deserts. For instance, mesquite trees can develop
taproots capable of digging more than 50 yards deep to reach water.

Child Psychology
Within this free course, you will be introduced briefly to the discipline of child
psychology and to theories and approaches that have been developed to help
us understand and support children's lives by focusing on the individual
children. Psychologists can assess changes in their child's abilities over
time, including their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.
Political Problems
The course considers the ways in which thinkers have responded to the
particular political problems of their day and the ways in which they
contribute to a broader conversation about human goods and needs, justice,
democracy, and the proper relationship of the individual to the state.
Statistics
Statistics are indicators of change and allow meaningful comparisons to be
made. While it may be the issues rather than the statistics as such that
grab people's attention, it should be recognized that it is the statistics that
informed the issues. Statistical literacy, then, is the ability to accurately
understand, interpret, and evaluate the data that inform these issues.
Peptic Ulcer
The most common peptic ulcer symptom is burning stomach pain. Stomach
acid makes the pain worse, as does having an empty stomach. The pain can
often be relieved by eating certain foods that buffer stomach acid or by
taking an acid-reducing medication, but then it may come back. The pain may
be worse between meals and at night.
Topic
When you have selected a topic, you will first have to familiarize yourself with
the topic in order to clarify it. In this way you will get a clearer idea of all
aspects concerning the topic, definitions, facts and theories. You will get to
know related terms and concepts, the context and the various possible
ways of approaching the topic.
In every cultivated language, there are two great classes of words which,
taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary. First, there are those
words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we
learn from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates,
and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
When someone commits a criminal act, we always hope the punishment will
match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruellest crimes, animal
fighting, things rarely work out that way. Dog-fighting victims are tortured

and killed for profit and "sport," yet their criminal abusers often receive a
minimal sentence for causing a lifetime of pain.
Bolstered by the results of laboratory experiments, researchers dare to say

that gaming might be mentally enriching. These scholars are the first to
admit that games could be addictive, and indeed, part of their research
explores how games connect to the reward circuit of human beings.
Despite many similarities with literary-political debates in other nations,

there are also ways in which the cultural and political situation in Scotland
has left the study of Scottish Literature in a significantly different condition
from that of literary studies in many other parts of the world.
An environment of rapid change, technological innovations, and increasing

business competitiveness has highlighted the growing importance of
management development. In particular, the general movement towards
great employee involvement and making things happen through people has
emphasized an integrating rather than a controlling style of management.
The central idea of this book concerns our blindness with respect to
randomness, particularly the large deviations: why do we, scientists or non-
scientists, hotshots or regular Joes, tend to see the pennies instead of the
dollars? Why do we keep focusing on the minutiae, not the possible
significant large events, in spite of the obvious evidence of their huge
influence?
Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists

are involved in a variety of tasks. Many spend their careers designing and
performing research to understand how people behave in specific situations,
how and why we think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what
impact they have on our interactions with others.
Efficiency is not your friend when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to

keep our brains making new connections and keep them active, you need to
keep moving on to another challenging activity as soon as you reach the
point of mastery in the one you were engaging in.
Using artificial intelligence, researchers can create photorealistic images

from three-dimensional scenery, paving the way for better driving simulators
and better testing of driverless cars.
This report includes a huge swathe of macroeconomics, such as the effects
of tax reform, a new industrial policy, and understanding how to deal with
the uncertainty inherent in global financial market. But it also covers key
areas of microeconomic policies, such as boosting laggardly rates of
productivity.

Many individuals have unwittingly contributed to this book through sharing
ideas with us as colleagues, students, practitioners, tourists, and residents
of destination areas. They are too numerous to thank individually. And
indeed, it is not possible to isolate exactly their specific contributions.
It is normally expected that the final version of your thesis, which must be
submitted to the university library in both hard copy and electronic form, will
be freely available to the public. Once in the library, your thesis may be
consulted, borrowed, and copied in accordance with the regulations.
The committee would also like to express its gratitude to the independent
assessors who joined the committee for consideration of each case. Their
expertise and advice play a vital role in our work. A list of independent
assessors who attended meetings during this reporting year is included at
Appendix D.
We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was
painted at the left of the portrait. It seems that there may have been two
windows in the initial design for the portrait or that the window was moved
at an early stage.
Environmental, individual, and social traits of free-ranging raccoons influence

performance in cognitive testing. Shy raccoons are better learners than
bold ones, a result that has implications for our relationship with urban
wildlife.
Researchers found that couples with higher satisfaction in their relationship

had greater neural synchronization while watching marriage-related clips,
but they don't know whether there is selection-based behavior arising from
similar brain activity or whether couples evolve over time to develop it.
Association between meatless diet and depression: participants who

excluded meat from their diet were found to have a higher prevalence of
depressive episodes as compared to participants who consumed meat. This
association is independent of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, and
nutrient deficiencies.
The Covid-19 pandemic is linked to the early onset of puberty in some girls.
Several studies suggest that the number of girls starting puberty early has
more than doubled amidst the coronavirus outbreak, and experts are unsure
about exactly why.
Every few seconds, our eyelids automatically shutter, and our eyeballs roll
back in their sockets. So why doesn't blinking plunge us into intermittent
darkness and light? New research shows that the brain works extra hard to
stabilize our vision despite our fluttering eyes. When our eyeballs roll back in

their sockets during a blink, they don't always return to the same spot when
we reopen our eyes.
The role of women in promoting voluntary medical male circumcision uptake:

research reveals the important role played by women in influencing men to
undergo circumcision. Women are also motivated to convince men to
undergo male circumcision because of the benefits associated with them,
such as reduction of HIV transmission and cervical cancer.
In every cultivated language, there are two great classes of words which,
words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we
learn from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates,
and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
Animal Fighting
match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes, animal
and killed for profit and "sport", yet their criminal abusers often receive a
Addictive Games
Bolstered by the result of laboratory experiments, researchers dare to say
admit that games could be addictive, and indeed part of their research
Scottish Literature
Rapid Change
An environment of rapid change, technological innovations and increasing
Graduate Admission School

Since our graduate admission school is not centralized, each of the
university's 6 schools and colleges admits students to its own programs.
For information about specific program degrees, graduate applications,

graduate admission requirements and procedures, graduate scholarships
and the status of your application. visit the individual school websites.
Central Aim
Our central aim is to enable you to develop knowledge and attitudes and
skills that are conducive to constructive involvement, cooperation and
teamwork with others and will serve you well in future endeavors. To
succeed, the process demands all of us a serious exercise in civic
responsibility.
Regular Exercise
Regular exercise releases brain chemicals key for memory, concentration,
and mental sharpness at the same time as lifting your mood, and lowering
stress and anxiety all of which contribute to brain health. Studies show that
regular exercise helps you manage complex tasks, organize and razor-
sharpen your focus which is great for those long revision sessions or
particularly complex exam questions.
Flood Control
We've spent a lot of money over the last 70 years on flood control, and it's
protected millions of people and has saved us billions of dollars. We've built
dams to hold back the waters. We've built levees to keep the water off the
people, and we've raised the ones that were originally started in 1718.
Joint Venture
A joint venture is a business arrangement in which two or more parties
agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific
task. This task can be a new project or any other business activity. In a joint
venture, each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses, and
costs associated with it.
Early Puberty
Covid-19 pandemic is linked to early onset of puberty in some girls. Several
studies suggest that the number of girls starting puberty early has more
than doubled amid the coronavirus outbreak, and experts are unsure about
exactly why.
Circumcision
undergo male circumcision because of the benefits associated with them
Tortoise

The tortoise size and shell shape varies depending on where they live. The
shell is made of bone and is a dull brown color. Their ribs, backbone and
breastbone have become part of the shell, which is why you can never
separate the tortoise from its shell.
Immune Vigilance
The problem is, that increased immune vigilance has a side effect: allergies.
Our speculation is that this is some kind of trade-off. In the past you needed
to resist some kind of pathogen, and the trade-off or sacrifice you have to
make is increased responsiveness to nonpathogenic allergens. So next time
some of you get the springtime sniffles, blame your distant ancestor-the
one with the heavy brow ridge.
Enough Fluid
Your body is nearly two-thirds water. And so it is really important that you
consume enough fluid to stay hydrated and healthy. If you don't get enough
fluid you may feel tired, get headaches, and not perform at your best.
Single Research
Rarely, however, does a single research study produce the certainty needed
to assume that the same results will apply in all or most settings. Rather,
research is usually an ongoing process, based on many accumulated
understandings and explanations that, when taken together, lead to a
generalization about educational issues and practice, and ultimately, to the
development of theories
Stratosphere
The stratosphere is the next layer up from Earth's surface. Temperatures in
the stratosphere increase with altitude. A high concentration of ozone, a
molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen, makes up the ozone layer of
the stratosphere. This ozone absorbs some of the incoming solar radiation,
shielding life on Earth from potentially harmful ultraviolet light.
Environmental Damage
Environmental damage does not affect all people equally. For this reason,
some people may feel anxiety around ecological issues more intensely. Some
parts of the world are more vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather,
including coastal communities and low-lying areas. Particularly, people whose
livelihoods depend on the environment-such as those with jobs in fishing,
tourism, and agriculture - are more likely to be affected.
Historical Contingency
The teleology and historical contingency of biology make it unique among the
guiding principle: evolution. It depends on chance and randomness, but

natural selection gives it the appearance of intention and purpose. Animals

are drawn to water not by some magnetic attraction, but because of their
instinct to survive.
Central Idea
The central idea of this book concerns our blindness with respect to
randomness, particularly the large deviations: why do we, scientists or
nonscientists, hotshots or regular Joes, tend to see the pennies instead of
the dollars? Why do we keep focusing on the minutiae, not the possible
significant large events, in spite of the obvious evidence of their huge
influence?
Depression Symptoms
Symptoms of depression decrease with improvements in sense of smell,
particularly among patients with dyssomnia. New research published in the
journal Scientific Reports highlights the intricate relationship between
depression and sense of smell. The study found that participants' symptoms
of depression dropped as their odor identification improved, particularly
among those with an impaired sense of smell.
Book Structure
Any writer must decide upon an order and a structure for a book in keeping
with the reflexive nature of the work. There are strong currents of
reiteration in the book, with each iteration developing understandings of
research, theory, and practice as the story continues to unfold.
Tutor
Your tutor helps you make the most of your time at university by giving you
guidance and support along the way. All new students are allocated a
personal tutor who will encourage you to get the most out of your course,
direct you to other sources of support and help you achieve your goals.
Attendance
To some extent, attendance at cultural venues and events is influenced by a
person's age and the composition of the household in which they live. For
example, those people in households with dependent children were more
likely to visit zoological parks and aquariums than people living in single
person households.
Online Treatment
Computer- and smartphone-based treatments appear to be effective in
reducing symptoms of depression, and while it remains unclear whether they
are as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy, they offer a promising
alternative to address the growing mental health needs spawned by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
Paleontology

The outsize influence of rich countries on paleontology could lead to a warped
view of life's history, the researchers say. Researchers studying large-scale
trends in paleontology using resources are keenly aware that the fossil
record is biased in myriad ways, including the age and type of rock in which
fossils survive. But little consideration is given to the biases of the
collectors themselves.
Two-pronged Policy
After a pandemic with major social and economic consequences, emerging
and developing countries need to swiftly address a two-pronged policy
objective: sovereign debt sustainability and being able to fund investment,
especially investment with high economic and social returns. So far, the
international community has alleviated the liquidity strain among developing
countries and quickened the mobilization of financial resources.
Hong Kong Development

Many stakeholders are concerned that Hong Kong is 'losing its competitive
edge'. A recent research report finds that non-positive interventionism no
longer works and Hong Kong's research funding model needs improvement.
Hong Kong should rejuvenate technology development through high-level
government leadership by informing government decision-making with
professional and technical expertise, nurturing human capital and
technological talent and facilitating innovation collaboration.
Sociological Thought
Written by ten eminent professors, it had been updated to reflect the shifts
of sociological thought in the last five years, making it the most
comprehensive, authoritative, and contemporary dictionary available. It was
essential reading for all students and teachers of sociologies and other
related courses, and also for the general reader.
Subject Outlines
Your subject outlines are a good place to go to find information about which
textbooks to buy. You will usually be given one of these for each subject in
the first lecture, but if you are missing one or need one earlier then you
should contact the subject coordinator.
Reserve Bank
Most people do not realize that some banks literally make money by giving
loans without having money on deposit. The system is called fractional
reserve banking and is used in most economies. It sounds as though it is
safe because it says that banks have to keep a fraction of their deposits
with the Reserve Bank.
War and Commodity

In the past, wars have led to inflation and higher commodity prices. Fighting
disrupts trade and prevents raw materials from being shipped from one

country to another. In second-world-war Britain, a banana was the highest
of luxury.
Global Changes
Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of
these changes are social, cultural and political rather than purely economic,
and one of the main drivers in addition to the global marketplace is the
communication revolution.
Female Undergraduates
The most obvious change is that 46% of college undergraduates are now
women. When I went there, it was only the third year that women had been
admitted, and then seemingly grudgingly: about 70% of students were male,
and if there was a woman tutor, she must have been a male impersonator.
The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision

aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them
understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can
move to different intensities of particular activities. A useful thing to take
crack at.
Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and university
students. However, recent studies have shown that this traditional form of
assessment may not be an accurate indicator of academic performance.
Tests have shown that many students experience anxiety during exam
weeks, which leads to poorer results. As a result, some learning institutions
are replacing exams with alternative assessments such as group work and
oral presentations.
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday when the International
Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets.
Although there had been a passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly
Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet and whether Pluto met
the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with
applause.
productive capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations

in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of
industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gores

studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his team
demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective
relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-

resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the other to
chloramphenicol.
The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It

guarantees not only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but
also many other advantages. Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford Motor
company is always profitable and beneficial. Moreover, it is important to
mention that Ford Motors provides its employees with effective and useful
services and takes care of their well-being.
Augustus was granted the powers of an absolute monarch, but he

presented himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the
Senate, or state council, with great respect and was made Consul year
after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by
retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing.
Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans
searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were
often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects,
they lose appetite.
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including

Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and Wharton - have moved
away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite of four years' work
experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates
and so-called early career professionals with only a couple years of work
under their belt.
Howard believed that all clouds belonged to three distinct groups: cumulus,
stratus, and cirrus. He added a fourth category, nimbus, to describe a cloud
in the act of condensation into rain, hail, or snow. It is by observing how
clouds change color and shape that weather can be predicted, and as long
as the first three types of clouds keep their normal shape, there won't be
any rain.
It is difficult to tell whether the speaker approves of Hemingway's lifestyle

or not. He was famously macho and spent a lot of time hunting wild animals,
going to wars and getting into fights. All these things got into his books,
and the speaker thinks that this is not necessarily a good thing as it means
that too many people prefer reading about his life to his books.
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to

collect, study, exchange, and display plants for research and for the
education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens in
each capital city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily engaged in

the breeding, preservation, and display of native and exotic fauna in captivity.
Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century. Most people
these days will live for over 70 years. This is more than double the lifespan of
the average human in the seventeenth century. We can attribute our
longevity to advances in medicine and lifestyle. While everyone agrees that
living longer is wonderful, overpopulation is becoming a serious environmental
concern.
Many people believe that employers discriminate against older people

because youths have more energy and creativity. This is not true. The main
reason for hiring younger workers is payroll. In most countries, your salary is
dependent on how many years of work experience you have. It is far more
cost-efficient to hire postgraduates, fresh out of university, than senior
staff with over twenty years of industry knowledge.
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that

AIDS has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In 2001,
Botswana had the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help of
international donors, it launched an ambitious national campaign that
provided free antiviral drugs to anyone who needed them, and by March
2004, Botswana's infection rate had dropped significantly.
Programming is the art of expressing solutions to problems so that a

computer can execute those solutions. Much of the effort in programming is
spent finding and refining solutions. Often, a problem is only fully understood
through the process of programming a solution for it.
Categorization
Categorization is the brain's tool to organize nearly everything we encounter
in our daily lives. Grouping information into categories simplifies our complex
world and helps us to react quickly and effectively to new experiences.
Researchers identified neurons encoding learned categories and thereby
demonstrated how abstract information is represented at the neuronal
level.
Hotter Tropics
The tropics are becoming hotter due to a combination of warming
associated with deforestation and climate change, and that can reduce the
ability of outdoor workers to perform their jobs safely. Researchers are
estimating how many safe working hours people living in the tropics have lost
due to local temperature change associated with loss of trees.
RA
Beauty is subjective, and as such it of course cannot be defined in absolute
terms. But we all know or feel when something is beautiful to us personally.

And in such instances, methods of physics and network science can be used
to quantify and help us better understand what it is that evokes that
pleasant feeling.
Alien Life
No planet will have a complex form of life that popped into existence all on
its own. Whatever life is like on an alien planet, it must have begun simply.
But if life is to achieve any kind of complexity, the only way that complexity
can accumulate is if favorable changes and innovations are retained and
unfavorable ones are lost,
Vaccines and Wildlife

The idea of 'self-disseminating' vaccines has floated through epidemiological
circles for decades, conceived mainly as a tool for protecting the health of
wildlife. But evolutionary biologists have refreshed the proposal with
evidence from their own modeling and other experimental work, which
suggests that self-disseminating vaccines could be a safe and practical way
to head off zoonotic pandemics as well.
Most words have experienced several changes in meaning throughout their
history, so that it is impossible to say which stage in their meaning is the
"true" meaning. And if we attempt to go back to "the beginning", we find it is
impossible, for the origins of many words are difficult to trace back.
Just about everyone on the planet wears at least one article of clothing
made from cotton at some point during the day, inevitably. By-products of
the plant show up as well in something that person is doing. The source of
cotton's power is its nearly terrifying versatility and the durable creature
comforts it provides.
When buying a house, for example, it's best to let our unconscious mull over
the many variables. But when we're picking stocks and shares, intuition
often leads us astray. The trick is to determine when to lean on which part
of the brain. And to do this, we need to think harder and smarter about how
we think.
Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but
he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth
century. During his eleven years writing for the New York Tribune (their
collaboration began in 1852), Marx tackled an abundance of topics, from
issues of class and the state to world affairs.
Banking and Bank

In 1994, Microsoft's founder, Bill Gates, said that although banking is
necessary, banks are really not! At a time when many traditional institutions
and ways of doing things are changing, banking is changing too. There are
now new ways of accessing loans and lending money. Thanks to the rise of

alternative finance, people can raise and invest money outside the traditional
banking system.
Social Media
Our widespread participation in social media in recent years has led to the
emergence of what is termed social media influencers. These online
entrepreneurs are people who have created a positive reputation amongst
their followers for providing knowledge or expertise on a particular subject.
The brands have seen them as a means of promoting their product or
service to thousands and sometimes millions of people.
Moon Transportation
Although it is difficult to take people back to the Moon, it is not impossible!
We can transport people but the logistical challenge of keeping them there,
is a very different thing. However, we have two of the components
necessary to make this work: power from the Sun, and the minerals on the
Moon itself. Scientists and researchers are already busy working on this in
laboratories.
Birds have a variety of methods by which they are able to find their way
across the flyways, year in, and year out. It seems that birds employ
different geo-positioning strategies according to the conditions encountered
during migration. They seem able to use the position of the sun and stars,
the Earth's magnetic field, smells, and even landmarks to find their way.
Too Much Information

We all know that too much information can be a bad thing - this is as true in
daily life as it is in business. Filtering useful from useless information has
become a growing problem, bringing confusion with it, but this is where data
curation can help. Curating data involves finding and displaying patterns in
large volumes of disconnected and messy data to create meaningful
information.
Turbine Blade
It's not easy to make a wind turbine blade. Conventional blades require a lot
of labor. They are a sandwich composed of fiberglass, sheets of balsa wood
and a chemical called an epoxy thermoset resin. A heat oven is required to
give blades the proper shape, strength, smoothness and flexibility to catch
the wind and turn the turbine.
Macroeconomics
This report includes a huge swath of macroeconomics, such as the effects
of tax reform, a new industrial policy, and understanding how to deal with
the uncertainty inherent in global financial market. But it also covers

key areas of microeconomic policies, such as boosting laggardly rates of
productivity.
Contribution to Book
Many individuals have unwittingly contributed to this book through sharing
ideas with us as colleagues, students, practitioners, tourists, and residents
of destination areas. They are too numerous to thank individually. And
indeed, it is not possible to isolate exactly their specific contributions.
Your Thesis
It is normally expected that the final version of your thesis which must be
submitted to the university library in both hardcopy and electronic form will
be freely available to the public. Once in the library, your thesis may be
consulted, borrowed and copied in accordance with the regulations.
Fleeing
Many families are fleeing their native countries due to sectarian repression
and political uprisings. Consequently, thousands of people have been
stranded in foreign lands for months; other families have gone missing in the
sea, marooned in small boats, as the neighboring foreign countries refuse to
take them in.
Camel Sculptures
A series of camel sculptures carved into rock faces in Saudi Arabia are likely
to be the oldest large-scale animal reliefs in the world, a study says. When
the carvings were first discovered in 2018, researchers estimated they
were created about 2,000 years ago. This was based on their similarity to
reliefs at Jordan's famous ancient city of Petra.
First Satellite
Since the Soviet Union successfully launched the first man-made satellite,
Sputnik 1, in 1957, about 5,000 more satellites have been put into orbit
around the Earth. About 2,000 of these are active and although the rest
are now dysfunctional, they remain in orbit, together with parts from all the
rockets that carried them there. These remnants are often referred to as
space junk, space trash, or orbital debris.
Inevitable Change
Change is inevitable in any sphere of life. Although the results of change can
bring great benefits, the process of change can be intensely traumatic,
involve loss of choice, power, and status, and when change happens in the
workplace, it can even lead to loss of jobs. Many businesses and

organizations use a model called the Change Curve to understand and
manage how people react to change.
Consultants
Consultants are generally brought in on the important decisions that are
vital to the future of the company, to make sure the every angle is
considered. They can devote themselves entirely to the question at hand,
while executives are normally busy with the actual running of the company.
Consultants also offer deep expertise in a particular industry or subject,
such as market positioning or restructuring.
Evidence
I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete
their courses because they're failing in English, yet they're being passed by
the universities," she said. "
International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest
export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high
standards because their reputation is at stake."
Intercultural Differences
"There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language
difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students
who don't speak such fantastically good English either.
Cash-flow Problem
While costs are rising, artist fees are not, and tickets to regular shows are
harder to move than ever. Many fans aren't ready to return to the crowded
mosh; others are dealing with the cost of living crisis. And with the
exception of blockbuster shows people who do buy tickets are tending to buy
them last-minute, creating a cash-flow problem for artists.
Maturity and Kindness

For noble and very understandable reasons, we've come to associate
broad and generous truth can be in danger of missing out on an important
caveat that health and maturity may also require a subtle capacity to give
up on one or two people.
Delay Discounting
Behavioral outcomes are devalued as a function of the delay until they are
experienced. This process, known as delay discounting, is reliably associated
with cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. Delay discounting is at
potential therapeutic target in tobacco cessation. Thus, understanding how

delay discounting influences inter-temporal choice is critical and may lead to
efficacious interventions for tobacco use.
Negative and Positive

Team members with what researchers call "negative affect" exhibit critical
and persistent thinking that allows them to identify problems needing
solutions. On the other hand, team members with "positive affect" engage in
broad and flexible thinking that expands their range of information and helps
them see unusual and creative connections.
Navigational Abilities
Are animals' innate navigational abilities universal or are they restricted to
their home environments? Taking the premise to the extreme, the
researchers designed a set of wheels under a goldfish tank with a camera
system to record and translate the fish's movements into forward and back
and side to side directions to the wheels.
Motorcycle Crash
If you do experience a motorcycle crash, be aware the other driver will most
likely blame you for the accident. This includes the road, road conditions, any
skid marks, road signs, construction, and anything else that may have
contributed to the accident. Not every accident requires an attorney but a
knowledgeable local attorney can help you make sense of the process, as
well as ensure that the other driver's insurance doesn't unfairly blame you
for the accident.
Sea Breeze
The sea breeze is one of the most frequently occurring small-scale weather
systems. It results from the unequal sensible heat flux of the lower
atmosphere over adjacent solar-heated land and water masses. Owing to
the large thermal inertia of a water body, during daytime the air
temperature changes little over the water while over land the air mass
warms.
Cancelled Flights
New York, North Carolina and lowa were some of the intended destinations
of canceled flights that were supposed to leave from Southern California.
Those areas are in the path of a winter storm that covered some
neighborhoods with over a foot of snow and drenched others with freezing
rain on Monday.
Archean Eon
During the Archean Eon, methane droplets in the air shrouded the young
Earth in a global haze. There was no oxygen gas on Earth. Oxygen was only in
compounds such as water. Complex chemical reactions in the young oceans
transformed carbon-containing molecules into simple, living cells that did not

need oxygen to live. Instead, they made energy out of sulfur and other
elements.
Winter Wheat
Although typically grown as a cash grain, winter wheat can provide most of
the cover crop benefits of other cereal crops, as well as a grazing option
prior to spring tiller elongation. Wheat also is slower to mature than some
cereals, so there is no rush to kill it early in spring and risk compacting soil
in wet conditions.
Biodegradable Polymers
Biodegradable polymers have been used as carriers in drug delivery systems
for more than four decades. Early work used crude natural materials for
particle fabrication, whereas more recent work has utilized synthetic
polymers. The commercial success of these polymers has led to further
research in the field aimed at bringing forward new formulation types for
improved delivery of various small molecule and biologic drugs.
RA
A solar fuels generation research program is focused on hydrogen
production by means of reactive metal water splitting in a cyclic iron-based
redox process. Iron-based oxides are explored as an
intermediary reactive material to dissociate water molecules at significantly
reduced thermal energies.
Noise Restrictions
The noise restrictions are based on measurements on animals in captivity
exposed to noise levels that induce a temporary threshold shift (TTS) in
hearing. The TTS onset threshold is the lowest noise exposure capable of
inducing a small temporary reduction of hearing sensitivity, also known as
auditory fatigue, with full recovery shortly after exposure.
Babylon
The scientists found that division of reproductive labor in ants arose when
an ancient insulin signaling pathway typically involved in maintaining nutrition
and growth, became responsive to social cues. In doing so, they also
uncovered deeper insights into a process underlying how the environment
gets under the skin to affect behavior, physiology, and the health and well-
being of other members of a society.
Here Be Dragons
Medieval mapmakers supposedly inscribed the phrase "Here Be Dragons" on
maps showing unknown regions of the world. Unfortunately, apart from an
inscription on a globe, this claim is unfounded. Although there were no
dragons, and the inscription "Here Be Dragons" was virtually never used,

some of the purported earliest mapmakers did have to deal with real and
formidable megafauna.
Patriarch
A patriarchal family is one run by the father or eldest male of a household.
He usually decides the duties of the women and children in the family. In this
role, the patriarch solves family disputes and divides the family's wealth. The
patriarch is also the spiritual leader of the family because he is thought to
be the closest to the spirits of the family's ancestors.
Icehouse Structures
The icehouse structures, of which four still remain intact, are located south
of Sultan Kala. These large, conically-domed earthen structures would have
had sheets of ice built up on the ground level over the course of the winter
to provide year-round ice supplies.
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence Increased During Lockdown In The United States - "A new
study, published in Psychology of Violence, looks at rates of intimate partner
violence during the pandemic in the United States. Like data from the UK, it
suggests that domestic violence increased during lockdown."
Passion
Do something you are very passionate about and do not try to chase what is
considered the hot passion of the day. People say you have to have a lot of
ra
Biodiversity Decline
Climate change and biodiversity decline are major challenges of our time.
Both are predominantly caused by human activities, with profound
consequences for people and the ecosystems on which we depend. Some
actions we can undertake are beneficial in both areas, helping to mitigate
and adapt to climate change as well as conserve and restore biodiversity.
Nature and Cities

To thrive, cities must lean on nature. That means having open green spaces
and interconnected waterways to prevent floods, green roofs and walls that
reduce temperatures and produce food, and forests planted as green belts
to oxygenate urban areas and regenerate ecosystems.
Desalination
Desalination is the answer to long-term water security, but it's also
expensive and energy-intensive. The good news is that scientists are
developing some viable solutions. The first desalination plant in Europe was

built in Spain nearly a half century ago. Since then, facilities have sprung up
in water-stressed regions throughout Europe.
Train Noise
There are other components, aside from the wheels and rails, that add to
the noise a train makes when it passes. Older trains had their air
conditioning units underneath the carriage, but modern trains have been
lowered to allow people with less mobility to enter the carriage more easily.
As a result, air conditioning units are now on top of the carriage, where they
add to the train noise.
Computer- and smartphone-based treatments appear to be effective in

reducing symptoms of depression, and while it remains unclear whether they
are as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy, they offer a promising
alternative to address the growing mental health needs spawned by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
New Form of Carbon

A newly created form of carbon in a mesh just one atom thick is tantalizing
scientists with hints that it could sharply improve rechargeable batteries
and allow wires so small that they can operate at a scale where metals fail.
The material is highly conductive and may prove able to store more electrical
energy than even graphene, the astonishing atomic-thickness carbon
honeycomb material identified nearly 20 years ago
Summer Research Scholarships

Summer Research Scholarships offer a unique opportunity for external
organizations, academics, and students to work together in research.
Working with globally recognized researchers in a local setting, students
gain valuable real-world experience as well as an insight into what research
is all about.
Climate Effects
Changes in climate affect, for example, the plant and animal life of a given
area. The presence of coal beds in North America and Europe along with
evidence of glaciation in these same areas indicates that they must have
experienced alternately warmer and colder climates than they now possess.
Mosquito Diseases
To prevent mosquito-transmitted diseases, approaches based on genetic
control of insect populations are being developed. However, many of these
strategies are based on highly invasive, self-propagating transgenes that
can rapidly spread the trait into other populations of mosquitoes.
DBS

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) to the superolateral branch of the medial
forebrain bundle (MFB), which is linked to reward and motivation, revealed
metabolic brain changes over 12 months post-DBS implantation, making it a
strong potential therapy for treatment-resistant depression.
Gut Microbiome
Research has shown that the gut microbiome is important for human
physiology and health. Disturbances to the composition of the gut
microbiome can be associated with chronic diseases such as
gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, neurological, cardiovascular and
respiratory illnesses. The human body has evolved strategies to ensure that
a symbiotic relationship exists between the microbes in our gut and our
cells.
Social Support
There's a lot of research out there that suggests social media are a useful
tool to stay connected to others. In fact, those who use social media more
also report feeling more social support. However, all of this comes with a
huge caveat: we simply don 't know about cause and effect.
Window in Painting
We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was
painted at the left of the portrait. It seems that there may have been two
windows in the initial design for the portrait or that the window was moved
at an early stage.
Raccoons
Environmental, individual and social traits of free-ranging raccoons influence
performance in cognitive testing. Shy raccoons are better learners than
bold ones, a result that has implications for our relationship with urban
wildlife.
Marriage Satisfaction
Researchers found that couples with higher satisfaction in relationship had
greater neural synchronization while watching marriage-related clips, but
they don't know whether there is selection-based behaviors arising from
similar brain activity, or whether couples evolve over time to
develop it.
Meatless Diet
Association between meatless diet and depression: participants who
excluded meat from their diet were found to have a higher prevalence of
depressive episodes as compared to participants who consumed meat. This
association is independent of socioeconomic, lifestyle factors, and nutrient
deficiencies.
Information Office

Our information office on campus provided resource and support to help you
make the right choices about childcare - whether you're a student, staff, or
member of the local community. The office provides information about the
five centres closest to our campuses, relevant government agency, and
other daycare centre in the surrounding areas.
Distance Learning
We understand that not everyone can put their job and other
responsibilities on hold to study. That's why our healthcare ethics and law
master's courses are available to study by distance learning, so you can fit
gaining an academic qualification around your work and family.
Eagles
Neither golden eagles nor bald eagles are endangered species. The US bald
eagle population has more than quadrupled since 2009, from around 72,to
317,birds. But the US golden eagle population is still relatively small-around
30,birds - and at risk of declining.
Department Stores
In this course, we will explore how such things as department stores,
nationally advertised brand-name goods, mass produced cars and suburbs
transformed the American economy, society and politics. The course is
organized both thematically and chronologically. Each period deals with a
new development in the history of consumer culture.
Attendance to Theatre
Experts discuss the significance of attending the theatre as a civic
occasion, associated with the political and cultural achievements of Athens.
Through archaeology and analyses of contemporary art forms such as
decoration on pottery, a picture is built up of ancient Greek theatre.
Mutual Politics
In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital
between the member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in
areas as diverse as agriculture, transport, and when they concerned with a
far wider range of issues.
Personal Libraries
Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular
projects but also general reading in their field. They buy or make photocopies
of materials when possible, so they can consult them frequently, mark pages
and write annotation on them. When moving into a new field, they add to
their collections, usually concentrating on primary texts.
Black Hole

According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, the gravity of a black hole
is so intense that nothing can escape it. The more sophisticated
understanding of black holes developed by Stephen Hawking and his
colleagues did not question this principle. Hawking and others sought to
describe matter in and around black holes using quantum theory, but they
continued to describe gravity using Einstein's classical theory.
Altimeter
A simple barometric altimeter includes a sealed metal chamber, a spring,
and a pointer that shows altitude in meters or feet. The chamber expands
as air pressure decreases and contracts as it increases, bending the spring
and moving the pointer. An altimeter can be mounted on an aircraft's
instrument panel or worn on a person's wrist.
Biomass
People have used biomass energy from living things since the earliest "cave
men" first made wood fires for cooking or keeping warm. Biomass is organic,
meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as
plants and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy
are plants, wood, and waste.
Japan
Japan is the world's calculator superpower. Japanese manufacturers have
led sales of calculators for over 30 years in many countries. Even in the age
of personal computers, calculators are still essential in accounting jobs. In
addition, calculators with graphing capabilities have begun to be used in
education:
Learner Experience
We seek to improve learner's experience of education at college and help
them to aspire, achieve and progress We must embed equality and diversity
in everything we do, both as a provider and an employer. We hope to prepare
our students for work, higher education and citizenship by equipping our
staff with the skills to meet this agenda.
Natural Environment
The natural environment can be hazardous, and, with increased travel and
leisure, people today are more likely than ever to be exposed to potentially
life-threatening conditions. Although the human body can adjust to some
extent, it cannot cope with poisons or prolonged exposure to extremes of
environment.
Clock Genes
What produces these effects are familiar to neuroscientists: external light
and dark signals that help set our daily, or circadian, rhythms, "clock" genes
that act as internal timekeepers, and neurons that signal to one another

through connections called synapses. But how these factors interact to
freshen a brain once we do sleep has remained enigmatic.
Fireworks
A dramatic fireworks display can be the highlight of a summer. It also can
provide a feast for the senses. Bright colors delight the eye. Thunderous
booms and whistles surprise the ear. If you're close to the show, you can
feel the pressure waves that ripple from each exploding shell. And folks
downwind of the action can smell the burnt gunpowder that fueled each
rocket- and perhaps even taste it in the air.
Medical Digitalization
In medicine, the application of information technology means the
digitalization of medical records and the establishment of an intelligent
network for sharing those records. Other benefits flow from these
technological changes. In the past medicine has taken a paternalistic
stance, with the all-knowing physician dispensing wisdom, but that is
becoming increasingly untenable.
Belt and Road Initiative

China's Belt and Road Initiative is enhancing development prospects and
creating new business opportunities in Asia, one of the world's most
dynamic regions. Announced in 2013, it is an ambitious plan to promote
economic cooperation with countries around the world that has increasingly
defined mainland China's global engagement. The official goals are to promote
connectivity: policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade,
financial integration and people-to-people bonds.
Biological Processes
For centuries, the study of biological processes has inspired fundamental
mathematical developments, while mathematical analyses have been
instrumental in developing a mechanistic understanding of biological
observations. This fruitful cross-fertilization has gained momentum over
recent decades, thanks in part to extraordinary technological advancements
in the biological sciences, as well as the rising availability of large scale
computational resources.
Digital Art
Digital art can be computer generated, scanned or drawn using a tablet and
a mouse. Thanks to improvements in digital technology, it is possible to
download video onto computers, allowing artists to manipulate the images
they had filmed with a video camera. This gives artists a creative freedom,
allowing them to cut and paste within moving images to create visual
collages.
Standard Living

Research has found we pursue more rewards when we become 'habituated
to a higher standard of living and compare ourselves to various standards.
What it takes to be happy depends on our prior expectations, but these
expectations can change over.
Dyes and Pigments

The dyes and pigments available in any particular period in which a specific
color photographic process was invented, manufactured and used have
profound effects on the quality of color that defines most of the style and
particular historical period.
Mice and Temperatures

Cool room temperature inhibited cancer growth in mice: mice acclimatized
to temperatures of 4°C had significantly slower tumor growth and lived
nearly twice as long compared with mice in rooms of 30°C because they
were burning more brown fat.
Home Design
One of the major factors influencing future home design will be the probable
change in climate, with hotter summers, colder winters, and the possibility
of foods. Consequently, houses will be built with better insulation and will
also need ways of keeping cool in hot weather, whether that's air
conditioning or more shading of windows.
Role of Surrounding
For as long as society has existed, we've understood the role of surrounding
influences on our decision-making. With idioms like "It takes a village to raise
a child" and "You are the product of your environment," we understand that
to a great extent our upbringing, our parents and the society we grew up in
influence our decision-making process.
Chemo signals
Studying how mouse brains process chemo signals will help researchers
understand general principles of how their brains form social memories, and
could help scientists identify what happens when these functions go wrong.
Eventually this may help scientists understand what happens in people
whose ability to recognize others is impaired or those who have difficulties
with social interactions caused by autism.
Word Radical
The word radical from the Latin word for roots means anyone who advocates
fundamental change in the political system. Literally, a radical is one who
proposes to attack some political or social problem by going deep into the
social or economic fabric to get at the root cause and alter this basic
weakness.
New Textbook

This is a new, accessible and engaging textbook written by academics who
also work as consultants with organizations undergoing change. It offers a
unique combination of rigorous theoretical exploration together with
practical insights from working with those who are actually responsible for
managing change.
Volcano Behaviours
There were various explanations for volcano behavior before the structure of
the earth mantle as a semisolid material was developed. For decades,
awareness that compression and radioactive materials may be heat sources
was discounted and volcanic action was often attributed to chemical
reactions and a thin layer of molten rock near the surface.
Medical Cannabis
According to a peer-reviewed study medical cannabis led to "a statistically
significant improvement" in quality of life, employment status, and in the
reduction of the number of medications in those with Tourette's Syndrome,
in addition to improving comorbidities.
Hybrid Rice
A new breed of rice that is a hybrid of an annual Asian rice and a perennial
African rice could be a more sustainable option. The hybrid rice was able to
produce grain for 8 consecutive harvests over four years at a yield
comparable to the standard annual Asian rice, with much lower costs and
labour.
University Terms
An industry or workplace often has its own terms for certain items, places,
or groups of people, and university is no different. Here we have attempted
to explain some of the terms you may come across on our websites that are
specific to higher education.
Turbine Blades
To withstand the forces of nature and the huge forces the rotation itself
generates, blades are manufactured with a multilayer 'coat of armor'.
Typically, the outer layer erodes during operation and the inner layers can
become detached. Although the lifespan of a turbine is theoretically 25
years, current medium-sized systems typically require extensive
maintenance at about 10 years due to blade deterioration.
Political Scholars
Political scholars had historically recognized the social love of the mass
media. The impact of the mass media on the electric and governing process
has greatly increased over the last fifty years. Tomorrow, the mass media
will become the "central nervous system" for your society and the major<
source of public information.

Norms and Values
Members of a culture must conform to its norms for the culture to exist
and function. Hence, members must want to conform and obey rules. They
first must internalize the social norms and values that dictate what is
normal for the culture. Then they must socialize or teach norms and values
to their children.
Expression
Expression became important during the romantic movement with artwork
expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience
response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an
emotional response. This definition holds true today as artists look to
connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.
Disordered Eating
The most significant difference between an eating disorder and disordered
eating is whether or not a person's symptoms and experiences align with
the criteria defined by the American Psychiatric Association. The term
"disordered eating" is a descriptive phrase, not a diagnosis.
Locusts
Titanic swarms of desert locusts resembling dark storm clouds are
descending ravenously on the Horn of Africa. They're roving through
croplands and flattening farms in devastating salvo experts are calling an
unprecedented threat to food security. On the ground, subsistence planters
can do nothing but watch-staring up with horror and at their fields in
dismay.Photorealistic Images
Mental Illness
In the not-so-distant past, society shunned people with mental health
conditions. Some people believed that evil spirits or divine retribution were
responsible for mental illness. Although this way of thinking has been
extricated from society in much of the world, it still casts a long shadow.
Plants and Animals

No matter where we go on the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers,
and animals that catch our attention. They are two very important aspects
of any ecosystem. Of all the living organisms on the planet, the most
commonly seen by us are the plant life and the animal life.
Scent
Scientists suggest that there are a number of reasons that our bodies
treat scent differently than other senses. From hunting and gathering food

to finding healthy mates, linking smells with memories that stir up desire,
happiness, or even fear is biologically useful for humans. Humans have one
other thing to consider when scent is at play: context is key.
Standardization
Standardization is the process of developing, promoting and possibly
mandating standards-based and compatible technologies and processes
within a given industry. Standards for technologies can mandate the quality
and consistency of technologies and ensure their compatibility,
interoperability and safety. A lack of standardization often manifests in large
numbers of incompatible proprietary formats for a given technology and for
technologies that must interoperate.`
Voyage
A crew of scientists voyaged by ship from the southern tip of Chile into the
frigid Antarctic to search for clues to one of the great unknowns of climate
change. They planned to crisscross a remote patch of sea near the spot
where, a year earlier, another crew had injected a tankful of an inert
chemical one mile below the surface,
Mathematical Languages
The mathematical language for talking about connections, which usually
depends on networks-vertices and edges- has been an invaluable way to
model real-world phenomena. But a few decades ago, the emergence of giant
data sets forced researchers to expand their toolboxes and, at the same
time, gave them sprawling sandboxes to apply new mathematical insights.
Nebular Hypothesis
The most widely accepted model for planet formation, known as the nebular
hypothesis, begins with a swirling disc of gas and dust-left over material
from the birth of a nearby star. At some point in time, gravity triumphs over
the pressure supporting this cosmic dust, which then starts to rotate,
quickly collapsing under its own gravity.
Roman Army
There were two types of soldiers in the Roman Army: the roman legionary
and the auxiliaries. The legionaries were the very best soldiers and the
auxiliaries were actually non-Roman citizens. Legionaries wore an undershirt
made of linen and a woolen tunic. The linen helped the soldiers to stay cool
while the wool helped to trap heat, keeping the soldiers warm.
Domestic Cats
Domestic cats that are largely indoor hunt less than outdoor cats because
they don't have access to mice. In the wild, feral kittens are taught how to
kill prey by their mothers. Domestic cats often fail to learn this skill, which

is why you will see them "playing" with anything they catch, or they may bring
the mouse to you to kill.
Humanities
We believe in the inherent value of research in the humanities and social
sciences. And our research data agenda is given by the pursuit of new
knowledge that will be of benefit of Australia and the world. We offer one of
the most comprehensive programs in the humanities and social sciences in
Australia and the Asian Pacific region.
Making Notes
The whole purpose of making notes is to aid your learning. It is important to
go back over them within a day of making them to make sure they make
sense and make them legible for future revisions. Also, going back over them
should highlight the key questions of areas in which you want to do further
reading.
Mental Health Challenge

The COVID-19 pandemic created an enormous level of stress on a global
scale, leading to elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and other mental
illnesses. Along with this was a disruption and challenges in the delivery of
mental health services that were traditionally provided in the office.
NASA Astronaut
The requirements to be a NASA astronaut have changed over the years to
better align with the agency's mission and values. A potential candidate
must be a US citizen. They also have to have a master's degree from an
accredited institution-acceptable degrees include engineering, biological
science, or mathematics.
Eco-anxiety
Eco-anxiety refers to a fear of environmental damage or ecological disaster.
This sense of anxiety is largely based on the current and predicted future
state of the environment and human-induced climate change. Anxiety around
environmental issues may stem from the awareness of a rising risk of
extreme weather events, losses of livelihood or housing, fears for future
generations, and feelings of helplessness.
Animal Fighting
match the offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes, animal
and killed for profit and "sport", yet their criminal abusers often receive a
Addictive Games

Bolstered by the result of laboratory experiments, researchers dare to say
admit that games could be addictive, and indeed part of their research
Scottish Literature
Rapid Change
An environment of rapid change, technological innovations and increasing
Graduate Admission School

Since our graduate admission school is not centralized, each of the
university's 6 schools and colleges admits students to its own programs.
For information about specific program degrees, graduate applications,
graduate admission requirements and procedures, graduate scholarships
and the status of your application. visit the individual school websites.
Central Aim
Our central aim is to enable you to develop knowledge and attitudes and
skills that are conducive to constructive involvement, cooperation and
teamwork with others and will serve you well in future endeavors. To
succeed, the process demands all of us a serious exercise in civic
responsibility.
War and Commodity

In the past, wars have led to inflation and higher commodity prices. Fighting
disrupts trade and prevents raw materials from being shipped from one
country to another. In second-world-war Britain, a banana was the highest
of luxury.
Global Changes
Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of
these changes are social, cultural and political rather than purely economic,
and one of the main drivers in addition to the global marketplace is the
communication revolution.
Liver Cancer

Liver cancer can be fatal, but experts are still working to understand how to
best screen for and prevent liver cancer. Data from a recent study
suggests that a diet high in processed fiber could increase some people's
liver cancer risk. Testing for the level of bile acids could help identify people
at risk of developing liver cancer who may need a lower intake of fiber.
Odor Molecules
In fact, a lot of what we perceive as flavor comes from odor molecules that
float up to our smell receptors through our mouths. And as with taste,
studies have shown the visual cues we get from color help us identify smells
more quickly and accurately. In fact, one study found that the source of a
smell doesn't have to be the corresponding color.
Sensory Information
When you're scared, your body will typically try to take in more sensory
information. So your face will open up as you breathe more deeply and scan
the environment with your eyes. On the other hand, when you're disgusted,
you'll generally reject sensory information.
Shopping Revolution
A huge shopping revolution is happening in China right now. For instance, e-
commerce in China is soaring. It's been growing at twice the speed of the
United States and a lot of the growth is coming from mobile. Every month,
500 million consumers are buying on mobile phones, and to put that into
context, that is a total population of the United States, UK and Germany
combined.
Math Anxiety
People might think that they're anxious about math because they're bad at
it, but it's often the other way around. They're doing poorly in math because
they're anxious about it. Some psychologists think that's because math
anxiety decreases a cognitive resource called working memory. That's the
short-term memory system that helps you organize the information you
need to complete a task.
Infant Brain
Along with all that they have in common, infants also show unique individual
traits. Some are more active than others, some are more sociable and some
are more interested in the world around them. Infants earlier on show
consistent differences in friendliness and anxiety level which form part of
their early character.
Primitive Men
The findings of modern research support the view that the evolution of
primitive men and their culture should be regarded as "unity". Yet this unity

is exceedingly complex, and future research will doubtless enable us to make
finer distinctions between the periods that people composed it.
Venture Capitals
Venture capitals and public funding authorities need to carefully consider the
incentive issues of entrepreneurs when providing support. In allocating
resources to potentially competing innovators, there is a trade-off between
the risk of innovation failure and rent dissipation: diverse investment lowers
the risk of having no successful innovation but also reduces the expected
profit from the post-innovation market.
Smart Cities
Smart cities are emerging as major engines for deploying intelligent systems
to enhance urban development. In developing economies facing rapid
urbanization and technological change, new cities are being built with smart
technologies and ideals, complete with business districts and residential
facilities to entice businesses and talents to relocate. Governments tout
the potential of such 'greenfield' smart cities for innovation and
sustainability.
Coriolis Effect
Prevailing winds are winds that blow from a single direction over a specific
area of the Earth. Areas where prevailing winds meet are called convergence
zones. Generally, prevailing winds blow east-west rather than north-south.
This happens because Earth's rotation generates what is known as the
Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect makes wind systems twist counter
clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Natural Processes
Sometimes, natural processes can help preserve materials. For example,
sediments from floods or volcanic eruptions can encase materials and
preserve them. In one case, the chill of an Alpine glacier preserved the body
of a man for more than five thousand years.
Digging
The process of researching and securing a dig site can take years. Digging is
the field work of archaeology. On occasion, archaeologists might need to
move earth with bulldozers and backhoes. Usually, however, archaeologists
use tools such as brushes, hand shovels, and even toothbrushes to scrape
away the earth around artifacts.
Committee Gratitude
The committee would also like to express its gratitude to the independent
assessors who joined the committee for consideration of each case. Their
expertise and advice play a vital role in our work. A list of independent

assessors who attended meetings during this reporting year is included at
Appendix D.
Psychology
Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists
are involved in a variety of tasks. Many spend their careers designing and
performing research to understand how people behave in specific situations,
how and why we think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what
impact they have on our interactions with others.
Brain Efficiency
Efficiency is not your friend when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to
keep our brains making new connections and keep them active, you need to
keep moving on to another challenging activity as soon as you reach the
point of mastery. in the one you were engaging in.
Cloud Seeding
Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is a way of attempting to
change the amount of precipitation that comes from clouds. Cloud seeding is
carried out by dispersing substances into the air, but it also occurs due to
ice nucleates in nature, most of which are bacterial in origin.
Regular Exercise
Regular exercise releases brain chemicals key for memory, concentration,
and mental sharpness at the same time as lifting your mood, and lowering
stress and anxiety all of which contribute to brain health. Studies show that
regular exercise helps you manage complex tasks, organize and razor-
sharpen your focus which is great for those long revision sessions or
particularly complex exam questions.
Flood Control
We've spent a lot of money over the last 70 years on flood control, and it's
protected millions of people and has saved us billions of dollars. We've built
dams to hold back the waters. We've built levees to keep the water off the
people, and we've raised the ones that were originally started in 1718.
Joint Venture
A joint venture is a business arrangement in which two or more parties
agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific
task. This task can be a new project or any other business activity. In a joint
venture, each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses, and
Early Puberty
Covid-19 pandemic is linked to early onset of puberty in some girls. Several
studies suggest that the number of girls starting puberty early has more
than doubled amid the coronavirus outbreak, and experts are unsure about
exactly why.

Circumcision
undergo male circumcision because of the benefits associated with them
Sociological Thought
Written by ten eminent professors, it had been updated to reflect the shifts
of sociological thought in the last five years, making it the most
comprehensive, authoritative, and contemporary dictionary available. It was
essential reading for all students and teachers of sociologies and other
related courses, and also for the general reader.
Subject Outlines
Your subject outlines are a good place to go to find information about which
textbooks to buy. You will usually be given one of these for each subject in
the first lecture, but if you are missing one or need one earlier then you
should contact the subject coordinator.
Reserve Bank
Most people do not realize that some banks literally make money by giving
loans without having money on deposit. The system is called fractional
reserve banking and is used in most economies. It sounds as though it is
safe because it says that banks have to keep a fraction of their deposits
with the Reserve Bank.
Space Telescope
Investigations like this one have been plodding along for 40 years, and some
studies - like one following the deadly Kobe quake in 1have found similar
correlations. But study author Alasdair Skelton, a professor of
geochemistry at Stockholm University, says the unpredictable study subject
makes it tough to get funding because you can in no way guarantee a result.
So get three years of money, but if there's no earthquake, there's no result.
.Sensitive Skin
People with generally sensitive skin have local reactions to chemicals, dyes,
and fragrances present in products that come into contact with their skin.
They may also get rashes or irritation from clothing or friction. Some people
are allergic to certain substances and may react on their skin.
Lullaby
A lullaby or cradle song, is a soothing song or piece of music that is usually
played for children (for adults see music and sleep). The purposes of lullabies
vary. In some societies they are used to pass down cultural knowledge or
tradition. Lullabies can be found in many countries, and have existed since
ancient times.

New Sharing
Social media is a powerful tool for making people feel more knowledgeable
and may have benefits for people's mental health. 'Feeling smart can improve
self-esteem,' commented Dr. Ward. Indeed, studies have shown that news
sharing can lead to social learning and political engagement encouraging
people to take more active roles in their communities.
William Shakespeare
Three hundred and eighty years after his death, William Shakespeare
remains the central author of the English-speaking world: he is the most
quoted poet and the most regularly produced playwright and now among the
most popular screenwriters as well. Why is that, and who "is" he? Why do so
many people think his writing is so great? What meanings did his plays have
in his own time, and how do we read, speak, or listen to his words now?
Rates of Depression
At a time when stress levels are soaring, rates of depression are increasing
and the gap between rich and poor is ever widening. We believe that giving
can play a positive role in helping people to feel connected to those around
them and generate a sense of purpose and hope. When we give, we feel
valued, useful and happy.
Motivation to Fight
USA sexually 'teased' its troops in the First World War to make them fight
harder. Believing that sexually satisfied men could not be easily motivated,
the aim of this teasing was to generate unmet sexual desire, which the War
Department could leverage as motivation to fight.
Baby Hearing
Most babies start developing their hearing while still in the womb, prompting
some hopeful parents to play classical music to their pregnant bellies. Some
research even suggests that infants are listening to adult speech as early
as 10 weeks before birth, gathering the basic building blocks of their family's
native tongue.
Smell and Memory

When you take a deep whiff of your morning coffee, the smell of those fresh-
roasted beans darts into parts of the brain responsible for emotional and
memory processing, but our other senses don't work in the same way.
That's why smell can trigger a happy memory more quickly than touching the
hot coffee mug or tasting that first sip.
Chinese Architecture
The most significant difference between traditional Chinese architecture and
traditional western architecture is the construction material. Most ancient

western buildings were built up with stones, solemn and magnificent. Most
importantly, they survive today. Ancient Chinese people were very good at
using wood, and created the complex mortise and tenon joint structure to
bring in the unique aesthetics for ancient Chinese wooden architecture.
Mutation
Our genes serve as an operating manual for cells of the body. Genes tell
cells what to do and when. But copying errors in those operating manuals,
known as mutations, can lead to misspelled instructions that can change
how cells operate. Scientists now know that some of those mutations can
lead to disease.
Massive Asteroid
About 66 million years ago, a massive asteroid slammed into the Gulf of
Mexico. Not long afterward, all non-bird dinosaurs died as did many other
species on land and in the sea. Scientists don't know the exact year this
took place, but they now think they have figured out in what season it
occurred: spring.
Quantum Behavior
Particles can act like clumps of matter or ripple through space like waves,
and they can even exist in two places at once. A new device harnesses this
strange quantum behavior to measure Earth's gravity. Slight changes in
gravity from place-to-place reveal changes in the density of material beneath
the sensor. This allows the instrument to detect underground objects.
Cannabis Users
Adult and adolescent cannabis users are no more likely than non-users to
lack motivation or be unable to enjoy life's pleasure, new research has
shown, suggesting there is no scientific basis for the stereotype often
portrayed in the media.
Quality Translation
As technology keeps growing, political and economic leaders have utilized
cinema in changing and shaping people's outlooks either for their own benefit
or for the benefit of the people. Quality translations are also readily available
and extremely affordable for everyone these days, which makes it easy for
filmmakers to reach. their target audiences from all corners of the world in
their mother tongue.
Heart Disease
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the
United States. While often thought of as one illness, heart disease is
actually an umbrella term that covers a range of heart conditions. It
includes diseases of the blood vessels, including coronary artery disease and
peripheral artery disease and so on.

American Birth Rites
Since its founding. America has enjoyed population growth famously fueled by
high immigration rates, but Americans have historically had large families
compared to other countries as well. Birth rates today have fallen to their
lowest point in history. While birth rates have historically been connected to
economic cycles, the present decline is happening during good. economic
times.
Major Conclusion
Our major conclusion is that the current measure needs to be revised. It no
longer provides an accurate picture of the differences in the extent of
economic poverty among population groups or geographic areas of the
country, nor an accurate picture of trends over time.
Neutron Stars
Neutron stars- the compressed remains of massive stars gone supernova -
are the densest "normal" objects in the known universe. (Black holes are
technically denser, but far from normal.) Just a single sugar-cube worth of
neutron-star material would weigh million tons here on Earth, or about the
same as the entire human population.
Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles have arrived. With technology led by Tesla, and all of the
world's major car manufacturers following along behind, electric vehicles are
now a common sight on the roads of most developed countries. Yet the
situation in less developed countries is rather different, the only African
country to have started the change to electric vehicles is South Africa.
Carbohydrate Intake
Based on the results from this study, we hypothesized that a high-protein
diet coupled with low carbohydrate intake would be beneficial for prevention
of bone loss in adults.
Era of Mayan
The Classic Era of Mayan came to an end around AD. Why this happened is
unclear; the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of
drought led to famine. Recent geological research supports this, as there
appears to have been a 200-year drought around this time.
Earthquake
To prevent mosquito-transmitted diseases, approaches based on genetic
control of insect populations are being developed. However, many of these
strategies are based on highly invasive, self-propagating transgenes that
can rapidly spread the trait into other populations of mosquitoes.
Nikola Tesla

As the inventor of alternating-current technology, Nikola Tesla played a
paramount role in the electricity used to power the entire world. Tesla also
worked diligently on a dream of supplying electrical power without wires.
Thomas Edison was also instrumental in shaping society today with his
inventions. Edison's design of the inside of the light bulb was the crucial key
to making a light that would stay lit for hours instead of going out almost
immediately.
Emigrants
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, many English, French and Dutch
emigrants went to North America in search of gold and silver. But they did
not find it. Instead, settlers were forced to support themselves by
cultivating crops that they could sell in Europe, like tobacco, indigo and rice.
Yellowstone
Yellowstone was initially made famous due to its unique geology caused by
its location on the North American plate, which for millions of years has
slowly moved across a mantle hotspot via plate tectonics. The Yellowstone
Caldera is a volcanic system, the largest in North America, which has
formed as a result of this hot spot and subsequent large volcanic eruptions.
Mandarin
Because Mandarin is the most commonly spoken dialect, many people use
the word Chinese to refer to it. While roughly 70 percent of the country
speaks Mandarin, many other dialects are spoken as well. The languages are
mutually intelligible to al varying degree, depending on how close the
languages are to one another.
Astronaut Candidates
People who want to become astronauts must be in top physical condition.
Each country's space program has health requirements for its space
travellers. They usually assess a candidate's fitness to withstand some
pretty tough conditions. For example, a good candidate must have the ability
to endure the rigors of lift-off and to function in weightlessness.
Light Speed
As far as we know, nothing can move faster than light. According to
Einstein's theories on relativity, it takes an infinite amount of energy to
accelerate an object with mass up to the speed of light. As a result, it
would appear that having a spacecraft traveling at or exceeding the speed of
light is simply impossible.
Concentration
Concentration is an expression of how much solute is dissolved in a solvent
in a chemical solution. There are multiple units of concentration. Which unit

you use depends on how you intend to use the chemical solution. The most
common units are mass percent, volume percent, and mole fraction.
Archaic Names
An archaic name is an older name for a chemical that predates the modern
naming conventions. It's helpful to know archaic names of chemicals because
older texts may refer to chemicals by these names. Some chemicals are
sold under archaic names or may be found in storage labeled with the older
names.
Walking Tour
The information session is a 45-minute presentation conducted by an
admission representative. Immediately following the session is a 90-minute
walking tour of the campus led by a student ambassador. Walking tours of
the campus generally include classroom buildings, a residence hall room, a
dining hall, the library, athletic facilities, performing art facilities, and the
student union.
Robotic System
The robotic system is composed of a floating platform with eight cables that
are connected to a mobile robot that will move around on the seafloor
beneath it to collect waste items in a box, using a gripper, hook or suction
device depending on the size of the litter. The orientation of the robot can be
controlled by adjusting the tension of the cables.
Sampling
In statistics, a predetermined number of observations can be extracted
from a larger population. This is called sampling. There are many sampling
techniques adopted by researchers and statisticians and the type of
sampling depends upon the analysis to be performed. When it seems time
consuming to obtain data from every member of the population, then
sampling techniques are employed.
Children and Sports

Parents and kids alike love sports, and it's easy to get caught up in a game
and become focused on winning. Yet there is much more to be gained from
the sports experience than a winning record. When children and teens are
involved in sports, they are able to learn and put into practice values that
will stay with them for the rest of their lives.
New Machines
Modern technology changed a lot from what we saw in the last decade or
the past century. New machines and gadgets are invented to make jobs
easier like never before. From the little tailor machine to the fastest car in
the world, all got automated reducing the manual actions required to the
least.

Spiral of Silence
The spiral of silence is a mass communication theory introduced by Elizabeth
to describe the process of public opinion formation. He defines the "spiral of
silence" as the process an individual experiences when he may find that the
views, he holds are losing ground; the more this appears to be so, the less
he will be inclined to express his opinion.
Internet
The internet has grown in importance by many folds, over the process of
decade. Its importance in the education world can now never be undermined.
Despite the chances of fraud and drawbacks, the use of the internet is like a
blessing for students. Today, the internet is something that is present in
almost everything we use.
Public Opinion
Public opinion stabilizes and integrates society because conflicts will be
resolved through spirals of silence in favour of one opinion. Wherever people
live together in societies, public opinion will function as a mechanism of
social control. However, what specifically public opinion approves or rejects
will change with time and differ from place to place.
Cow Feed
More than half of cow feed is actually grass, and farmers call it hay and
silage. While people often think dairy cows are fed a high-grain diet, in reality
they eat the leaves and stems from corn, wheat and oats far more often
than they are eating grain, like corn kernels.
Bone Density
The bone density test is painless and quick. It estimates how dense or thick
your bones are by using X-rays. The X-rays measure how much calcium and
minerals are in a part of your bone. The more minerals you have, the better,
which means your bones are stronger, denser, and less likely to break.
Coffee
Coffee is a beloved beverage known for its ability to fine-tune your focus and
boost your energy levels. In fact, many people depend on their daily cup of
coffee when they wake up to get their day started on the right foot. In
addition to its energizing effects, coffee has been linked to a long list of
potential health benefits, giving you more reasons to get brewing.
Glucose
The body uses glucose as its main source of energy. Glucose comes from
foods that contain carbohydrates, which is released and absorbed into the
bloodstream after food is digested. The glucose in the bloodstream needs to

move into body tissues so that cells can use it for energy. Excess glucose is
also stored in the liver, or converted to fat.
Clean Water
Many people are under the impression that the water which comes out of a
plant is clean. This is a common misconception: the function of a plant is to
make the water cleaner, but it's not clean enough to drink. It could be used
in irrigation. What a plant is trying to do is simply speed up a process that
would naturally occur given more time. This means that a plant can create
water that is safe to enter back into the water system as it's so heavily
diluted. The river then continues the water purification, acting as a form of
the fourth stage.
Chemosignals
Studying how mouse brains process Chemosignals will help researchers
understand general principles of how their brains form social memories, and
could help scientists identify what happens when these functions go wrong.
Eventually this may help scientists understand what happens in people
whose ability to recognize others is impaired or those who have difficulties
with social interactions caused by autism.
Hydrogen Technology
Hydrogen will play several roles in our future. For transport, we now see
several manufacturers launching cars powered by electricity produced in a
hydrogen fuel cell, and this will happen even more in the near future. Fuel cell
buses are also an attractive solution for public transport. Also, engineers
are now even starting to consider using fuel cells and hydrogen to power
trains.
Online Speech and Politics

Online speech has become such an influential way of experiencing politics
today - not just participating in democratic processes like elections - but
also the way we lead our daily democratic life through digital communication.
If these sorts of irreverent and vitriolic exchanges are so prominent online,
then we need to see how we can bring nuance to understanding them.
Cultivated Language
In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which,
words with which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which learn.
from the members of our own family and from our familiar associates, and
which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
Photorealistic Images

Affordable Childcare
Over the longer term, higher educational institutions are supported to
either provide on-campus nursery space or work with established local
nurseries to provide affordable childcare for students and staff. This should
be a standard for all universities and should be supported by the government
to help universities and students and staff cover the costs.
Almonds
Eating a handful of almonds, a day significantly increases the production of
butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that promotes gut health. Whole-almond
eaters had an additional 1.5 bowel movements per week compared to the
other groups. Eating almonds could also benefit those with constipation.
Essential Carbon
The carbon is essential to life on earth, but scientists still struggle to grasp
its complexities. Most research to date has focused on major sources of
the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, and the use of fossil fuels. A new study
has come to the counter-intuitive conclusion that plants might accumulate
more carbon in the presence of predators and herbivores.
Disabled People and Technology

The use of technologies for the inclusion and empowerment of persons with
disabilities is not new from the creation of Braille and the first hearing aid to
the invention of the wheelchair. For disabled persons, new assistive
technology can make all the difference, while technology and innovation are
breaking down the barriers to achieving full participation.
Timekeeping
Over the past five years, through studies of the simplest conceivable clocks,
the researchers have discovered the fundamental limits of timekeeping.
They've mapped out new relationships between accuracy, information,
complexity, energy and entropy- the quantity whose incessant rise in the
universe is closely associated with the arrow of time.
Recycling
The idea behind recycling is simple. By breaking old products down and
converting them into something usable again, we conserve natural
resources. Sadly, it's not that simple. Recycling is deeply entwined with our
economic system, and right now doesn't make much economic sense. It
often costs more to recycle than it does to just throw things away, which is
bad news for the environment.

Many papers you write in college will require you to include quotes from one
or more sources. Even if you don't have to do it, integrating a few quotes
into your writing can add life and persuasiveness to your arguments. The key
is to use quotes to support a point you're trying to make rather than just
include them to fill space.
Analysts were impressed by the improvement in margins reported across all

regions, apart from the United Kingdom, and said that this reflected a clear
effort to improve profitability across the business. Although the turnaround
is still in its early stages and the valuation looks full, given the challenge of
turning around such a large and complex business, this is certainly an
impressive start.
In 2005, donor countries agreed on an accord to harmonize their practices.

Since then, aid officials have complained that too little has changed on the
ground. Conferences of donors in developing countries still tend to be
dominated by a small group of north European governments, with the US
often absent.
The climate for doing business improved in Egypt more than in any other
country last year, according to a global study that revealed a wave of
company-oriented reforms across the Middle East. The World Bank rankings,
which look at business regulations, also showed that the pace of business
reforms in Eastern Europe was overtaking East Asia.
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A
(NGC 5128), an elliptical galaxy located about 12 million light-years from
Earth. The other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC
4636, another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in
the constellation Virgo.
Using more than fifty interviews, award-winning writer Danny Danziger

creates a fascinating mosaic of the people behind New York's magnificent
Metropolitan Museum of Art. From the aristocratic, acerbic director of the
museum, Philippe de Montebello, to the curators who have a deep knowledge
and passionate appreciation of their collections, from the security guards to
the philanthropists who keep the museum's financial lifeblood flowing,
Danziger provides a comprehensive portrait of the individuals involved in this
renowned institution.
Unions take the power out of the employer's hands on many issues. There
are examples of cases where workers were engaging in sexual or racial
harassment, but were protected by their unions and allowed to keep their
jobs. Poor workers and excellent workers often receive the same pay and
raises, giving no reason for a person to work harder than necessary at their
jobs.

Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of
the machinery that had become commonplace, skilled labor became less in
demand, so employers had nearly all of the bargaining power. Employers
mistreated the workers and paid them too little for the work they did. Trade
unions were organized that would help in the improvement of working
conditions.
Unlike the United Kingdom, which has taken a relatively restrictive approach
to the possession of arms, the United States has taken a more lenient
approach. In the United States, three models have evolved regarding the
interpretation of the meaning of the right to bear and keep arms as
delineated in the Second Amendment.
Free trade is an economic policy under which the government does not
interfere with trade. No tariffs are applied to imports or exports, and people
are allowed to trade goods and services as they please. Supply and demand
dictate the prices for which goods and services sell and are the only factors
that determine how resources are allocated in society.
The border itself between Mexico and the United States is fraught with a
mix of urban and desert terrain and spans over 1,900 miles. Both the
uninhabited areas of the border and urban areas are where the most drug
trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities
like El Paso, Texas, and San Diego, California.
As far as politics go, the responses are just as varied. Mitigation is common
and calls for a reduction of emissions and less reliance on fossil fuels. Coal-
burning power plants are now being replaced with hydraulic power plants,
and electric cars are replacing some gasoline-efficient cars. Many people,
however, feel that this is not enough.
The tsunamis could provide crucial information about the habitability of
ancient Mars. The first one occurred when the planet must have been
relatively warm and amenable for life because it carved out backwash
channels as it returned to the sea. By contrast, the planet had become
much cooler by the time the second tsunami hit.
There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest-
lasting interpretation was that the Revolution was the almost inevitable
outcome of an age-old power struggle between Parliament and the Crown.
The second sees it as a class struggle and a lead-up to the French and
other revolutions. Finally, the third interpretation sees the other two as too
fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and suggests that the outcome could
have gone either way.
Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis a study

of studies on whether people can really perceive better-than-CD quality
sound. He analyzed data from 18 studies, including more than 400
participants and nearly 13,000 listening tests. Overall, listeners picked out
the better-than-CD quality track 52.3 percent of the time. Statistically
significant, if not all that impressive.
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as
purely functional and useful, and don't bother themselves with aesthetics;
others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves with
design and how the furniture will look in a room - in other words, function
combined with aesthetics; and yet others see furniture as a form of art.
Currently, integration is increasingly needed in the business environment.

This need emerges from the efficiency and synergy requirements necessary
in a complex and turbulent environment. In other words, integration is
needed to facilitate coordination, which is again related to the building of
competitive advantage.
A university is a lot more than just classes and exams. University is a

concept that offers you a host of possibilities to develop both academically
and personally. Find out about the different projects, clubs, and societies
that are in your university. You will definitely find something you are
interested in.
A recent trend in the entertainment world is to adapt classic works of

literature for either TV or movies. One argument is that this is to everyone's
benefit, as it introduces people to works they might otherwise never have
encountered, but it is rarely done successfully.
As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who

lived in the past, you must be like a novelist and get into the skins of your
characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine what it's
like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a
peasant might ask. What the writer is saying is that a historian needs
imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.

REPEAT SENTENCE

Sleep is believed to play a critical role in storing memories.
Students who study overseas can significantly improve work chances.
Please note, submission deadlines are only negotiable in exceptional
circumstances.
Tuesday is the final day for students to submit their assignments without
any penalty.
The paper has the potential to transform life science.
The capacity of programming computers is expanding enormously every year.
Eating a healthy breakfast can provide energy throughout the day.
Students can borrow this book for a maximum of one day.
The cafeteria is open on Monday and Thursday.
Many experts think that the world climate is changing.
Accommodations on campus are limited but there are more options nearby.
The temporary library will be closed in the winter break.
Children enjoy a healthy lifestyle when they live in a healthy family.
Researchers have observed that family plays a crucial role in the success of
individuals.
A good education helps you recognize yourself and your strengths.
During the childhood development, the importance of education is stronger
than ever.
A good education not only teaches you skills but also helps you broaden your
horizons.
Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood through
adulthood.
History gives us the tools to analyze and explain problems in the past.
Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth,
including humans.
Most adults require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep.
The prospect of living in a city does not appeal to me.
The free banking system has been in operation since the early eighties.
Students should take advantage of the online help system before
approaching their lecturers.
Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post.
Please click the logo above to enter the site.
Young children need education and organized activities.
Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the
footnotes.
They had been forced to find cheap tickets in the gallery
The study of data communications is concerned with the form of data as it's
communicated.
In no sense can the issue be said to be resolved.
In case of fire, always remember to ring the alarm bell immediately.

He refused to comment before he had seen all the relevant information.
The most serious cases were treated at the scene of the accident.
The government has been committed to housing the homeless people.
Stretching exercises can help you avoid injury and improve your performance.
The designer will be unveiling her latest fashions for autumn and winter.
He asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday.
Parking lot owners should be legally responsible for protecting vehicles.
If your pharmacy doesn't stock the product you want, let them order it for
you.
The plan raised a lot of money and improved the economy of the country.
Privacy issues surrounding mobile computers are becoming complex.
My mom made a milkshake with frozen bananas and chocolate sauce.
The chocolate chip cookies smelled so good that I ate one without asking.
them away.
I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
Under normal conditions, markets will allocate resources efficiently.

Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they
communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
The library is deemed too dangerous for children, but there is one child that
visits it daily.
Weather here is unpredictable.
The loser of the race buys everybody else an ice cream.
Each statement or observation needs thorough investigation and
verification.
Demand for access to the library workstations is very high.
His tone tonight was nothing short of jealousy.
There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more.
The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer
product.
Lecture will be available in audio or video.
The field training will start soon, so pack everything before the deadline.
Design changes need to be considered carefully to ensure improvement.
The atmosphere is composed by oxygen and nitrogen gases.
The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday.
The assignment should be submitted prior to the spring break.
The website is designed to be highly interactive.
There are three separate assignments for this module.
Effective presenters make eye contact with the audience.
The chief industries are weaving leather, making dyeing and working in iron
and pottery.
The results of the study challenge previously held assumptions.
Today's lecture is canceled because the lecturer is ill.
If a computer user fails to log off, the system is accessible to all.
Students may not use calculators in the final exams.

A moderate earthquake struck the United States early on Saturday.
Both companies reported a fall in profits in the first quarter of this year.
We are considering all candidates' backgrounds and identities.
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
The school's audio apparatus includes a new set of multi-media device.
People tend to behave differently in different social settings.
A wide range of colors are available in this flower shop.
The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended
through interpretation.
He ranked high among the engineers in chemical technology.
You can borrow up to two books at the same time in the library.
The key findings seem to contradict our initial hypothesis.
The university is not responsible for items lost on its premises.
He ordered some new books from America on a website.
area for probably 25 years.
One of its core businesses was renting telephones and cars.
He requested the old man to look after his briefcase.
We have strong relationships with counselors and teachers across the
country.
I was inspired by the prospect of the new job ahead.
Student's past education and experience are vital.
To write a good essay you must first organize your ideas logically.
You realize that you can deal with a lot of situations.
Tomorrow's lecture has been cancelled due to the power cut.
The assessment of this course will begin next week.
This will be the first art exhibition to be held by the university.
I think that to raise the issue and to talk about it is great.
The university hosts a wide range of events both on and off campus.
Our capacity to serve the community is a vital part of our role.
A balanced diet will help you study more effectively.
At the end of the day, people want to profit from return on their investment.
The support and advice of lecturers within the department has been
invaluable.
Graduates from this course generally find jobs in the insurance industry.
All the works you consult need to be mentioned in the bibliography.
Fungi are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to
the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.
We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
All laboratory equipment will be provided in class.
The key findings seem to contradict our initial hypothesis.
rrent social issue.
Get all the ingredients together before you start cooking.
The Japanese recycle more than half of their waste paper each year.
There are many welcoming activities for new undergraduate and
postgraduate students.

An essay should use evidence from both primary and secondary sources.
You may use your student identification card to borrow books at the library.
You can drop or add your courses online during the registration week.
They will announce the result of the vote at the dining hall tonight.
sThe tutorial rooms are located along the left-hand side.
Foods containing overabundant calories supply little or no nutritional value.
Many species have not yet been discovered by biologists.
They have fostered a hundred children during the past ten years.
We have booked a famous band for our wedding reception.
It sounds as if they might have made a dreadful mistake.
She was making a play for the sales manager's job.
She taught me to be less critical of other people.
This leaflet is produced for the information of our customers.
I perceived a change in his behavior over those months.
There was a notice on the board saying the class had been cancelled.
Our goods compete in terms of product quality, reliability and variety.
He is firmly convinced that it is important to finish his homework in time.
Tomorrow evening, there will be a panel discussion on sustainable
development.
These developments are discussed in more depth in Chapter nine.
Each group should submit a rough outline of their project to their tutor.
What's going on can help patients leave their fears at the door.
There is a fitness center next to the student union.
Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that
of humans.
Tomorrow evening, there will be a panel discussion on sustainable
development.
It's a great privilege to welcome our guest speaker to our college.
Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other
spheres.
Scientists have found all parts of science
When I study, I will underline all the main points in my notes.
The national entertainment company has funded a couple of local movies.
He sold his farm and thus he had enough money for his journey.
This is a special exam designed for students with disabilities.
Companies must be able to survive in the competitive marketplace.
The interview only took ten minutes, but it felt like hours.
The simplest type of journal is called a general journal.
The picture shows six of the nine planets in the solar system.
The teacher told his students to stay calm in an emergency.
The evidence was discovered through the study and observation of rocks.
We decided to abandon the first draft of the report and start over.
If a computer user fails to log off, the system is accessible to all.
In your introduction, show you understand the question in no more than four
sentences.

Forthcoming events are listed on the page of the local newspaper.
Universities across the United Kingdom welcome a range of students.
The tension between the two countries is likely to remain.
It took him more than eight years to graduate from the academy.
Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood through
adulthood.
Legal aid is a fundamental part of our system of justice.
Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation
needs.
The English expression is just a way of saying that age is not important.
They still haven't had any news about when they'll be able to go home.
Guided by their teacher, the students choose their own authentic materials
to work with.
Earthquakes happen when two tectonic plates collide with each other.
He was determined to stick to his plan of traveling overseas.
The first draft of the presentation is almost ready.
The free banking system has been in operation since the early eighties.
Many colleges and universities now offer modular courses to students.
Experts have made some assumptions based on students' study habits.
The monarchy in England has played an important role in modern British
culture.
Now it is well-known that the Earth's path around the sun is elliptical.
A very basic feature of computing is counting and calculating.
Sam is researching the relationship between social classes and education.
These grapes produce fruity wines with a high level of alcohol.
The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities, so it is very
challenging.
The manager is not available so the receptionist has to handle the matter.
The newspaper job had me doing the same thing day after day.
It is difficult to make long-term forecasts for a fast-growing industry.
I took everything to the copy center this morning before class.
The slim booklets describe a range of services and facilities.
The result seems to contradict a study published last November.
The railroad workers have asked for a wage increase.
One of the first mass transit systems was located in France.
Speaking one or more foreign languages will be useful in your career.
The professor plans to discuss issues in the news that reflect concepts
taught in class.
You have to submit projects by the end of this week.
Essays and assignments should be submitted to the department office
before the deadline
This thesis is an analytic report about the Western culture.
During the childhood development, the importance of education is stronger
than ever.
To take this course students should have basic subject knowledge.

The unemployment rate has been projected to fall in the future.
State agencies continue to cut budgets and support to a number of
organizations.
More than a hundred firemen are still trying to put out the fire.
This is a detailed study of how animals adapt to their environment.
She was in England for the publication of her new book.
Water pollution poses a major threat to the food chain and human health.
She is widely regarded as the next principal of the university.
My favorite sports are soccer, tennis and basketball.
She went to the bank to apply for a mortgage for her house.
We have very little actual documentation of it.
The amount of time spent on configuration varies considerably.
I will be discussing the situation with my colleagues tomorrow.
He could not feel motivated when studying mathematics.
A snake suddenly twisted around his arm when he passed across the forest.
Let us see if the technology is going to cooperate with his presentation.
Will those happy days ever be forgotten by you?
It is renowned as one of the region's best restaurants.
Newspapers today are entirely free from government control.
Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth,
including humans.
She gave up her job to devote herself entirely to the art.
They voted to table the proposal until the following meeting.
The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
The scholarship is now encouraging applications from students who take
undergraduate programmes.
The government patented the device to the freshman.
Scientists are studying photographs of the planet for signs of life.
You can minimize the danger of driving by obeying the rules.
They agglomerated many small pieces of research into a single large study.
It is a social convention for people to wear suits on formal occasions.
Somehow, they had managed to escape the forest fire.
He suffered multiple fractures in a motorcycle accident.
This article will concentrate on the role of educators with regard to adult
education.
You have to be able to describe things in a form that users can understand.
He studies and observes the behavior of babies and has written many
articles about it.
Universities play major roles in students' lives.
This school has provided its teachers with ten more days of sick leave.
I tend to watch the television for pleasure rather than education.
Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the
deadline.
The last year has witnessed an economic boost in Asia.
It is important to cite examples to support your argument.

These medical colleges and hospitals were funded by a government agency.
The mountain villages were hazed by mist in the morning.
The council has decided that the local public libraries will close on Mondays.
They produced two reports, but neither of them contained any useful
suggestions.
She will talk on the issues she cares passionately about, including education
and nursery
any penalty.
He has been appointed to the chair of the sociology department.
Robots now have been widely applied in many fields of the modern industry.
She's doing a master's degree by distance learning.
Children enjoy a healthy lifestyle when they live in a healthy family.
Making a profit and protecting the environment needn't be separate aims.
Muscular aches and pains can be soothed by a relaxing massage.
Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master
course.
Our immune systems are killing billions of germs every second.
The current labor force is more competitive than it has been for a long time.
She had never achieved her ambition of becoming a famous writer.
I met him on a flight from London to Paris.
The slim booklets describe a range of services and facilities.
We carefully compared the first report with the second looking for any
difference.
The college operates on a system of continuous assessments.
circumstances.
any penalty.
The bibliography needs to be removed prior to the publication.
Key aspects of this investigative paradigm may prove useful in other
spheres.
Application forms for sharing accommodations must be completed two
months in advance
Students on the full-time course are usually sponsored here.
Most universities have libraries with digital and physical copies of journals.

Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient.
For further information, you need to contact a member of our administration
team.
This property is currently being rented by a man who runs furniture
business.
More and more people regard films as entertainment instead of art.
His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.
The new rules have made thousands more people eligible for legal aid.
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.
I met him on a flight from London to Paris.
Advertisements are designed to entice people to spend money.
Muscular aches and pains can be soothed by a relaxing massage.
about it.
The content of the book on the cover must be in capitals.
Tom has been suspended from school for his bad conduct.
Most of the students prefer to live outside of the campus.
Our demand for clean water will increase over the next decade.
You have to be able to describe things in a form that users can understand.
I am available this Thursday afternoon.
It is strongly advised that you purchase some medical insurance for yourself
when studying abroad.
The value of regular exercise should not be underestimated by anyone.
The college operates on a system of continuous assessments.
This is a two-year course taught by means of lectures and seminars.
Each chapter in this book begins with a quote from a celebrity.
The bibliography needs to be removed prior to the publication.
Marks will be awarded for a bibliography in the correct format.
The department determines whether or not the candidates pass.
The picture shows six of the nine planets in the solar system.
They agglomerated many small pieces of research into a single large study.
Researchers have observed that family plays a crucial role in the success of
individuals.
She will talk on the issues she cares passionately about, including education
and nursery care.
The aim of the cruise was to awaken an interest in foreign cultures.
A good education helps you recognize yourself and your strengths.
Have you talked to your parents about the problems you're having?
Understanding the historical context will help you appreciate the art in this
era.
There were more than half students who didn't come to the lecture.
The Health Department is working on the prevention of this new infectious
disease Numerous courses devoted to life sciences are listed in the
prospectus.
Mobile phone chargers vary enormously from one place to another.
The rate of registered marriage has been declining for years.

They still haven't had any news about when they'll be able to go home.
He has carried out extensive research into renewable energy sources.
circumstances.
The piece of wood had been carved into the shape of a flower.
Nowadays it is almost impossible to dissociate a person's language from his
culture.
Media attention has recently shifted to environmental and educational
issues.
It's a great privilege to welcome our guest speaker to our college.
The subject is complex and difficult to explain.
The patients were observed over a period of several months.
The social security system has been accused of producing a culture of
dependency.
The graduation ceremony will be hosted the day after tomorrow.
More and more people begin to be concerned about our natural environment.
The board of this university is discussing the list of the qualified candidates.
The company's new product has attracted a lot of public attention.
The team will play a critical part in the development of networks.
The role of diet in cancer prevention will be discussed in the next chapter.
For weeks the country has been building up a national basketball team.
The tension between the two countries is likely to remain.
I was inspired by the prospect of the new job ahead.
The new building will be located in the center of the town.
He told me it was the most important assignment of all.
The accounting office checked each worker's salary every month.
Telecommunication is based on the array of networks.
History gives us the tools to analyze and explain problems in the past.
Please note, the proposal submission deadline has been extended.
The school has been shut because of insufficient fund.
Care.
Scientists have found all parts of science.
The medicine always made him feel sleepy and unable to concentrate.
Jane took her savings out of the bank and bought a bicycle.
The ocean covers a large proportion of the Earth's surface.
Services need to be organized more effectively than they are at present.
It's traditional in America to eat turkey on Thanksgiving Day.
Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study.
A dictionary is to record the existence and meaning of all words in a
language.
He studies and observes the behavior of babies and has written many
articles

Britain's balance of payments deficit has improved slightly.
In Russia, my colleagues said my written language was hard to understand
The parties agree they will respect all members of this academic community.
Computer failure is not an excuse for not submitting assignments on time.
You still have heaps of time to complete this task before its deadline.
The final exam will test material from all chapters covered in class this term.
These industries are polluting our rivers with tons of chemical materials.
Most supermarkets in this country sell a range of organic products.
He failed to go to his graduation ceremony due to illness.
Please make an appointment before attending the next meeting.
The professor speaks English, but his native tongue is German.
The government yesterday announced to the media plans to create a million
new jobs.
Please make sure you have filled in all your details before submitting.
Over time, you will get a far better understanding of the job.
He has found a job in a local newspaper agency.

Lack of sleep can greatly decrease a person's work efficiency.
She likes to drink milky coffee with a lot of sugar everyday.
It's obviously vital that companies should fully understand their customers.
He's worked in that same office year after year since he was 18.
There was a lack of objectivity in the way the candidates were judged.
The trial experiment is to increase the interests of the issue and the
jurisdiction clause.
The bird was fluttering its wings during the rain.
It is of the utmost importance that you follow the ethical guidelines.
They were granted to build up a lab within the campus.
Certain foods seem to contain more potent allergens than others.
Their research result has been published on a science website.
This section has discussed the relationship between sociology and values.
Professor Tim Lee invented World Wide Web.
You still have heaps of time to complete this task before its deadline.
We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies.
Each child was asked to participate in extracurricular activities at school.
He was reading the plays of Shakespeare when I met him in the library.
He was too shocked to give an account of what had happened.
Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
Companies should do more to limit the amount of harmful gases released
into the atmosphere.
He has tried to persuade his children and parents to change their minds.
Yesterday Mr. Brown gave us a brief introduction to the course.
Two months before his exams, he suddenly plunged into his studies.
We heard the argument against it from several perspectives.
Alcohol can influence not only our brain but also our liver.
The librarian has been fired because of a serious mistake.

Newspapers around the country are reporting the stories of the president.
The new system was confronted with great difficulties at the start.
The students have been asked to comment on their peers' work.
Many diet plans have failed because they are too boring.
She has made rapid progress in the study of philosophy.
The plan is designed to motivate employees to work more efficiently.
It seems that science can satisfactorily explain why the universe still exists.
The company is expected to triple their profits next year.
The teacher forbade the student from taking the exam since he was late.
Our goods compete in terms of product quality, reliability and variety.
Elderly people tend to become more socially isolated than others.
Journalists need to work with a range of technologies.
The economic program for the country has been ignored.
He suffered a serious injury that forced him to give up work.
The book deals with the interface between accountancy and law.
The medicine always made him feel sleepy and unable to concentrate.
Pictures are scanned into a form of digital information that computers can
recognize.
They decided to spread the building process over three years.
The government must deal with this issue as a matter of urgency.
He refused to comment before he had reviewed all the relevant information.
Children tend to have a very short attention span at school.
The art course has been cancelled due to the new policy.
He has quit his boring job and is now looking for a creative one.
They rejected his application for joining their football union last week.
The prospect of living in a city does not appeal to me.
He failed to satisfy all the requirements for entry to the college.
Remember to bring calculators to class next week.
Students will need to be in the lecture this Thursday.
The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
The woman went to a lawyer for some advice on her case.
You'll be quite safe if you observe certain basic precautions.
Note that the deadline of the submission of proposals has been extended for
a week.
The brain requires a constant supply of oxygen to keep it alive.
What I'm going to do in this lecture is focus on something very specific.
There has been a growing need for qualified teachers of English literature.
The manager has to check the product quality every now and then.
There's plenty of room for improvement in his work.
These local colleges have organized students to go on a spring outing next
week.
The value of regular exercise should not be underestimated by anyone.
The campus car park will be closed next weekend.
Most adults require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep.
I am glad that Professor Gordon just joined our faculty.

I feel that not enough is being done to protect the local animal life.
A team is now studying the behavior of tropical animals.
A good education not only teaches you skills but also helps you broaden your
horizons.
Students are recommended to read new books by professor Johns.
I feel that not enough is being done to protect the local animal life.
Children will adjust their behavior to meet parental approval.
The interviewer asked her to speak into the microphone.
The lamp on the roadside suddenly went out, leaving us in darkness.
The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policy in the United
States.
Renewable energy sources are now used to produce electricity.
Living in the twenty first century is increasingly stressful.
Please make sure you use the standard form of quotation.
Please read the article that was given out yesterday.
Compiling a bibliography can present a major challenge for some students.
By logging in, you agree to all terms and conditions regarding your
enrolment.
Students should submit two copies of their dissertation to the department
office by Friday.
Next week the department secretary will email you with the details of your
tutorial groups.
This college has a good reputation for both its research and its teaching.
There are many reasons why knowing several languages is a major career
advantage.
The causality theory states that for every effect, there is a cause.
If their aspirations are not achieved, they become gloomy.
He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.
Those suffering from infectious diseases are separated from other patients.
Animal behavior appears to contain both similar and distinct aspects to that
of humans
The educational reform was one of the main purposes of their campaign.
They are collecting information in preparation for the future talk.
We know that dolphins use sound to communicate with each other.
The chairman is persuading the committee to agree with his opinion.
She was asked to describe how her campus life was like as a freshman.
We were all disappointed to learn that the picnic had been cancelled.
He was at the clinic recovering from an operation on his arm.
He was at the clinic recovering from an operation on his arm.
All students must return the books to the college library before the end of
the term
Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.
The interview only took ten minutes, but it felt like hours.
This paper provides a detailed framework for future research.

They passed a law against cutting off power supplies.
Feelings of nerves are common to all university freshers.
The artist's early work was a good buy.
They can tutor other students who need help for the preparation of the
course and the test.
The university is working towards being more environmentally sustainable.
Nine out of ten British people live in towns and cities.
My parents didn't have a good education so they were determined that I
would.
An increase in population will result in fewer resources.
It's important that people with responsible jobs get plenty of sleep.
One theory says that dreams help the long-term memory.
Sometimes ads promote a brand rather than a particular product.
It's difficult for us to control our feelings of disgust.
People get product information from advertisements, friends, family and
product reviews.
The number of people in the world tripled during the last century.
Do you think new developments in science often cause more problems than
they solve?
Advertisements are all around us wherever we go, whatever we do.
I really don't think so. Scientists should be free to do what they like.
When we talk, we use tone and expressions to understand.
Adverts might use humor, drama or catchy slogans to grab people's
attention.
The research looked at the neighborhood cooperative schemes such as
community gardens.
Please come to the next seminar properly prepared.
She has a small business about toys.
It is expected that all students have their own laptops.
You have to submit the project by the end of the week.
None of the students found it difficult to get a job.
His particular interest is in the eighteenth-century French society.
Such behaviors are regarded as a deviation of the norm.
There are lots of opportunities available for the student on campus.
Before submitting the paper, your thesis must be approved by your tutor.
The office opens on Monday and Thursday following the freshman seminar.
The professor took a year off to work on her book.
You may not be allowed to read any books without the reading list.
Most of the student advisors are extremely helpful.
If you are worried about your work, you should see a study counsellor.
We have specially assigned staff to help you find appropriate work
placements.

DESCRIBE IMAGE
A ONE AUSTRALIA EDUCATION GROUP (PTE, NAATI & IELTS

COACHING)
LEVEL 1, QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE CBD, AUSTRALIA (+03/+09)
Nominal GDP
Suicide in England
Real Estate Taxes
Palm Oil Production
London Fleet Street

Laboratory Plan
Income of Bachelor
Vehicle Ownership
Luxembourg Age Group
Temperature and Precipitation
Forest Annual Change
Desktop Browser Share

Closed-loop Recycling
Order Processing
Article Adding
Number of Dwellings
Teaching Career
Food Web
Electricity Generation
Common Languages
Corruption Perceptions
Coffee and Tea
COVID
Desired Effects
Cannabis
Coworking Spaces
Company Growth
Running Costs
Start-up
Election Tunnels
Time Change
Drop Box
Drugstore
UK House Price
Forest Cycle
Family of Three
Old Couple
Taxable Income
Conversation
Boy in Study
Starbucks in US
Environmental Disasters
Crossroads
Migration Map
Agricultural Futures
COVID Testing
Wall Street
Gas Station
Interview
Unemployment Rates
Fruit Stalls
My Sales
One-month Change
Study
News Alerts
Coffee Gu
Climate Region
Stress Curve
Learning Process
Honey Production
Points of View
Flu Vaccination
Rock Cycle
Past vs Present
Street View
Business Economy
Car Spare
Less Developed Countries
Remote Work
Ecosystems
Anti-Malware Market
Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Natural Water Cycle
Energy Security
Government Spending
Effective Sales Tax
Storm and Hurricane
Energy Pyramid
Trailing Sails
Desalination Experiment
Sun and Plant
Whale and Car
Healthy Food Pyramid
Vehicle Sales
Company Sales Strategy
Man at Desk
Death Rates
Fog
Table and Chairs

Worldwide Incidence
Average Tax Rates
Average Wages
Diamond Production
Airline Passengers
Working Hours
Cultural Websites
Housing Deal
Flu Vaccination
Rock Cycle
Past vs Present
Street View
Honey Production
Points of View
Diamond Production
Airline Passengers
Working Hours
Business Economy
Car Spare
Animal Length
Business Development
Plant Height
Music Sales
NZ House Price
Domestic Revenues
Lake
Financial Performance
Greenhouse Gas
Blood Flow
NHS England Stuff
RETELL LECTURE

Ocean currents are driven by a range of sources: the wind, tides,
changes in water density, and the rotation of the Earth. The
topography of the ocean floor and the shoreline modifies those
motions, causing currents to speed up, slow down, or change
direction. Ocean currents fall into two main categories: surface
currents and deep ocean currents. Surface currents control the
-ocean
currents mobilize the other 90 percent. Though they have different
causes, surface and deep ocean currents influence each other in an
intricate dance that keeps the entire ocean moving. Near the shore,
surface currents are driven by both the wind and tides, which draw
water back and forth as the water level falls and rises. Meanwhile, in
the open ocean, wind is the major force behind surface currents. As
wind blows over the ocean, it drags the top layers of water along with
it. That moving water pulls on the layers underneath, and those pull on
the ones beneath them.
As early as 8000 BCE, the earliest Neolithic farmers living in the

Fertile Crescent began a legacy of cheese-making almost as old as
civilization itself. The rise of agriculture led to domesticated sheep and
goats, which ancient farmers harvested for milk. But when left in
warm conditions for several hours, that fresh milk began to sour. Its
lactic acids caused proteins to coagulate, binding into soft clumps.
Upon discovering this strange transformation, the farmers drained
the remaining liquid later named whey and found the yellowish globs
could be eaten fresh as a soft, spreadable meal. These clumps, or
curds, became the building blocks of cheese, which would eventually be
aged, pressed, ripened, and whizzed into a diverse cornucopia of dairy
delights. The discovery of cheese gave Neolithic people an enormous
survival advantage. Milk was rich with essential proteins, fats, and
minerals. But it also contained high quantities of lactose a sugar
which is difficult to process for many ancient and modern stomachs.
lactose. And since it could be preserved and stockpiled, these

essential nutrients could be eaten throughout scarce famines and
long winters
The elephant boasts the largest brain of any land mammal, as well as
an impressive encephalization quotient. This is the size of the brain
r
distant relation, convergent evolution has made it remarkably similar

to the human brain, with as many neurons and synapses and a highly
developed hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It is the hippocampus,
strongly associated with emotion, that aids recollection by encoding
important experiences into long-term memories. The ability to
distinguish this importance makes elephant memory a complex and
elephants who survived a drought in their youth to recognize its

warning signs in adulthood, which is why clans with older matriarchs
have higher survival rates. Unfortunately, it
elephants one of the few non-human animals to suffer from post-
traumatic stress disorder. The cerebral cortex, on the other hand,
enables problem-solving, which elephants display in many creative
ways. They also tackle problems cooperatively, sometimes even
outwitting the researchers and manipulating their partners. And
amounts of fruit in two baskets after multiple changes.
Many patients acquire the allergy label as children, when a rash
related drugs. The rash is often blamed on penicillin, while the more
likely culprit is the original infection, or a reaction between the
infection and the antibiotic. However, genuine penicillin allergies,
where our immune systems mistake penicillin for an attacker, do occur
complete
allergy. Even if you do have a penicillin allergy, your immune cells that
react to the drug may lose their ability to recognize it. In fact, about
80% of people who are allergic to penicillin outgrow their allergy within
ten years. This is great news for people who currently identify as
allergic to penicillin; the drug may one day save their lives, as it has
done for so many others.
Although modern money laundering methods vary greatly, most share

three basic steps: placement, layering, and integration. Placement is
where illegally obtained money is converted into assets that seem
registered to an anonymous corporation or a professional middleman.

This step is where criminals are often most vulnerable to detection
since they introduce massive wealth into the financial system
seemingly out of nowhere. The second step, layering, involves using
multiple transactions to further distance the funds from their origin.
This can take the form of transfers between multiple accounts, or the
purchase of tradable property, like expensive cars, artwork, and real
estate. Casinos, where large sums of money change hands every
second, are also popular venues for layering. A money launderer may
locations in other countries, or work with employees to rig games. The

last step, integration, allows clean money to re-enter the mainstream
economy and to benefit the original criminal. They might invest it into a
legal business claiming payment by producing fake invoices, or even
start a bogus charity, placing themselves on the board of directors
with an exorbitant salary.
Nobody knows exactly when humans began to create fermented

beverages. The earliest known evidence comes from 7,000 BCE in
China, where residue in clay pots has revealed that people were
making an alcoholic beverage from fermented rice, millet, grapes, and
honey. Within a few thousand years, cultures all over the world were
fermenting their own drinks. Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians
made beer throughout the year from stored cereal grains. This beer
was available to all social classes, and workers even received it in their
daily r
ideal for growing grapes, it was a rare and expensive delicacy. By
contrast, in Greece and Rome, where grapes grew more easily, wine
was as readily available as beer was in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Because yeasts will ferment basically any plant sugars, ancient
peoples made alcohol from whatever crops and plants grew where
they lived. In South America, people made chicha from grains,
,
made from cactus sap, was the drink of choice, while East Africans
made sake.
Drug interactions happen when the combination of a drug with

another substance causes different effects than either would
individually. Foods, herbal supplements, legal drugs, and illicit
substances can all cause drug interactions. Most drug interactions
effects influence each other directly. In other cases, one substance

affects how the body processes another, like how it is absorbed,
metabolized, or transported around the body. Blood thinners and
aspirin, for example, have similar effects that become dangerous when
combined. Both prevent blood clots from forming blood thinners by
preventing the formation of the clotting factors that hold clots
together, and aspirin by preventing blood cells from clumping into
groups that become clots. Individually, these effects are usually safe,
but taken together, they can prevent blood clotting to a dangerous
extent, possibly causing internal bleeding. While blood thinners and
aspirin are generally harmless when taken individually, interactions
where one substance exacerbates the effects of another can also
take place between drugs that are independently harmful.
Nearly 9,000 years ago, corn, also called maize, was first
domesticated from teosinte, a grass native to Mesoamerica.
-hard seeds were barely edible, but its fibrous husk
could be turned into a versatile material. Over the next 4,700 years,
farmers bred the plant into a staple crop, with larger cobs and edible
kernels. As maize spread throughout the Americas, it took on an
Mot
first arrived in America, they shunned the strange plant. Many even
believed it was the source of physical and cultural differences between
them and the Mesoamericans. However, their attempts to cultivate
European crops in American soil quickly failed, and the settlers were
forced to expand their diet. Finding the crop to their taste, maize
soon crossed the Atlantic, where its ability to grow in diverse
climates made it a popular grain in many European countries. But the
newly established United States was still the corn capital of the
world.
We may think of nature as being unconnected to our urban spaces,

but trees have always been an essential part of successful cities.
Trees act like a natural sponge, absorbing stormwater runoff before
releasing it back into the atmosphere. The webs of their roots protect
against mudslides while allowing soil to retain water and filter out
toxins. Roots help prevent floods, while reducing the need for storm
drains and water treatment plants. Their porous leaves purify the air
by trapping carbon and other pollutants, making them essential in the
fight against climate change. Humanity has been uncovering these
ucial to the
up to nine times more solar radiation during deadly summer

oppressive heat made the city a breeding ground for bacteria like
cholera.
If you have an old phone, you might want to consider your options
before throwing it away. To minimize waste, you could donate it to a
charity for reuse, take it to an e-waste recycling facility, or look for a
company that refurbishes old models. However, even recycling
companies need our scrutiny. Just as the production of smartphones
comes with social and environmental problems, dismantling them does
too. E-waste is sometimes intentionally exported to countries where
labor is cheap but working conditions are poor. Vast workforces, often
made up of women and children, may be underpaid, lack the training to
safely disassemble phones, and be exposed to elements like lead and
mercury, which can permanently damage their nervous systems.
Phone waste can also end up in huge dumpsites, leaching toxic
chemicals into the soil and water, mirroring the problems of the mines
where the elements originated. A phone is much more than it appears
countries, linked to impacts that are unfolding on a global scale. So,

until someone invents
to come to terms with how this technology affects widespread places
and people.
know precisely what causes this fallibility on a neurological level,

research has highlighted some of the most common ways our
memories diverge from what actually happened. The Mall study
highlights how we can incorporate information from outside sources,
like other people or the news, into our personal recollections without
realizing it. This kind of suggestibility is just one influence on our
memories. Take another study, in which researchers briefly showed a
random collection of photographs to a group of participants, including
images of a university campus none of them had ever visited. When
shown the images three weeks later, a majority of participants said
that they had probably or definitely visited the campus in the past. The
participants misattributed information from one context an image
onto another a memory of something they believed they
actually experienced. In another experiment, people were shown an
image of a magnifying glass and then told to imagine a lollipop. They
frequently recalled that they saw the magnifying glass and the lollipop.
They struggled to link the objects to the correct context whether
they actually saw them or simply imagined them.
The group of artists who are considered Abstract Expressionists
includes Barnett Newman with his existential zips, Willem de Kooning,
famous for his travestied women, Helen Frankenthaler, who created
soak-stains, and others. But perhaps the most famous, influential,
and head-scratching one was Jackson Pollock. Most of his paintings
are immediately recognizable. They feature tangled messes of lines of
paint bouncing around in every direction on the canvas. And sure,
that? Well, the answer to these questions is both yes and no. While
Pollock implemented a technique anyone is technically capable of,
regardless of artistic training, only he could have made his paintings.
drawings of André Masson and others. These Surrealists supposedly

drew directly from the unconscious to reveal truths hidden within
their minds. Occasionally, instead of picturing something and then
drawing it, they let their hands move automatically and would later
tease out familiar figures that appeared in the scribbles.
A new evidence-
through Spaced Repetition, or spacing out your learning and practice
of new knowledge or skills. Although this might seem novel, this is
hardly a new concept; it was first described in 1885 by a German
plot your retention, or how much you remember of something, vs.

time. Now you learn that something on day 0. Without reviewing it,
which is kind of scary! If you review (or better yet actively retrieve) the
material at increasingly spaced intervals after learning it, then the
ll get a lot better
longer-term retention. Now, the goal here is to review the material at
the right time. It turns out that the best time to revisit information
that you are trying to learn is right around the time you would
naturally forget it. Since forgetting typically follows this exponential
curve, the trick becomes timing your study sessions around it.
Practically, this means having more widely spaced intervals between
study times for the material that you are more familiar with, and
shorter intervals between study sessions for material that you are
less familiar with.
Montessori Education is based on the principles developed by Maria

Montessori, who opened her first school for children of low-income
workers in an apartment building in Rome in 1907. The school was
furnished with a teacher's table, a stove, a blackboard, some chairs,

group tables for the children, and a cabinet filled with materials that
Montessori developed in her earlier career when she researched how
to teach kids who experience some form of mental disability. Maria
Montessori created the materials after she realized that students
seem to understand complex concepts better when they engaged all
their senses. Activities at this first school included personal care,
such as dressing and undressing, care of the environment like
sweeping, dusting, and gardening. Otherwise, they were free to move
around and play with the materials. Montessori did not teach herself
but instead oversaw the classroom work of her teachers. Montessori
observed that children showed episodes of deep concentration and
multiple repetitions of the same activity. Given free choice, kids
showed more interest in practical activities and the materials than
normal toys, sweets, or other rewards. Over time, spontaneous self-
discipline emerged. Montessori concluded that working independently,
children seemed to reach new levels of autonomy and become self-
motivated learners. She began to see the role of the teacher as a
facilitator of young human beings who are free to move and act within
the limits of a prepared environment. The goal: to grow children to
become independent and responsible adults who share a love for
learning.
During the time when the church controlled what people could believe,
and the kings ruled over what people ought to own, John Locke, an
English doctor, popularized three ideas that changed society and
parenting forever. First, people keep fighting over their beliefs,
because nobody can actually know which one is true. To solve this
problem, everyone should have freedom of thought and the right to
because people have natural rights to liberty, property, and life, and
hence need to be asked for permission. Third, parents should avoid
punishing their children, since the use of emotions to make them
behave well can make them sensationalist. Instead, they should allow
ligion and
democracy became the foundation of most liberal societies. His
thoughts on education, however, may have been even more influential.
Locke understood that most people doubt new ideas, without any
other apparent reason than them being uncommon. However, teaching

children how to think rationally and all for themselves works. Education
is therefore the key to freeing society from political and psychological
tyranny. And his book, "Some Thoughts Concerning Education", became
a parenting guide to that world.
to be acquiring information that you can use later. It makes sense: if

something is awe-
ething that you should
know more about if you wanna survive. The feeling of awe directs your
attention away from yourself and toward your environment, so you can
acquire more information about this new, possibly life-changing thing
negative. So, we might have given us a social
advantage or an intellectual advantage, or maybe some combination of
incredibly powerful to the point that it can, like, totally hack your
brain a
been linked to lower levels of inflammation, which plays a role in all
causing events to unfold. Studies have found that it makes people

more likely to interpret a series of events as the consequence of
the search for an explanation for something your brain is struggling to

comprehend, which could help us explain why religion is a thing.
M: Fundamentally, the blackmailer is entitled. They believe that others

are responsible for their feelings. They believe others must act in a
way that makes them feel good, rather than taking responsibility for
their own feelings.
S: Oh, that actually makes a lot of sense. What about the person who
lets themselves be blackmailed? Why do they allow that?
M: The blackmailer refuses to take responsibility for their own feelings,

but the blackmailee is the exact opposite: they take responsibility for
around them to act a certain way, the blackmailee wants everyone to

feel a certain way. While the blackmailer feels entitled, the blackmailee
feels like they owe a debt. While the blackmailer passes judgments,
the blackmailee is always looking to be positively judged. They take the
judgments of other people very seriously. If someone says to them,
am I selfish? I must be selfish! Why would someone say that if I

While the blackmailer wants everyone to serve them, the blackmailee
wants to serve everyone. They wanna be liked and approved by
blackmailer believes what they say is the truth, the blackmailee

believes that what others say about them is the truth. And while the
dominated by giving.
When we fall in love, we tend to fall in love with somebody who wouldn't
normally be considered compatible with us, because their personality
traits are opposite to ours. This allows us to fit together like pieces of
a puzzle. This person's good traits compensate for our bad ones and
vice versa. When we look back on it, we often wonder how we could
have fallen in love with somebody who was so different from ourselves.
But nature intended for us to fall in love, and it made sure we would by
having our brains release what we call 'feel-good' hormones including
oxytocin, phenylethylamine, serotonin, and dopamine. These hormones
give aid to a biochemical process that rids us of stressors and fills us
with infatuation. This is why it's so hard for us to recognize our
partner's flaws. These hormones hide our flaws and encourage us to
do whatever we can to keep the romance alive. While we aren't
actually lying to our partners, we're wearing a mask of adoration.
Taking off this mask and revealing who we really are may influence our
partner to leave, so we keep it on. Knowing this, in order to avoid any
major confrontations and confusion with your partner, you can work on
bringing up somewhat difficult topics with them. Such as whether or
not you both want children or wish to be married.
A massive forest provides a whole lot of fuel, so unless we want our

National Parks to become heaps of ash, there are some blazes that
we need to shut down as quickly as they start. Dumping crazy
amounts of water on a forest fire is one pretty effective approach.
Water does a couple big things. First, water interferes with that
combustion reaction because as it vaporizes it creates a layer of
pheric
oxygen that it needs to keep going. Second, the water cools the fuel,
which slows and ultimately extinguishes the reaction. During a forest
fire, firefighters work quickly to put out anything ablaze, including
embers, which can fly around and spread the fire. They spray water
from the ground and sky, refilling tanks at nearby water sources like

creating a firebreak, which is exactly what it sounds like a break
between the fire and its fuel. But dumping water and cutting down
-term fire retardant, which means it can be

sprayed on an area and, unless it gets washed away by a rainstorm, it
will stick
and 5% other stuff like clay and gum thickeners that help keep it
together so that it makes to the ground from the plane.
Benefits of Blueberries
The consumption of berries can enhance beneficial signaling in the
brain. Plant foods are our primary source of antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory compounds, but some plant foods may be better than
others. As I've explained before, one cup of blueberries a day can
improve cognition among older adults, as shown in this randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. And the same thing in kids after
just a single meal of blueberries; though, two cups may work better
than one. That single hit of berries may also improve mood. A double-
blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in which kids are asked a
series of questions: Are you very slightly or not at all, a little,
moderately, quite a bit or extremely interested, excited, strong, etc.
Before and after drinking the placebo, no significant change, but two
hours after consuming about two cups of blueberries, their positive
mood scores significantly improved. They felt more enthusiastic, alert,
inspired, attentive-that kind of thing. That was in young adults, ages
18 through 21; same thing in 7 to 10-year-old children. Some
dangerous new mood enhancing drug or Ritalin? No, blueberries and
just after a single meal. Now blueberries can't do everything. Although
a cup of berries certainly appears to improve brain function... no
improvement in walking or balance was observed.
Doing Team-related Sports
It turns out that if you can find a sport and a team you like, studies
show that there are all sorts of benefits that go beyond the physical
and mental benefits of exercise alone. Some of the most significant
are psychological benefits, both in the short and long term. Some of
those come from the communal experience of being on a team, for
instance, learning to trust and depend on others, to accept help, to
give help, and to work together towards a common goal. In addition,
commitment to a team and doing something fun can also make it
easier to establish a regular habit of exercise. School sport
participation has also been shown to reduce the risk of suffering from
depression for up to four years. Meanwhile, your self-esteem and
confidence can get a big boost. There are a few reasons for that. One
is found in training. Just by working and working at skills, especially
with a good coach, you reinforce a growth mindset within yourself.
That's when you say, "Even if I can't do something today, I can improve
myself through practice and achieve it eventually." That mindset is
useful in all walks of life. And then there's learning through failure, one
of the most transformative, long-term benefits of playing sports. The
experience of coming to terms with defeat can build the resilience and
self-awareness necessary to manage academic, social, and physical
hurdles.
Route Planning of Airlines
Airlines can make a lot of money by flying to the right places. British
Airways, for example, long-ago cemented themselves as the leader on
the London Heathrow to New York JKF route, and flying between
these two airports now earns them over $1 billion per year. That's
more than any airline makes on any other route in the world.
Conversely, though, airlines can lose a lot of money by flying to the
wrong places. American Airlines, for example, recently cancelled their
Chicago to Beijing flight as it was losing them tens of millions of
dollars per year. Now, the fact that this route failed might be puzzling
considering it flew between the world's fiftieth and the world seventh
largest city. Even more, they were flying the 787-8 Dreamliner, the
smallest plane they could on this route. Nonetheless, it was truly a
financial disaster. The airline said that, in terms of annual revenue, the
route was $ 80 million away from their target. The truth is that
deciding where to fly is a lot more complicated than pairing up the
largest cities. It's an art that people spend their whole lives mastering
and the difference between an airline that's good at route planning and
one that's bad. This can be the difference between a profitable airline
and a defunct one.
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are some of the most spectacular ecosystems on the
planet. They're also some of the most vulnerable. But how can we
protect the reefs and the animals and plants who rely on them? And
how can we make sure our protected areas aren't hurting those
people who use reefs to survive? These are some of the big questions
facing marine conservation biologists today. Let's take Fiji, for
example. Fiji is series of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. To help
balance the need for conservation and making a living, scientists had
suggested that instead of one big park which provides a lot of
coverage for one reef system while leaving the rest unprotected, a
better way is to create a system of protected areas nested together
like pearls on a string. This idea is called connectivity. In this way,
scientists can protect lots of different habitats while not excluding
people from their traditional fishing grounds. Now, the only way this
string-of-pearls kind of reserve network is going to work is if each park
is connected to other parks.

Prescriptive and Descriptive
Most of us learn to speak at such an early age that we don't even
remember it. We form our spoken repertoire through unconscious
habits, not memorized rules. And because speech also uses mood and
intonation for meaning, its structure is often more flexible, adapting
to the needs of speakers and listeners. This could mean avoiding
complex clauses that are hard to parse in real time, making changes
to avoid awkward pronunciation, or removing sounds to make speech
faster. The linguistic approach that tries to understand and map such
differences without dictating correct ones is known as descriptivism.
Rather than deciding how language should be used, it describes how
people actually use it, and tracks the innovations they come up with in
the process. But while the debate between prescriptivism and
descriptivism continues, the two are not mutually exclusive. At its
best, prescriptivism is useful for informing people about the most
common established patterns at a given point in time. This is
important, not only for formal contexts, but it also makes
communication easier between non-native speakers from different
backgrounds. Descriptivism, on the other hand, gives us insight into
how our minds work and the instinctive ways in which we structure
our view of the world. Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set
of linguistic habits that are constantly being negotiated and
reinvented by the entire group of language users
.
Sensation of Fullness
The sensation of fullness is set in motion as food moves from your
mouth down your esophagus. Once it hits your stomach, it gradually
fills the space. That causes the surrounding muscular wall to stretch,
expanding slowly like a balloon. A multitude of nerves wrapped
intricately around the stomach wall sense. the stretching. They
communicate with the vagus nerve up to the brainstem and
hypothalamus, the main parts of the brain that control food intake.
But that's just one input your brain uses to sense fullness. After all, if
you fill your stomach with water, you won't feel full for long. Your brain
also takes into account chemical messengers in the form of hormones
produced by endocrine cells throughout your digestive system. These
respond to the presence of specific nutrients in your gut and
bloodstream, which gradually increase as you digest your food. As the
hormones seep out, they're swept up by the blood and eventually
reach the hypothalamus in the brain. Over 20 gastrointestinal
hormones are involved in moderating our appetites. One example is
cholecystokinin, which is produced in response to food by cells in the
upper small bowel. When it reached the hypothalamus, it causes a
reduction in the feeling of reward you get when you eat food. When
that occurs, the sense of being satiated starts to sink in and you
stop eating.

Restoration Projects
In 2019, a study led by Zurich's Crowther lab analyzed satellite
imagery of the world's existing tree cover. By combining it with climate
and soil data and excluding areas necessary for human use, they
determined Earth could support nearly one billion hectares of
additional forest. That's roughly 1.2 trillion trees. This staggering
number surprised the scientific community, prompting additional
research. Scientists now cite a more conservative but still remarkable
figure. By their revised estimates, these restored ecosystems could
capture anywhere from 100 to 200 billion tons of carbon, accounting
for over one-sixth of humanity's carbon emissions. More than half of
the potential forest canopy for new restoration efforts can be found in
just six countries. And the study can also provide insight into existing
restoration projects, like The Bonn Challenge, which aims to restore
350 million hectares of forest by 2030. But this is where it gets
complicated. Ecosystems are incredibly complex, and it's unclear
whether they're best restored by human intervention. It's possible the
right thing to do for certain areas is to simply leave them alone.
Color
One of the most striking properties about life is that it has color. To
understand the phenomenon of color, it helps to think about light as a
wave. But, before we get to that, let's talk a little bit about waves in
general. Imagine you're sitting on a boat on the ocean watching a cork
bob up and down in the water. The first thing you notice about the
motion is that it repeats itself. The cork traces the same path over
and over again... up and down, up and down. This repetitive or periodic
motion is characteristic of waves. Then you notice something else...
using a stopwatch, you measure the time it for the piece of cork to go
over its highest position down to its lowest and then back up again.
Suppose this takes two seconds. To use the physics jargon, you've
measured the period of the waves that cork is bobbing on. That is,
how long it takes a wave to go through its full range of motion once.
The same information can be expressed in a different way by
calculating the wave's frequency. Frequency, as the name suggests,
tells you how frequent the waves are. That is, how many of them go by
in one second. If you know how many seconds one full wave takes then
it's easy to work out how many waves go by in one second. In this
case, since each wave takes 2 seconds, the frequency is 0.5 waves
per second. So enough about bobbing corks... what about light and
color? If light is a wave, then it must have a frequency. Right? Well...
yes, it does. And it turns out that we already have a name for the
frequency of the light that our eyes detect. It's called color. That's
right. Color is nothing more than a measure of how quickly the light
waves are waving.
Energy Conservation
This phenomenon of conservation is explained by what we call the first
law of thermodynamics, sometimes referred to as the law of energy
conservation. The law states, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can be described as the ability to do work, where work is the
movement of matter when a force is applied to it. A closed system is
a system in which no matter or energy is allowed to enter or leave.
The first law of thermodynamics tells us that the amount of energy
within an ecosystem is constant. It doesn't change. An open system,
on the other hand, allows stuff to come in and go out. Since most
systems are not closed, the laws of energy conservation can be
rephrased to say that the change in the internal energy of the system
is equal to the difference between the amount of energy coming in,
minus the amount of energy going out. In other words, the amount of
energy in the system can change but only if it comes from another
system or goes to another system. At any rate, systems, whether
they're open or closed, do not create or destroy energy. Rather,
energy can enter from one system and leave to another.
Cumulative Advantage
The modern fantasy about wow, business is changing so quickly, you've
got to keep morphing and changing, updating your brand, getting a
new visual identity. All of those things, they're just bad, bad, bad, bad,
bad. Don't do them. Why? It's because you interrupt habit. So rather
than a consumer thinking about, oh, wow, am loyal to, let's say, Tide.
I'm loyal to Tide detergent. I really should buy it. It's actually that
person's subconscious saying, you know, the most comfortable thing
to do, the thing we... in your subconscious are most confident of is
that thing that worked for us before. So please, please, please don't
think about buying something else. Tide's been around for 76 years,
and it has what we call cumulative advantage. Cumulative advantage is
what you increasingly build as the customer becomes more and more
comfortable with using your product or service. Each time they use
and get the benefits they wish; you get more cumulative advantage
that causes the subconscious to say I'm totally comfortable with this
and I would be uncomfortable if we did something else. That's the win
of cumulative advantage.
Cartoonists
Cartoonists are like sponges; they soak up people, places,
mannerisms, clothing, and behavior. Sometimes they might jot them
down in a little black book that they carry around with them. Other
times, it is just soaked up into the cartoonist's brain only to be
squeezed out later when she is sitting at her drawing table. Not only
does a cartoonist have to be aware of what she is seeing visually, but
she has to listen to herself think. In other words, take the incoming
Information and select it, shape it, and then use it for a cartoon. Now
that you have an idea, or something you think could be good for a
cartoon, it's time to shape it. A cartoon is like a staged play. A
cartoonist is playwright, director, stage designer, choreographer, and
costume designer. A cartoon has characters, a set, dialogue, even if
one line, and a backstory. The characters must be dressed to fit the
idea, speak in a way that is natural and forwards the idea or gives the
punchline. Nothing should be in the cartoon that is not absolutely
necessary for the advancement of the idea. The image and words have
to dance together in a way that makes sense. It could be a graceful
dance, or an awkward dance, if that is part of the humor or idea. And
then the execution. Some cartoonists sketch the idea with pencil then
ink it with pen using a light box. Others visualize the image in their
head and draw directly on the paper in pen.
Opium War
And as Great Britain grew, interest in tea spread around the world.
By 1700, tea in Europe sold for ten times the price of coffee and the
plant was still only grown in China. The tea trade was so lucrative that
the world's fastest sailboat, the clipper ship, was born out of intense
competition between Western trading companies. All were racing to
bring their tea back to Europe first to maximize their profits. At first,
Britain paid for all this Chinese tea with silver. When that proved too
expensive, they suggested trading tea for another substance, opium.
This triggered a public health problem within China as people became
addicted to the drug. Then in 1839, a Chinese official ordered his men
to destroy massive British shipments of opium as a statement
against Britain' s influence over China. This act triggered the First
Opium War between the two nations. Fighting raged up and down the
Chinese coast until 1842 when the defeated Qing Dynasty ceded the
port of Hong Kong to the British and resumed trading on unfavorable
terms. The war weakened China's global standing for over a century.
.
Niche Technologies
And so, there's two things there: One is, smaller projects that have
bigger impact and societal impact kind of get ignored. Also, niche
technology that we can build on for future things will not thrive, will go
away. A lot of the things that we're reaping the benefit of today was
because of the basic scientific research that we funded in the 60s
and the 70s and the 80s. So, if they stop doing that kind of funding by
the government, after while we just won't have anything to build on
top of. We'll just be advertising to each other, and connecting with
each other on social media. A that's it. And that's not where we want
to end up. So, there is a role for government, in terms of promoting
scientific research, for both the sake scientific research and also for
commercializing the scientific research. The government is the only
entity that can take a slightly longer point of, in terms of these
developments. But think it's good for that to happen. Because

sometimes good ideas need a little bit of funding, before the can
become bigger ideas.
Alopecia Areata
Hair loss can be a sensitive topic for a lot of people. While certain life
events and old age can lead to hair loss, sometimes it can be caused
by a health condition. One such condition is alopecia areata. Alopecia
areata is a condition that can cause your hair to fall out more than
normal. The average person can pretty easily lose up to around pieces
of hair a day from their scalp with most of that growing back. Alopecia
areata is when that hair loss gets more significant and you have
trouble getting that hair to grow back. The amount of hair that falls
out varies from person to person, but it can be anything from small,
rather unnoticeable patches, to greater amounts of hair loss as the
patches increase in size and connect with each other. We often think
of this as hair loss relating to what's on top of your head, but this
condition can also include hair loss in places like your eyebrows and
eyelashes, as well as your face and other parts of your body.
According to the National Alopecia Areata Foundation, this condition
is fairly common, affecting as many as 6.8 million Americans with a
lifetime risk of 2.1%. While there is no cure, symptoms can come and
go. It might develop slowly, then go away for a few years before
coming back. Alopecia areata can lead to alopecia totalis, where you
lose all of the hair on your scalp, or alopecia universalis, where you
have total hair loss, Generally, when and if your hair ever does grow
back, it might fall out again later on. It often first shows up with
children, but can begin in any age group.
Birds that Talk

Birds can be very impressive at imitation, which is another word for
copying. When chicks are born, they hear sounds made by the other
birds in their flock, or their family. And they practice imitating those
sounds, until they sound just like the rest of their flock! There are lots
of reasons that birds might need to know the sounds that other
animals make. For one thing, birds in the wild are very social. They help
out other members of their flock. The calls of different flocks of birds,
even two different flocks of the same kind of bird, are all different from
each other! It helps to know who your family is by the familiar sounds
they make! Plus, it's helpful to learn animal calls that might scare
away predators, so that the birds don't get eaten! And being good at
imitating shows that a bird is smart, and has a good memory and
strong muscles, which makes it more appealing to other birds in its
flock. The birds that can copy human speech are especially talented
imitators. Birds that learn to imitate humans come from two groups:
parrots, like African greys, cockatoos, and parakeets...and songbirds,

like mynahs, starlings, and even crows! They're such good imitators
that sometimes they can even fool people! Some pet birds have
escaped into the wild, and taught the calls they learned from humans,
to the other birds in their new flock. So sometimes people have gone
for a nature walk, and heard someone calling out. They looked around
for a person... only to realize that the birds were the ones talking.
Wildlife Adaptation
Rising temperatures and seas, massive droughts, changing
landscapes. Successfully adapting to climate change is growing
increasingly important. For humans, this means using our
technological advancement to find solutions, like smarter cities and
better water management. But for some plants and animals, adapting
to these global changes involves the most ancient solution of all:
evolution. Evolutionary adaptation usually occurs along time scales of
thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. But in cases where
species are under especially strong selective conditions, like those
caused by rapidly changing climates, adaptive evolution can happen
more quickly. In recent decades, we've seen many plants, animals, and
insects relocating themselves and undergoing changes to their body
sizes, and the dates they flower or breed. But many of these are
plastic, or nonheritable changes to an individual's physical traits. And
there are limits to how much an organism can change its own
physiology to meet environmental requirements. That's why scientists
are seeking examples of evolutionary changes coded in species DNA
that are heritable, long-lasting, and may provide a key to their future.
Stopped Internet
You could argue this kind of digital detox would be beneficial. We'd take
our eyes off our screens then strike up real-life conversations with
each other. We've discovered that our smartphones can actually make
phone calls. We bring back fax machines. and start making notes by
hand. Well, maybe not fax machines and hey, we'd still have TV to
entertain us the world would not fall apart. In fact, with almost 4
billion people having no access to the Internet worldwide, half of
humanity wouldn't notice a difference in the short term. But not you,
mighty internet user. You would notice right away. If the internet
suddenly flatlined, social media users would start calling each other on
the phone overloading the working telecommunication systems, unless
cell phone towers and telephone lines were also shut down. Then you'd
go back to writing letters and sending them via post. Forget about
Wireless file transfers with no Wi-Fi. You'd have to use a physical
cable to connect to computers or a CD. Remember this? Now think
about the economy with financial data generally stored on a server
banking service largely depend on the Internet. Each transfer would be

impossible. Your credit card and debit card would become a useless
piece of plastic.
Walking
Walking is the most fundamental basic form of human physical activity.
The average sort of hunter-gatherer will take 10, 15,000 steps a day.
The average American before the pandemic was taking something like
4,700 and something steps a day. Only about 20% of Americans get
the very minimum levels of exercise that every health organization in
the world thinks is the minimum for an adult-which is 150 minutes a
week. So, 80% of us really struggle and fail to get very basic amounts
of exercise, but almost everyone says that they want to get enough
exercise. We live in a world where we no longer have to be physically
active. We now, in a very strange way, have to choose to be physically
active, and that's not so easy 'cause there were no ellipticals and
other kinds of machines back in the Stone Age. If you wanna get your
heart rate up you probably were running. And one of the biggest
myths about running is that it'll destroy your knees. There's tons and
tons of studies, more than a dozen randomized, controlled-
perspective, gold standard studies, which show that people who run
more are not more likely to get arthritis. In fact, lots of research
shows that physical activities like running actually cause your joints to
repair themselves and to stay healthy. The other kinds of running
injuries- think that a lot of them are caused because we don't learn
how to run properly anymore. I think running is a skill like swimming or
throwing or, you know, all kinds of other things that we do.
Moral Outrage
And there are many benefits of moral outrage, but there are also
many costs. So, the benefits can fall into two broad categories. The
first category o benefit is social benefits. So, when we express
outrage about some kind of wrongdoing, that teaches others that
that kind of behavior is not going t tolerated, and it can motivate
other people to behave morally so that they can avoid getting shamed
or punished for breaking the rules. The other of benefit that moral
outrage brings out is personal. Moral outrage broadcasts to the rest
of your social group that you are the kind of person who likely to break
the rules. So, these two benefits of expressing outrage have to be
balanced against the costs of outrage.
Intelligent but Lonely

As Emerson once put it, 'In the minds of geniuses, we find once more -
our own neglected thoughts.' It is almost certain that people who have
devoted themselves to self-honesty and self-observation have an
above average chance of meeting with in comprehension, irritation,
censorship or boredom when they attempt to share the data from
their own minds frankly in company. Their thoughts (it might be on
politics or architecture, family life or sexuality) will sound more
threatening, more intense, oblique or tender than is allowed. That
feels lonely, if one is in the mood to frame things like this. There are
simply fewer people at large committed to self-honesty and self-
observation - and therefore up for exchanging notes on what it's truly
like to be alive. Yet there is one resource that is exceptionally well
suited to address the feelings of disconnection liable to be felt by the
emotionally intelligent: art. Works of art are humanity's secret diary:
records of all that could not be said in regular social contexts, but
which have found a home in the more intimate, honest communication
that can take place between an art-work and its audience.
Biological Thinking
Now typically, when we think about business, we use what call
"mechanical thinking." We set goals, we analyze problems, we
construct and we adhere to plans, and more than anything else, we
stress efficiency and short-term performance. Now, don't get me
wrong- this is a splendidly practical and effective way of addressing
relatively simple challenges in relatively stable environments. It's the
way that Bob- and probably many of us, myself included- process most
business problems we're faced with every day. In fact, it was a pretty
good mental model for business-overall - until about the mid-1980s,
when the conjunction of globalization and a revolution in technology
and telecommunications made business far more dynamic and
unpredictable. But what about those more dynamic and unpredictable
situations that we now increasingly face? I think in addition to the
mechanical thinking, we now need to master the art of biological
thinking, as embodied by our six principles. In other words, we need to
think more modestly and subtly about when and how we can shape,
rather than control, unpredictable and complex situations.
Freelancing
At some point in your life- maybe even now you might wonder whether
freelancing is right for you. You'll need a few things to be successful.
First, you'll need a skill that's in demand. This can be as universal as
driving a car to as specialized as neurosurgery, and it can be in pretty
much any field. The more people who want your skill, and the fewer
people who have it, the more you can charge for your services. Next,
you'll need to transform yourself into an entrepreneur. Before
freelancers can do any work, they have to find it. That takes marketing
your services, negotiating contracts, building a network of satisfied
clients, and a whole set of administrative skills like project
management, time management, and accounting. And thirdly, if you
can afford it, it's probably a good idea to budget for some benefits for
yourself and maybe your family. Freelancers don't automatically get
perks that some salaried jobs offer, like paid vacation or sick leave, life
insurance, college tuition, or retirement plans.
Language of Lying
According to the literature on reality monitoring, stories based on
imagined experiences are qualitatively different from those based on
real experiences. This suggests that creating a false story about a
personal topic takes work and results in a different pattern of
language use. A technology known as linguistic text analysis has
helped to identify four such common patterns in the subconscious
language of deception. First, liars reference themselves less, when
making deceptive statements. They write or talk more about others,
often using the third person to distance and disassociate themselves
from their lie, which sounds more false: "Absolutely no party took place
at this house," or "I didn't host a party here." Second, liars tend to be
more negative, because on a subconscious level, they feel guilty about
lying. For example, a liar might say something like, "Sorry, my stupid
phone battery died. I hate that thing." Third, liars typically explain
events in simple terms since our brains struggle to build a complex lie.
Judgment and evaluation are complex things for our brains to
compute. As a U.S. President once famously insisted: "I did not have
sexual relations with that woman." And finally, even though liars keep
descriptions simple, they tend to use longer and more convoluted
sentence structure, inserting unnecessary words and irrelevant but
factual sounding details in order to pad the lie.
Earth History
Unlike the Moon our dead, rocky companion the Earth is alive, pulsing
with creative and destructive forces that power its geological
metabolism. Lunar rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts all
date back to about the age of the Solar System. Moon rocks are
forever. Earth rocks, on the other hand, face the perils of a living
lithosphere. All will suffer ruination, through some combination of
mutilation, compression, folding, tearing, scorching and baking. Thus,
the volumes of Earth history are incomplete and disheveled. The library
is vast and magnificent - but decrepit. And it was this tattered
complexity in the rock record that obscured its meaning until relatively
recently. Nature provided no card catalog for geologists - this would
have to be invented. Five thousand years after the Sumerians learned
to record their thoughts on clay tablets, the Earth's volumes
remained inscrutable to humans. We were geologically illiterate,
unaware of the antiquity of our own planet and ignorant of our
connection to deep time. It wasn't until the turn of the 19th century
that our blinders were removed.
Exponential Goals
We know from history that every major industrial disruption has
followed the same shape and exponential curve, with new technologies
being adopted very slowly at first, but then a doubling rate kicking in
consistently until the overall transformation happens very quickly in
the end. It's a movie we've seen many times before, whether from
horses to cars, from valves to transistors, or landlines to mobile
phones. And we understand how it works, Initially, the cost of
technology is high but as we learn through volume adoption, the cost
goes down and adoption goes up. Best example right now would be
electric batteries, consistently coming down in cost by 20% a year for
the last 10 years. And as the volume of adoption grows, especially
with electric vehicle sales growing, we can be confident that the costs
of that technology will continue to go down, driving that exponential
growth. We set these exponential goals because we believe in the
power of human innovation. Engineers love these goals. They stretch
targets. It's what they live for.
How Smell Works

First, let's talk about how smell works. From coffee to stinky trash,
the substances around us give off volatiles, which you can think of as
tiny smell molecules We breathe in these smell molecules, which then
stimulate the olfactory sensory neurons that sit high in the nose.
Each of these neurons contains an odor receptor on its surface. Once
the odor receptors are triggered by these smell molecules, the
neurons send information about them to the brain. Here's what I think
is so cool. The brain not only categorizes that information as a
particular odor, it may also begin to associate feelings like pleasure or
disgust and other moods and emotions with that odor for future
reference. For example, you sniff bacon. You eat it. Your taste buds
get salt, and then your body gets a whack of fat, which is an energy
source. So, the brain loves it and attaches a positive label to it. The
next time you smell bacon, a sensation associated with pleasure
arises.
Putting People First

This kind of approach is kind of the way some students approach
preparing for standardized tests. In order to get test scores to go
up, teachers will end up teaching to the test. Now, that approach can
work; test results often do go up. But it fails the fundamental goal of
education: to prepare students to succeed over the long term. So
given these obstacles, what can we do to transform the way we
transform organizations? So rather than being exhausting, it's
actually empowering and energizing? To do that, we need to focus on
five strategic imperatives, all of which have one thing in common:
putting people first. The first imperative for putting people first is to
inspire through purpose. Most transformations have financial and
operational goals. These are important and they can be energizing to
leaders, but they tend not to be very motivating to most people in the
organization. To motivate more broadly, the transformation needs to
connect with a deeper sense of purpose. Take LEGO. The LEGO Group
has become an extraordinary global company. Under their very capable
leadership, they've actually undergone a series of transformations.
While each of these has had a very specific focus, the North Star,
linking and guiding all of them, has been Lego's powerful purpose:
inspire and develop the builders of tomorrow. Expanding globally? It's
not about increasing sales, but about giving millions of additional
children access to LEGO building bricks.
Reentry Internship
Now, why are companies embracing the reentry internship? Because
the internship allows the employer to base their hiring decision on an
actual work sample instead of a series of interviews and the employer
does not have to make that permanent hiring decision until the
internship period is over. This testing out period removes the
perceived risk that some managers attach to hiring relaunchers and
they are attracting excellent candidates who are turning into great
hires. Think about how far we have come. Before this, most employers
were not interested in engaging with relaunchers at all. But now, not
only are programs being developed specifically with relaunchers in mind
but you can't even apply for these programs unless you have a gap on
your resume. This is the mark of real change of true institutional shift
because if we can solve this problem for relaunchers we can solve it
for other career transitioners too. In fact, an employer just told me
that their veterans return to work program is based on their reentry
internship program. And there's no reason why there can't be a
retiree internship program. Different pool, same concept.
Learning Motivation
But if were to ask you a similar question: "What percentage of the
population do you think is capable of truly mastering calculus, or
understanding organic chemistry, or...or being able to contribute
to ..to cancer research?" A lot of you might say, "Well, with a great
education system, maybe 20, 30 percent." But what if that estimate
is just based on your own experience in a non-mastery framework your
own experience with yourself or observing your peers, where you're
being pushed at this set pace through classes, accumulating all these
gaps? Even when you got that 95 percent, what was that five percent
you missed? And it keeps accumulating all the way you get to an
advanced class, all of a sudden you hit a wall and say, "I'm not meant
to be a cancer researcher; not meant to be a physicist; not meant to
be a mathematician." I suspect that that actually is the case, but if
you were allowed to be operating in a mastery framework, if you were
allowed to really take agency over your learning, and when you get
something wrong, embrace it- view that failure as a moment of
learning that number of, of, the percent that could really master
calculus or understand organic chemistry, is actually a lot closer to
100 percent. And this isn't even just a "nice to have." think it's a social
imperative.
Regret
But for these things that we actually do really care about and do
experience profound regret around, what does that experience feel
like? We all know the short answer. It feels terrible. Regret feels
awful. But it turns out that regret feels awful in four very specific and
consistent ways. So, the first consistent component of regret is
basically denial. When I went home that night after getting my tattoo,
I basically stayed up all night. And for the first several hours, there
was exactly one thought in my head. And the thought was, "Make it go
away!" This is an unbelievably primitive emotional response. mean, it's
right up there with, "I want my mommy!" We're not trying to solve the
problem. We're not trying to understand how the problem came about.
We just want it to vanish. The second characteristic component of
regret is a sense of bewilderment. So, the other thing thought about
there in my bedroom that night was, "How could have done that? What
was thinking?" This real sense of alienation from the part of us that
made a decision we regret. We can't identify with that part. We don't
understand that part. And we certainly don't have any empathy for
that part- which explains the third consistent component of regret,
which is an intense desire to punish ourselves. That's why, in the face
of our regret, the thing we consistently say is, "I could have kicked
myself." The fourth component here is that regret is what
psychologists. call perseverative. To perseverate means to focus
obsessively and repeatedly on the exact same thing. Now the effect of
perseveration is to basically take these first three components of
regret and put them on an infinite loop. So, it's not that I sat there in
my bedroom that night, thinking, "Make it go away." It's that I sat
there and I thought, "Make it go away. Make it go away. Make it go
away. Make it go away." So, if you look at the psychological literature,
these are the four consistent defining components of regret.
Emergence
An ant is pretty stupid. It doesn't have much of a brain, no will, no
plan, and yet, many ants together are smart. An ant colony can
construct complex structures. Some colonies keep farms of fungi,
others take care of cattle. They can wage war or defend themselves.
How is this possible? How can a bunch of stupid things do smart
things together? This phenomenon is called emergence, and it's one of
the most fascinating and mysterious features of our universe. In a
nutshell, it describes small things forming bigger things that have
different properties than the sum of their parts. Emergence is
complexity arising from simplicity, and emergence is everywhere.
Water has vastly different properties to the molecules that make it
up, like the concept of wetness. Take wet fabric, If you zoom in far
enough, there is no wetness. There are just molecules sitting in the
spaces between the atoms of the cloth. Wetness is an emerging
property of water. Something new only created by a lot of individual
interactions between water molecules. And this is sort of it. Many
things interact under a certain set of rules, creating something above
and beyond themselves.
Phenology
Take a look outside a window. What is the season where you are? How
do you know? Most likely, you looked at a tree or plant and noticed
details about its leaves and assessed the qualities of sunlight
streaming outside. Observing the timing of biological events in relation
to changes in season and climate is called "phenology", When you
notice the daffodil buds are poking through the snow and think spring
is on its way, you're using phenology. When you see leaves turn from
green to red, and watch migrating birds fly past, and realize that
summer is over, autumn is here, you're using phenology. Literally
meaning, "the science of appearance", phenology comes from the
Greek words "pheno," to show or appear, and "logos," to study.
Humans have relied on phenology since the time of hunters and
gatherers. We've watched changes in seasons to know when to plant
and harvest food and when to track migrating animals. Scientists
observe and document seasonal changes in nature and look for
patterns in the timing of seasonal events. Timing of these natural
signs has remained consistent until recently. Increasing global
temperature is causing rhythms of nature to shift. Bud burst, the day
when a tree or plant's leaf or flower buds open, is occurring earlier in
the year for some species. For every one degree Celsius rise in
temperature, bud burst happens five days earlier than usual.
Differences in timing affect not only plants, but the insects and birds
that depend on the plants for food.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide, or CO2, is the main greenhouse gas in climate change.
So how does CO2 get into our atmosphere? Well, carbon is part of a
cycle. It starts with the sun, which heats the Earth's surface with
more energy in one hour than the whole world uses in a year. Plants,
which are kind of like biological chefs, take that sunlight, and then suck
in some CO2 from the air, mix them together, and BAM! They create a
stored form of energy, in the form of carbohydrates such as glucose
and sucrose. The process is called photosynthesis. When animals like
us eat those plants our stomachs convert that food back into energy
for our own growth. Greenhouse gases are a byproduct of this
process, and are released through waste. If those plants die, they
decompose, and tiny microorganisms break down those carbohydrates
and again, release greenhouse gases as a byproduct. As you see,
energy originates from the sun. It is then transferred as it moves
through the food chain. But sometimes, carbon based organisms like
plants or animals get stuck in the earth. When this happens, they're

compressed under tons of pressure, and turned into carbon-based
fossil fuels like oil, coal or natural gas.
Sugar
The major currency of our reward system is dopamine, an important
chemical or neurotransmitter. There are many dopamine receptors in
the forebrain, but they're not evenly distributed. Certain areas contain
dense clusters of receptors, and these dopamine hot spots are a part
of our reward system. Drugs like alcohol, nicotine, or heroin send
dopamine into overdrive, leading some people to constantly seek that
high, in other words, to be addicted. Sugar also causes dopamine to
be released, though not as violently as drugs. And sugar is rare
among dopamine-inducing foods. Broccoli, for example, has no effect,
which probably explains why it's so hard to get kids to eat their
veggies. Speaking of healthy foods, let's say you're hungry and decide
to eat a balanced meal. You do, and dopamine levels spike in the
reward system hot spots. But if you eat that same dish many days in
a row, dopamine levels will spike less and less, eventually leveling out.
That's because when it comes to food, the brain evolved to pay special
attention to new or different tastes.
Hesitation Phenomenon
While a written word might have multiple definitions, we can usually
determine its intended meaning through context. In speech however, a
word can take on additional layers of meaning. Tone of voice, the
relationship between speakers, and expectations of where a
conversation will go can imbue even words that seem like filler with
vital information. This is where "um" and "uh" come in. Or "eh" and
"ehm," "tutoa" and "öö," "eto" and "ano." Linguists call these filled
pauses, which are a kind of hesitation phenomenon. And these
seemingly insignificant interruptions are actually quite meaningful in
spoken communication. For example, while a silent pause might be
interpreted as a sign for others to start speaking, a filled pause can
signal that you're not finished yet. Hesitation phenomena can buy time
for your speech to catch up with your thoughts, or to fish out the
right word for a situation. And they don't just benefit the speaker - a
filled pause lets your listeners know an important word is on the way.
Linguists have even found that people are more likely to remember a
word if it comes after a hesitation. Hesitation phenomena aren't the
only parts of speech that take on new meaning during dialogue. Words
and phrases such as "like, "well" or "you know" function as discourse
markers, ignoring their literal meaning to convey something about the
sentence in which they appear.
Facial Recognition
Last week we talked about how people recognize objects and really
how well people recognize objects, given how difficult the problem is,
given how objects can be seen in all different sorts of illumination, in
different positions, in different angles. And yet we are able to extract
that information, we are able to take the visual stuff out there,
interpret it in a way that allows us to recognize all the different things
that we can see in our environment. Today we're gonna kind of carry on
looking at that, but we gonna look at what's really a special class of
objects. That's the human face. So we gonna look at how we recognize
human faces and how we do it quite as well as we do. We're really
expert at recognizing faces. So again we can think about how do we
take that visual information and how do we transform it into a form
which allows us to put a name to a face, and to do all the other clever
things that we can do with faces. So I'm gonna start off again by just
pointing out that it's a hard problem. Face recognition is a hard
problem, and it's a clever thing we do. If you think about all the
different types of faces you can recognize, and all the different types
of information you can get from the face, you kind of start to
appreciate how well we can do face recognition.
Transplantation
Why can't we transplant brains? First of all, we should look at what
the brain actually does. This thing inside our skulls that weighs on
average about 3.3 pounds is larger in humans than any other
vertebrae when compared to body weight. That's why we are so brainy.
The busy brain is our command center for our nervous system, which
takes in data from our body and gives directions to our muscles In
fact, it does so much work, it requires about 20 percent of our energy
to run it. When we are brain dead, we no longer have any neurological
activity. With the help of machines, we can be kept alive for a short
time, but within a week, the body will not be able to function. While we
may still be alive in some sense for that week, we are technically dead
when the brain is dead. Some good news is that during the time we
are kept alive, some of our other organs can be donated. But why
can't we accept someone else's brain? When we transplant something
such as a heart, surgeons use a mechanical pump to keep blood
flooding through the body while the new heart is being put in. The new
heart is then connected to the major blood vessels, and this might
take several hours. You'll stay in the hospital for one to two weeks,
and if your body doesn't reject its new heart, it's said 87 out of 100
people make it through the year, and 60 out of 100 get through
another decade. So, wouldn't it just be possible to open the skull and
connect a new brain where the removed brain was connected? This
question was asked to a Professor of Neurosurgery at Yale in 2013.
He actually did say that one day this operation might be successful,
but right now we are not even close. The reason is because it's just
too darn difficult to connect nerve fibers from the new brain to the
native spinal cord. This, he said, is why spinal cord injuries can be so

devastating. If we could transplant brains, we would likely not have so
many people that are disabled due to spinal injuries.
Comas
But what exactly happens to your body when you're in a coma? First
we have to be clear that comas are very different from sleep. Despite
the fact that the origin of the word comes from the Greek for Koma,
or deep sleep, comas are not sleep however and are instead various
forms of unconsciousness that render a person unable to respond to
any external stimuli. You can play the loudest, heaviest death metal in
the world right next to someone who's comatose, and you won't
succeed in doing anything except really annoying the neighbors.
Likewise you can even physically hurt people in a coma and they will
remain completely oblivious and unresponsive. In times not too distant
past, this was sometimes used as treating, with doctors trying to
shock their victims back into consciousness. Everything was tried
from exposing parts of the body to open flames to severely dropping
the body's temperature with ice, to even bloodletting from the head
directly. One treatment even included wholly emptying the stomach,
we guess because the doctors thought that if a patient got hungry
enough, the body would force them to wake up. Or maybe they really
were just throwing everything including the kitchen sink at the
problem, which we're sure was also tried. Comas can occur as a result
of serious trauma or as a deliberate medical treatment by doctors.
They are typically brought on by traumatic head injury, and it's believed
that it's the brain's way of shutting down so it can focus on repairing
itself. They can also however be brought on by a stroke, a brain tumor,
drug or alcohol abuse, or an illness such as diabetes or an infection.
Most of the time a coma only lasts a few weeks though, but past this
period the patient can enter a persistent vegetative state that
severely lessens their chances of ever coming back out of one.
Solar Power
So then begs the question, what if we cover the entire desert with
solar panels? How much energy would we actually be able to produce
and how would this change our planet? Let's take a deep dive. For
starters, let's begin here. This is the where's that solar power station
in Morocco, the world's largest concentrated solar power plant
currently in existence in a marvel of modern engineering. Once fully
completed and operational, the plant will take up an area of 25 square
kilometers and be capable of producing 582 megawatts of electricity.
It will even be capable of storing solar energy in the form of
superheated molten salt, which allows for further production of
electricity even into the night. After investing more than 9 billion
dollars into their solar energy objective, Morocco aims to create 4
additional plants similar to this one in the Sahara that will collectively
create more than 2000 megawatts of electricity production which will
be enough to provide for roughly 38% of all of Morocco's annual
electricity needs. This project will transform Morocco into the world's
leading solar energy state, and as the only African country that
currently has a power cable linked to Europe, much of this energy will
be exported for profit to the countries of the European Union. But all
of this energy is created from just five relatively small plants.
Power
Sometimes ignorance is preferable to the detailed truth. Maybe, we
only care about truth in so far as it empowers us: knowing and
thinking about all of the details of every orange tree would just be a
psychological burden for the most of us. I'll take illusion over the
reality. But can't help but ask, "Is it possible that the mind is actually
accessing a deeper kind of truth?" Maybe, the mind is separating the
signal from the noise. But what constitutes signal versus noise? Our
values. A farmer that values knowing all the details of an orange tree
will view it differently than a regular person. Well, where do our values
come from? Here's Nietzsche's view from Beyond Good and Evil:
"Behind all logic and its seeming sovereignty of movement, there too
stand valuations or, more clearly, physiological demands for the
preservation of a certain type of life." For Nietzsche, our values come
from our physiological demands, and what does our physiology
demand? Power. It wants to survive and thrive. What does it mean to
thrive? To imagine the world a certain way and to be able to make that
illusion a reality. Someone could try to contest this idea, by saying
that they don't seek power or want to thrive, they won't eat or drink
anything to prove this point. But, they would "still" be seeking a kind of
power, they imagine a world in which they prove the idea wrong and
they seek to bring "that" world into fruition, even at their own
expense.
Raising Children
How are we raising our children? Are we raising them for now instead
of yet? Are we raising kids who are obsessed with getting as? Are we
raising kids who don't know how to dream big dreams? Their biggest
goal is getting the next A, or the next test score? And are they
carrying this need for constant validation with them into their future
lives? Maybe, because employers are coming to me and saying, "We
have already raised a generation of young workers who can't get
through the day without an award." So, what can we do? How can we
build that bridge to yet? Here are some things we can do. First of all,
we can praise wisely, not praising intelligence or talent. That has
failed. Don't do that anymore. But praising the process that kids
engage in, their effort, their strategies, their focus, their
perseverance, their improvement. This process praise creates kids
who are hardy and resilient. There are other ways to reward yet. We
recently teamed up with game scientists from the University of
Washington to create a new online math game that rewarded yet. In
this game, students were rewarded for effort, strategy and progress.
The usual math game rewards you for getting answers right, right
now, but this game rewarded process. And we got more effort, more
strategies, more engagement over longer periods of time, and more
perseverance when they hit really, really hard problems. Just the
words "yet" or "not yet." we're finding, give kids greater confidence.
Give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.
And we can actually change students' mindsets.
Green Turn
I kept thinking: Why does the item have to be returned to the retailer
in the first place? What if there was another way, a win-win for
everyone? What if when a person is trying to return something, it
could go to the next shopper who wants it, and not the retailer? What
if, instead of a return, they could do what call a "green turn"?
Consumers could use an app to take pictures of the item and verify
the condition while returning it. Artificial intelligence systems could
then sort these clothes by condition mint condition or slightly used-
and direct it to the next appropriate person. Mint-condition clothes
could automatically go to the next buyer, while slightly used clothes
could be marked down and offered online again. The retailer can decide
the business rules on the number of times a particular item can be
resold. All that the consumer would need to do is obtain a mobile
code, take it to the nearest shipping place to be packed and shipped,
and off it goes from one buyer to the next, not the landfill. Now you
will ask, "Would people really go through all this trouble?" I think they
would if they had incentives, like loyalty points or cash back. Let's call
it "green cash." There would be a whole new opportunity to make
money from this new customer base looking to buy these returns. This
system would make a fun thing like shopping a spiritual experience
that helps save our planet.
True Sociability
Parties have become synonymous with sociability because of certain
underlying ideas about what true social connection might require and
entail. We assume that sociability naturally springs up when lots of
people are put together in a room, that it means speaking a lot and
notably cheerfully about things that have been happening in our lives,
that it depends on a jokey manner and ideally on the possession of a
few entertaining anecdotes, often involving striking coincidences. But
such assumptions sidestep two sizeable objections. Firstly, true
sociability that is a real connection between two people is almost
never built up via anything cheerful. It is the result of making ourselves
vulnerable before another person, by revealing some of what is broken,
lost, confused, lonely and in pain within us. We build genuine
connections when we dare to exchange thoughts that might leave us
open to humiliation and judgement; we make real friends through
sharing in an uncensored and frank way a little of the agony and
confusion of being alive. Secondly, true sociability requires a context.
We are generally under such pressure to appear normal, self-
possessed and solid; we are understandably uninclined spontaneously
to disclose our true selves. Our default mode is without anything
sinister being meant by this to lie about who we are and what is really
going on in our lives. This suggests that a genuinely social occasion
might be rather different from what we typically envisage.
Effective Practice
There are many theories that attempt to quantify the number of
hours, days, and even years of practice that it takes to master a skill.
While we don't yet have a magic number, we do know that mastery
isn't simply about the amount of hours of practice. It's also the quality
and effectiveness of that practice. Effective practice is consistent,
intensely focused, and targets content or weaknesses that lie at the
edge of one's current abilities. So, if effective practice is the key, how
can we get the most out of our practice time? Try these tips: Focus
on the task at hand. Minimize potential distractions by turning off the
computer or TV and putting your cell phone on airplane mode. In one
study, researchers observed 260 students studying. On average,
those students were able to stay on task for only six minutes at a
time. Laptops, smartphones, and particularly Facebook were the root
of most distractions. Start out slowly or in slow-motion. Coordination
is built with repetitions, whether correct or incorrect. If you gradually
increase the speed of the quality repetitions, you have a better
chance of doing them correctly. Next, frequent repetitions with
allotted breaks are common practice habits of elite performers.
Studies have shown that many top athletes, musicians, and dancers
spend 50-60 hours per week on activities related to their craft. Many
divides time used for effective practice into multiple daily practice
sessions of limited duration. And finally, practice in your brain in vivid
detail.
Laughter
We've all heard the phrase "Laughter is the best medicine." But why do
we laugh in the first place? It seems that laughing might be a little
more hard-wired into us than you might think. Infants laugh very early
in life, usually learning how to laugh before they can speak. Not only
that, but people that are born blind and deaf can still exhibit laughter.
One study found that the laughter produced from deaf participants
was fundamentally similar to that produced by normally hearing
individuals, backing up the idea that laughter is grounded in human
biology. It's also been theorized that laughter predates human speech
by potentially millions of years, being a simpler form of communication.
Laughter is thought to have likely helped earlier people negotiate
group dynamics and establish hierarchy. I can't even imagine trying to
explain that I'm a little goofball using only laughter! So, if laughter
actually is instinctually part of humans, then why do people laugh? It
seems like laughter is more of a way for people to better handle
stress and make situations feel less threatening than laughter only
being about things that we find to be funny. In practice, with a study
of 1,200 people that laughed spontaneously in their natural
environments, only about 10-20 percent of the laughing episodes
followed anything the researchers found to be joke-like. Finding
something funny still seems to play a part in why we laugh some of the
time, but laughing to make yourself feel better about your next
difficult exam might be just as probable as cracking up over that joke
you just heard.
Addiction
Well, according to the American Psychiatric Association, addiction is a
complex condition of the brain where a person has compulsive
substance use despite there being harmful consequences. People with
addiction tend to have an intense focus on what they're addicted to,
to the point where it takes over their life. What makes it so hard to
break an addiction is that it can change the way your brain is wired,
giving you harsh cravings that make it difficult to stop. Studies of
brain imaging have even shown changes in areas of the brain that
relate to judgement, decision making, learning, memory, and behavior
control. So, is this what's happening with Facebook and social media?
It's hard to say for sure. That being said, we are starting to give more
credit to an addiction that might be pretty similar. video games.
That's because the American Psychiatric Association includes Internet
Gaming Disorders as disorders that requires further research, but
that can result in clinically significant impairment or distress. The
World Health Organization has also added Gaming disorders to their
International Classification of Diseases, which is used by medical
practitioners around the world to diagnose conditions. Now online
video games are obviously not the same as a site like Facebook, yet
they do have similar social aspects. It's possible that in the future
we'll see health organizations also classifying social media as a type of
addiction or disorder. Still, sites like Facebook do have quite a few
qualities that make you want to come back to them. Through constant
feeds that go on forever and giving you push notifications on your
phone, social media sites try their best to keep you on their app or
website, and if you leave, they want you to come back as quickly as
possible. Google and Facebook further their reach by also being
commonly used to sign into other sites. Social media sites also seem
to have a significant impact on how you feel, furthering your
connection to them
Tattoos
Tattoos have often been presented in popular media as either marks of
the dangerous and deviant or trendy youth fads. But while tattoo
styles come and go, and their meaning has differed greatly across
cultures, the practice is as old as civilization itself. Decorative skin
markings have been discovered in human remains all over the world,
with the oldest found on a Peruvian mummy dating back to 6,000
BCE. But have you ever wondered how tattooing really works? You may
know that we shed our skin, losing about 30-40,000 skin cells per
hour. That's about 1,000,000 per day. So, how come the tattoo
doesn't gradually flake off along with them? The simple answer is that
tattooing involves getting pigment deeper into the skin than the
outermost layer that gets shed. Throughout history, different
cultures have used various methods to accomplish this. But the first
modern tattooing machine was modeled after Thomas Edison's
engraving machine and ran on electricity. Tattooing machines used
today insert tiny needles, loaded with dye, into the skin at a frequency
of 50 to 3,000 times per minute. The needles punch through the
epidermis, allowing ink to seep deep into the dermis, which is
composed of collagen fibers, nerves, glands, blood vessels and more.
Every time a needle penetrates, it causes a wound that alerts the
body to begin the inflammatory process, calling immune system cells
to the wound site to begin repairing the skin. And it is this very
process that makes tattoos permanent.
Latin
So, the idea I'd like to propose today is this: one of the most effective
ways of building strong fundamentals in students and preparing them
for the future, ironically enough is by looking to the past through the
teaching of Latin. Latin will help students think more logically,
communicate more effectively and have a more comprehensive
understanding of the world around them, no matter how
technologically advanced that world may become. To begin with, let's
address a common misconception that Latin is a dead language
spoken by ancient European 2000 years ago, holding no relevance
whatsoever for people living in the 21st century. There's even an old
poem that expresses the point of view. Latin is a language, as dead as
dead can be. First it killed the Romans and now it's killing me. Now
students may feel this way sometimes but the this simply is not true,
the reality is that Latin never died, and never came to a crashing end
with a death of a single tragic figure. It's simply evolved gradually over
time and developed into the other languages. Moreover, classic Latin
is still very much alive and well in government, art, religion, literature,
medicine, law and science. It' s not a dead language. It's an eternal
language.
Nuclear Fallout

And though it may sound surprising, the best way to stay protected
before, during, and after a nuclear detonation, is getting inside.
Similar to protecting yourself from tornadoes or hurricanes, getting
and staying inside a sturdy building would offer protection from the
explosion's shock wave, heat, and radiation. The shock wave of energy
would travel several kilometers beyond the fireball's radius in the first
few seconds. Sturdy buildings within that range should be able to
withstand the shock wave, and staying in the centers and basements
of these buildings also helps provide protection from heat and flying
objects. Finding shelter is especially important if the fireball occurs
close to the earth, as it will pull thousands of tons of dirt and debris
seven kilometers into the atmosphere. As the fireball cools, unstable
atoms created by the nuclear fission mix with the debris to produce
the most dangerous long-term effect of a nuclear detonation:
radioactive particles called fallout. These sand-sized particles emit-
ionizing radiation, capable of separating electrons from molecules and
atoms. Exposure to massive amounts of this radiation can result in
cell damage, radiation burns, radiation sickness, cancer and even
death. Thankfully, the same buildings that offer protection from the
blast are even better at guarding against fallout. Radiation is reduced
as travels through space and mass. So, while a broken window and
sealed window both have the same minimal effect on radiation, thick
layers of steel, concrete, and packed earth can offer serious
protection.
Systemic Errors
And systemic errors don't just appear in matters of human
judgement. From 1993-2008, the same female DNA was found in
multiple crime scenes around Europe, incriminating an elusive killer
dubbed the Phantom of Heilbronn. But the DNA evidence was so
consistent precisely because it was wrong It turned out that the
cotton swabs used to collect the DNA samples had all been
accidentally contaminated by a woman working in the swab factory. In
other cases, systematic errors arise through deliberate fraud, like the
presidential referendum held by Saddam Hussein in 2002, which
claimed a turnout of 100% of voters with all 100% supposedly voting
in favor of another seven-year term. When you look at it this way, the
paradox of unanimity isn't actually all that paradoxical. Unanimous
agreement is still theoretically ideal, especially in cases when you'd
expect very low odds of variability and uncertainty, but in practice,
achieving it in situations where perfect agreement is highly unlikely
should tell us that there's probably some hidden factor affecting the
system. Although we may strive for harmony and consensus, in many
situations, error and disagreement should be naturally expected. And
if a perfect result seems too good to be true, it probably is.
Capturing Authentic Narratives

How, as a journalist, do you ask the questions that yield this type of
narrative? You have to know what to ask of whom. First you need to
understand that every piece of journalism requires a trifecta of
sourcing. If you picture the reporting process as depicted by a
triangle, one side will be official sources, another side will be overview
sources, and a third side will be unofficial sources. All three
components are necessary in every well-reported piece. The first side
has official sources. Those are the people with titles and expertise,
who own the company, are spokespeople for the movement. They tell
you the numbers, and the answers to how much, how many, where,
when, and who. A second side of the triangle includes overview
sources: academics, consultants, authors, who are not directly
connected as stakeholders, but have knowledge of the big picture. Yet
it is the third side of the trifecta - unofficial sources-who hold the
power of the individual's insight. This is where you can find the why,
giving consequence on the event, trend, phase, or idea and what it
means on a soul level to someone affected by it. So how do you mine
for the gems, identifying what is compelling from what is chatter? You
ask surprising questions. To achieve the complicated, fragile human
connection, you regard the stories of every subject as sacred. Realize
that an anecdote is oxygen that breathes life into a grey story of
exposition, facts and data.
TV Screens
You know, back in the 40s and 50s, the original standard television
had a 4 to 3 width to height ratio. That shape was chosen to be a
slight rectangle, but still mostly square, thus having the maximal
screen area for the given dimensions. And that's still the ratio on
many TVs and computer monitors in today s homes. The problem is,
hardly anybody today treats video content in a 4 to 3 ratio. See, this
whole problem started when people wanted to watch movies from the
theater in the comfort of their own homes. Movie screens are
considerably larger than our home television. More important, the
screen is completely different rectangle, and can't mathematically fit
on our TV screens without manipulation. A typical TV is one and a third
times wider than it is tall. Some movie screens could be up to three
times as wide as it is tall. So, what're we gonna do to make it fit?
Well, we have all kinds of options. Well, we could squeeze and stretch
and mangle everything on to the screen, to make it all fill up, and
everyone would look ridiculously thin and compressed. The good news
is the sound would be just fine. Although don't think people would be
too happy about that option, particularly the actors in the movie We
could just cut a chunk of the original movie like a cookie cutter and
just see that frame of the movie. The problem with that would be that
people and objects would be speaking from off the screen, or even
worse, they might be cut in half. Some movie editors use what's called
the 'pan and scan' technique to allow the full height of the TV screen
to be used, but pick and choose what section of the original movie
should be shown on your screen thus eliminating the annoying cutting
of people.
Public Realm
The public realm in America has two roles: it is the dwelling place of
our civilization and our civic life, and it is the physical manifestation of
the common good. And when you degrade the public realm, you will
automatically degrade the quality of your civic life and the character of
all the enactments of your public life and communal life that take place
there. The public realm comes mostly in the form of the street in
America because we don't have the 1,000- year-old cathedral plazas
and market squares of older cultures. And your ability define space
and to create places that are worth caring about all comes from a
body of culture that we call the culture of civic design. This is a body
of knowledge, method, skill and principle that we threw in the garbage
after World War II and decided we don't need that anymore; we're not
going to use it. And consequently, we can see the result all around us.
The public realm has to inform us not only where we are
geographically, but it has to inform us where we are in our culture.
Where we've come from, what kind of people we are, and it needs to,
by doing that, it needs to afford us a glimpse to where we're going in
order to allow us to dwell in a hopeful present.
Why Comedy Matters

The comic move is to guide us to a benevolent conception of people,
and hence, parts of ourselves. Comedy also does a great job at
reducing power imbalances. It's hugely reassuring to see the powerful
laughing at themselves. Finding oneself comical is a token of maturity;
it means being able to see one 's faults without being too defensive
about it. Humor often provides a mechanism where by the powerless,
or at least, the less powerful, can give constructive but pointed
feedback to the powerful. Monty Python was particularly focused on
this task. "The Philosophers' Football Match" mocks the great figures
of intellectual history. It's funny because we've been intimidated so
deeply in the past by intellectual bullies, we made us feel small with
our reading of Wittgenstein or Schopenhauer. And now they're shown
as being completely rubbish at football, and yet seriously involved in
the game. Comedy isn't just a bit of fun. The comic perspective is a
central need of a society. It enables us to cope much better with our
own follies and disappointments, our troubles around work and love,
and our difficulties in enduring ourselves. Comedy is waiting to be re-
framed as a central tool in a better society.
Approach to Sanitation
We can fertilize our food. Each one of us is pooping and peeing
something that could fertilize half or maybe all of our food, depending
on our diet. That dark brown poo in the toilet is dark brown because of
what? Dead stuff, bacteria. That's carbon. And carbon, if we're getting
that into the soil, is going to bind to the other minerals and nutrients
in there. Boom! Healthier food. Voilà! Healthier people. Chemical
fertilizers by definition don't have carbon in them. Imagine if we could
move our animal manure and our human manure to our soil, we might
not need to rely on fossil fuel-based fertilizers, mine minerals from far
away. Imagine how much energy we could save. Now, some of us are
concerned about industrial pollutants contaminating this reuse cycle.
That can be addressed. But we need to separate our discomfort about
talking about poo and pee so we can calmly talk about how we want to
reuse it and what things we don't want to reuse. And get this: if we
change our approach to sanitation, we can start to slow down
change. Remember that carbon in the poop? If we can get that into
our soil bank, it's going to start to absorb carbon dioxide that we put
into the air. And that could help slow down global warming.
Coffee Cup Lid

Our society is just more and more mobile. Everything is on the move.
mean, the good part, it's convenient. You can drink coffee anywhere.
You don't have the stay in the dinner. It can be in the subway. You can
be walking. The bad part is it's harder to savor a coffee when you're
taking it on the road. The first patent for a lid on a cup was in 1934,
but it was for cold beverages, and in 1950 this guy names James
Reifsnyder invented the first snap-on lid, but it didn't have an opening
for drinking. In the '60s there was this huge cultural shift where
people started drinking coffee on the move, and 7-Eleven was the first
to sell coffee to go. And then came this revolution. In 1967, a man
named Alan Frank invented a lid that you could peel a tab off, like in the
shape of a guitar pick and drink it from there. In 1975, another big
advance, you could peel back a tab and attach it to the lid itself. So
more and more people started drinking coffee on the go. In 1984, a
watershed moment in the history of coffee cup lids, the birth of the
traveler lid, and it is iconic. You've seen it a million times, and it solved
a whole host of problems. It's designed so that you don't splash your
face, because it's higher than any of the other ones. It's got this
protruding rim, so it slightly cools the coffee before it hits your lips.
It's got a small depression in the center for your nose, so you can
really get in there and get maximum aroma. It's got this tiny air hole
that lets the steam out and stops it from creating a vacuum. This is
one of those objects where you just don't notice it until it dribbles on
your lap, so I think the coffee cup lid will just continue to evolve, and
you're gonna see a move away from single-use plastic lids to lids that
are a little more sustainable.
Most Americans take energy for granted. But, for many families,
maintaining access to reliable and affordable energy is a persistent
challenge and a significant material hardship. This is a problem
referred to as energy insecurity, and it affects millions of American
households each year. We have found that energy insecurity is a
growing and vexing problem among low-income households, and the
COVID-19 pandemic has made this problem worse. Our analysis finds
that that there are disparities in rates of energy insecurity across
various socio-demographic groups. Black and Hispanic households, for
example, are significantly more likely to experience energy insecurity
and face utility disconnection than white households. So too are
households with young children, individuals that require electronic
medical devices, and those in dwellings with inefficient or poor
conditions. Households that cannot pay for energy are unable to
power electronic learning or medical devices, keep perishable, healthy
food in the refrigerator, or maintain safe body temperatures. Under
conditions of extreme heat or cold, people can suffer from mental and
physical health consequences including the possibility of death.
Strategies for coping with uncomfortable temperatures, such as
burning trash or sitting in one's car with the heat running, can lead to
tragic outcomes as well. Our research underscores the importance of
public pol
Cotton and Slavery

icy that targets energy insecurity and its underlying causes.
Weatherization assistance, incentives for residential solar power,
energy bill assistance, and utility disconnection protections are all
viable strategies for helping the millions of households across the
country that are currently unable to pay their energy bills.
In 1790, about 3,000 bales of cotton were produced in America each

year. A bale was equal to about 500 pounds. By 1801, with the
spread of the cotton gin, cotton production grew to 100 thousand
bales a year. After the destructions of the War of 1812, production
reached 400 thousand bales a year. As America was expanding
through the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, yearly
production exploded to four million bales. Cotton was king. It exceeded
the value of all other American products combined, about three fifths
of America's economic output. But instead of reducing the need for
labor, the cotton gin propelled it, as more slaves were needed to plant
and harvest king cotton. The cotton gin and the demand of Northern
and English factories re-charted the course of American slavery. In
1790, America's first official census counted nearly 700 thousand
slaves. By 1810, two years after the slave trade was banned in
America, the number had shot up to more than one million. During the
next 50 years, that number exploded to nearly four million slaves in
1860, the eve of the Civil War.
Extreme Diets
Plans called "detoxification diets" either promote or restrict certain
foods to provide specific nutrients in high quantities. These can be
useful for addressing some nutritional problems, but they're far too
specific to be used as general cure-alls. For example, for a person
with low vitamin A, a juice diet might be helpful. But for someone high
in vitamin A, juicing could be disastrous. And regardless of personal
nutrition, maintaining a juice diet over multiple weeks is likely to
compromise the immune system due to a lack of essential fats and
proteins. Therein lies the problem with all these fast-moving diets-
whether you're cutting calories or food groups, extreme diets are a
shock to your system. There are well-established rates of healthy
weight loss motivated by both diet and exercise that account for
genetic and medical differences. And staying on those timelines
requires a dietary lifestyle that's sustainable. In fact, some of the
worst side effects of extreme diets are rarely discussed since so few
people stick with them, it also bears mentioning that many societies
have unhealthy relationships with weight, and people are often
pressured to diet for reasons other than health or happiness. So
rather than trying to lose weight fast, we should all be taking our time
to figure out what the healthiest lifestyle is for ourselves.
Anxiety Disorders
The good news is that there's treatment for anxiety, and that you
don't have to suffer. Remember, this isn't about weakness. It's about
changing brain patterns and research shows that our brains have the
ability to reorganize and form new connections all throughout our
lives. A good first step is to do the basics. Eat a balanced diet,
exercise regularly and get plenty of sleep, as your mind is part of your
body. It might also help to try meditation. Instead of our heart rate
rising and our body tensing, with mindfulness and breathing we can
slow down the fight-or-flight response and improve how we feel in the
moment. Cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of talk therapy, can also
be fantastic. In it, you learn to identify upsetting thoughts and
determine whether they're realistic. Over time, cognitive behavioral
therapy can rebuild those neural pathways that tamp down the
anxiety response. Medication can also give relief, in both the short-
term and the long-term. In the short-term, anti-anxiety drugs can
down-regulate the threat-detection mechanisms that are going into
overdrive. Studies have shown that both long-term medications and
cognitive behavioral therapy can reduce that over-reactivity of the
amygdala we see in anxiety disorders. High blood pressure and
diabetes, they can be treated or managed over time. And the same is
true for an anxiety disorder too.
Body-confidence Education
If you actually want to make a difference, you have to do something.
And we've learned there are three key ways: The first is we have to
educate for body confidence. We have to help our teenagers develop
strategies to overcome image-related pressures and build their self-
esteem. Now the good news is that there are many programs out
there available to do this. The bad news is that most of them don't
work. I was shocked to learn that many well-meaning programs are
inadvertently actually making the situation worse. So, we need to
make damn sure that the programs that our kids are receiving are not
only having a positive impact, but having a lasting impact as well. And
the research shows that the best programs address six key areas:
The first is the influence of family, friends and relationships. The
second is media and celebrity culture, then how to handle teasing and
bullying, the way we compete and compare with one another based on
looks, talking about appearance- -some people call this "body talk" or
"fat talk" and finally, foundations of respecting and looking after
yourself. These six things are crucial starting points for anyone
serious about delivering body-confidence education that works. An
education is critical, but tackling this problem is going to require each
and every one of us to step up and be better role models for the
women and girls in our own lives. Challenging the status quo of how
women are seen and talked about in our own circles.
Powerful Awe
Awe's a powerful and transformative emotion. It's inspired great works
of art incited religious movements and generated philosophical musing
about the sublime. But despite this impressive resume, only very
recently have we begun to study this emotion in psychology. So, what
is awe? define it by its synonyms, wonder and amazement, and by its
psychological experience. We feel awe when we encounter something
vast and grande that challenges our world view. It makes us feel small
in the presence of something bigger than ourselves and connected
with others around us. Now you may be thinking that you have to
travel to remote places in order to experience this emotion, but I can
tell you that that's not the case. In fact, participants report feeling
awe about twice a week on average, making it a more common
emotion than you might expect. We feel awe when we hear beautiful
music, when we look up at the night sky and see the stars, or when
we watch athletes achieve feats that we thought were beyond reality.
So, here's the question: why would awe be a better predictor of good
health than other positive emotions? We don't yet know. It may be
because awe's particular protein at reducing stress or increasing
feelings of social connection. It may be because awe generates a
desire to engage or explore the world around us. Recent work
suggests that awe promotes greater humility, prosociality and well-
being. And all of these things could impact physical health.
Advertising for Tobacco

Over the past few months, the government has been pushing to
remove all advertising outlets for the tobacco industry, and in
particular pushing for plain packaging. The tobacco industry, however,
are against this and they in particular argue that the cigarette box is
not a form of advertising. Michaela has been doing her PhD looking at
cigarette advertising and how it's changed over the last 50 years.
Basically, I've accessed advertising from the tobacco industry since

the 1950s and just analyze the images and looked at the use of the
cigarette box within the adverts. In the very early adverts, the
cigarette box is a very small part of the adverts and they focus much
more on the social aspects of smoking. However, as you move through
the decades and get closer to the present day, the cigarette box
became more and more of a focal point in the adverts.
My argument is that the cigarette box has actually become iconic to

each brand. So, when a smoker takes a box out of their pocket, they
are actually advertising that brand.
So, what we hope will come out of this is that the government will
introduce plain packaging. And like Australia who have already
introduced its policy and Ireland who are again beginning to introduce
its policy, we hope that the UK will stop cigarette companies from
using their box as a form of advertising.
Social Media
It's rare to find an adult who actively still wonders what their parents
think. But that isn't to say that we aren't wondering about our value in
more general terms. It's just that we may without noticing, have
taken the question somewhere else and very often, to particularly
harsh modern figures of authority: media and social media. To this
pitiless arena, the self-doubting person now directs all their fears of
unworthiness and panicked desire for reassurance. To a system set
up to reward sadism and malice, they constantly raise their phones
and implicitly ask: Do I deserve to exist? Am OK? Am beautiful or
respectable enough? And, because social media is built on the troubles
of the individual soul, the verdict is never a reliable yes. One is never
done with cycles of fear and reassurance-seeking. Every time their
spirits sink, which is often, the self-doubting sufferer picks up their
phone and begs to know whether they have permission to go on. If this
might be us, we should grow curious about, and jealous of, people who
are free. They are so because someone long ago settled the question
of what they were worth and the answer has seemed solid ever since.
Social media is a roar in the next valley, not a mob in their own mind.
Learning from these calm souls won't just involve deleting a few apps,
we will have to go further upstream, back to the baby self, whose

alarmed enquiries we must quiet once and for all with ample doses of
soothing, and till-now absent kindness.
Centrality of Work
Work comes to be the center around which the world turns. Human
beings start to see themselves chiefly as workers, and the entirety of
life becomes more and more work, or work like. To see this we can
begin to examine a number of what might call tightening conditions. So
the first condition would be the centrality of work. We've come to
think that work is actually the center and everything else begins to
turn around it. That we are preparing for work. That we are preparing
to leave work. And this is happening all the way around the world.
Meanwhile we're adjusting our schedules, the rest of our lives so that
they are turning about it. So that would be the first condition. The
second condition is subordination. That everything else in life comes to
seem as if it's subordinate to, and to be put in the service of, work.
We can think of sleeping: the idea is that we wish to sleep well today
in order to be focused and prepared for work. And that when we're at
work we wish to be as productive as possible. So sleep becomes that
which is an instrument in the service of productivity. And we can play
that game with all sorts of different instances. The third condition is
the resemblance claim. It seems as if everything else in life comes to
resemble work, more and more. So you can think of, on a day off you
are wanting to be as productive as possible, thinking about how much
you got done. You can begin to think about all the ways in which you
plan and schedule time with children. The terms that begin to mark
out our lives even when we're not actually working sound more and
more work like. And the last condition I think is the most intense and
that's what I might call cultural forgetfulness. We've come to almost
forget that there was a time in which work was not the center of the
world, that there are other ways of life that proceed the modern
world, in which work was a part of life but was not the focus of life.
We forget that that's still true today with other cultures, some other
cultures. And we forget that there could actually be a time when work
would not be that around which the rest of the world turns.
Automating
Why are there so many jobs? There are actually two fundamental
economic principles at stake. One has to do with human genius and
creativity. The other has to do with human insatiability, or greed, if
you like. I'm going to call the first of these the O-ring principle, and it
determines the type of work that we do the second principle is the
never-get-enough principle, and it determines how many jobs there
actually are. Let's start with the O-ring. ATMs, automated teller
machines, had two countervailing effects on bank teller employment.
As you would expect, they replaced a lot of teller tasks. The number of
tellers per branch fell by about a third. But banks quickly discovered
that it also was cheaper to open new branches, and the number of
bank branches increased by about 40 percent in the same time
period. The net result was more branches and more tellers. But those
tellers were doing somewhat different work. As their routine, cash-
handling tasks receded, they became less like checkout clerks and
more like salespeople, forging relationships with customers, solving
problems and introducing them to new products like credit cards,
loans and investments: more tellers doing a more cognitively
demanding job. There's a general principle here. Most of the work that
we do requires a multiplicity of skills, and brains and brawn, technical
expertise and intuitive mastery. perspiration and inspiration in the
words of Thomas Edison. In general, automating some subset of those
tasks doesn't make the other ones unnecessary. In fact, it makes
them more important. It increases their economic value.
The sleep associated consequences are more significant than you may
realize. For example, in the spring, when we lose one hour of sleep,
there is a subsequent 24% relative increase in heart attacks in
contrast in the fall, in the autumn, when we gain an hour of sleep.
there is a 21% reduction in heart attacks. Isn't that incredible? I
should also note that we see similar changes in things, such as road
traffic accidents, strokes and tragically, suicide rates as well. In fact,
even the economy suffers with certain stock market returns, taking a
downswing following the shift to daylight saving time and that one
hour of lost sleep. This is how fragile our brains, our bodies, and even
our societies are, when it comes to sleep loss. But said more
positively, even just small increases in sleep can have immediate as
well as long-term health benefits. So rather than thinking of sleep as a
cost, we can instead think of sleep as one of the very best
investments we can make.
The most important factor in communicating more effectively is

actually the opposite of talking. It's improving your listening skills. You
must learn to start asking questions and listen attentively without
interruptions. As a rule you pay attention to people you most value.
When you pay close attention to another person when they are
talking, you signal to that person that you very much value them and
the content of their comments. This is very flattering to another
person and it causes them to respond warmly to your attentiveness.
The major reason that most people have poor listening skills is that
they're busy preparing a reply while the other person is still speaking.
In fact, they're not even listening closely to what the other person is
saying. They are thinking of other things and formulating their
comments to be ready as soon as the other person takes a breath.
Effective communication requires that you face the other person
directly, lean slightly forward and hang on to every word, listen as
though there were nothing else in the world more fascinating to you
than what the other person is saying.
The outside body was a reflection of one's interior to understand what
was happening inside for health and balance. Well-being meant being
able to harmonize one's body in relation to dynamic relations between
vital substances, human organs and one's environment to live as long
as possible. The immune system and microbiome are contemporary
examples. They help to understand human bodies in relation to entities
such as bacteria, microbes or pathogens. These offer key
opportunities to reframe body ideals that engage vitality from within,
such as metabolic health, rather than focus solely on externalities or
ideal representations. We are in dire need of healthy bodies, societies
and environments. We come in all shapes and features that are
desirable and beautiful. By caring for healthy bodies, placing more
value on internal vitality, which takes into account living in relation to
our environment and each other, we might be able to experience
better health and collective well-being in this century. We can begin to
heal by looking within ourselves. We can thrive by seeing vitality
together.
One of the social issues faced by the state of Alaska is the lack of
mental and emotional well-being of the native Alaskans. It is very
unfortunate that many of the Native Americans are living under poor
conditions throughout the country. In the cases of native Alaskans,
even virtually entire villages are suffering from a lack of mental and
emotional well-being, which includes continuing poor physical and
mental health. Alcohol abuse, domestic violence, homicides and
suicides are frequent among them, which of course, lead to families
falling apart. It is tragic to see that many children are abused and not
educated properly. As a matter of fact, the children themselves are
abusing alcohol and other chemicals, and the rate is increasing over
the time. Since parents are suffering from mental illnesses and
alcohol abuse, they can't take care of their children, so many children
are being taken care of by others or simply neglected. Therefore, we
can conclude that Alaskan natives are losing hold of their
communities, cultural identities, and most importantly, their
childhoods. So you can see how serious the issue is. Plus, rather than
making a living for themselves, they are depending on public services
and subsidies. They have lost control of and responsibility for their
economy and governing institutions.
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the
city of Rome as they look from above today, You can see that again,
the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned
all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century
B.C. Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the
Romans is when they were left to their own devices and they could
build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way.
They, they structured it in a, in a very care-, very methodical way.
That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The
Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without obviously
having a masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went
on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns .They
would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a
very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.
Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied,

tailless amphibians composing the order Anura. The oldest fossil proto
frog appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock
dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian,
265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the
tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of
species diversity is found in tropical rain forests. There are
approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of
extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse
vertebrate orders. Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the
adults of some species are adapted for living underground or in trees.
Adult frogs generally have a carnivorous diet consisting of small
invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a few feed on fruit.
Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body
mass. They are an important food source for predators and part of
the food web dynamics of many of the world's ecosystems. The skin is
semipermeable, making them susceptible to dehydration, so they
either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal with dry
habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in
they are breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex
behaviors to attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally
survive. Frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s.
More than one-third of species are considered to be threatened with
extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have
become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among
frogs is on the rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis,
has spread around the world. Conservation biologists are working to
understand the causes of these problems and to resolve them. Frogs
are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in
literature, symbolism and religion.
There comes a time in a desert ant's life when a piece of food is too
large to ignore, but too heavy to lift, and the only way to get it home
is to adopt a new style of walking.
The long-legged and speedy Cataglyphis fortis normally covers ground
with a three-legged stride that moves two legs forwards on one side,
and one on the other. For the next step, the insect mirrors the move
with its other three legs.
But recordings of ants in the Tunisian desert reveal that when faced
with oversized lumps of food 10 times their own weight, the forward
tripod walking style is abandoned Unable to lift the morsels in their
mandibles, the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six
legs independently. This is the first time we have seen this in any
ants," said lead author Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in
Germany.
The ants' long legs already help keep their bodies away from the
scorching desert floor and enable them to speed around at up to
60cm per second,
Think of Usain Bolt, who has very long legs compared to body size. The
desert floor is also very hot, so the further away their bodies are from
the surface, the better," said co-author Matthias Wittlinger. The ants
have also evolved to function at body temperatures of 50C in a desert
where temperatures can soar to 70C. They're basically just trying to
get out of the heat," he added.
The university encourages students to participate in community

service as an important aspect of their education. There is a new
program called "One On One" that helps elementary school students
who are struggling with math and English. Education majors may be
particularly interested in this program because it provides an
opportunity to do some teaching, specifically tutoring in math and
English. The commitment for the program is two hours a week for one
semester. Tutors can choose to help a child with math, English, or
both, and half-hour lessons are acceptable, which means that tutors
could do a half-hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge
is the mentor for the program, and he will be available to help with
lesson plans or offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours
every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. Students can sign up for the
program with him and begin tutoring next week. This community
service experience can provide valuable experience working with
children and demonstrate a commitment to the community, which can
also look good on a resume. If students have any questions or would
like to sign up, they should stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.
The passage highlights the growth of civil society organizations and

the non-profit sector in recent times. Despite the sense of
disempowerment felt by many individuals, there has been an increase
in involvement in organizations that seek to share wealth and
opportunities and work towards the common good. The UN reports
that civil society groups have grown 40-fold since the turn of the last
century, and there are 700,000 non-profitable organizations in
Australia alone. Additionally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion
dollars internationally.

This growth in civil society organizations reflects a movement towards
harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm of
governments and officialdom. The passage also mentions the concept
of the "third sector," referring to NGOs, and how their strength and
density can be a predictor of government success. Putnam's research
in the field of local government in Italy showed that the best predictor
of government success was the strength and density of a region's
civic associations. Overall, the passage highlights the importance and
growth of civil society organizations and their impact on society.
It seems that Asia is increasingly important to Australia's economy,
particularly in terms of trade and investment. The demand for
Australian exports from Asian countries has helped Australia weather
the global financial crisis better than other developed economies. In
2013, seven of Australia's top ten export markets were in Asia and
represented 65% of its total exports. This geographic proximity is
critical not just for trade ties, but also for attracting foreign
investment to Australia. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown
markedly in Australia over the past decade, more than doubling from
about $292 billion to $630 billion in 2013. This growth in trade and
investment with Asia is seen as a key factor in Australia's economic
success.
Apple Cider Vinegar
But lowering your blood sugar after a meal is just about the only
benefit of drinking apple cider vinegar. Research does suggest that
acetic acid slow down the accumulation of body fat and prevent
metabolic disorders in mice and rats. But there's little evidence that
it has the same effect on humans. In one weight-loss experiment, 30
volunteers drank two tablespoons of either apple cider vinegar, malt
vinegar, or a placebo drink, twice a day, for two months straight, and
none of them lost weight. In an older study with a similar design,
participants did lose weight, but only about a third of a pound each
week, which McDonald says isn't much. But if not for weight loss,
what about using cider vinegar to whiten your teeth? I caution people
against that. That's because cider vinegar is an acid. In fact, most
brands have a pH between 2 and 3, which is similar to stomach acid,
so swishing it around in your mouth can over time wear down the
enamel around your teeth, leaving them feeling rough to the touch and
more susceptible to cavities and decay.
Oversleeping
According to a study on the sleep habits of 400,Taiwanese adults, the
risk of coronary heart disease is about the same in people who sleep
less than 4 hours a night as it is in those who sleep more than eight
hours a night. Subjects who underslept had a 35% higher risk of heart
disease, and people who overslept had a 34% increase. Another study,
published in 2009, followed subjects for six years and found that
people who slept either less than 7 hours or more than 8 hours were
at least twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes or trouble tolerating
glucose. And there's more: A 2study of about 54,adults over the age
of 44 found links between too much sleep and increased rates of heart
disease, diabetes, obesity, stroke, and mental health issues. In fact,
the rates of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke were even
higher in people who overslept than in those who slept too little. So,
the links are there. Sleep correlates with all kinds of health problems.
But it's hard to say whether too much sleep actually causes these It's
totally possible that oversleeping is actually a symptom of things like
depression or heart disease, or that there's some other connection.
Either way, consistently sleeping too much might be a bad sign.
Essentially when the brain sees something that's novel, it has to burn
more energy to represent it because it wasn't expecting that. This
feeling those things are going in slow motion is a trick of memory. In
other words, when you're in an emergency situation a part of the brain
called the amygdala comes online, this is your emergency control
centre, it lays down memories on what amounts to a secondary
memory track, these are very dense memories. And you're noticing
everything around you and writing it all down. So, when the brain
reads that back out, there's such a density of memory there that the
brain's only conclusion is that must have taken a long time. And I think
this offers an explanation for why people think that time seems to
speed up as they grow older. And it's because when you're a child,
everything's new to you. You're figuring out the rules of the world,
you're writing down a lot of memory, and so when you look back at the
end of a year, you have a lot of memory of what you've learnt. But
when you're much older and you look back at the end of the year, you're
probably doing approximately the same stuff you've been doing for the
X number of previous years. And so, it seems like the year just went
by in a flash.
Why we dream
We dream to fulfill our wishes. In the early 1900s, Sigmund Freud
proposed that while all of our dreams, including our nightmares, are a
collection of images from our daily conscious lives, they also have
symbolic meanings, which relate to the fulfillment of our subconscious
wishes. Freud theorized that everything we remember when we wake
up from a dream is a symbolic representation of our unconscious
primitive thoughts, urges, and desires. Freud believed that by
analyzing those remembered elements, the unconscious content would
be revealed to our conscious mind, and psychological issues stemming
from its repression could be addressed and resolved. We dream to
remember. To increase performance on certain mental tasks, sleep is
good, but dreaming while sleeping is better. In 2010, researchers

found that subjects were much better at getting through a complex
3-D maze if they had napped and dreamed of the maze prior to their
second attempt. In fact, they were up to ten times better at it than
those who only thought of the maze while awake between attempts,
and those who napped but did not dream about the maze.
Researchers theorize that certain memory processes can happen only
when we are asleep, and our dreams are a signal that these
processes are taking place.
Why we smile
One of our species' trademark expressions is the smile. And smiling is
a form of communication. It's not just about how you feel, it's about
how you want to make others feel. We use smiles to put each other
at ease, to bring people together. So, it may seem a little weird that
we show off our tee when we want to be friendly, because teeth are
for biting. And many other mammals do bare their teeth as a way to
make a threat. Just think about the snarl of a wolf or the open-mouth
display of a baboon. It's a shorthand way of saying, like, "Back off if you
don't want these to go inside of you It's pretty unusual that our smile
evolved as a sign of friendliness. But there may be some clues to why
it happened in the behavior of our primate cousins. See, many
primates show off their teeth for non-aggressive reasons. For
example, rhesus macaques make what's called a silent bared-teet
expression as a sign of submission. When a dominant or aggressive
opponent is threatening them, they'll show off their teeth as a signal
that they don't want any trouble. In other primates, including some
macaques and baboons, the same toothy expression shows up while
the monkeys are greeting, grooming, and embracing each other. And
one of our closest cousins, chimpanzees, show a clear connection
between the silent bared-teeth expression and social bonding: the
more they flash their teeth at each other, the better they get along.
If that sounds familiar, it's because it is also true in humans! Smiles
make us feel more comfortable with each other.
Universal Expressions
What makes certain expressions universal? And why are they
expressed in these particular ways? Scientists have a lot of theories
rooted in our evolutionary history. One is that certain expressions are
important for survival. Fear and surprise could signal to others an
immediate danger. Studies of humans and some other primates have
found that we pay more attention to faces that signal threats over
neutral faces, particularly when we're already on high alert.
Expressions also could help improve group fitness by communicating
our internal states to those around us. Sadness, for example, signals
to the group that something's wrong. There's some evidence that
expressions might be even more directly linked to our physiology. The
fear expression, for instance, could directly improve survival in
potentially dangerous situations by letting our eyes absorb more light
and our lungs take in more air, preparing us to fight or flee. There's
still much research to be done in understanding emotional expression,
particularly as we learn more about the inner workings of the brain.
But if you ever find yourself among strangers in a strange land, a
friendly smile could go a long way.
Small changes can add up to big shifts in the environment. We know
this from decades of research on addictive substances. I understand
we really would all like to believe that we're in charge, that we have
complete freedom over what we eat. But how free can we be? Living in
a saturated environment, one that continuously surrounds us with
food products carefully engineered to get us hooked and keep us
coming back for more. Those kids in the Tenderloin, they apparently live
in what's called a food desert. They don't even have access to a
grocery store, really. What's a grocery store when it's stuffed with
junk food 74% of it loaded with added sugar? All the health experts will
tell you, shop around the perimeter of this grocery store that way you
can steer your way around all the junk that's in the middle. But how
different is that from a strategy that steers children around drug
dealers in the Tenderloin. We can do so much better than this. We
don't have to live in an environment that is ready to get us fat, and
then blames us for the health consequences in the medical bills. We
don't have to sit by and watch our children suffer from diseases of
adulthood. We can rerigged this environment to make it safe. It's not
about personal choice anymore. It's about our public choice.
Fiber is amazing. It affects the digestive tract from top to bottom. It

is very simply a carbohydrate the body can't absorb. While other carbs
are broken down into sugars, fiber passes by sort of moseying along,
doing all kinds of cool things. High-fiber foods physically take longer to
eat, so they help us pace our meals. The bulk also slows down
digestion, especially in the stomach, and makes you feel full longer.
Fiber also draws water into the stool keeping it soft. Scratchy, hard
stool is, to put it mildly, unpleasant. It also increases bacterial mass:
The water and bacteria together increase the bulk of the stool, which
helps it move along. Fiber also slows absorption of sugars into the
bloodstream and reduces absorption of fats and cholesterols. And as
fiber collects in your colon, it feeds all your good gut bacteria, helping
you maintain a healthy microbiome. Fiber is associated with the
reduced risk of diabetes, heart disease, several gastrointestinal
conditions and even certain cancers.
He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation

equals invention often people mistake these two things for the same
thing. Innovation equals invention, they are not. Innovation is
something that generates value for the world. It makes something
faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone some great satisfaction. An

invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. In and of itself, it does not
generate value. So these two are not the same thing. And sometimes
you see them interchange. And that's not correct. So innovation
equals invention times commercialization. So, and when we look at this
equation of innovation, something of value, it requires a new idea and
then it requires someone or some organization that is going to
commercialize that idea, and to make it a value to the world.
What I have decided to provide is the steps that I take when analyzing
my own questionnaires. However, before I begin, it would be useful to
remind you of a few terms we use when talking about questionnaires.
Questions can be divided into three types. This is sometimes called
level measurement. Firstly, we have category type questions, which
are also known as nominal questions. These are when participants
select from a list of categories for their response, such as male or
female or they may include ethnic origin. Secondly, we have ordinal
type questions. These are similar to category questions. But instead
of the categories being independent, there is some sort of order
between them. If we ask people to indicate their age in categories,
this is an ordinal type question. Thirdly, we have continuous questions.
These are any questions that can be answered by a number. It could
be an open-ended question asking participants to tell you how many
times they attended lectures or how often they used a VLE. Or it
could involve asking them to rate the importance or intensity of some
experience.
It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language

and other cognitive skills because language stands apart in several
ways. For one thing, the use of language is universal - all normally
developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many
learn more than one. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at
complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and
many people cannot carry a tune. Because everyone is capable of
learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple.
But just the opposite is true - language is one of the most complex of
all human cognitive abilities.
Thermodynamics is simply defined as the branch of physics that deals

with the conversion of different forms of energy, and the relations
between heat and various energy forms such as mechanical, electrical,
or chemical energy. Kinetics deals with the actions of forces that
cause various motions (also known as dynamics) and it is concerned
with the rate of reactions. Temperature is the average kinetic energy
within a given object. Thermal energy is defined as the total of all
kinetic energies within a given system. It is important to remember
that heat is caused by flow of thermal energy due to differences in
temperature (heat flows from object at higher temperature to object

at lower temperature), transferred through
conduction/convection/radiation. Additionally, thermal energy always
flows from warmer areas to cooler areas. Energy occurs in many
forms, including chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic
radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear
energy, and rest energy. These can be categorized into two main
classes: potential energy and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the
movement energy of an object. Kinetic energy can be transferred
between objects and transformed into other kinds of energy. Kinetic
energy may be best understood by examples that demonstrate how it
is transformed to and from other forms of energy. For example, a
cyclist uses chemical energy provided by food to accelerate a bicycle
to a chosen speed. On a level surface, this speed can be maintained
without further work, except to overcome air resistance and friction.
The chemical energy has been converted into kinetic energy, the
energy of motion, but the process is not completely efficient and
produces heat within the cyclist.
The shuttle was designed to be a space truck; it's a multi-purpose

vehicle. We've done a tremendous number of different things with it.
It's the most versatile space vehicle that has ever been built. We've
used it to launch satellites. We've used it to repair satellites in orbit
and put them back into orbit. We've used it to capture satellites and
bring them back to Earth for repair. We've outfitted it with the space
lab built by our European partners and used it before the era of the
space station to do scientific research. We used it as part of our
partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing, first as part
of the Mir space station, where we actually prolonged the useful life of
Mir by several years through logistical supply visits with the shuttle.
And now, of course, we're using it to build the new international space
station, which is a huge international partnership.
I'm just going to take on where stuff left off. The hormone I want to
now talk about is called melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland,
which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Descartes
called it the 'seat of soul', and it is where melatonin is made. And it
has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the
cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In
every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it's a
hormone that prepares you for the things that your species does at
night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents,
they are awake. So, it's a hormone that is related to darkness
behavior.
Honey bees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to the source of

nectar. The dancing bees, like this one, can be halted by a headbutt
from another bee. Now, research has found that this headbutt is

actually a warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to
mimic the source of nectar, then foraging bees were introduced to
the dangers at the station, such as competition from rival colonies.
When foragers returned to the hive, they stopped bees dancing.
Scientists think the behavior warns dancers of a dangerous source of
nectar.
Protons are finally transferred to the LHC (both in a clockwise and an

anticlockwise direction) where they are accelerated for 20 minutes to
6.5 TeV. Beams circulate for many hours inside the LHC beam pipes
under normal operating conditions. For each collision, the physicist's
goal is to count, track, and characterize all the different particles. The
charge of the particle, for instance, is obvious since particles with
positive electric charge bend one way and those with negative charge
bend the opposite way. Also, the momentum of the particle can be
determined. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle
accelerator lies in a tunnel. The LHC is a ring roughly 28 km around
that accelerates protons almost to the speed of light before colliding
them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus,
roughly one thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC
starts with a bottle of hydrogen gas, which is sent through an
electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving just the protons.
Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for

enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium,
phosphate, and zinc. In humans, the most important compounds in
this group are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. Cholecalciferol and
ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements.
Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically
cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin.
Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol is dependent on sun
exposure. Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis from sunlight is
biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion
(hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney. Evidence indicates the synthesis
of vitamin D from sun exposure is regulated by a negative feedback
loop that prevents toxicity, but because of uncertainty about the
cancer risk from sunlight, no recommendations are issued by the
Institute of Medicine (US) for the amount of sun exposure required to
meet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary Reference
Intake for vitamin D assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's
vitamin D is from food intake, although that will rarely occur in
practice. As vitamin D is synthesized in adequate amounts by most
mammals exposed to sunlight, it is not strictly a vitamin and maybe
considered a hormone as its synthesis and activity occur in different
locations. Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and

metabolism. Its discovery was due to efforts to find the dietary
substance lacking in rickets.
Compensation plans are a critical aspect of any sales organization,

and each type of plan has its advantages and disadvantages. Straight
salary sales compensation plans are not very common and are usually
used when direct sales are prohibited, salespeople work as part of a
team, or when salespeople are expected to have other responsibilities
besides selling. These plans do not offer much motivation to
salespeople, as there are no incentives for them to work harder.
Salary plus commission sales compensation plans are the most

common plans used today. These plans are structured so that
salespeople receive a lower base salary along with commission pay
that makes up the majority of the total compensation. Organizations
use salary plus commission sales compensation plans when there are
opportunities to support all salespeople on this structure and when
there are proper metrics in place for tracking sales to ensure that
the splits are fair and accurate. This type of plan is often a better
choice than straight salary because it offers motivation to increase
productivity and to achieve goals. It also offers more stability, as
salespeople will still get some types of pay even if sales are low during
certain months or if market conditions get volatile. However, it can be
more complex to administer.
Commission-only sales compensation plans pay salespeople only for

the sales they bring in and nothing else. These plans are easier to
administer than salary plus commission and provide better value for
your money paid as they are based solely on sales achieved. They also
tend to attract the most top-performing and hardest working sales
professionals who know they can make a good income because they
know how to sell. On the other hand, they can create aggression
within your sales team and low income security, which can lead to a
high turnover rate and sales rep burnout from stress.
We can ask 2 fundamental questions about animal behavior. They're

referred to as proximate and ultimate. Proximate questions are those
concerned with the mechanisms that bring about behavior. Ultimate
questions are those concerned with the evolution of behavior. We can
divide the proximate and ultimate into 2 sub-questions. For proximate,
how does behavior develop and secondly what causes the behavior. For
ultimate, you can ask how did the behavior evolve and secondly what is
Together these co
about animal behavior. Niko Tinbergen was one of the founding fathers
of the study of the animal behaviors. These questions represent
different ways of studying animal behavior and understanding the

difference between those 4 questions are fundamental to
understanding behavior and indeed the whole of biology. How do we
study animal behavior? Well, that depends on the type of question
Determinant human behavior is affected by internal and external

factors. At the end of the lecture, the speaker mentioned that
psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior.
Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which
are internal and the environmental factors which are external. The
personal factors include people's belief on certain things and their
individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include
temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about them. In
conclusion, one's determinants are affected by both himself and the
environment.
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not
part of a government or conventional for-profit business. NGOs are
usually established by ordinary citizens and may be funded by
governments, foundations, businesses, or private individuals. Some
NGOs avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by
volunteers. NGOs engage in a wide range of activities and take
different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have
charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption
based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for
political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs in the
United States is estimated at 1.5 million, while Russia has 277,000
NGOs. In India, it is estimated that there were around 2 million NGOs
in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the
number of primary schools and primary health centers in India. NGOs
are difficult to define, and the term "NGO" is rarely used consistently.
As a result, there are many different classifications in use. The most
common focus is on "orientation" and "level of operation." An NGO's
orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on, such as human
rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. An
NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization
works, such as local, regional, national, or international.
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in

recent years. Studies show they work: Consumers go to their doctor
with a suggestion for a certain prescription drug they saw advertised
on TV. Now, a study in the Annals of Family
Medicine raises questions about the message the ads promote.
the news. Researchers analyzed ads aimed at people with conditions

like hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and
allergies.
The drug industry says the ads arm consumers with information.
Researchers found that the information was technically accurate
particular prescription drug, the chara

the loss of control extended beyond the impact of their health
study
For example, herpes patients were portrayed as being incapacitated

for days. Insomniacs were out of sync on the job. Depressed patients
were friendless and boring at parties.
None of the ads mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat
another form of mass marketing. But prescription.medicines are not

soap.
What else can we do about noise? Well, very much like a carbon
footprint, we all have a noise footprint, and there are things we can do
to make that noise footprint smaller. For example, don't start mowing
your lawn at 7:00 a.m. on a Saturday morning. Your neighbors will
thank you. Or use a rake instead of a leaf blower. In general, noise
reduction at the source makes the most sense. So, whenever you're
looking to buy a new car, air conditioning unit, blender, you name it,
make low noise a priority. Many manufacturers will list the noise levels
the devices generate, and some even advertise with them. Use that
information. Many people think that stronger noise regulation and
enforcement are good ideas, even obvious solutions perhaps. But it's
not as easy as you may think, because many of the activities that
generate noise also generate revenue. Think about an airport and all
the business that is associated with it. Our research tells politicians
at what noise level they can expect a certain health effect and that
helps inform better noise policy. Robert Koch supposedly once said,
"One day, mankind will fight noise as relentlessly as Cholera and the
Pest." I think we are there, and I hope that we will win this fight, and
when we do, we can all have a nice, quiet celebration.
A person facing real dehydration won't be unsure if they need water.

They'll do whatever they need to get it. It's one of our most basic
instincts that's evolved over a very long time, in environments where
clean water wasn't nearly as readily available as it is today. So, thanks

to your kidneys, your body is really good at maintaining hydration. But
if you stop counting eight glasses of water a day, how much should
you be drinking? The answer is simple: there is no should. When you
feel thirsty, drink some water. You can trust your body. Unless you
have kidney stones or are elderly-sometimes, our messaging systems
get a little worn with age- or your doctor has told you otherwise,
constantly monitoring how much water you drink is not really
necessary. Here's a point that's often missed: every single thing you
consume contains water. Your morning coffee has water, so does your
breakfast. And that snack-an apple, an orange, a glass of juice, a
granola bar- just like you, they're made of water too. So as long as
you're listening to your body's internal sense of thirst, there's really no
need to be counting those eight glasses.
Getting back to PTSD, another type of non-declarative memory is

emotional memory. Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology and
refers to our ability to learn about cues in our environment and their
emotional and motivational significance. What do I mean by that? Well,
think of a cue like the smell of baking bread, or a more abstract cue
like a 20-pound note. Because these cues have been pegged with good
things in the past, we like them and we approach them. Other cues,
like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit very negative emotions and quite
dramatic avoidance behavior in some people. Now, I hate wasps. I can
tell you that fact. But what I can't give you are the non-declarative
emotional memories for how I react when there's a wasp nearby. I
can't give you the racing heart, the sweaty palms, that sense of rising
panic. I can describe them to you, but I can't give them to you.
Walls and fences are often built with the intention of security,
security from another group of people,from crime, from illegal trades.
But walls and fences only provide us with a feeling of security, which is
different from real security. Even though they might make us feel safe,
the structures themselves can't protect us. Instead, they do
something else: they separate. They create an us and a them. They
establish an enemy. Walls make us build a second wall in our head, a
mental wall. And those mental walls slowly make us lose sight of all
the things we have in common with the people on the other side. The
other way around, mental walls can grow so strong that they
encourage us to build, keep or strengthen physical walls. Physical and
mental walls are closely interlinked, and one almost always comes with
the other. It's a constant cycle: physical walls empower mental walls,
and mental walls empower physical walls until at one point one part
falls away, and the cycle is disrupted.
Chopsticks are used in a huge portion of the world across much of

Asia. About 1.5 billion people are covered in the chopsticks sphere.
Different cultures have slightly different variations of chopsticks.
Chinese chopsticks will tend to be long and round, Korean chopsticks,
which are flatter, and often made of metal, and Japanese chopsticks
tend to be round, and very, very pointy. While chopsticks are actually
really commonplace in American society today, there was definitely a
time in the late 1800s where this idea that Asian men, because they
ate rice with sticks, were of a different quality than American men
who ate proper, eat with knife and fork. But, when China and the
United States began their diplomatic engagement in the 1970s,
Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger had to practice eating with chopsticks.
What's been really interesting to see is that as Asian cuisine has
moved from the east into the west, chopsticks have become part of
the experience. There's evidence of chopsticks as long ago as the
Shang dynasty, which was about 3,years ago. And they loved tripods
during the Shang dynasty, so, when you cook with these big tripods,
chopsticks were actually really useful because it was a way for you to
stir and to reach without getting burned as the water was boiling in
these really big pots. Chinese culture has knives and has forks, that
uses them in many cases for cooking, but in terms of what moved into
the dining room, it was the chopsticks.
But if not trying to escape, and trying too hard, are both bad choices,
then what are you supposed to do if you get stuck in quicksand? The
trick is to stay calm. First, get rid of any heavy items that you're
wearing or carrying, as they'll only drag you deeper. Then, try to lean
as far back as you can to create more space for yourself. Water will
come in and fill the gaps you create, which will make it easier for you
to move and pull your body towards the surface. If you can, grab a
stick and wedge it underneath your back; this will help to increase
your leverage. Hopefully, you'll get help from emergency services. But if
not, you can use these tips to get out on your own. It will be a long
and exhausting process since, just to free your foot from a puddle of
quicksand, moving at a rate of one centimeter per second, it would
require the same amount of force as it does to lift a small car. And
once you're free, you'll probably be in a lot of pain. With all that
pressure from the densely packed sand, you might emerge in the
quicksand with permanent nerve damage, or without a leg. If you do
manage to come out in one piece, well, maybe tread a little more
carefully in the future. But don't let this one sucky experience keep you
from another adventure. Put your best foot forward, and take a walk
on the wild side.
Here are 5 steps to develop a strong research question. Step 1,

choose a broad topic. Go with a topic that sparks your interest, since
you'll be spending quite some time with it. For me, I'm thinking maybe
something about social media. Step 2, do some preliminary reading
about the topic. Ok, so I've read a lot of newspaper writing about how
social media negatively impacts high school
performances. And they also happen to be one of the most active age
groups on social media. Step 3, narrow down to a specific niche. This
way, you can make sure the research is within a feasible scope
instead of something too broad to achieve in a given timeframe. Since
academic performance is too broad, let me narrow it down to
attention span. Step 4, identify a research problem. So, we have
already established that adolescences are one of the most active age
groups on social media platforms. But only a scarce amount of
research has been done on the effect of social media has on the
younger generation's attention span. So, this will be my research
problem. Step 5, write your research question! Turning your research
problem into a question, and it sounds something like: What effect
does daily use of Twitter have on the attention span of people in the
age group of 16 to 20? Since this is the descriptive research, the
research question is also descriptive. But there are also other kinds
of search questions, it all depends on the type of research you'll do.
For example, comparative research, descriptive research, or
correlational research.
Mahto: We are currently living in a society that is so focused on

outwards aesthetics. So, I think there is also a driving need for people
more interested in things like laser surgery or injectables like Botox
are filler from a much, much younger age than we've seen before.
Narrator: So, despite the lure of magical remedies and luxurious
concoctions, avoiding skin damage and combating the signs of aging
don't need to be so expensive.
Mahto: Budget products can be equally as effective as their more
expensive counterparts. The focus shouldn't be on the cost of the
product. Wearing a good-quality sunscreen, SPF minimum 30, ideally
50 throughout the year. The reason for that is that 80% to 90% of
the signs that we associate with skin aging occur directly because of
sunlight. So, we're talking fine lines, wrinkles, pigmentation. No. 2 is
the use of a vitamin-A-based product or a retinoid. One doesn't need
to spend a fortune, and probably, once you're spending beyond more
than 25, 30 pounds on a product, it's probably unnecessary.
Joe has written a book called The Experience Economy'. Well, what's
happened is we've gone from an agrarian economy based off
commodities through an industrial economy based off goods, through
a service economy. And today we're in an experience economy. What
experiences really do is that they engage everyone inside of them.
Living in the digital age that we are now, there's more need than ever
for people to connect. And the digital age also means we can
document these experiences. And of course, show them off online. We
take selfies not because we think we're going to get the perfect
picture, but because we were there and it proves that we were there.
These are similar to that souvenir that you picked up on your seaside
holiday that means absolutely nothing to anybody else but is so
important to you.
In 1947, Ayer copywriter Frances Gerety came up with the slogan 'A
Diamond is Forever and the association with eternal love was
solidified. It's appeared in every De Beers advert since 1948. It's been
heralded as the advertising slogan of the century. It was so
successful Gerety worked on every De Beers campaign until 1970.
Shortly after it was immortalized in the Bond film of the same name.
What the slogan did was create the concept that a diamond ring
would be kept by the betrothed for eternity, creating a special
sentiment but also meaning fewer would be re-sold, therefore
increasing the chance for De Beers to sell more, freshly mined stones.
Ayer's copywriters were also skilled in directing consumer spending
habits suggesting a month's salary was a good amount to spend on a
ring, then upping it to two by the 1980s. Before the second world
war, 10% of engagement rings contained diamonds. By the 1980s the
number was up to 80%. Over the same period diamond sales in the
United States grew from $23 million to $2.1 billion. De Beers and
N.W. Ayer & Son's marketing masterpiece played on our emotions so
powerfully that not only were they able to sell us a product we didn't
need but they influenced the culture of marriage.
M: I want you to talk a bit about consciousness and conscious

consumption because I feel that you've got a different perspective on
it. (Yeah) Than the typical if you go and read a business school case on
conscious consumption, it's about where was the environmental
footprint of this (Yeah, yeah, yeah) But you're talking about something
bigger (Yes.) than environmental impact, which matters, but you're
talking about almost something at the core.
W: Everything we do on earth is about creativity. And I think that we
live here, and oftentimes people fall into these patterns and they end
up being recyclers, if you will, of somebody else's life or a model. And
that's not your mission. Your mission in life is to break the mode, and
do things independently that are very unique to you, just like an artist.
So, my mission is to create a network the infrastructure, if you will,
the highway, if you will to support all kinds of artists and if these
artists can all actually make a living like a thriving business, rather
than be kind of a shunned career, then creativity will now be
something that we as a society, actually endorse and take pride in.
For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that's no
longer the case. A new study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich
countries, examined how 15-year-old boys and girls performed at
reading, mathematics, and science. Boys still score somewhat better
at maths, and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it
comes to the students who really struggle, the difference is stark:
boys are 50% more likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in
all three areas. Researchers suggest that doing homework set by
teachers is linked to better performance in maths, reading, and
science Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the virtual
world; they are 17% more likely than girls to play collaborative online
games than girls every day. They also use the internet more. Third,
peer pressure plays a role. A lot of boys decide early on that they are
just too cool for school which means they're more likely to be rowdy in
class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous tests, boys
perform better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third
when teachers don't know the gender of the pupil they are marking. So
what can be done to close this gap? Getting boys to do more
homework and cut down on screen-time would help.. But most of all,
abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students, Boys in
countries with the best schools read much better than girls. And girls
in Shanghai excel in mathematics. They outperform boys from
anywhere else in the world.
I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern

Woodland Indian tribes in your study of Native American cultures. As
you have probably learned, the Eastern Woodland Indians get their
name from the forest-covered areas of the Eastern United States
where they lived. The earliest Woodland cultures date back 9.000
years, but the group we'll focus on dates back only to about 700 A.D.
We now call these Native Americans the Mississippian culture,
because they settled in the Mississippi River valley. This civilization is
known for its flat-topped monuments called temple mounds. They were
made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple
mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts
of the townspeople built in rows around the plaza. The Mississippian
people were city dwellers. But some city residents earned their living
as farmers, tending the fields of corn beans, and squash that
surrounded the city. The city's artisans made arrowheads, leather
goods, pottery, and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange
raw materials for these items. In the slides I'm about to show, you will
see models of a Mississippian city.
Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at
a time, Child, when to start being a child? For many people, language
acquisition starts around about twelve months when kids say that
first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first year, our first
year of life is very important as well and indeed before you are born,
remember there are couple of months before you are born, when you
actually able to perceive in the womb, something of the language
that's around you. So language acquisition starts earlier than most
people think. And it also ends later than most people think. When does
child language acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you know, we are all
children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is no obvious
endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar,
there is for vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our
lives in million or more words in English: Most of us only have a
vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words, whatever it is until there is
always something to learn. So remember that two ends of child
language acquisition are wider apart than some people think. That
means there is more scope for studying in it than most people think.
I'm a dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately

estimating portion size is critical in research or real-world settings.
For example, if you're trying to watch your weight and you're out to
dinner and you're presented with a bowl of food, there's no really good
way to actually estimate how much you're eating unless you're gonna
whip some scales out of your bag. So we wanted to find a more
objective way for people to quantify what they're eating when they're
out and about. I came up with a more hands-on approach. We got
people to measure the dimensions of the food using the width of their
fingers and remembering back to primary school maths. We use the
geometric volume formula to estimate the weight of the food. To show
you how this works, I've ordered a piece of lasagna. And that's my box,
a glass of wine and that's my cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy,
so I order some watermelon for dessert. And that's my wedge. So this
was I know it's seven by five by four fingers. In the future, I see this
method being incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put
your finger, it's in along with your height and your weight. And the app
will do all of the calculations for you. And then you've got a more
accurate way to estimate the portion size.
Sometimes it's the little things that can make big things happen.
Fleas and the plague, atoms and nuclear bombs. Diminutive leaders in
world history. Soot is one of these little things. Soot, also known as
black carbon, is released when you burn dung, coal, diesel fuel, and
wood. From Los Angeles to Mumbai, soot causes respiratory illnesses
like lung cancer and asthma and contributes to one point six million
premature deaths every year, mostly among the poor. And it gets
worse. Atmospheric currents carry soot thousands of miles from
where it is produced, to the Himalayas and the Arctic. Black carbon,
being black, absorbs sunlight, so even a little soot on snow makes it
melt faster. And when snow melts, global sea levels rise, threatening
our freshwater indigenous communities and polar bears who hunt on
the Arctic ice. Climate change has been a big thing for a while, and
carbon dioxide has been its main cause. Scientists estimate that soot
causes twenty-five percent of human-
underestimate the imp

reducing black carbon may be the fastest way to slow global warming.
Buy time for the Arctic. Yes, even more so than changing a light bulb.

Since black carbon only stays in the atmosphere for a couple of weeks,
reducing it will produce results immediately. Of course, reducing soot
help buy time for the Arctic and allow us to deal with the bigger
problem of carbon dioxide. We have the cleaner industries,
cookstoves, and diesel. Now we have to use them. In developed
much more to do. We need to tighten our standards at home and

invest in cleaner technologies in developing nations. In a world going on
seven billion people, you might feel rather little yourself. But if you
urge the US government and the European Union to take the lead on
black carbon reduction, you can make a big difference.
a patent on this clicker. If I were to go to the patent office and say,

alright, I want a patent on a clicker, period. The patent office would
just laugh. The clickers have been around for a while. Presentation
clickers have been around for a while, and so there would be a 0%
chance that you would actually get that. If we were to, somehow, to
convince the patent office that we should be able to get a patent on a
clicker, period, it would however be incredibly valuable. Every single
clicker that was made after this point would infringe and when it
infringes, maybe we take one or two dollars each. That would add up
to be a decent amount of money. On the other end of the spectrum,
-word version. I go to the patent office and I say,
I want a patent on this exact thing. And those million words describe
every single radius, material, every single thing about this. And the
take it. Almost 100% chance of getting that patent, but the value of
that patent would be close to zero.
We actually have seen more than one of these black holes emerge, and
we've seen actually two about equally good, although the one that we
talked about you can see with your eyes. The second one is the one
with the lighter black holes in it, they're not so heavy, when the ringing
is a lot longer and you can see it without all the fancy data analysis.
Then there is a third source which we've already published, but now
that we have seen that two of the other one and we also believe that
could very well be black hole theory, so we have three sources, let's
call it three sources in three months. Now if we make design
sensitivity, we have improved apparatus, by another factor of three.
Now how does that translate into rate? It turns out if you look with a
sensitivity three times better than we have, you can look three times
deeper into the universe. That says the volume of the universe that
you are looking at is three to the Q, so that's about 27 or 30 around
the universe. So instead of seeing one a month of these black hole
periods, we should see one of maybe one of every two days, one every

day. That's gonna change the character of how we operate completely.
At that moment launched into what I called the astronomy that's
associated gravitational wave astronomy. That's gonna be a big day.
OK - to help you with your research, I just wanted to give you some
tips today on using Focus Groups. These are groups of people that you
get together to find out about their opinions and attitudes, for
example, to review a piece of work or just basically provide some
collective input to help you with whatever you're researching. First of
all, how large should a focus group be? Well, I would say that an ideal
number of participants is around six or seven. If it's any bigger, what
quite often happens is they break into side-conversations and the
focus is lost. If it's any smaller, you may not get the range of views
that you need to get a really good discussion. Secondly, it's important
that you have a moderator for the group, who's able to facilitate and
guide the discussions. The moderator must ensure that everyone
participates and stop anyone dominating. And also, the moderator
needs to make sure that the discussions don't go off in the wrong
direction. And thirdly, in order to help the group focus on what's
required, some basic materials should be used particularly to kick-
start the discussions. This may be in the form of pictures, photos,
diagrams, graphs, etc. And will help the group to understand the
context of what needs to be discussed.
Across the world, people have been watching the choice that Britain
has made. I would reassure those markets and investors that Britain's
economy is fundamentally strong. And I would also reassure Britons
living in European countries and European citizens living here that
there will be no immediate changes in your circumstances. There will
be no initial change in the way your people can travel, in the way your
goods can move, or the way your services can be sold.
We must now prepare for a negotiation with the European Union. This
will need to involve the full engagement of the Scottish, Welsh, and
Northern Ireland governments to ensure that the interests of all
parts of our United Kingdom are protected and advanced. But above
all, this will require strong, determined, and committed leadership.
I'm very proud and honored to have been Prime Minister of this
country for six years. I believe we've made great steps, with more
people in work than ever before in our history, with reforms to welfare
and education, increasing people's life chances, building a bigger and
stronger society, keeping our promises to the poorest people in the
world, and enabling those who love each other to get married,
whatever their sexuality. But above all, restoring Britain's economic
strength.

One other key to Apple is Apple's incredibly collaborative company, and
so you know how many committees we have in Apple? Zero. No
committee. We are organized like a start-up. One person's in charge
of iPhone OS software, one person is in charge of Mac hardware. One
person is in charge of iPhone hardware engineering, another person is
in charge of worldwide marketing, another person's in charge of
operations. We're organized like a start-up. We're the biggest start-
up on the planet and we all meet for three hours once a week and we
talk about everything we're doing, the whole business, and there's
tremendous teamwork at the top of the company which filters down
to tremendous teamwork throughout the company. And teamwork is
dependent on trusting the other folks to come through with their part
without watching them all the time, but trusting that they're gonna
come through with their parts and that's what we do really well. And
we're great at figuring out how to divide things up in these great
teams that we have and all work on the same thing, touch base
frequently and bring it all together into a product. We do that really
well and so what I do all day is meet with teams of people and work on
ideas and solve problems to make new products, to make new
marketing programs, whatever it is.
There are four fundamental forces at work in the universe. Some of

them are very familiar from everyday life, some of them are not, so we
all know about gravity, that's one of the four forces, it's what keeps us
anchored to the surface of the earth, keeps the Earth in orbit around
the Sun. There is another force that we're very familiar with, which is
the electromagnetic force, that is the force that is responsible for
the electricity, electric currents for light, for the sun's light, that's
electromagnetic radiation coming from the Sun to the Earth. There
are two other forces though, that are somewhat less familiar, they
are the nuclear forces. They are forces that are at work within the
nuclear atoms. One of those forces is called the strong nuclear force,
that really is the force that bides protons to protons, bides the corks
inside of the protons and neutrons keeping them from flying out. The
other nuclear force is called the weak nuclear force. And that's a force
that predominantly we know of because it's responsible for
radioactivity, radioactive decay. So those four forces, strong nuclear
force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force and gravitational
force, those are the forces that work in the universe.
A dimension of space is basically an independent direction in which, in

principle, you could move or walk. We talk about left and right, back
and forth, and up and down as examples of independent directions in
space. However, a diagonal direction is not a new direction because
it's just a combination of moving this way and that way. When we talk
about dimensions, we refer to the independent directions in space
which we can move. Another way to think about dimensions is as data

that needs to be specified in order to delineate where something
takes place. For example, if you are having a dinner party, you need to
give your friend three pieces of information to nail down a location in
three dimensions of space: a straight across direction in the floor.
According to the string theory, in reality, you need to give your friend
more than just those three pieces of information if you really want him
or her to know where to go. You need to tell them coordinates, data
that specifies the real actual dimensions of the dinner party's location.
However, because the actual dimensions we think about are so small,
it does not matter to your friend whether they show up exactly at the
right location and actual dimensions or not, because things are not
able to penetrate them in any meaningful way. But that's what a
dimension would be: a piece of data necessary to delineate where
something takes place.
So, continuing our series of lectures on Modernism, we now turn to

architecture and, in particular, to the work of Frank O. Gehry. Now,
I'm not going to go into his career in detail; it is enough to say that
early on he was, like other modernist architects, tied to the
rectangle, the straight line, and so on. Often their buildings would
have this basic shape, and they would just turn, add bits of decoration
like splashes of color or pointless balconies.
Soon enough, Gehry wanted to break away from straight lines and
grid-like designs. He wanted the freedom to experiment with other
shapes, curves, and unusually-angled roofs. What helped him with this
was the computer, which allowed him to visualize and experiment with
complex shapes, and to work on the whole design as one piece,
without the added decoration being thrown in as an afterthought.
Architecture as art, if you like... or, or sculpture even. He himself said
that he had struggled with crossing the line between architecture and
sculpture.
Now, I want to talk about one building in particular... um... the

Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, which I think you'll agree is a
masterpiece.
This week I'd like to start by talking a bit about electric vehicles.
Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something
completely modern, they were in fact some of the earliest types of
motorized vehicle. At the beginning of the twentieth century, electric
cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal
combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in. However,
as cars fueled by petrol increased in importance, electric cars
declined. The situation became such that electric vehicles were only
used for certain specific purposes - as forklift trucks, ambulances, and
urban delivery vehicles, for example.

Although electricity declined in use in road vehicles, it steadily grew in
importance as a means of powering trains. Switzerland, for example,
was quick to develop an electrified train system, encouraged in this no
doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil resources of its own.
Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a means of

powering road vehicles. Why is this the case? Well, undoubtedly
economic reasons are of considerable importance. The cost of oil has
risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for
an alternative. However, there are also environmental motivations.
Emissions from cars are blamed in large part for - among other things
- the destruction of the ozone layer and the resultant rise in
temperatures in the polar regions. A desire not to let things get any
worse is also encouraging research into designing effective electric
transport.
Interviewer: In an article that you wrote that I just read, you said you
wished you could take everyone back to decades ago to look at the
Florida Keys. Interviewee: Fifty years ago. Think about how much
change has taken place in that short period of time. We have managed
to consume on the order of 90% of the big fish in the ocean: the
tunas, the swordfish, the sharks. They're mostly gone. Until recently
people have had the belief that there isn't much we puny human beings
can do to change the nature of the ocean. But in fact, we have, not
just because of what we've been taking out, and the destructive
means often applied to take fish and other creatures from the sea,
but also what we're putting into the sea, either directly or what we
put into the atmosphere that falls back into the sea. Interviewer: So if
you were going to give a grade on the health of the oceans today,
what would it be? Interviewee: Well, it depends on which aspect.
Across the board. Huh. The oceans are in trouble. It's hard for me to
assign a specific grade. Maybe C-.
I suppose that it has always been the case for the majority of us that
the first test of a work of art or literature or music is how much
pleasure it gives us, and we don't want to bother with analysing why
or how it has had such an emotional impact on us. It's always good to
know what your pleasures are in the positive sense - and not as easy
as some people think - as opposed to only really knowing what you
don't like and complaining about it, though presumably there's some
kind of pleasure to be had from that too. But now that you've chosen
to take a course on the novel, I'm afraid that evaluating literature on
the basis of how you feel about a book won't count as an intelligent
critical response to the work being studied.
It is, however, useful to remind yourselves from time to time that we

all fall for trash every now and again. For instance, you might actually
enjoy listening to a catchy pop song, but you'd find it hard to explain in
critical terms that it is good, or better than something else, just
because it is enjoyable. So, you're here to sharpen up your critical
knives, as it were, among other things of course.
Great feedback givers begin their feedback by asking a question that is

short but important. It lets the brain know that feedback is actually
coming. It would be something, for example, like, "Do you have five
minutes to talk about how that last conversation went" or "I have
some ideas for how we can improve things. Can I share them with
you?" This micro-yes question does two things for you. First of all, it's
going to be a pacing tool. It lets the other person know that feedback
is about to be given. And the second thing it does is it creates a
moment of buy-in. I can say yes or no to that yes or no question. And
with that, I get a feeling of autonomy. The second part of the feedback
formula is going to be giving your data point. Here, you should name
specifically what you saw or heard, and cut out any words that aren't
objective. There's a concept we call blur words. A blur word is
something that can mean different things to different people. Blur
words are things that are not specific. So, for example, if I say "You
shouldn't be so defensive" or "You could be more proactive." What we
see great feedback givers doing differently is they'll convert their blur
words into actual data points. So, for example, instead of saying, "You
know you aren't reliable, we would say, "you said you'd get that email to
me by 11, and I still don't have it yet. Specificity is also important
when it comes to positive feedback, and the reason for that is that we
want to be able to specify exactly what we want the other person to
increase or diminish. And if we stick with blur words, they actually
won't have any clue particularly what to do going forward to keep
repeating that behavior.
Now let's turn to the second question. Could it be that these

psychological consequences of poverty have implications for economic
decision-making that make it hard to escape poverty? And there's two
ways that you might imagine this could happen. The first is that the
stress that's brought on by poverty might affect economic choices in
subtle ways. And there's now evidence suggesting that when you're
under stress you're much more impatient than you are when you're
not stressed. And that's not a good thing if you're supposed to make
long-term decisions and investments in things like health care and
education. And so, unless you, poverty causes stress, stress makes
you impatient. And then that impatience doesn't help you to lift
yourself out of poverty. But there's a second sense in which the
psychological consequences of poverty might exacerbate poverty. And
that is that they may simply incapacitate you So when chronic stress
turns into full-fledged clinical depression, it's very hard for people to
keep earning a living. So, you don't think your efforts will amount to
anything. You know no amount of information about returns to

education can convince you otherwise it's hard for you to even get out
of bed in the morning and your livelihood crumbles. So, this is bad
enough when you're wealthy, but it's worse when you're poor. And you
don't have as much of a safety net to fall back on. So as a result of
this, there's a silent epidemic of depression among the poor. And
that's the problem not only for psychological well-being, but also for
economic outcomes.
One of the most surprising insights from Einstein is that time is not
what we intuitively think it is, right? Most of us have this sense that
time for you is the same as time for me. And sometimes there is a
cosmic clock that out there taking second after second after second,
dragging it's all in exactly the same way into the future. Einstein found
that if you and I are moving relative to each other, however, our clocks
don't take off the time at the same rate. Our watches, if they were
once in sync, if we're moving relative to each other, they fall out
synchronization. And what is that mean? All that means that what I
consider to be happening right now at a given moment, from your
perspective, that might be the past or might be the future? What you
consider to be happening right now to me that may be the past or the
future. Now since your view of reality is every bit as valid as my view of
reality. That means you cannot really say the past is gone because
that might be your now, your reality. You cannot really say that the
future is yet to be, maybe the future to me might be your now, your
reality at that given moment, so in a sense past, present and future
are all equally really, all exist, all out there.
There was a time when the subject of happiness was the business of
philosophers, as part of their discussion of what makes for the good
life. Then, much later, psychologists and sociologists got in on the act,
and now, it seems, so has the government. I understand that
governments should have the welfare and well-being of those it
governs at heart from the purely practical point of view of keeping
people quiet, at home enjoying their gadgets and comfort, rather than
on the streets rioting. But surely it's not something you can legislate
for. Today there are numerous journals on the topic and it is even
included in the curriculum at some universities and colleges. Surveys
are done, statistics compiled, graphs drawn, yet all they seem to
"prove" is what most people have conduced themselves from personal
experience.
An obvious example would be that having a lot of money doesn't

necessarily make you happy. We all wish to be happy and have ideas
about what it is we think would make us so. But we also know or
suspect that it's not that easy. Most of us learn that it is a by-
product of something else, usually being totally absorbed or involved in

some task or pastime, and can only be reached that way. These
activities, of course, must be worthwhile in themselves.
Today, I want to look at some research that has been done into what
motivates people and particularly, on what is called the 'mindset' - or
more simply, the mental attitude that highly motivated people have.
And, of course, the attitude of those who aren't so motivated, or who
lose their motivation. Now, it's obvious that motivation is crucial to
performance, but that doesn't tell us where it comes from. Why is it
that some people work hard and do well while others can work just as
hard and don't, why some are committed to what they are doing and
others aren't? Finding answers to this question would be extremely
useful to educators, as well as in other areas of life. Businesses, for
example, have long believed that financial incentives - bonuses, perks,
pay rises - are the great motivators, and to an extent they can make
a difference, but what we are calling the mindset is more important.
What has made it difficult to find out what the causes of motivation
are, is that motivation and the capacity for hard work can be mistaken
for talent - thinking it's a gift. Either you've got it or you haven't.
People who believe this have a fixed mindset and are not only going to
perform less well than they could, but it's also an attitude that will
affect their whole outlook on life. Some say that if talent is something
people are born with and you're unlucky enough not to have any, then
there's not much point putting in all that extra effort for no real
reward. However, research has shown that if you put in the hours,
practice brings the same level of achievement as talent. It's a
question of changing this fixed attitude and adopting a growth
attitude, which includes seeing mistakes and failures as opportunities
to improve.
It is almost impossible these days not to include photography in a

course on the history of art. I disagree with people such as Walter
Benjamin who suggest that technology and art don't go well together.
Photography, with its realism, its accurate representation of the
thing in front of you, initially deprived many artists of their subject
matter, forcing them to look in new ways - no bad thing. True, mass-
produced images of, say, the Mona Lisa, obviously can't provide the
same experience as seeing the real painting. On the other hand, there
are photographs which, to my mind, are far more thought-provoking
and have greater emotional impact than a painting of the same
subject could.
Some people say that the traditional idea of an artist with a trained
hand and eye is old-fashioned. They no longer believe that an artist
needs specialist knowledge, but rather that he or she can simply point
a camera at a scene and record it. However, on the one hand, that
ignores the creative skill involved in producing photographs. On the
other hand, it also ignores the fact that even in the past, painters
used various technological aids. For example, the Dutch painter,
Vermeer, used a camera obscura to help him create his images. We'll
go into that later, but for now, I want to look at the documentary and
cultural value of photography.
Now, you might think it's strange that in a lecture on biology, I will be
talking a lot about mathematics... um... If I may digress a bit... When I
was a student, mathematics, the language of dear abstraction, had
nothing to do with life sciences like biology, the sphere of messy
organic forms, cutting up frogs in the lab, and so on... um... In fact, I
started doing biology precisely to avoid maths and physics.
So, I've had a lot of catching up to do. We are all aware of how the
sciences have come to inter-relate more and more, and not only will
mathematics impinge more and more on biology but also, I am told, in
the 21st century, the driving force behind mathematics will be biology.
This is partly because mathematicians are always on the lookout for
more areas to conquer. But a far greater reason is that the subject
has been boiled down to physics and chemistry - obvious attractions
for mathematicians. A number of mathematical fields can be applied to
biology.
For example, knot theory is used in the analysis of the tangled strands
of DNA, and abstract geometry in four or more dimensions is used to
tell us about viruses. Again, neuroscience appears to be maths-
friendly and equations can also explain why hallucinogenic drugs cause
the users to see spirals. So, if mathematicians are taking such a keen
interest in biology, the least we can do as biologists is return the
compliment.
So today, we're continuing to talk about the social history of

foodstuffs, and we're going to consider next the importance of salt
and the significant role it has played. Salt was a highly valued
commodity in ancient times. Not because it made food taste nicer,
but because of the way it could be used to preserve food. This meant
that people were not so dependent on seasonal variations in what was
available for them to eat - they could preserve what they produced
and consume it as required. It also meant that food could be
transported long distances. Salt was not easy to obtain and so prices
for it were high. It was often necessary to transport it long distances
and it is believed that one of the reasons for building some of the
roads that led to the ancient city of Rome was to make it easier to
bring salt to the city from various parts of the Roman empire. Roman
rulers took financial advantage of the population's need for salt. When
they wanted to raise money for some war or another, they raised the
price of salt. Elsewhere, salt was important too. In Africa, for
example, caravans consisting of up to forty thousand camels are said
to have travelled four hundred miles across the Sahara to transport
salt to the inland markets of places like Timbuktu.
Now as urban planners, what we really need to start considering is

the amount of space allocated for residential areas within a city or
town. And when I say 'space' I'm talking about space within a dwelling
or home rather than the actual size of residential areas. There's
growing concern that the internal space of new homes is becoming far
smaller. Too small, in fact.
Maybe you're thinking: Is it important for residents to have sufficient

space? Is it merely a preference to have more space or are there
more serious implications? Is there, in fact, any evidence to suggest
cramped living conditions affect residents' physical or mental well-
being or their day-to-day life?
Well, research from a number of sources indicates that this is an

important issue which needs addressing. Cramped conditions can lead
to aggressive behaviour, to family tensions, psychological anguish and,
in the more extreme cases, physical illness as well. Not only this but
there is a proven link between overcrowding and the social and
emotional development of children as well as their educational
attainment. So, the main issue here is that residents require enough
individual space to be able to live and function together but with
sufficient private space for personal time within the home.
Now as we all know, it has long been the habit in many Countries that
teachers give homework to school children of all ages. Despite the
fact that a minority of educators don't agree with this practice, it has
never seriously been questioned or challenged before. However, it may
be that the tide is turning.
These days, more people are becoming convinced that homework is of

virtually no benefit, particularly for children in the younger age group.
So, why have teachers always given homework? Well, the answer
seems to be because they are obliged to. Most teachers don't really
believe it has any real value. And the latest research supports the
teachers' feelings about this. Not only does homework have very little
impact on children's learning but it also puts unnecessary obligations
and responsibilities onto the parents. These days not all families have
the time or the necessary knowledge to help their offspring. So it
would seem that now, senior educators want to start a new initiative.
Rather than giving homework, they plan to encourage reading books of
any kind, just reading. And they claim that this is a far more effective
method of consolidating learning than wading through piles of written
homework.

What I want to look at today is the question of how much technology -
If, um, a pen can indeed be called technology... perhaps I should say
the instrument of writing - affects a writer's style and level of
production. I also want to consider other factors that may have an
effect on prose style, such as personality, educational background,
and so on. Now, production levels aren't so hard to measure in
relation to the writing instrument used. The quill pen, for instance,
would need continual re-filling and re-sharpening, which led to a
leisurely, balanced style of prose full of simple sentences. Writing took
a lot longer than now and the great novelists of the 18th century -
Fielding, Smollett, Richardson - had a relatively small output, though
some of their books ran to enormous length.
By the middle of the 19th century, the fountain pen had been
invented. It didn't need such constant refilling, which can account for
the more flowing, discursive style of, say, Dickens and Thackeray, as
well as their tremendous output. Then came the typewriter, whose
purpose, once you got the hang of it, was to speed up the writing
process and was therefore much favored by journalists. This, it seems
to me, gave rise to a short-winded style characterized by short
sentences. A short prose style, if you like. Dictating machines and
tape recorders led, as one novelist complained, to writers becoming
too conversational, rambling and long-winded. Henry James, although
he didn't use these machines, dictated his later novels and, well, some
might agree with this accusation.
Well, it looks as though we're going to have to leave word processors,

computers and, of course, the way film and its narrative techniques
have affected writing style for another day.
The Internet is changing everything. The world of language in the

future is totally different from the world of language in the past, and
the reason is quite simple. There is more written language on the
Internet now than all the libraries in the world combined. We've never
seen anything like it before, and we haven't seen anything yet. When
you're talking about the future of a language, we are asking about its
long-term prospects, where do they essentially lie? And my answer is
they lie in the young people, they lie especially in the hands of
teenagers. The teenagers are the parents of the next generation of
children. If teenagers are going to succeed in maintaining the
intergenerational transmission of a language, then they have got to be
infused about the minority language, the endangered language that
their parents and others speak, so how would you get teenagers
infused is the question. Well, there is no question today, the only
thing that infuses teenagers, apart from sex, is the internet and all
the electronic world. And so, that is the area where one has got to
focus. A minority language has got to get itself up electronically in all

the varieties that are available to it. Now, in the case of something
like Welsh, there is already quite a strong Welsh presence on the
World Wide Web, and increasingly there are Welsh chatrooms, Welsh
blogs, Welsh Facebook interactions, and soon. Well, this is a very, very
positive sign, and it needs to be reinforced as much as possible. The
future of the Welsh language, I think all languages actually lie in the
electronic domain.
Steel and plastic. These two materials are essential to so much of our
infrastructure and technology, and they have a complementary set of
strengths and weaknesses. Steel is strong and hard, but difficult to
shape intricately. While plastic can take on just about any form, it's
weak and soft. So, wouldn't it be nice if there were one material as
strong as the strongest steel and as shapeable as plastic? Well, a lot
of scientists and technologists are getting excited about a relatively
recent invention called metallic glass with both of those properties,
and more. Metallic glasses look shiny and opaque, like metals, and also
like metals, they conduct heat and electricity. But they're way
stronger than most metals, which means they can withstand a lot of
force without getting bent or dented, making ultrasharp scalpels, and
ultrastrong electronics cases, hinges, screws; the list goes on.
Metallic glasses also have an incredible ability to store and release
elastic energy, which makes them perfect for sports equipment, like
tennis racquets, golf clubs, and skis. They're resistant to corrosion,
and can be cast into complex shapes with mirror-like surfaces in a
single molding step. Despite their strength at room temperature, if
you go up a few hundred degrees Celsius, they soften significantly, and
can be deformed into any shape you like. Cool them back down, and
they regain the strength.
Night Light
In 2012, after reviewing the evidence, the American Medical
Association released a major statement, night light can disrupt your
sleep cycle. However, for whatever reason, not many people have been
since informed about it. So here is the basics of what you need to
know. When you're exposed to a significant amount of light, specifically
of the blue wavelengths, your body suppresses melatonin production
to make you feel more awake. Normally this evolutionary design works
pretty well. With the coming of night and day, our melatonin levels
waxes and wanes giving us a circadian rhythm. However, since the
invention of artificial lights, we're being exposed to more and more
light at night time and these effects can be pretty big. Here's what
happens when you place participants in a room with similar brightness
to your average household. This is where their melatonin levels would
normally be if they were sleeping in a dark room, and here are their
melatonin levels in that lit room. You can see the huge suppression of
melatonin and it doesn't take too much to see these effects either.

Water that Dissolves
We make our countertops with quartz, our clothes with cotton, our
windows with glass, and our streets with asphalt because water can't
dissolve these materials. They're made mostly of molecules with no
charged parts. It would be silly to build, say, windows with something
that can dissolve in water, like sugar... unless you're going to eat
them. And lots of the substances that water DOES dissolve, like
washable markers, are things we engineered so that they can be
washed away. We've also engineered versions that aren't dissolvable in
water for when we don't want them to be washed away. By making
sure water dissolves what we want it to and only what we want it to.
We've been able to adapt a life to a world in which water dissolves so
much stuff. We humans also literally adapted to a world in which
water dissolves so much stuff. The outer layer of our skin is built in a
way that makes it uncharged and therefore undissolvable. And the
membrane surrounding each of the cells inside us has a similar
undissolvable layer. The only reason we humans exist at all on this
watery planet or that trees, fish, bacteria, or anything else exists is
that we evolved barriers that could keep water from dissolving us into
goo. Any life forms that didn't were simply dead in the water.
There is a lot of water on Mars and there once was a lot of surface
flowing water. You don't see it because most of it is mixed with the
soil which we call regolith on Mars. So, the Martian soil can be
anywhere from as little as one percent in some very dry desert-like
areas to as much as 60 percent water. So, one strategy for getting
water when you're on Mars is to break up the regolith which would
take something like a jackhammer because it's very cold, it's very
frozen. If you can imagine making a frozen brick or a chunk of ice that's
mostly soil and maybe half water and half soil that's what you would be
dealing with. So, you need to break this up, put it in an oven. As it
heats up it turns to steam. You run it through a distillation tube and
you have pure drinking water that comes out the other end. There is a
much easier way to get water on Mars. In this country we have
developed industrial dehumidifiers. And they're very simple machines
that simply blow the air in a room or a building across a mineral called
zeolite. Zeolite is very common on Earth, it's very common on Mars.
And zeolite is kind of like a sponge. It absorbs water like crazy. Takes
the humidity right out of the air. Then you squeeze it and out, comes
the water.
Listening to Employees
People wanna work at places that give 'em free food, and swag, and
it's a prestigious organization, or I have a prestigious title, where can
make a best friend at work- the things that we are told over and over
again go into making a good work culture. In reality, those are some of
the least prioritized things for the majority of workers in America
today. To the extent that leaderships of companies are under these
illusions, they will continue to incentivize and design environments that
are no longer a very good fit to the true trade-off priorities of the
workforce. What people want is work to be a positive part of the rest
of their life. They wanna be trusted to be able to make decisions about
how they do their work, and they are expecting more meaning and
purpose in their work. The thing that will hold us back from a good life,
rather than just working to work, are these illusions that keep pulling
us back to conformity to something for which the group no longer
actually values. We all don't have to quit our job and go somewhere
else to find fulfillment. That it is closer than we think, and a lot of it is
just subtle changes particularly, around giving more control to
employees, trusting them more, listening to the things they care
about.
Inflation and Deflation
So why doesn't the Fed just decide to print infinite hundred dollar bills
to make everyone happy and rich? Well, because then the bills wouldn't
be worth anything. Think about the purpose of currency, which is to be
exchanged for goods and services. If the total amount of currency in
circulation increases faster than the total value of goods and services
in the economy, then each individual piece will be able to buy a smaller
portion of those things than before. This is called inflation. On the
other hand, if the money supply remains the same, while more goods
and services are produced, each dollar's value would increase in a
process known as deflation. So, which is worse? Too much inflation
means that the money in your wallet today will be worth less
tomorrow, making you want to spend it right away. So, while this
would stimulate business, it would also encourage overconsumption,
or hoarding commodities, like food and fuel, raising their prices and
leading to consumer shortages and even more inflation. But deflation
would make people want to hold onto their money, and a decrease in
consumer spending would reduce business profits, leading to more
unemployment and a further decrease in spending, causing the
economy to keep shrinking. So, most economists believe that while too
much of either is dangerous, a small, consistent amount of inflation is
necessary to encourage economic growth.
Time Paradox
So maybe you're on vacation, you're in Athens for the first time.
During the day you're experiencing a bunch of new events and new
sights and sounds, and as it's going by-that is prospectively it seems
to be flying by. In retrospect however, maybe the next day or you're
back from vacation looking back upon that, it seems to be a long day.
So retrospectively it seems that it was an extended period of time.
And this is something that was pointed out as far back as William
James in his Principles of Neuroscience over a hundred years ago. And
the point is that retrospectively we're not so much telling time but
we're rebuilding or estimating how much time has elapsed based on
the number of experiences we have in memory. So retrospectively
you're more estimating how much time has elapsed, if there was a
period full of new memories then you're left with the impression that it
was a long period of time retrospectively. But prospectively as it was
taking place you were paying attention to some sort of internal clock
in our brain, which you were looking at or querying, that was telling
you that not much time has elapsed, because you weren't paying much
attention to time. So, on the other hand when you're very bored or in
an anxious state people experience time as dragging or going slow
(again, prospectively).
Learning and Performance
What I've learned is that the most effective people and teams in any
domain do something we can all emulate. They go through life
deliberately alternating between two zones: the learning zone and the
performance zone. The learning zone is when our goal is to improve.
Then we do activities designed for improvement, concentrating on
what we haven't mastered yet, which means we have to expect to
make mistakes, knowing that we will learn from them. That is very
different from what we do when we're in our performance zone, which
is when our goal is to do something as best as we can, to execute.
Then we concentrate on what we have already mastered and we try to
minimize mistakes. Both of these zones should be part of our lives,
but being clear about when we want to be in each of them, with what
goal, focus and expectations, helps us better perform and better
improve. The performance zone maximizes our immediate performance,
while the learning zone maximizes our growth and our future
performance. The reason many of us don't improve much despite our
hard work is that we tend to spend almost all of our time in the
performance zone. This hinders our growth, and ironically, over the
long term. Also, our performance.
Pain
Say you're at the beach, and you get sand in your eyes. How do you
know the sand is there? You obviously can't see it, but if you are a
normal, healthy human, you can feel it, that sensation of extreme
discomfort, also known as pain. Now, pain makes you do something, in
this case, rinse your eyes until the sand is gone. And how do you know
the sand is gone? Exactly because there's no more pain. There are
people who don't feel pain. Now, that might sound cool, but it's not. If
you can't feel pain, you could get hurt, or even hurt yourself and never
know it. Pain is your body's early warning system. It protects you from
the world around you, and from yourself. As we grow, we install pain
detectors in most areas of our body. These detectors are specialized
nerve cells called nociceptors that stretch from your spinal cord to
your skin, your muscles, your joints, your teeth and some of your
internal organs. Just like all nerve cells, they conduct electrical
signals, sending information from wherever they're located back to
your brain. But, unlike other nerve cells, nociceptors only fire if
something happens that could cause or is causing damage. So, gently
touch the tip of a needle. You'll feel the metal, and those are your
regular nerve cells. But you won't feel any pain. Now, the harder you
push against the needle, the closer you get to the nociceptor
threshold. Push hard enough, and you' Il cross that threshold and the
nociceptors fire, telling your body to stop doing whatever you're doing.
Genie spent the first 13 years of her life locked away in a small
bedroom in her parents' home. In 1970, her parents were charged
with child abuse and Genie began rehabilitation with a team of
psychologists and linguists. And scientists were using her experiences
to answer the following question: if a person is deprived of language
throughout their childhood, can they ever learn enough to be able to
communicate well? At first, the answer appeared to be yes. Genie
quickly began to learn new words for the objects around her and even
say phrases with two or three words similar to how toddlers speak.
However, from there, her ability to communicate verbally plateaued.
This is because she could not learn grammar, which linguist Noam
Chomsky believes separates human language from the communication
of animals. It appeared that Genie had passed the critical period of
learning human language, which is thought to end around puberty.
Scientists have hypothesized that, after a restricted developmental
period where the nervous system is particularly sensitive to the
effects of a certain experience, in this case, language, it is nearly
impossible to learn it. And the same effects have also been shown
when learning sign language after the critical period. Now you're
probably wondering why there is a critical period in the first place.
According to Eric Lenneberg, the linguist who popularized the critical
period hypothesis, the function of language tends to settle in the left
hemisphere of the brain after the critical period. And it's thought that
the brain loses some of its plasticity after this lateralization. So, if
you haven't learned language until after this point, it may be harder for
your brain to learn the new material. And sadly, for Genie, she was
already past that point. However, while Genie would never be able to
effectively use language, she was able to quickly learn other things,
such as how to use the toilet and dress herself.
Poor Posture
Your posture, the way you hold your body when you're sitting or
standing, is the foundation for every movement your body makes, and
can determine how well your body adapts to the stresses on it. These
stresses can be things like carrying weight, or sitting in an awkward
position. And the big one we all experience all day every day: gravity. If
your posture isn't optimal, your muscles have to work harder to keep

you upright and balanced. Some muscles will become tight and
inflexible. Others will be inhibited. Over time, these dysfunctional
adaptations impair your body's ability to deal with the forces on it. Pod
posture inflicts extra wear and tear on your joints and ligaments,
increases the likelihood of accidents, and makes some organs, like
your lungs, less efficient Researchers have linked poor posture to
scoliosis, tension headaches, and back pain, though it isn't the
exclusive cause of any of them. Posture can even influence your
emotional state and your sensitivity to pain. So, there are a lot of
reasons to aim for good posture.
We all know the scene: Dorothy closes her eyes, and repeats the
Good Witch's mantra, "No coordinates exist like one's domicile, no
coordinates exist like one's domicile, no coordinates exist like one's
domicile." Only Dorothy doesn't say that. She says five one-syllable
words, "There's no place like home." Each a word you probably learned
in your first year of speaking, each perfectly concise. It's not that L.
Frank Baum didn't have a thesaurus. It's that in most cases $10
words fail. When it comes to words, bigger isn't always better. Ten-
dollar words are rendered worthless if they're not understood. That's
not to say every piece of literature should be written at a fourth-
grade reading level, but it is important to know your audience. If you're
a novelist, your audience is probably expecting pages of vivid
descriptors. At the very least, they're expecting you won't use the
same 50 words to fill those pages. But most of us don't have the
luxury of a captive audience. We're competing against a whole world of
distractions and we're fighting for space in an attention span that
continues to shrink across generations. So, get to the point already.
The process of writing a book force you to be curious. And no,

contrary to popular belief, curiosity didn't kill the cat. In fact, it made
the cat happier. Studies have shown that there is a link between
curiosity and dopamine. So that means that people who are curious
tend to have lower levels of anxiety, lower levels of depression and
have a better overall psychological well-being. Furthermore, being
curious helps expand our knowledge when we learn new things, explore
new ideas and pursue knowledge, we end up having a better
understanding of the world around us. When I was doing the research
for my book, I, you know, looked at hundreds and hundreds of articles,
books, blog posts, everything. And it was great because I ended up
absorbing all this information, kind of like a sponge. And now I have a
tiny little box back my brain filled with fun facts and tidbits of
information that I can pull out, one, when a conversation gets dull, but
two, to help use as context when I'm learning new things and so you
end up having a self-fulfilling cycle of knowledge where the more you
learn, the more you can learn more.

The benefits of being left-handed are clearest in activities involving an
opponent, like combat or competitive sports. For example, about 50 %
of top hitters in baseball have been left-handed. Why? Think of it as a
surprise advantage. Because lefties are a minority to begin with, both
right-handed and left-handed competitors will spend most of their
time encountering and practicing against righties. So, when the two
face each other, the left-hander will be better prepared against this
right-handed opponent, while the righty will be thrown off. This fighting
hypothesis, where an imbalance in the population results in an
advantage for left-handed fighters or athletes, is an example of
negative frequency-dependent selection. But according to the
principles of evolution, groups that have a relative advantage tend to
grow until that advantage disappears. If people were only fighting and
competing throughout human evolution, natural selection would lead to
more lefties being the ones that made it until there were so many of
them, that it was no longer a rare asset. So, in a purely competitive
world, 50% of the population would be left-handed.
Stress and Memory

Facts you read, hear, or study become memories through a process
with three main steps. First comes acquisition: the moment you
encounter a new piece of information. Each sensory experience
activates a unique set of brain areas. In order to become lasting
memories, these sensory experiences have to be consolidated by the
hippocampus, influenced by the amygdala, which emphasizes
experiences associated with strong emotions. The hippocampus then
encodes memories, probably by strengthening synaptic connections
stimulated during the original sensory experience. Once memory has
been encoded, it can be remembered or retrieved later. Memories are
stored all over the brain, and it's likely the prefrontal cortex that
signals for their retrieval. So how does stress affect each of these
stages? In the first two stages, moderate stress can actually help
experiences enter your memory. Your brain responds to stressful
stimuli by releasing hormones known as corticosteroids, which
activate a process of threat-detection and threat-response in the
amygdala. The amygdala prompts your hippocampus to consolidate the
stress-inducing experience into a memory. Meanwhile, the flood of
corticosteroids from stress stimulates your hippocampus, also
prompting memory consolidation. But even though some stress can be
helpful, extreme and chronic stress can have the opposite effect.
The primary obstacle to good thinking is not a cramped desk or an
uninteresting horizon. It is, first and foremost, anxiety. Often the
most profound thoughts we need to grapple with have a potentially
disturbing character. As these potential implications start to come
vaguely into view, our inner censor, motivated by a desire for calm
rather than growth, gets alarmed. A vigilant part of the self gets

agitated; it distracts us, it makes us feel tired or gives us a strong
need to go online. Skillfully, it confuses and muddles our train of
thought. It blocks the progress we were starting to make towards
ideas that though important and interesting - also presented marked
threats to short-term inner peace. It's in this context that the
shower emerges as so helpful to the way our minds work and earns
the right to be honored as one of the best places on earth in which to
do any kind of serious reflection. Amidst the crashing water and the
steam and with a few minutes of respite before the day starts, the
mind is no longer on guard. We're not supposed to be doing much
inside our heads; we' re mainly occupied with trying to soap our backs
and properly rinse our hair. The ideas that have been half-forming at
the back of our minds, ideas about what the true purpose of our lives
might be and what we should do next, keep up their steady inward
pressure-but now there is a lot less to stop them reaching full
consciousness. We're not meant to be thinking and so-at last - we can
think freely and courageously.
Language is an essential part of our lives that we often take for

granted. With it, we can communicate our thoughts and feelings, lose
ourselves in novels, send text messages, and greet friends. It's hard
to imagine being unable to turn thoughts into words. But if the
delicate web of language networks in your brain became disrupted by
stroke, illness, or trauma, you could find yourself truly at a loss for
words. This disorder, called aphasia, can impair all aspects of
communication. People who have aphasia remain as intelligent as ever.
They know what they want to say, but can't always get their words to
come out correctly. They may unintentionally use substitutions called
paraphasia, switching related words, like saying 'dog' for 'cat', or words
that sound similar, such as 'house' for 'horse'. Sometimes, their words
may even be unrecognizable.
The behaviors inherent in hibernation, like going five weeks without

sleep, or dropping to near-freezing body temperatures would be
potentially fatal to non-hibernating species like us. To find out how
hibernators are able to do this, researchers turned their attention to
those animal's genomes. So far, they've discovered that hibernation is
controlled by genes that turn off and on in unique patterns throughout
the year, fine-tuning the hibernator's physiology and behavior. For
example, ground squirrel, bear and dwarf lemur studies have revealed
that these animals are able to turn on the genes that control fat
metabolism precisely when they need to use their fat stores as fuel to
survive long periods of fasting. And the genes in question are present
in all mammals, which means that researchers could study hibernating
mammals to see how their unique control of physiology might help
humans. Understanding how hibernators deal with reduced blood flow
could lead to better treatments for protecting the brain during a
stroke. Figuring out how these animals avoid muscle deterioration
might improve the lives of bedridden patients. And studying how
hibernating animals control their weight with ease could illuminate the
relationship between metabolism and weight gain in humans.
What is consciousness? Can an artificial machine really think? Does

the mind just consist of neurons in the brain, or is there some
intangible spark at its core? For many, these have been vital
considerations for the future of artificial intelligence. But British
computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all these
questions in favor of a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a
human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence
that would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the
1paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Turing proposed the
following game. A human judge has a text conversation with unseen
players and evaluates their responses. To pass the test, a computer
must be able to replace one of the players without substantially
changing the results in other words, a computer would be considered
intelligent if its conversation couldn't be easily distinguished from a
human's. Turing predicted that by the year 2000, machines with
megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his test. But he
may have jumped the gun. Even though today's computers have far
more memory than that, few have succeeded, and those that have
done well focused more on finding clever ways to fool judges than using
overwhelming computing power.
Memorizing while Sleeping
In a 2study, for example, a group of neuroscientists had people learn
the locations of a bunch of different objects while it smelled like roses,
then made it smell like roses again while they were asleep. When they
woke up, the subjects were better at remembering where the objects
were, compared to when they did the same task without any smells.
The researchers proposed that when the subjects smelled roses while
they slept, that boosted the memory consolidation process because
their brains associated the smell with the memories of the object
locations. Basically, the smell acted as a cue to their brains to
reactivate those memories, strengthening the connections between
the neurons that stored them. And stronger connections meant they
had an easier time recalling the memories when they woke up. That
2study was small, but later studies that tested the idea found similar
results.
How can sleep deprivation cause such immense suffering? Scientists

think the answer lies with the accumulation of waste products in the
brain. During our waking hours, our cells are busy using up our day's
energy sources, which get broken down into various by products,
including adenosine. As adenosine builds up, it increases the urge to

sleep, also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by blocking
adenosine's receptor pathways. Other waste products also build up in
the brain, and if they are not cleared away, they collectively overload
the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative symptoms of
sleep deprivation. So, what's happening in our brain when we sleep to
prevent this? Scientists found something called the glymphatic
system, a clean-up mechanism that removes this buildup and is much
more active when we're asleep. It works by using cerebrospinal fluid to
flush away toxic byproducts that accumulate between cells. Lymphatic
vessels, which serve as pathways for immune cells, have recently been
discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in clearing out
the brain's daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring
the restorative mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that slipping
into slumber is a necessity if we want to maintain our health and our
sanity.
Why do we snore? Is there a bigger issue? Well, it's quite simple

really. People snore when they are having a really boring dream. Or
when I'm doing my stand-up routine. See! Lights out! I...I'm still
working on the jokes. But for The structure of a language forcesreal
Mayo Clinic defines snoring as "the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs
when air flows past relaxed tissues in your throat causing the tissues
to vibrate as you breathe. people can snore due to a variety of
reasons. Allergies or a cold might do it, as well as alcohol consumption
or sleep deprivation. A person's weight could also play a factor. Even
just the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses could play a part! No
matter the puzzle pieces that add up to a person snoring it could be a
sign of a bigger issue known as obstructive sleep apnea or OSA. Now,
not every snorer has this condition even if their snoring is chronic but
OSA can be a serious condition that should be addressed by a medical
professional.
The structure of a language forces us to attend to certain aspects of

language, at the moment of using that language. It's known as the
thinking for speaking hypothesis. There's evidence that language
involves some kind of image simulation and that that has a
consequence for how we perceive of certain events. Color is quite a
complex property of a visual world. Your brain is decoding color in quite
a complicated way. So, you have many languages that have a term to
denote both green and blue and typically we call this a 'grue' term. You
find this in languages like the Himba, for example, in the Namibian
plains. In this experiment, we asked participants to look at the color
tile and then after 30 seconds we show them the full array of colors
and we say, "Now, pick the one that you just saw." And it's a very
difficult task if you're an English speaker but a Himba speaker can do it
like child's play because that color is central to them. You simply

cannot recognize colors that are not easily encoded in your native
language.
English philosopher John Locke gives us a pretty standard way to map

out boundaries of intuition. So that's where we'll start. Locke
contrasts intuition to sensory perception on one side and
demonstration on the other. Sensory perception, he notices, is always
about particular things. You see this pizza in front of you right now.
Maybe you see that this pizza is around. But we aren't restricted to
particular pizza, but about a more general and abstract truth. Judging
that circles are different from squares, according to Locke, is
intuitive. And at least in this kind of case where lock thinks we are
recognizing features of our ideas, intuition is a perfectly good source
of knowledge. We know that no round things are square through
intuition. Locke also draws a contrast between intuition and
demonstration. Intuition can tell us directly that a circle is not a
triangle. But when we get to more complex questions, we need to use
demonstration or explicit reasoning. So, for example, we can figure
out that the interior angles of a triangle add up to 2 right angles, but
we have to go through a series of steps to gain this knowledge. And
Intuition is immediate. Locke notices that intuition and demonstration

are connected, however. Each individual step in a chain of
demonstrative reasoning is, or at least should be, intuitive.
Contemporary thinkers still draw a similar distinction using a variety
of labels for it.
The idea is that you experience awe in situations where it's important
to be acquiring information that you can use later. It makes sense: if
something is awe-inspiring because it doesn't fit with your
understanding of the world, that's probably something that you should
know more about if you wanna survive. The feeling of awe directs your
attention away from yourself and toward your environment, so you can
acquire more information about this new possibly life-changing thing--
whether it's positive or negative. So, awe might have given us a social
advantage or an intellectual advantage, or maybe some combination of
both. But no matter why the emotion evolved, we know that it's
incredibly powerful-- to the point that it can, like, totally hack your
brain and body. For one thing, it can improve your physical health. It's
been linked to lower levels of inflammation, which plays a role in all
causing events to unfold. Studies have found that it makes people

more likely to interpret a series of events as the consequence of
something intentional, as opposed to random chance. It's all part of
the search for an explanation for something your brain is struggling to
comprehend, which could help us explain why religion is a thing.
.
Nearly 9,years ago, corn, also called maize, was first domesticated
from teosinte, a grass native to Mesoamerica. Teosinte's rock-hard
seeds were barely edible, but its fibrous husk could be turned into a
versatile material. Over the next 4,years, farmers bred the plant into
a staple crop, with larger cobs and edible kernels. As maize spread
throughout the Americas, it took on an important role, with multiple
indigenous societies revering a "Corn Mother" as the goddess who
created agriculture. When Europeans first arrived in America, they
shunned the strange plant. Many even believed it was the source of
physical and cultural differences between them and the
Mesoamericans. However, their attempts to cultivate European crops
in American soil quickly failed, and the settlers were forced to expand
their diet. Finding the crop to their taste, maize soon crossed the
Atlantic, where its ability to grow in diverse climates made it a
popular grain in many European countries. But the newly established
United States was still the corn capital of the world.
In the late 17th century, a medical student named Johannes Hofer

noticed a strange illness affecting Swiss mercenaries serving abroad.
Its symptoms, including fatigue, insomnia, irregular heartbeat,
indigestion, and fever were so strong, the soldiers often had to be
discharged. As Hofer discovered, the cause was not some physical
disturbance, but an intense yearning for their mountain homeland. He
dubbed the condition nostalgia, from the Greek "nostos" for
homecoming and "algos" for pain or longing. At first, nostalgia was
considered a particularly Swiss affliction. Some doctors proposed that
the constant sound of cowbells in the Alps caused trauma to the ear
drums and brain. Commanders even forbade their soldiers from singing
traditional Swiss songs for fear that they'd lead to desertion or
suicide. But as migration increased worldwide, nostalgia was observed
in various groups. It turned out that anyone separated from their
native place for a long time was vulnerable to nostalgia. And by the
early 20th century, professionals no longer viewed it as a neurological
disease, but as a mental condition similar to depression.
Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding

standardized tests. To understand the difference between them, we
can use the metaphor of two broken thermometers. An unreliable
thermometer gives you a different reading each time you take your
temperature, and the reliable but invalid thermometer is consistently
ten degrees too hot. Validity also depends on accurate interpretations
of results. If people say results of a test mean something they don't,
that test may have a validity problem. Just as we wouldn't expect a
ruler to tell us how much an elephant weighs, or what it had for
breakfast, we can't expect standardized tests alone to reliably tell us
how smart someone s how diplomats will handle a tough situation, or
how brave a firefighter might turn out to be. So standardized tests
may help us learn a little about a lot of people in a short time, but
they usually can't tell us a lot about a single person. Many social
scientists worry about test scores resulting in sweeping and often
negative changes for test takers, sometimes with long-term life
consequences. We can't blame the tests, though. It's up to us to use
the right tests for the right jobs, and to interpret results
appropriately.
Weight Loss
The fat stored in your adipose tissue is a super energy-rich substance
that your body can use in a pinch to fuel your cells. If you can't eat for
whatever reason, or you just need a little extra energy to grow or
reproduce, your body can turn to your fat, which is why from a survival
perspective, having some fat is actually a good thing! Still, you'd think
that losing weight would be pretty straightforward just eat less than
you need, and force your body use up some of its fat, then go back to
eating a normal amount when you're the size you want to be. But the
body doesn't want to lose its energy buffer no matter how large or
small it is, so when you cut calories, it reacts in ways that ultimately
make it harder to lose weight. A lot of the push back is driven by
changes to hormones. One of the most important is leptin, a hormone
secreted by your fat cells. The larger your fat cells are, the more
leptin they produce. So, when you lose weight, leptin levels drop.
Parts of your brain like your hypothalamus interpret less leptin as
starvation, and it jumps in and starts telling your body to conserve
energy and to eat more to rebuild those reserves. Other organs also
use hormones to complain to your brain about the decrease in fuel
intake. Your stomach tells your brain it's not getting filled by
increasing levels of the hormone ghrelin. At the same time, your
pancreas secretes less insulin, which regulates blood sugar and
amylin, which signals fullness. So, when you cut calories, ghrelin levels
rise and insulin and amylin levels plummet, signaling your brain to
increase appetite, making you feel ravenous.
Ecological Balance
Most of the world's ecosystems are the result of millennia of
coevolution by organisms, adapting to their environment and each
other until a stable balance is reached. Healthy ecosystems maintain
this balance via limiting factors, environmental conditions that
restrict the size or range of a species. These include things like
natural geography and climate, food availability, and the presence or

absence of predators. For example, plant growth depends on levels of
sunlight and soil nutrients. The amount of edible plants affects the
population of herbivores, which in turn impacts the carnivores that
feed on them. And a healthy predator population keeps the herbivores
from becoming too numerous and devouring all the plants. But even
minor changes in one factor can upset this balance, and the sudden
introduction of non-native organisms can be a pretty major change. A
species that is evolved in a separate habitat will be susceptible to
different limiting factors, different predators, different energy
sources, and different climates. If the new habitat's limiting factors
fail to restrict the species growth, it will continue to multiply, out-
competing native organisms for resources and disrupting the entire
ecosystem. Species are sometimes introduced into new habitats
through natural factors, like storms, ocean currents, or climate
shifts. The majority of invasive species, though, are introduced by
humans.
Camel Fat
You see, camels are one of the only animals in the world that store all
their fat in one spot. And that's useful for keeping cool in a hot climate
because heat can escape faster from the rest of their body, which
helps them maintain a lower body temperature. Compare that to
other mammals, like humans, who store fat all over, making it a lot
harder to stay cool. Today, camels still use the fat in their humps as a
food reserve, but they're not the only ones. In extreme circumstances,
the Turkana tribe in Kenya, for example will eat camel fat to survive.
They suffer a lot from periods of extreme drought, and have seen
these people, they've been very, very short on food, and this is difficult
to believe, but it's true, slit open the top of a camel's hump, take out
the fat for their own consumption, and then put the top of the hump
back on again. But don't worry, the camel makes a full recovery and
instances are rare. But this practice has started to generate some
buzz around camel fat as a new superfood. Turns out, camel fat is
loaded with fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
How do we know that there are other subjects in the world? And how
do we know ourselves as selves? Sartre thinks that, in order to
answer these two questions, we need to think about the way that
others structure our experiences through the scene that he calls the
look. So, imagine you're in a park and you're alone and you're walking
along. You're seeing grass, you're seeing benches, et cetera. And then
suddenly you see another person walking. Now for Sartre, the other
person is fundamentally different from the other things that you have
encountered so far in the park. They're different from the grass, the
benches, the trees, because they appear to you as a center of their
own experience. Sartre says in seeing the other person, feel the world
stolen away from me. It's almost as if there is a sink hole of being.
Because as much as I like to think of myself as the organizing center
of the world, as it turns out, there's somebody else who is the center
of their own world, and this, he thinks is a fundamentally threatening
experience. So, our first encounters with others for start are
fundamentally the site of conflict. It's not a warm, fuzzy feeling of
being together.
How do I learn to enjoy and embrace difficult things and have it been
an integrated part of my life? So, there are two things that really
helped me do that. Number one is more of a mindset shift and it's
more inner work. And number two is more of a practical, strategic
thing that you do to yourself. Okay, so number one to operate from an
abundance mindset rather than a scarcity mindset. If you're
constantly telling yourself, oh, I have to go read books to get smarter.
Oh, I have to go read a book now. Obviously, you're not gonna have a
good time while you're doing it. But if you identify as somebody who
enjoys reading books, it's something that you like doing, it's just a part
of who you are, then you're way more likely to actually follow through
with doing it. This next tip is a little bit more practical and a little less
theoretical. And that is to utilize habit-bunching. And that is when you
pair an already existing habit that you are used to doing with one that
you're trying to work on. So, for instance, I'm a sucker for a great cup
of coffee. I have one in the morning and one in the early afternoon. I
really enjoy the taste of coffee and I look forward to it every single
time. Do I have an addiction? Yes, but I can leverage this filthy habit of
mine into working on another habit. A great one to pair with a coffee
addiction is reading. And that's exactly how I started reading more
books. Every single morning next to my coffee maker, I placed the book
that I wanted to read next to it so that when I made my coffee, I knew
to pick up the book and I could only drink the coffee if I was reading the
book the entire time, I was drinking it. Done.
Cell division is an intricate chemical dance that's part individual, part

community-driven. And in a neighborhood of trillion cells, sometimes
things go wrong. Maybe an individual cell's set of instructions, or DNA,
gets a typo, what we call a mutation. Most of the time, the cell
senses mistakes and shuts itself down, or the system detects a
troublemaker and eliminates it. But enough mutations can bypass the
fail-safes, driving the cell to divide recklessly. That one rogue cell
becomes two, then four, then eight. At every stage, the incorrect
instructions are passed along to the cells' offspring. Weeks, months,
or years after that one rogue cell transformed, you might see your
doctor about a lump in your breast. Difficulty going to the bathroom
could reveal a problem in your intestine, prostate, or bladder. Or, a
routine blood test might count too many white cells or elevated liver
enzymes. Your doctor delivers the bad news. it's cancer.
Light up the world, after witnessing the violent rage shown by babies
whenever deprived of an item, they considered their own, Jean Pia a
founding father of child psychology, observed something profound
about human nature. Our sense of ownership emerges incredibly early.
Why are we so clingy? There's a well-established phenomenon in
psychology known as the endowment effect. Although feelings
ownership emerges early in life, culture also plays a part. For example,
it was recently discovered that Hadza people of northern Tanzania who
are isolated from modern culture don't exhibit the endowment effect.
That's possibly because they live in an egalitarian society when almost
everything is shared. At the other extreme, sometimes our
attachment to our things can go too far. Part of the cause of
hoarding disorder is an exaggerated sense of responsibility and
protectiveness toward one's belongings. That's why people with this
condition fin so difficult to throw anything away.
Sunscreen as we know it today didn't exist 50,years ago. So how did

our ancestors cope with this onslaught of UV? The key to survival lay
in their own personal sunscreen manufactured beneath the skin:
melanin. The type and amount of melanin in your skin determines
whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun. This comes
down to the skin's response as sunlight strikes it. When it's exposed
to UV light, that triggers special light-sensitive receptors called
rhodopsin, which stimulate the production of melanin to shield cells
from damage. For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens their
skin and produces a tan. Over the course of generations, humans
living at the Sun-saturated latitudes in Africa adapted to have a higher
melanin production threshold and more eumelanin, giving skin a darker
tone, this built-in sun shield helped protect them from melanoma,
likely making them evolutionarily fitter and capable of passing this
useful trait on to new generations.
A massive forest provides a whole lotta fuel, so unless we want our

National Parks to become heaps of ash, there are some blazes that
we need to shut down as quickly as they start. Dumping crazy
amounts of water on a forest fire is one pretty effective approach.
Water does a couple big things. First, water interferes with that
combustion reaction because as it vaporizes it creates a layer of
water vapor that separates the fire's fuel from the atmospheric
oxygen that it needs to keep going. Second, the water cools the fuel,
which slows and ultimately extinguishes the reaction. During a forest
fire, firefighters work quickly to put out anything ablaze, including
embers, which can fly around and spread the fire. They spray water
from the ground and sky, refilling tanks at nearby water sources like
lakes, rivers, or even your family's pool. At the same time crews are
creating a fire break, which is exactly what it sounds like - a break
between the fire and its fuel. But dumping water and cutting down
forest often isn't enough. So, here's where that bright red stuff
comes in. It's a long-term fire retardant, which means it can be
sprayed on an area and, unless it gets washed away by a rainstorm, it
will stick around for months. It's made of 85 % water, 10% fertilizer,
and 5 % other stuff like clay and gum thickeners that help keep it
together so that it makes to the ground from the plane
.Our memories are sometimes unreliable. And though we still don't

know precisely what causes this fallibility on a neurological level,
research has highlighted some of the most common ways our
memories diverge from what actually happened. The mall study
highlights how we can incorporate information from outside sources,
like other people or the news, into our personal recollections without
realizing it This kind of suggestibility is just one influence on our
memories. Take another study, in which researchers briefly showed a
random collection of photographs to a group of participants, including
images of a university campus none of them had ever visited. When
shown the images three weeks later, a majority of participants said
that they had probably or definitely visited the campus in the past. The
participants misattributed information from one context-an image
they'd seen-onto another- a memory of something they believed they
actually experienced. In another experiment, people were shown an
image of a magnifying glass, and then told to imagine a lollipop. They
frequently recalled that they saw the magnifying glass and the lollipop.
They struggled to link the objects to the correct context whether
they actually saw them, or simply imagined them.
One evidence-based way to better remember what you've learned is
practice of new knowledge or skills. Although this might seem novel,

this is hardly a new concept; it was first described in 1by a German
psychologist named Herman Ebbinghaus. Here's how it works. Say you
plot your retention, or how much you remember of something, vs.
time. Now you learn that something on day O. Without reviewing it,
the "forgetting curve" will look like an exponentially decaying curve,
which is kind of scary! If you review (or better yet actively retrieve) the
material at increasingly spaced intervals after learning it, then the
forgetting curve starts to flatten out and you'll get a lot better
longer-term retention. Now, the goal here is to review the material at
the right time. It turns out that the best time to revisit information
that you are trying to learn is right around the time you would
naturally forget it. Since forgetting typically follows this exponential
curve, the trick becomes timing your study sessions around it.
Practically, this means having more widely spaced intervals between
study times for the material that you are more familiar with, and
shorter intervals between study sessions for material that you are
less familiar with.
Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video
series, what I want to do is I want to talk to you guys about many
different topics concerning biology. For example, I want to talk to you
guys about DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life, and a whole
bunch of interesting stuff. But since this is the very first video, I think
what we should do in this video is just stick with the very basics. And
the first thing I want to do is talk to you guys about what is biology.
So, let's go ahead and answer that question. And the definition of
biology is this: the study of life in living organisms. Alright, that makes
sense up to a certain point up until organisms because you may have
heard of organisms before. And you may have your own definition but
the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well, that's
easy. We know what living things are. I'm a living thing, plants, grass is
a living thing. My puppy named old Dan, cutest puppy ever, by the way,
is a living thing but whenever we talk about living things. Believe it or
not, things get a bit complicated because then you have to ask
yourself 'what is life'. Well, of course, if you ask your grandma or your
best friend or even if you ask a philosopher 'what is life', everyone is
going to give you kind of a different definition of their outlook on life.
However, when scientists and biologists were first deciding, you know
what, what is life? That's the problem that they had, everyone had
their own separate definition of life itself. So, what they needed to do
before biology was even invented, which is, of course, the study of life
is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.
There's sugar in a lot of foods where you don't expect it. Of course,
there's lots of sugar in donuts, ice cream, or pastries, or other things
that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places where
you see it and you don't necessarily expect it. So as an example:
peanut butter. Here's a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter
and you see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. So
that you may know from reading food labels that these ingredients in
any food labels that are listed in order of how much there is in the
food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here's another
example, Beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily expect to find sugar in
beef stew but it's there. Now it's down the list of ingredients, it's
actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and
food at the can, it says, there's fresh potatoes and carrots, but
actually there's more sugar in this than there is carrots. And so you
wouldn't eat something like beef stew and expect to find this to be the
case.
Turner, not surprisingly, painted one of the earliest pictures of

London's fog, in the 1835 painting the Thames above Waterloo Bridge.
Turner is a true-born Londoner, is advertising his familiarity with
London's air problem by putting smoke, an atmospheric pollution at its
center. And as you can see, in here, the bridge is the central
elements, which is a theme that's later taken up by Monet. And it's
partly obscured by the steam and smoke which rises from both sides
of the river. Here, we see a shot-tower. I think you can just about to
see, which was constructed in 1826. Do you know what shot-towers
are? They produce shot for guns, ammunition. And they were very
smoky, one of the more smoking industries. But it's barely visible, as
you can see, as are the various industries on the Lambuth side of the
river. There's, on this side, there's a steamship about to dock or
preparing to leave. It's black smoke thrusting up to join the kind of
swirling arc of smoke there. William Rodner sees this painting as a
potent essay on the energy and complexity of modern polluted
organism. Smoke, I think, here represents for a flourishing economy,
which brings employment and food on tables but also the dirt and
pollution associated with the fumes all seem to be tainted by sulfurous
yellow.
This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you
had the term robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very first
robots. These were the very first robots. They were characters in a
play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots and they, the play
was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically, these
robots, you know, people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly
toys or, you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But
the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of
absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War, you know,
it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and so people will
kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be
human, what makes us human, those kinds of questions. And this kind
of context is what inspired Capek to kind of write this play. And
interestingly, these robots being human, they are actually in the play
assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled
and these robots are designed to labor, and that is their primary
purpose in society.
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present

indigenous people. Whether these first migrations involved one or
several successive waves and distinct peoples is still subject to
academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted
timeframe places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to
43,000 years Before Present, while the upper ranges supported by
others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration
was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch,
when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today.
Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea
levels by some 100-150m. The continental coastline therefore
extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and
Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as Sahul),
connected by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of
Carpentaria, and Torres Strait. The ancestral Australian Aboriginal
peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify,
and settle through much of the continent. As sea levels again rose at
the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years
ago, the Australian continent once more became a separated
landmass. However, the newly formed 150km wide Torres Strait with
its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and
trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape York Peninsula.
During the 1970s and 1980s, around 120,000 southern Asian
refugees migrated to Australia. During those twenty years, Australia
first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration AI
Grassby termed "multiculturalism". In 2004-5, Australia accepted
123,000 new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The
largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 2004-05) moved to Sydney.
The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
We all get afraid and feel fear. Seeing a spider, a loud noise or a creak
on floorboard late at night can strike fear suddenly right through our
bodies. The feeling of fear can make your heart race, breath quicken,
scream, sweat pupils dilate, freeze you in place and can even cause
involuntary urination. These are all stress reactions caused by our
limbic system a chain reaction in areas of the brain that work
together to control a built-in 'fight-or-flight response. We have this
built into us to help us react to and survive threats. If not for fear, we
would most likely not have survived as a species. Lots of people
actually seek out fear enjoying being and feeling scared. Watching
horror films, playing scary games or even going on a roller-coaster.
When our 'fight or flight response is triggered, we release chemicals
which are similar to that of when we are excited or happy. When we
trigger this in what we perceive as a safe environment, it is thought
that we can then enjoy being scared and the chemicals running around
our body that are akin to high arousal states.
Scientists use a technique known as psychomotor vigilance tasks or

PVTS to understand the impact of sleep deprivation on human in
studies. Simply put, it's a reaction test a red button randomly turns
green and people have to push it as fast as possible. Not so
surprisingly, those who get 8 hours of sleep over a 2-week period
show very few lapses in attention and no cognitive declines. But those
groups that receive either 6 or 4 hours of sleep see declining PVT
results on almost a daily basis for the entire 2-week period. Of
course, the 4-hour group performs the worst. But these results don't
just show a loss of concentration, they show full lapses and
awareness called "microsleeps". In other words, their brains aren't just
slower but shutting off for moments at a time. When looking at the
results deeper, scientists concluded that getting 6 hours of sleep for
10 days in a row was the same as not sleeping for 24 hours straight.
That's the same cognitive decline as being legally drunk. And if you get
4 hours of sleep for 11 days, it's like you haven't slept for 48 hours
straight.
Ultimately, the most important thing for learning is not the way the
information is presented but what is happening inside the learner's
head. People learn best when they're actively thinking about the
material, solving problems or imagining what happens if different
variables change. I talked about how and why we learn best in my
video, "The Science of Thinking, so check that out. Now, the truth is,
there are many evidence-based teaching methods that improve
learning. Learning styles is just not one of them. And it is likely, given
the prevalence of the learning styles misconception that it actually
makes learning worse. I mean, learning styles give teachers
unnecessary things to worry about, and they make some students
reluctant to engage with certain types of instruction. And all the time
and money spent on learning styles and related training could be
better spent on interventions that actually improve learning. You are
not a visual learner nor an auditory learner nor a kinesthetic learner,
or more accurately, you are all these kinds of learner in one. The best
learning experiences are those that involve multiple different ways of
understanding the same thing. And best of all, this strategy works
not just for one subset of people but for everyone.
Too often in marriage, we make sacrifices, and we demand them,

without reckoning their cost. But there is wisdom in looking at the
price tags attached to our marital decisions in just the way that
divorce law teaches us to do. What I want is for people to think about
their marital bargains through the lens of divorce. And to ask, "How is
marriage a sacrifice, but an exchange of sacrifice? How do we think
about our exchange?" Second: "How do we think about childcare and
deal with the fact that there is no such thing as free childcare?" "How
do we deal with the fact that some things can be separate and if we
don 't think about it, then it will all be part of the joint enterprise." So
basically, what I want to leave you with is that in marriage or divorce,
people should think about the way that "till death do us part" marriage
is forever.
Organizations are far more likely to keep information on that attack to

themselves. Why? Because they're worried about competitive
advantage, litigation or regulation. We need to effectively democratize
threat intelligence data. We need to get all of these organizations to
open up and share what is in their private arsenal of information. The
bad guys are moving fast; we've got to move faster. And the best way
to do that is to open up and share data on what's happening. Let's
think about this in the construct of security professionals. Remember,
they're programmed right into their DNA to keep secrets. We've got
to turn that thinking on its head. We've got to get governments,
private institutions and security companies willing to share
information at speed. And here' s why: because if you share the
information, it's equivalent to inoculation. And if you're not sharing,
you're actually part of the problem, because you're increasing the odds
that other people could be impacted by the same attack techniques I
suppose more and more, people are starting to see graffiti as a form
of art. Now there are still many who would beg to differ - and they'd
point to the destructive scribblings that we see on our bus shelters
and our public buildings. These often take the form of tags, which are
fancy, scribble-like versions of someone's name or nickname. Tags
generally have no aesthetic appeal and they are the scourge of the
high street shopkeeper in many a town. I can certainly see where the
shopkeepers and property owners are coming from.
But the fact is, graffiti has been around for a very long time indeed.
People left their mark on cave walls back in prehistoric times and it's
been found too on ancient monuments in Egypt and Rome. But New
York style graffiti - which is really the forerunner of a lot of the graffiti
that's getting done now - New York graffiti took off in the late 1960s.
That's when the advent of the spray can allowed the humble tag to
evolve into more complex styles. In the mid to late 70s, subway trains
became the new forum for graffiti artists to display their skills. For
many young people, it became a medium to express their
disillusionment with a system from which they felt excluded. Now of
course, the art establishment embraces graffiti artists and some of
these artists have actually taken on cult status.
Amory Lovins is an American consultant, experimental physicist, and

he has been active at the nexus of energy, resources, economy,
environment, development, and security in more than 50 countries for
over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how to use
energy in a more efficient and sustainable way. He built a house with
plenty of energy-saving concepts. He's an unusual character with a
wide range of knowledge and a genius, but he is not a scientist. He
has a consulting company and lives in a house that's built on a
mountain. For 30 years, he used a lot of ways to save energy and
solved problems with technologies that already existed and
demonstrated them. Some people think he is so crazy. A female writer
wrote a book about him which is called Mr. Green.
During this time, my goals are going to be to talk about the

phenomenon that we may share, impart with other animals, and our
language and that is emotion. And also talk about some new
technology, brain imaging, functional magnetic imaging. And we try to
answer some very old questions about 'how does motivation and

emotion work'. I'm going to put you with the scenario first and some of
you may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century
years ago. And in this scenario, the dog presented with the sound,
the dog waits, and then feeds food powder and this happened
repeatedly, things start to happen in the middle of the experiment
there. Interesting things start to happen here. Pavlov's study was on
the salivation of the dog, the salivation increases more time to
paralyzes. But other things happened here, too. You have a dog move
around here more, all kinds of things are going on here. What we're
trying to capture was the experiment 11 m going on to describe today
is what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called
it competitive state. But you can also think about state in terms of
how the dogs' feeling layer, how you are feeling about eating lunch
today.
Today we're going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of

strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to have
summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident
victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold
up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories
true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we're going
to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an
adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In
proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would
be called hysterical strength. The stories are almost always in the
form of one person lifting a car off of another. In each of these cases,
some aspect of leverage or buoyancy probably played some role in
reducing the magnitude of the feat to something more believable. And
even lifting many cars by several inches still leaves most of its weight
supported by the suspension springs. But our purpose today is not to
"debunk" any of the specific stories. The majority of them are
anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person
who summoned the super strength later tried it again only to find that
they couldn't do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body
of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or
fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman
strength.
So that creates tensions, and that's what I want to talk about.
an informed debate about how much privacy is enough but not too
much, how much security is enough but not too much. Privacy, as a
human right, that's simply quoting the Universal Declaration. In the
physical world, we've got all kinds of protections. There is evidence
that we care about our privacy. We've got locks, we've got obscured
glass, we've got lots, we wear clothes, we put up shutters. And
technology continues to erode the privacy that exists in the real
world, in the three spatial dimensions. Security cameras, automatic
number plate recognition takeaway anonymity. Long lenses, paparazzi,
takeaway distance and the privacy that used to create. And body
scanners are increasingly being used to see through, for example. This
n, and the new quantum technologies
are actually being able to do gravitational sensing. And that's
advancing at a remarkable rate. And you can't shield gravity. So some
of the new quantum technologies are able already to see through
walls. And there are technologies also for seeing round corners now
using scattered light from lasers. Technology continues to erode
privacy.
phenomena like the first bloom of flowers are getting earlier and
earlier. But rising temperatures aren't the only factor. Urban light
pollution is also quickening the coming of spring. "So temperature and
light are really contributing to a double whammy of making everything
earlier." Richard French-Constant, an entomologist at the University
of Exeter. He and his colleagues compiled 13 years of data from
citizen scientists in the U.K., who tracked the first budburst of four
common trees. Turns out, light pollution from streetlights in cities,
and along roads pushed budburst a full week earlier. Way beyond
what rising temperatures could achieve. This disruptive timing can
ripple through the ecosystem. "The caterpillars that feed on trees are
trying to match the hatching of their eggs to the timing of budburst.
Because the caterpillars want to feed on the juiciest and least
chemically protected leaves. And it's not just the caterpillars, of
course, that are important. But the knock-on effect is on nesting
birds, which are also trying to hatch their chicks at the same time
that there's the maximum number of caterpillars." So earlier buds
could ultimately affect the survival of birds, and beyond. The findings
are in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The world's becoming
increasingly urbanized, and light pollution is growing which French-
Constant says could trick trees into budding earlier and earlier. But
smarter lighting like LEDs that dial down certain wavelengths could
help. "Perhaps the exciting thing is, if we understand more about how
light affects this budburst, we might be able to devise smarter sort of
street lighting that has less red components, and therefore less early
budburst." Thus keeping springtime an actual springtime phenomenon.
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try
and remember learning how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you
received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want
you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall
both of these memories is that they belong to two different
designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system
that is exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have
attempted to divide memory up to make it easier to study. There are
two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be
intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a
bike and falling over the handlebars, and skinning your knee. The other
is implicit memory, which is an exponential functional form of memory
that cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to
ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual
memory but a more like muscle memory. The examples of implicit
memory include using language naturally, driving and reading, and
answering multiple questions in the test, etc., will be natural. Let's
look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail, and see how
age influences these. It is an experimental or functional form of
memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal
memories related to time, space, and people. It is totally different
from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit
memory, it includes remembering people's birthdays and answering
multiple questions on the test.
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when

Mexico, unable to feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within
a few years, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations founded the
International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and by 1962, a new
strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was
the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world
hunger. In 1962, the technology did not yet exist to directly
manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was created by carefully
crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each generation,
further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power
of modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box,
produced five times the yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal
conditions with nitrogen, it produced ten times the yield of traditional
varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to
allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by
1990, using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72
was outperforming even IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide
crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.
So, when we talk about the polar regions, just to clarify exactly what
we mean. And we have first of all the Arctic at the top of the earth
and the Antarctic at the bottom, and so the Arctic was named after
after the little and great bear constellations that can be seen in the
sky. Now the Greek also hypothesized that there would be the Anti-
arctic, which is how we get the name Antarctica and of course it
opposite in many ways other than just their names and their location
on the globe, and so if we look at the Arctic first of all, and the Arctic
is actually ocean surrounded by land, and so you can see here this is
the UK down here and this kind of Russia and then American Canada
around here, and so there is a bit of land cover in our ice on the top in
the Arctic, which is Greenland here and Macie all this area here.
ust one big ocean.
I have said before that you can't have a civilization that doesn't have
art. When we think about the great civilizations historically, all of
them had great production of culture and art because a society has
to be able to observe itself. And the sophistication of the great
civilizations were their ability to look at themselves and what allows a
society to do that. Are the producers of Art and Culture mirror back
to the core of the society? Exactly what is being produced at that
moment? How people are thinking of themselves and how individuals
are relating to the social structure at that time? Art is the vehicle
through which we understand that. Were you to take away art? What
would be that mirror? How would we see what we are about? How
would we understand what was going on in Paris at the time of the
impressionists when people were learning to see in a completely
different way? Pre cinematograph appear all of these things are just
emerging and here are people looking at the world in a very different
way which was considered so radical at the time.
-of-the-envelope
calculation, that removing all immigration controls would double the
size of the world economy, and even a small relaxation of immigration
controls would lead to disproportionately big gains. Now, for an ethical
to help people that are much poorer than ourselves. The famous Rand
Study reckons that a typical immigrant who arrives in the US ends up
migrants working for poor countries working in rich countries send

home around 200 billion dollars a year, through formal channels, and
about twice as that through informal channels. And that compares to
the neat hundred million dollars that Western governments give in aid.
These remittances are not wasted on weapons or siphoned off into
Swiss bank accounts; they go straight into the pockets of local
people. They pay for food, clean water, and medicines, they help kids in
school, they help start up new businesses. Sample answer: Removing
immigration control would double the world economy. This policy will do
so much to help poor people. Immigrants end up with 20,000 a year
from gain, and countries they come from. They send home around 200
billion dollars a year through formal channels, which are twice as that

through informal channels. These remittances can help local people for
living straightly.
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the
this fabulous exhibition inventions from all around the four corners of
the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed, and vexed by
their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of the day, and
their horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their
way to this exhibition. And, so, a great public outcry, the London
Authority sets up Public Carriage Office, which is an organization that
still exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street up the
road. And this Public Carriage office took on the responsibility of
licensing all major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851
onwards had to pass what is now known as the London knowledge,
was phenomenal knowledge of London. What is the London knowledge?
interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out of London.
Cabbies need to know all this plus a thousand points of specific
interest cafes, bars, public offices. They need to know them all as part
of their training.
But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals
actually prefer to follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had
trios of sticklebacks with known personalities play follow the leader.
The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic plants at one end
and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish
and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in
other groups, it was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers
recorded whether the followers allied forth more frequently with the
fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that was different. What
they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from undercover
when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish
did not seem to care which leader they followed. Of course, no matter
which fish a stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more
expeditions over the course of the experiment than their more retiring
friends. That's because the bold fish initiated more trips, regardless of
whom might be tailing them. The researchers write that "when offered
a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose
personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may,
nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy
followers, simply through greater effort."
So what do we mean by well-being? Health, happiness, a sense of

achievement and contentment, a state of mind and body where people
can thrive. Well-being is not something that is purely limited to people
who are facing extraordinary challenges in their lifestyle, health or
personal circumstances, everybody here has a level of well-being.
Music so often forms an intuitive part of our well-being management,
music to pick us up, music to calm us down, music to heal our
sorrows. Our aim through research is to move from this level of
intuitive application of music through to informed use in our
communities to take the next step in the understanding of the power
of music in human life. Music already works for us on so many levels
whether it's soothing and teaching our infants, bringing people and
communities together, adding spirit to our work and personal
endeavors, but there is no reason to stop here.
Welcome to today's lesson. We're continuing with our study of

taxonomy. Taxonomy is how scientists classify organisms into
different groups based on the characteristics that they share. So, for
instance, a good way to think about taxonomy is the US Postal
Service. If we want to send a letter to someone, we first start off by
addressing it to the nation they are in. By default, we usually assume
that's America but it doesn't have to be; it could be in England or
Costa Rica or Spain. You put their nation or their kingdom. Then within
that kingdom, you address it to a slightly more specific level, their
states. So, for instance, South Carolina would be the same as a
phylum. And within that state, you would address it to their city and
then to their street number, the street they live on. Then you would
address it to say their apartment complex and within that complex,
you'd address it by their last name to their family and then finally their
first name to the specific person you want to get it to and in that
way, we're able to weed out all the 400 million people we don't want to
send our letter to in America and pinpoint the exact person we want
the letter to reach. And in the same way, scientists use a taxonomy
chart to pinpoint a living creature and organism and how it relates to
everything else in the world.
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged
between China and India, has adopted the Gross National Happiness
as the central index of the government policy and actually has a good
deal of success in education and in health and in economic growth and
in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way of
measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They
are the only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get
other countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy
analyses of happiness research what effects would it have if we used
it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries like
Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing
regular statistics on happiness. So, it is beginning to become a
subject of greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different
advanced countries.

Well, it's about whether you can achieve a win-win solution, whether
you can achieve economic growth which brings wealth in order to cut
poverty without damaging the biodiversity. And the argument is that if
you want to protect biodiversity, you have to focus on that as a goal;
but if you do that, you run the risk of hurting the poor and you also
run the risk of inconveniencing and reducing the economic growth. We
use the developed and industrialized countries to see this argument,
this axis argued about with, let us say, a government wishing to start
drilling for oil in place X which is full of wildlife, and wildlife conservation
society is urging them not to on the grounds that it's a wilderness
refuge. We use to that debate. What I'm saying is that in the
developing world there's a third axis and it's a complex one.
For better or worse, we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund

Freud. If I had to ask you to name a famous psychologist, the answer
of most of you would be Freud. He was the most famous psychologist
ever and he had a profound influence on the 20th and 21st century.
Some biographical information: he was born in the 1850s. He spent
most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but he died in London. He escaped
to London soon after retreating there at the beginning of World War
Two as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived. He was one of the
most famous scholars ever, but he was not known for any single
discovery. Instead, he was known for the development of an
encompassing theory of mind, one that he developed over the span of
many decades. He was in his time extremely well known, a celebrity
recognized on the street, and throughout his life. He was a man of
extraordinary energy and productivity, in part because he was a very
serious cocaine addict, but also just in general. He was just a high-
energy sort of person.
Indeed, the library. We've all been to a historic library. We've all
enjoyed the smell of a historic library. But what is it? And what does it
mean? When we've recently, when at UCL Center for Sustainable
Heritage, we've recently been asked to assess the environment at
another historic library at Saint Paul's Cathedral, the Wren library, an
incredible place. And it has such an intensive smell of old books, and
we were also asked for the first time, really I was actually taken aback
by the brief, we were asked what to do, please preserve the smell. It
is so important to our audience. It is so important how people
perceive the library. So, that is, that was quite an important message
in our research. And indeed the smell is an important way of how we
communicate with the environment. This piece of research was done
by an advertising company because advertisers are so interested in
how we, how we interact with each other and the environment. And
we see that the majority of people use sight, obviously, to interact
with the environment, but on the second place, we see the smell is
also very, very important.
Kangaroo
Many people know that the kangaroo is a marsupial from the family
Macropodidae. There are about 69 species of kangaroos in the world.
They live in Australia, New Guinea and the nearby islands. Also,
everyone knows that kangaroo females have a special pouch where
they carry their cubs. But not everyone knows that a kangaroo has a
very short of pregnancy term. A baby is born about a month after
conception. However, this is not a grown animal ready for life in the
outside world. The size of a new-born kangaroo is only a couple of
centimeters. And it weighs about a gram. In this embryonic state, the
cub makes its way into the pouch, and a tiny kangaroo does not yet
have hind legs, so he has to use the front ones. Moreover, the mother
does not help him. She only licks the path to the pouch, for the cub
suck it, because he is not yet able to. He is too small. Milk is secreted
into his mouth with the help of a special muscle. Another particular
thing about the kangaroo is that it has four nipples in his pouch. And
each of them secretes a different kind of milk. So, kangaroos have four
times of milk depending on the age of the cub. Sometimes a female
has two cubs of different ages at once, and both are still in the pouch.
In this case, two kinds of milks are secreted. In about 190 days, the
cub becomes large and strong enough to climb out of the pouch. At
first, he only sticks his head out. And this can continue for several
weeks, until the cub feels safe enough to get out. He then starts
spending more and more time in the outside world. And eventually- In
about 235 days, he lives in the pouch for the last time.
Stock Market
So how do companies and investors use the market today? Let's
imagine a new coffee company that decides to launch on the market.
First, the company will advertise itself to big investors. If they think
the company is a good idea, they get the first crack at investing, and
then sponsor the company's initial public offering, or IPO. This launches
the company onto the official public market, where any company or
individual who believes the business could be profitable might buy a
stock. Buying stocks makes those investors partial owners in the
business. Their investment helps the company to grow and as it
becomes more successful, more buyers may see potential and start
buying stocks. As demand for those stocks increases, so does their
price, increasing the cost for prospective buyers, and raising the value
of the company's stocks people already own. For the company, this
increased interest helps fund new initiatives, and also boosts its
overall market value by showing how many people are willing to invest
in their idea. However, if for some reason the company starts to seem
less profitable, the reverse can also happen. If investors think their
stock value is going to decline, they'll sell their stocks with the hopes
of making a profit before the company loses more value. As stocks are
sold and demand for the stock goes down, the stock price falls, and
with it, the company's market value. This can leave investors with big
losses-unless the company starts to look profitable again.
Emergence
How do schools of fish swim in harmony? And how do the tiny cells in
your brain give rise to the complex thoughts, memories, and
consciousness that are you? Oddly enough, those questions have the
same general answer: emergence, or the spontaneous creation of
sophisticated behaviors and functions from large groups of simple
elements. Like many animals, fish stick together in groups, but that's
not just because they enjoy each other's company. It's a matter of
survival. Schools of fish exhibit complex swarming behaviors that help
them evade hungry predators, while a lone fish is quickly singled out as
easy prey. So which brilliant fish leader is the one in charge? Actually,
no one is, and everyone is. So what does that mean? While the school
of fish is elegantly twisting, turning, and dodging sharks in what looks
like deliberate coordination, each individual fish is actually just following
two basic rules that have nothing to do with the shark: one, stay
close, but not too close to your neighbor, and two, keep swimming. As
individuals, the fish are focused on the minutiae of these local
interactions, but if enough fish join the group, something remarkable
happens. The movement of individual fish is eclipsed by an entirely new
entity: the school, which has its own unique set of behaviors. The
school isn't controlled by any single fish. It simply emerges if you have
enough fish following the right set of local rules. It's like an accident
that happens over and over again, allowing fish all across the ocean to
reliably avoid predation.
bipolar disorders
What is bipolar disorder? The word bipolar means two extremes. For
the many millions experiencing bipolar disorder around the world, life is
split between two different realities - elation and depression. Although
there are many variations of bipolar disorder, let's consider a couple.
Type 1 has extreme highs alongside the lows, while Type 2 involves
briefer, less extreme periods of elation interspersed with long periods
of depression. For someone seesawing between emotional states, it
can feel impossible to find the balance necessary to lead a healthy life.
Type 1's extreme highs are known as manic episodes, and they can
make a person range from feeling irritable to invincible. But these
euphoric episodes exceed ordinary feelings of joy, causing troubling
symptoms like racing thoughts, sleeplessness, rapid speech, impulsive
actions, and risky behaviors. Without treatment, these episodes
become more frequent, intense, and take longer to subside.
Problem with Over-achievement
In other words, over-achievers are trying to solve a range of
psychological problems through material or worldly means. And this is
why their efforts must, in a deep sense, always be doomed to failure -
even when it appears to most of the world as if over-achievers are
succeeding beyond measure. Because Success is the moment when
over-achievers are likely to notice the doomed nature of their
ambitions, it is a particularly troubling and dangerous eventuality.
Depression may set in just after the company is sold; the star will fall
into a crisis just after they finally gain worldwide recognition. At
exactly the point when their work is acclaimed or finds its audience,
over-achievers are at risk of severe breakdown. So long as they are
merely running, they can forget Co notice that their goal is misaligned
with their true inner ambition. They must wait for success to reveal
the fateful nature of their life's quest.
Diplomas
1.2 trillion dollars of debts for diplomas make it abundantly obvious
that higher education is a consumer product you can buy. All of us talk
about education just as the economists do now, as an investment
that you make to improve the human stock by training them for work.
As an investment you make to sort and classify people so that
employers can hire them more easily. The U.S. News & World Report
ranks colleges just as the consumer report rates washing machines.
The language is peppered with barbarisms. Teachers are called
"service providers, students are called "consumers." Sociology and
Shakespeare and soccer and science, all of these are "content."
Student debt is profitable. Only not on you. Your debt fattens the
profit of the student loan industry. The 800-pound gorillas of which-
Sallie Mae and Navient-posted last year a combined profit of 1.2 billion
dollars. And just like home mortgages, student loans can be bundled
and packaged and sliced and diced, and sold on Wall Street. And
colleges and universities that invest in these securitized loans profit
twice. Once from your tuition, and then again from the interest on
debt. With all that money to be made, are we surprised that some in
the higher education business have begun to engage in false
advertising, in bait and switch in exploiting the very ignorance that
they pretend to educate.
The Skoog is a new university-accessible musical instrument. It is

designed to be used by children or adults with special needs, or in
fact, be used by anyone. It's soft, it's easy to play, it's robust, and it
can be customized to suit anyone's abilities. The Skoog helps students
with special needs by allowing them to get involved in making music
themselves. It's an instrument that they can play and they can take
ownership of and start creating their own sounds and music.
Traditional instruments are the shape and size and made of the
materials they are because of the sound that they need to make. If
you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and
it needs to be under tension, whereas with a Skoog, because it's a

mixture of software and a sensor, then thus the computer can handle
making the sound. And so we can design an object that's designed to
be touched and designed to be played with.
In developing the Skoog and working with kids in the schools and in the
classrooms, it's really helped us make the Skoog something that's
usable by the children themselves. They've informed us massively on
how it needs to work and they've given their opinions on colors and
designs. And just the feedback they've given us has been just
marvelous. It's just so enriching and it's really inspiring to actually
work with these kids, particularly when you can provide them with an
ability to start playing their own music as opposed to just taking part
through listening and listening to other musicians and really learning
from.
When this dog approaches some food, another dog's playful snarls are
played back. The dog seems curious, but the sound doesn't stop it
from taking the bone. Here, a dog hears the growls of a dog being
approached by a stranger, but these don't deter it from grabbing the
bone either. In another scenario, the sound of a dog protecting its
food is played back. This time, the dog backs off. These experiments
suggest that dogs can distinguish between different types of growls.
I want to explore certain issues with you. There is no conclusion to my

top, there is no closure. I think over time throughout history, cities
have changed in whether they were strategic spaces or routinized
spaces. This, our global modernity is the time when cities are
strategic. That doesn't mean all cities but that means that certain
city throughout the world becomes spaces where our most acute
problems, our major government challenges hit the ground, become
concrete, become urgent. The city, urban space has a capacity to pull
down a lot of stuff that otherwise stayed up there. Take the
environmental question national states can talk and talk and talk for
years. Kyoto took years but, in the meantime, cities had to deal with
the environmental list.
Tissue engineering, what is it? It's an emerging field, interdisciplinary

field that combines engineering and life sciences to create functional
biological structures that can restore and improve tissue function.
Examples include bladders, trachea, blood vessels, and if you look at it,
printing as a technology has also gone through the revolution and well,
it's been around for hundreds of years. In the last couple of decades,
it's been a new dimension. We can now print layer by layer in materials
ranging from plastic to metal, to concrete, to chocolate, from the
smallest scales to the largest. If you take 3D printing and we combine
it with biology, we have bio-printing where the building blocks are cell
aggregates where we called bio-ink particles that are composed of
thousands of cells that can fuse together into different shapes. These
geometries can include multi-layered sheets, such as skin, branching
tubes for vasculature, and the sophistication of this manufacturing
technology improves daily to include different cell types and different
shapes. And now why is it important, the pharmaceutical industry at
the moment is in a moment of crisis. It spends more money each year
on R&D, but has fewer drugs to show for it. It takes more than a
decade, more than a billion dollars to develop a new drug and the cost
of a failure can be measured in hundreds of millions of dollars.
I've been asked to speak today about the purpose of museums, and I
think that's something we often take for granted, that we have
museums and we need museums. But with so much information
available now online, people have access to whatever it is they want to
know, so I think we need to consider carefully just what it is that we
expect of our museums today. What makes them relevant in the
information age?
Clearly, we've got to move beyond the early twentieth-century concept
of a warehouse full of old, remarkable, untouchable objects. This
warehouse idea does very little to inspire people. What museum
professionals need to do - what they should be doing - is make their
collections and programs work towards the purpose of education. So
whether that means having more hands-on exhibits, becoming involved
with other community organizations, they should be doing whatever it
takes to think about their visitors, to engage people, to educate
them. And in that way, they can be instruments of social change.
If they have knowledge and understanding of the people who visit, and
the people they want to come and visit, they can take this as a
starting point for providing exhibitions and services that are relevant
to people's lives.
Today, a hundred and fifty thousand farmers in India have committed
suicide in areas where seed has been destroyed. They have to buy
these seeds from Monsanto at very high costs, and this high-cost
seed is pushing them into debt, leading them to suicide. What we've
done is create community seed banks, places where we collect and
save seeds, rescue them from disappearance, multiply them, and then
distribute them according to farmers' needs. About 40 community
seed banks have been created across the length and breadth of India.
In places where these have been created, farmers are not in distress
because the biggest cost today is seeds and chemicals. These seed
banks are now being a new place where we can respond to the new
crisis of globalization on the one hand and climate change on the
other. Globalization has led to farmers' suicides. We are able to take
seeds to the suicide zones and distribute these seeds so that
farmers can bring out of that dependency, grow food crops, get out of
debt. We've been able to create community seed banks to deal with
climate change, for the extreme flooding, the new and routes, the
cyclones, the hurricanes that lead to salinization. And today for us,
the work on seed has become the place from where we are responding
to the worst tragedies and the worst crisis of our times.
So, the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and
grooming, nipple switching, arching back, and nursing. So, there are
rats that do a lot of licking and grooming, and their last rats that
groom very little. But most rats are in between. So, that resembles a
human behavior as well, right? You have mothers that are highly
mothering and mothers that couldn't care less, and most mothers are
somewhere in between. So, if you look at these rats, so all you do, you
observe them and put them in separate cages. So, you put the high
lickers in one cage, not the mothers but the offspring, and the low
lickers in another cage. And then you let them grow, and they're
adults now, their mothers are long buried, and you look in the brain,
and you see that those who had high licking mothers express a lot of
glucocorticoid receptor gene, and those lawmakers express, you know,
that reflects a number of factors and that results in a different
stress response. But this is not the only difference. We found later on
there are hundreds of genes that are differently expressed. So, if you
get in a mutation, you know, polymorphism once in a million. Here, just
the motherly launching just hundreds of genes in one shot, and it
changes them in a very stable way that you can look at the old rat,
and you can say whether it was licked or not. But you can also save by
behavior. So, if you walk to the cages to the room, the rats that were
poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to handle, aggressive, and, and the
rats that were very well handled as as of as little pups, they are much
more relaxed, much easier to handle. So, you know, like every
technician in the lab knows, looking at the adult rat, how it was licked
when it was a little, tough any question, of course, mechanism, how
does this work
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children

develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal
clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after
learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive
accuracy - one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs.
Soon, they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives,
spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to
fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move
on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child
were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years
later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class
without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of
cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily
learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were
observed as they slowly grasped - or, as the case might be, bumped
into - concepts that adults take for granted. Quantity is unchanged as
water pours from a short glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have
since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in
a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils but must be
coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the
rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually and with effort.
They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers -
the idea of oneness, twoness, threeness that applies to any class of
objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically
demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much

experience - an near certainty in this weak labor market - you should
consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers' MO:
Don't reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look.
New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform
better than other employees, and they don't quit any sooner.
Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic - empowerment - can
mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against "too-good" employees is pervasive. Companies

tend to prefer an applicant who is a "perfect fit" over someone who
brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the
surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that
employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels
of discontent. For example, overqualification correlated well with job
dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center representatives by
Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike
discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified
workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified

candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies,
where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are
needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get
beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of "too-good"
applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer
of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified
workers' feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them
autonomy in decision-making. At stores where employees didn't feel
empowered, "overeducated" workers expressed greater dissatisfaction
than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to
quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was
high.
Computer scientist Shwetak Patel and his team are developing new
sensing systems. The initial focus was really around energy and water
monitoring. They built a new generation of smart sensors that monitor
electronic interference on a home's power line or water pressure
changes in the plumbing. Most of this technology has already found
industrial applications, and Patel and his team turned their attention
to adapting the technology for personal health monitoring.
"So how do we take this noise and make it into a signal? It was hard to
us, hard to us in the core of what we did for many years, and we're
taking that work and applying it to other domains." They're looking to
take advantage of all the functionality built into our smartphones.
With the users' permission, this app can use the microphone built into
most smartphones to listen to background noises, such as coughing,
searching for patterns that suggest a trip to the doctor might be in
order. "We've constructed these models that try and understand how
sound works, how its patterns are, and we give it a whole bunch of
examples of different kinds of audio, things like people talking, things
like people laughing, sneezing, and of course, coughing." This app uses
a phone's camera to check hemoglobin levels in blood by analyzing the
color of capillary fluid through the skin. "Generally, what happens is if
you're anemic, your blood may be a little less red, and we take
advantage of that by putting your finger over a camera of a phone. The
camera of the phone can actually see the coloration of the blood." And
this test uses the camera to tell parents worried about jaundice in
newborn infants. "Now, jaundice is something that doctors who have
seen tons of babies, he just can figure out on a very basic level of it. Is
this baby, do they need to get treatment or are they in a good
condition, while the first-time parent has no idea necessarily what
jaundice might look like." The researchers say the built-in sensors
found in smartphones are already commonplace, but their applications
and their implications for our health and well-being may be more far-
reaching than we ever imagined.
The brain is basically built from the bottom up. First, the brain builds
basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills, and then more
complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as we develop
more complex skills. Biologically, the brain is prepared to be shaped by
experience. It's expecting the experiences that a young child has to
literally influence the formation of its circuitry; it's built into our
biology.
The interaction between genetics and experience that shapes brain

architecture is embedded in a reciprocal relationship, the relationships
that children have with the adults in their lives. And by that, we mean
what we refer to as the serve-and-return nature of children's
interaction with their adult caregivers. And the impact of experience
on development is not a one-way street. It's a back-and-forth
interaction.
The brain is a highly integrated organ which has multiple sections that
specialize in different kinds of processes. So, we have parts of the
brain that are involved more in cognitive function, and other parts that
are involved in the processing of emotion, and parts involved in seeing
and hearing. So if a child is emotionally well-regulated and socially
competent, that will affect more positive and productive learning. And
if a child is preoccupied with fears or anxiety or is dealing with
considerable stress, no matter how intellectually gifted that child
might be, his or her learning is going to be impaired by that kind of
emotional interference.
I'm 43 years old, and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student

loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans were piling up as I went through
school. But with one loan coming from here, another from there, I had
no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still
experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family's financial
situation. My monthly student loan payment is more than triple my car
payment. OK, so without my college degree, I would not have been able
to get my current job. For that, I'm grateful, but at what cost? My
loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have
burgeoned to, well, I'm an English major, you do the math. I don't think
they'll ever get paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and
there's no hope in sight. I'm being kept in class, a financial class of
graduates whose only hope for attending college meant borrowing
money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card
debt and monthly payments that far exceed our family's income, my
kids will also join the class of citizens who can rely on their parents for
college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another educational route? You
bet.
Wind turbine is a device that will convert wind into mechanical

movement, which we can use to power a water pump or electricity
generator. Now, the power that the turbine creates is obviously
dependent on the wind speed. It also depends on the number of sails,
the area of the sails, and the angle of the sails in relation to the wind.
So, you can imagine if the turbine blades are flat onto the wind, the
wind's going to just bend it. If there's a slight angle when the wind hits
it, it's going to turn the blades. We can use that for powering things.
Now, we're going to have a go, making some of the very, very simple
paper windmills, a sort of things that you can make from the bits and
pieces lying around home, and use that to drive a very small generator
to power electronic devices.
This simulation shows what you might see if you are orbiting a black
hole. The light and position of background stars around the hole are
distorted by its gravity, and they seem to spin around. On the right,
the constellation Orion appears to approach the event horizon, the
boundary from which nothing can escape. Orion stars look like they
become separated and get spun around. Once the hole has passed by,
Orion reappears on the left and looks normal again. Users can also
experiment with different scenarios. This is what you might see if you
were traveling towards a black hole with rocket engines slowing your
descent. Another simulation mimics freefall into a hole. In the middle,
the light of the entire universe appears to be concentrated in a bright
ring.
The illustration often used is the one with monkeys and typewriters.
The concept behind it is that if you leave chance and time long enough,
you will get life. Don't worry about it, yes, it's strange, yes, it's
wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on Earth and you
will have life. So, the monkeys sitting at the typewriter, the chances
are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare, so
what's the problem? So, there's no problem. There's no issue, right?
You just leave it long enough and you'll find. And one keystroke per
second, the monkey might well eventually get to you the complete
works of Shakespeare, but he doesn't manage to do it in 600 million
years. So, what I decided to do is run the numbers. Instead of saying
typing the complete works of Shakespeare, I just run the numbers for
how long would it take a monkey typing one keystroke a second. To
type "to be or not to be, that is the question." Right? On average, how
long is it gonna take my monkey friend, one keystroke a second? I don't
know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would
it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on
Earth isn't supposed to have emerged within? And when I run the
numbers, "to be or not to be, that is the question" takes 12.6 trillion
trillion trillion years to type just that phrase, and a DNA string has
got as much information as the Encyclopedia Britannica. Are we
saying that something of that complexity emerges by chance,
undirected, within 600 million years? Again, it's mathematically
possible, but it's so incredibly unlikely that it would have that it tilts
me in favor of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a
question of saying let that be and there was.
But in the face of the sense of disempowerment, there is surprisingly

no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth
and opportunities, protect one another's rights, and work towards the
common good. According to the United Nations, civil society groups
have grown 40-fold since the turn of the last century. Internationally,
the nonprofit sector is worth 1 trillion dollars, and there are 700,000
such organizations in Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000
specifically civil society organizations across the globe and gave 3,500
accreditations to the 2002 World Summit on sustainable
development. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and
resources from outside the realm of governments and officialdom
reflects a profound growth in NGOs, "the third sector" as some call it.
Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best
predictor of governmental success was the strength and density of a
region's civic associations.

ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS

Suite 909, Level 9, 343 Little Collins St, Melbourne CBD, Victoria 3000
What do we call a person who gives evidence in court?
Answer: Witness
What do we call the army that fight on horses?

Answer: Cavalry
How do we call the soldiers that fight on foot?

Answer: Infantry
Which word is related to physical disability, handicap or obstacle?

Answer: Handicap
What do we call animals with no backbone?

Answer: Invertebrate
What do we call a very young form of an insect that looks like a worm?
Answer: Larva / larvae
Which word is used to refer to a person who learns skills from others,
master or apprentice?
Answer: Apprentice
Answer: Kernel
What is the behavior and beliefs of a particular group of people in society

that are different from those of most people?
Answer: Subculture
What do we call a player who replaces another player in a sports game?

Answer: Substitute
What do we call a student who works for a period of time at a job to get
experience?
Answer: Intern / apprentice
What do we call the poisonous liquid that snakes produce?

Answer: Venom
What do we call the animals kept in a farm?

Answer: Livestock

Which device allows us to see very tiny things like bacteria?
Answer: Microscope
What is the candle made of?

Answer: Wax
How many months does a trimester have?

Answer: Three
What do we call the subject related to financial considerations?

Answer: Economics
What do we call the study of designing buildings?

Answer: Architecture
What do we call the main subject or course of a student at college or

university?
Answer: Major / major course
Which word is connected with a type of class at a university, session or

seminar?
Answer: Seminar
What is the unit that is used to measure the size of an angle?
Answer: Degree / degrees
What is the unit that is used to measure the size of an angle?
Answer: Degree / degrees
Which word is used to describe an object that is parallel to the ground,

vertical or horizontal?
Answer: Horizontal
What is the antonym of 'innocent'?

Answer: Guilty
How do we describe a person who is not guilty of a crime?

Answer: Innocent
What is the synonym of 'destiny'?

Answer: Fate / fortune
How do we describe something that can be processed and used agai

n?
Answer: Recyclable

What do we call a company that pays the cost of an event in order
to advertise?
Answer: Sponsor
What do we call the dark area that sometimes appears on the sun's
surface?
Answer: Sunspot
What is the force that things fall to the ground when they are drop
ped in the earth?
Answer: Gravity
What do we call an expert who studies birds?

Answer: Ornithologist
What do we call an opening or a door in the deck of a ship or the

bottom of an aircraft, through which goods to be carried are passed
?
Answer: Hatch / hatchway
What do we call the chair a king or a queen sits in?

Answer: Throne
Where do we catch a flight?

Answer: Airport
What do we call the headache or other sick feelings caused by drinki
ng too much alcohol?
Answer: Hangover
What is a polygon of eight angles and eight sides called?

Answer: Octagon
What do you call a short period of break between the parts of a co

ncert or a play?
Answer: Intermission
How often is a quarterly journal published?

Answer: Every three months
If you do something everyday, you do daily what?

Answer: Routine
What do we call a group of 12 people or things?

Answer: A dozen
In a race, what is the color of a medal that the person winning the first
prize gets?

Answer: Gold / golden
How do you make food or drink go down your throat into stomach?
Answer: Swallow
Answer: Thin
What will you use for moving a small boat, especially a canoe?
Answer: Paddle
What is the act of a group of people wishing someone happiness or success

by drinking wine?
Answer: Toast
How do we describe a person who cannot read or write?

Answer: Illiterate / illiteracy
What do you call the brother of your father or mother?

Answer: Uncle
What do we call the behavior of making birds or animals get together?

Answer: Herd
What is a text that you send to your friends to invite them to a party?
Answer: Invitation
What is the organ below your eyes?

Answer: Nose
What do we usually call the container used for holding cut flowers?
Answer: Vase
What is the hard substance that makes up the stems and branches of trees
and shrubs?
Answer: Wood
What do we call the fabric that covers the floor of an apartment?

Answer: Carpet / carpets
What do we call the room that is below the level of the ground?
Answer:Basement / basements
How do we describe a computer that is connected to the Internet?

Answer: Online
What is the opposite of online?

Answer: Offline
What do you call the curve of a road or a river?

Answer: Bend
What do we call a person who is waiting for doing something?

Answer: Standby
What do we usually call a person who is receiving medical treatment in a

hospital?
Answer: Patient / patients
Which piece of equipment is used to control the direction of ships?

Answer: Rudder / rudders
Where do ships load and unload goods or find shelter from storms?
Answer: Port / harbor
Which one is a psychologist good at, surgery or therapy?

Answer: Therapy
What do we call the vacation taken by a couple who have just got married?
Answer: Honeymoon
What do workers wear on their heads for safety when building a house?
Answer: Helmet / casque/safety helmet
What do we call a shape of six sides?

Answer: Hexagon
Who is the person who shares the same room with you?
Answer: Roommate
What do we call a diagram in which an object would appear to viewers if it

were cut from top to bottom?
Answer: Section
Where do we try on a piece of clothing in a cloths shop?

Answer: Fitting room
What happens to water when the temperature falls to zero degree?

Answer Freeze
How do we describe a person who is unable to speak?

Answer: Dumb / mute / tongueless
What is the shape of a rugby?

Answer: Oval / ellipse
Which kind of dance is related to swans?

Answer: Ballet
What do we call the four-wheel vehicle that is pulled by one or more horses
to carry people in the past?
Answer: Carriage
What do we call a long running race of about 42 kilometres or 26 miles?

Answer: Marathon
What do we call the sport of fighting others by holding them and trying to
throw or force them to ground?
Answer: Wrestle
What do we call the writer or painter whose work represents things as they
are in real life?
Answer: Realist / realists
What makes a refrigerator or any other electrical devices work?

Answer: Electricity
How many years are there in a half of century?

Answer: Fifty
What do we call the smaller part of a group?

Answer: Minority
What is the ripening agent or chemical substance to ripen fruits?

Answer: Ethylene
What do we call the two metal bars that trains run on?
Answer: Rail / track
What is a small stick made of wood or cardboard that is used for lighting a
fire?
Answer: Match
fire?
Answer: Match
What do we call the people whose job is to make clothes for individual
customers?
Answer: Dressmaker / tailor

What is the small shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of oyster?
Answer: Pearl / margarite
What do we call the dirty water from homes and factories, which flows
away through sewers
Answer: Sewage / effluent / slop
What do we call the female head of a family?

Answer: Mistress / hostess / matriarch
What do we call a large cage in which birds are kept?

Answer: Aviary
What is the fourth basic mathematical operation, addition, subtraction

, multiplication and?
Answer: Division
What do we call the vegetable that has been preserved in salt water and
has a strong flavor?
Answer: Pickle
What do we call the words that make up a language?

Answer: Vocabulary / vocabularies
Which one is used to describe things connected with the mind, mental or
physical?
Answer: Mental
Which word do we use to describe a thin person, slim or stocky?

Answer: Slim
What do we call the mark on a surface when a person walked by?

Answer: Footprint / footmark
What do we call the climbing plant that produces grapes?

Answer: Vine
What do we call the distance from the top surface of something to the
bottom of it?
Answer: Depth
How do we describe two lines that are the same distance apart along their
whole length and do not touch at any point?
Answer: Parallel
What do we call a line that gradually bends like part of a circle?

Answer: Curve
Which is the biggest one, the elephant, the tiger, or the cheetah?
Answer: Elephant
What do we call the two rows of metal or plastic teeth that you can pull
together to fasten clothes or bags?
Answer: Zip / zipper
What do we call a small object that is produced by a plant from which a new
plant can grow?
Answer: Seed /seeds
What do we call the people whose job is to make clothes for individual
customers?
Answer: Dressmaker / tailor
What do you call your cousin's father?

Answer: Uncle
What are wine glasses and spectacles made of?

Answer: Glass
What do we call a group of people watching movies in the cinema?

Answer: Audience
What do we call the ability to remember the past?

Answer: Memory
What do we call the state of sharing the same opinion?

Answer: Agreement
What do you call the medicine that is used against headache?

Answer: Pain killer / painkiller
What do we call the period between childhood and adulthood?

Answer: Adolescence / puberty
What do we call a person who is single?

Answer: Singleton
What do we call a flying machine?

Answer: Aircraft
Whose job is to make or repair shoes?

Answer: Cobbler / shoemaker

What do we call the person who collects secret information about another
country or organization for a government?
Answer: Spy
What do we call the different forms of money that a country uses?

Answer: Currency
What do we call a person who writes biographies of others?

Answer: Biographer
What do we call someone who travels and works in a spacecraft?

Answer: Astronaut / spaceman
What is the short form of a word or expression?

Answer: Abbreviation
What do we call the people who speak the language of the place where they
were born as a
child?
Answer: Native speakers
What is the small shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of oyster?
Answer: Pearl / margarite
What do we call the dirty water from homes and factories, which flows away
through sewers
Answer: Sewage / effluent / slop
What do we call the female head of a family?

Answer: Mistress / hostess
What is the top surface inside the room?

Answer: Ceiling
What do we call programs that run on a computer?

Answer: Software
What do we call the two metal bars that trains run on?
Answer: Rail / track
What do you call the country where you were born?

Answer: Motherland / homeland
What do we call the activity of taking out weeds from the ground?
Answer: Weeding

Answer: Immigrate
What do we call the colored liquid for writing, drawing and printing?
Answer: Ink
What do we call the collection and study of stamps?

Answer: Philately
What do we call a coastal building which warns sailors against dange

rous coasts?
Answer: Lighthouse
How many times does an isolated incident occur?

Answer: One / Once
What instrument is used to measure angles in geometry?

Answer: Protractor
Whose job is to make or repair shoes?

Answer: Cobbler / shoemaker
What do we call a large cage in which birds are kept?

Answer: Aviary
What do we call the ability to remember the past?

Answer: Memory
How many continents are there in the world?

Answer: Seven
What do we call an expert in a field?

Answer: Specialist
What do we call a pleasant song used for causing children to sleep?

Answer: Lullaby
Which tool with narrow pointed teeth do we use to make our hair neat?
Answer: Comb
Which word do we use to

Answer: Triple / treble / threefold
What do we call the bags that contain possessions and people take with
when traveling?
Answer: Luggage / baggage / suitcase
What are the animals that prey on other animals for living?
Answer: Predator

What do we call a young cow?
Answer: Calf / calves
What do we call the potential benefits of alternatives when a decision is

made?
Answer: Opportunity cost
What shows how many people can be in a place like an apartment?

Answer: Capacity
What is the upper part that protects a building?

Answer: Roof
What does the prefix retro- mean in words like retrospect?

Answer: Back / backwards
How do we describe animals and plants that live or grow in water?

Answer: Aquatic
What can Christmas, Easter and Thanksgiving be called by a joint name?

Answer: Festival
What do we call an arch of different colors that you can sometimes see in
the sky after raining?
Answer: Rainbow
What do we call the fungus which looks like an umbrella?

Answer: Mushroom
What is the seasoning liquid that is sour?

Answer: Vinegar
What are the thick forest in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of
rain?
Answer: Rainforest
What do we call a person that has won the first prize in a competition?
Answer: Champion / winner / gold medalist
What is the layer of tissue that covers our body?

Answer: Skin
What is the opposite of 'simplify'?

Answer: Complicate
What do we call the lizard that can change its color according to the
surroundings?

Answer: Chameleon / anole
What do we call the sport of riding on waves while standing on a narrow

board?
Answer: Surfing
What is the fruit with hairy shells and milky juice inside?
Answer: Coconut
What is the hand-

held electric device that blows hot air to your hair?
Answer: Hairdryer
What is the fourth basic mathematical operation, addition, subtraction

,multiplication and?
Answer: Division
What is the shape of a rugby?

Answer: Oval / ellipse

by drinking wine?
Answer: Toast
What do we call the equipment with apparatus for controlling the humidity
and temperature in a room?
Answer: Air-conditioner
What do we call a long running race of about 42 kilometers or 26 miles?

Answer: Marathon
What do we call a plan made by bad people to do a bad action?

Answer: Conspiracy / plot / scheme
In what you record your personal experience

Answer: Diary / journal
What do you eat when you are sick?

Answer: Medicine / pill / medication / tablet
What do we call a person looking for a job?

Answer: Job hunter / job seeker
What is the upper part of a leg?

Answer: Thigh
What do we call a person from whom you rent a room or a house?

Answer:Landlord / landlady
What do we call a private teacher who gives you lessons outside sch
ool hours?
Answer: Tutor
What will happen to a balloon if you inflate it beyond its capacity?

Answer: Blast
What is the process you do when you are not satisfied with a verdic
t of your lawsuit?
Answer: Appeal
What do we call the home of some kinds of wild animals like foxes?
Answer: Den / dens / cave
Which word can be used to describe an inexperienced person, fledglin

g or veteran?
/Answer: Fledgling
What is a person whose job deals with the people who call or enter
an office, hotel, etc.?
Answer: Receptionist
What do we call the natural color of the skin on a face?

Answer: Complexion
What should we call a permanent mark on a skin since his

or her birth?
Answer: Birthmark
How to describe people who are the original, earliest known inhabitan
ts of a region?
Answer: Indigenous
What is the formal name of breathing?

Answer: Respiration
How to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive i

mmunity to a kind of viral?
Answer: Vaccinate
What is the tallest living quadruped animal in the world?

Answer: Giraffe
Lettuce and carrots come under which category?

Answer: Vegetable

What is the yearly recurrence of the date of a past event?
Answer: Anniversary
What kind of animal does hippopotamus belong to, herbivore or carniv

ore?
Answer: Herbivore
What is the state distress experienced by an individual who is sudde

nly exposed to a new, or foreign cultural environment?
Answer: Culture shock
How many legs do quadruped animals have?

Answer: Four
What do we call the equipment with apparatus for controlling the humidity
and temperature in a room?
Answer: Air-conditioner
How do we describe a person who cannot read or write?

Answer: Illiterate / illiteracy
What do we call a person from whom you rent a room or a house?

Answer: Landlord / landlady
What is the conservation of non-renewable energy?

Answer: Reuse / recycling
How often does an annual event happen?

Answer: Once a year
If a driver drives the car, what does a pilot do to the plane?

Answer: Fly / flies
What will happen to a fragile item if it is not handled carefully?

Answer: Smash / break / broken
Where does a pilot sit in an airplane?

Answer: Cockpit
What type of work is a sabbatical a lengthy time away from?

Answer: Teaching
What do we call a statement presented in court by a defendant or

a lawyer?
Answer: Plea

What do we call a female heir, especially one who has received or wi
ll receive a large amount of money?
Answer: Heiress / inheritress / inheritrix
What do we call the machine that provides drinking water in an offic

e?
Answer: Water cooler / water dispenser What do we call the place where
plants or animal naturally live?
Answer: Habitat / habitat
What is the process of water changing into a gas?

Answer: Evaporation
Which kind of energy makes light bulbs work?

Answer: Electricity
What do we call the writer or painter whose work represents things as they
are in real life?
Answer: Realist / realists
What makes a refrigerator or any other electrical devices work?

Answer: Electricity
How many years are there in a half of century?

Answer: Fifty
What do we call a group of 12 people or things?

Answer: A dozen
In a race, what is the color of a medal that the person winning the first
prize gets?
Answer: Gold / golden
How do you make food or drink go down your throat into stomach?
Answer: Swallow
Answer: Thin
What will you use for moving a small boat, especially a canoe?
Answer: Paddle

by drinking wine?
Answer: Toast

by drinking wine?
Answer: Toast
What do we call a kitchen tool with a rough surface on which we ru

b food into small pieces?
Answer: Grater
What do we call the collection and study of stamps?

Answer: Philately
What do we call a coastal building which warns sailors against dange

rous coasts?
Answer: Lighthouse
How many times does an isolated incident occur?

Answer: One / Once
What instrument is used to measure angles in geometry?

Answer: Protractor
What word can we use to replace the word

Answer: Reply / response
What do we call a kitchen tool with a rough surface on which we ru

b food into small pieces?
Answer: Grater
What do we call a person who studies mystery?

Answer: Mystic / occult
What do we call the event in which people move through a public place to
celebrate an important day or event?
Answer: Parade
What is the animal that looks like a horse but with black and white stripes?
Answer: Zebra
How do we call the animals that are kept on farms or as pets?

Answer: Domestic
What does the prefix bi- such as in words like bilateral and bilingual mean?
Answer: Two / twice / double
What do we call a light that has usually a glass covering and can be carried
by a handle?
Answer: Lantern / lanterns

What is the plant that grows in the desert and has sharp points?
Answer: Cactus / cacti
What is the system of American government?

Answer: Federalism
What is the southernmost continent in the earth?

Answer: Antarctica
What do we call the son of a king or queen?

Answer: Prince
What do we call a piece of iron that attracts objects made of iron

towards it?
Answer: Magnet / magnetic-iron
What do we call one half of the earth, especially the half above or b
elow the equator?
Answer: Hemisphere
What is the straight line between the center of a circle and any poi
nt on its outer edge?
Answer: Radius
Where is a suspect convicted of a crime?

Answer: Court
What do we call a slight shaking movement in a part of the body?

Answer: Tremor / quiver / shiver / tremble
What do we call the weather conditions like rain, hail, etc.?

Answer: Precipitation
What do we call a group of people who sing together?

Answer: Choir / chorus
What is the occupational title for a person who composes novels?

Answer: Novelist
What do we call a person who trains a team in a particular sport?

Answer: Coach
What geometric shape are circumference, diameter and radius related

with?
Answer: Circle

What word can we use to replace the word
Answer: Reply / response
What is the architecture with smooth, steeply sloping sides meeting
at an apex, used as a tomb?
Answer: Pyramid
What do we call a stone that is transparent, and when it is cut an

d polished, valued as a precious gem?
Answer: Diamond
Which one belongs to oriental countries, Japan or Canada?

Answer: Japan
What is the opposite situation of flood?

Answer: Drought
Which climate zone do the countries like Vietnam and Thailand belong
to?
Answer: Tropical zone / tropics
What do we call an underground pipe that is used to carry sewage

away from houses?
Answer: Sewer
Which heavenly body does the word 'lunar' relate to?

Answer: Moon
What do we call the line in the far distance where the sky seems t
o meet the land or the sea?
Answer: Horizon
What do we call a person who tells lies?
Answer: Liar
What crime does someone commit if he or she steals items from a

shop?
Answer: Shoplifting
What do we call a person who tells lies?

Answer: Liar
What do we call the salary regularly received by a retiree?

Answer: Pension
What does the 'C' in stand for

Answer: Chief

Where do we see aquatic animals /
Answer: Aquarium / water
What do you call the process of borrowing a sum of money from a

bank?
Answer: Loan
What do we call the preliminary version of a document before it is fi

nalized?
Answer: Draft
What do we call the smaller part of a group?

Answer: Minority
Which vitamin is essential for the formation of normal bones and tee
th?
Answer: Vitamin D
What do we call the sport of fighting others by holding them and trying to
throw or force them to ground?
Answer: Wrestle
Which word is more related to peasants, industry or agriculture?

Answer: Agriculture
What is the antonym of depression, and especially is used to describ

e financial success?
Answer: Prosperity
Which word belongs to insects, mantis or lettuce?

Answer: Mantis
What do we call a person who believes that laws and governments a

re not necessary?
Answer: Anarchist
What do we call an assembly of listeners?

Answer: Audience
What word do we use to describe people who are subject to death?

Answer: Mortal
What do we call a person who believes in the existence of God?

Answer: Theist
What do we call a person who does not believe in the existence of

god?
Answer: Atheist

What word do we use to describe an accident or a disease which c
auses death?
Answer: Fatal / deadly
What crime does someone commit if he or she steals items from a

shop?
Answer: Shoplifting
What do we call the equipment used to make things look bigger?
Answer: Magnifier
What do we call a river that flows into a larger river?

Answer: Tributary
What do we call a long, usually rectangular container which you fill with
water and sit in to wash your body in a shower room?
Answer: Bathtub / tub
What do we call the food that has not been eaten at the end of a meal?
Answer: Leftover / leftovers
Who is in charge of a ship?

Answer: Captain
What do we call the pieces of skin above and below the eye?
Answer: Eyelid
What do we call the hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man's face?
Answer: Beard / mustache / whiskers
Which one is relating to our mind, mental or physical?

Answer: Mental
What do we call the war between groups of people in the same country?
Answer: Civil war
What do we call a person who advocates females' rights?

Answer: Feminist
What is the organ below your eyes?

Answer: Nose
What do we call the meat from a cow?

Answer: Beef
What do we call the amount of profits that a company pays to people who
own shares in the company?

Answer: Dividend / dividends
Answer: Wholesale
What do we call a public event at which things are sold to the person who
offers the highest price?
Answer: Auction
What do we call the series of pages showing the days, weeks and months of
a particular year?
Answer: Calendar
Which one is the unit of capacity: centimeter or liter?

Answer: Liter
What do we call a structure made for bees to live in?

Answer: Hive / beehive
What do we call the creature who sucks the blood of living people in legends
or horror stories?
Answer: Vampire
What is the antonym of 'innocent'?

Answer: Guilty
How do we describe a person who is not guilty of a crime?

Answer: Innocent
Who is in charge of a ship?

Answer: Captain
What is the opposite of 'bitter'?

Answer: Sweet
What do we use to rest our heads on in bed?

Answer: Pillow
What do we call the team competing against the host team in a race?
Answer: Away team
Which one is wholesome, poison or antibiotic?

Answer: Antibiotic
What is the object that has six square sides?

Answer: Cube
What is the back part of your foot that is below your ankle?

Answer: Heel
Which one is renewable energy, solar power or fossil fuel?
Answer: Solar power
How do we describe people who have or express great love of their country?
Answer: Patriotic
What do we call the jewellery worn around your wrist?

Answer: Bracelet
What do we call a covering of very thin transparent material worn by a bride

to hide her face?
Answer: Veil
What do we call one of the parts of a school year?

Answer: Term / terms / semester
What do we call the subjects that are taught in a school or college?

Answer: Curriculum / curricula / curriculums
What is the opposite of compulsory subjects?

Answer: Optional subjects / optional
What do we call a word or a group of words with a particular meani

ng suchas 'the other day'?
Answer: Expression / phrase
What do we call the industry which involves designing, building and fly
ing ofaircrafts?
Answer: Aviation/
What do we call a woman who is getting married?

Answer: Bride
What is the process of supplying water to an area of land through p

ipes or channels so that crops will grow?
Answer: Irrigation / irrigate
What do we call a scientific test that is done to discover or prove

something?
Answer: Experiment
What do we call the female's partner in a marital relation
Answer: Husband
Which kind of dance is related to swans?

Answer: Ballet

What is the top surface inside the room?
Answer: Ceiling
Which is the bggest one, the elephant, the tiger, or the cheetah?
Answer: Elepha
What do we call the two rows of metal or plastic teeth that you can pull
together to fasten clothes or bags?
Answer: Zip / zipper
What do we call the pieces of skin above and below the eye?
Answer: Eyelid
What do we call the hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man's face?
Answer: Beard / mustache / whiskers
Which one is relating to our mind, mental or physical?

Answer: Mental
What do we call the war between groups of people in the same country?
Answer: Civil war
Which word is relating to the moon, lunar or solar?

Answer: Lunar
What do we call a child whose parents are dead?

Answer: Orphan
According to some religions, what do they call a perfect place where people
are said to go when they die?
Answer: Paradise / heaven
What do we call a system of government by a king or a queen, such as the

system of the UK?
Answer: Monarchy
How do we describe things that are capable of being dissolved in a liquid?

Answer: Soluble / water-soluble
How many months does a season have?

Answer: Three
What is one quarter of 100?

Answer: Twenty-five
Does mathematics or linguistics cover the study of the relations bet
ween numbers?
Answer: Mathematics

What do we call a movie played in the afternoon?
Answer: Matinee
What percentage is one fifth equal to?

Answer: Twenty
What is a small handheld light that usually gets its power from batt
eries?
Answer: Flashlight / torch
What do we call a statement made by somebody who knows it is no

t true?
Answer: Lie
What is the part of the leg below the thigh?

Answer: Shank / calf
What is the largest lake in the world?

Answer: Caspian
What can we call the science or practice of drawing maps?

Answer: Cartography
What do we call a person who accesses others' computer systems

without permission?
Answer: Hacker
What do we call a picture painted on a wall?

Answer: Mural / fresco / wall painting
What do we call a man of high social rank who had a duty to fight for his king
in the Middle Ages?
Answer: Knight
How do we describe the action of cooking something in hot fat or oil?

Answer: Fry / frying
Which word do we use to describe a desert, humid or dry?

Answer: Dry
What do we call the value that a particular coin or bill has?

Answer: Denomination
What do we call an animal that lives in or on another animal and gets food or
protection from it?
Answer: Parasite

What do we call a meeting which all staff and employees must attend?
Answer: Plenary meeting
fire?
Answer: Match
What do we call a child whose parents are dead?

Answer: Orphan
Answer: Claw / paw
What do we call the daughter of the king or queen?

Answer: Princess
How do we describe a person who is unable to speak?

Answer: Dumb / mute / tongueless
What do we call the objects put in the room, such as chairs, tables, beds,
and so on?
Answer: Furniture
What kind of food do almonds, pistachios and walnuts fall into?

Answer: Nut
What do we call the marine animal that has eight legs?

Answer: Octopus
What do we call a document sent by email?

Answer: Attachment
What part of the body propels a flying bird in the air?

Answer: Wing / wings
How many years are there in a half of a decade?

Answer: Five
What do we call the action when you take air or gas into your lungs as you
breathe?
Answer: Inhale
What do we call the long teeth of elephants?

Answer: Ivory
What do we call a small horse?

Answer: Pony

How do we call animals or plants living or growing in natural conditions?
Answer: Wild
What do we call the container that is used for heating or boiling water?
Answer: Kettle / kettles
Who is trained to treat people who are ill in a hospital?

Answer: Doctor / doctors
What do we call the glass at the front of a car?

Answer: Windscreen / windshield
What do we call the person who has reached the age when he is legally
responsible for his actions?
Answer: Adult / grown-up / major
What is the custom of being married to only one person at a time?

Answer: Monogamy
What do we measure with units like liter?

Answer: Volume
What are the units like grams and kilograms used to measure?
Answer: Weight
In which style of swimming do you swim lying on your back?

Answer: Backstroke
What do we call the periods of time when schools and colleges are closed?
Answer: Vacation
What does post- mean in the word postwar?

Answer: After
What do we use to rest our heads on in bed?

Answer: Pillow
What do we call a table showing days, weeks and months of a year?

Answer: Calendar
What do we call the phase in a trial in which both parties interrogate each
other?
Answer: Cross examination
What do we say if we call brothers and sisters in a same way?

Answer: Siblings
What is the portable breathing apparatus for divers?

Answer: Aqualung
What do you call the dark shape your body make on the ground in the sun?
Answer: Shadow
What is the conservation of non-renewable energy?

Answer: Reuse / recycling
How often does an annual event happen?

Answer: Once a year / yearly
What do we call the restaurant that serves buffets?

Answer: Cafeteria
Which type of meal is usually eaten outdoors, picnic or buffet?

Answer: Picnic
What is opposite of 'bitter'?

Answer: Sweet
What is not a font style, Bold, Regular, Superscript, or Italic?

Answer: Superscript
What do we call the joint that connects the top and bottom parts of the
leg?
Answer: Knee
What do we call an area in the desert where there is water and where
plants grow?
Answer: Oasis
Which word is relating to the moon, lunar or solar?

Answer: Lunar
What do we call the four-wheel vehicle that is pulled by one or more horses
to carry people in the past?
Answer: Carriage
What do you call the brother of your father or mother?

Answer: Uncle
What is the term used to represent a period of 12 months?

Answer: Year
What is the opposite of the minus sign?

Answer: Plus sign

What is the food that is used in a recipe?
Answer: Ingredient
How many years are there in two decades?

Answer: Twenty
What is the colorful sticker that is attached to an envelope?

Answer: Stamp
What is the summary at the beginning of an academic paper called?

Answer: Abstract
Where can we find the footnote on a page?

Answer: Bottom
What is the part powering a car, ship or an air craft?

Answer: Engine
What do you call the hair that grows above your eyes?
Answer: Eyebrow
What is the famous canal linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian
Ocean?
Answer: Suez
What is the generic term for a person who once had the same title as you
have now?
Answer: Predecessor
What type of body covering helps to insulate burns?

Answer: Dressing / bandage
What do we call the musical instrument which has six strings?

Answer: Guitar

SUMMARIZE WRITTEN
TEXT

A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order,
an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or
presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can
to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic

leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies
through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a
spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one
end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom,
or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum
is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around
the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals
whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind the out-in-
front, authoritative leadership has generally been exhibited by men. Some
men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a
been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men)
have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern
has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.
Gardeners can feed their families and enrich the soil by growing legumes,
such as green beans, soybeans, lentils and peas. Legume roots produce
their own nitrogen, which is a major fertilizer nutrient needed by all plants
for growth. Nitrogen is produced in nodules that form on the roots of
legumes, which contain Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria take nitrogen from
the air and convert it into a form the plants can use. When legumes are
pulled up in the fall, excess nitrogen from the nodules is left in the soil. The
excess organic nitrogen can be used by other plants the following growing
season. It's considered organic nitrogen because it was produced naturally,
making green beans or peas great rotational crops in an organic crop
production system. Organic growers prefer organic nitrogen because of its
natural origins and because it breaks down slowly in the soil, thus slowly
feeding plants throughout the growing season. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers
tend to release nitrogen quickly and are harsher on the environment.
Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are generally applied in split applications during
the season to mimic the slow release of organic nitrogen sources. Each
specific legume generally requires a specific type of Rhizobium bacteria to
produce nodules on their roots. Gardeners who have never grown green
beans before can purchase small bags of inoculum or bacteria from most

popular vegetable seed catalogs. Before planting beans, open the package
and pour in the dust-like bacteria among the seed. Shake the package and
then plant. Nodules will form on the roots as they develop. The bacteria will
remain in the soil, making it unnecessary to inoculate the seed next year. Do
not apply extra nitrogen fertilizer to bean crops. Doing so makes bacteria in
the nodules lazy, encouraging them to stop producing their own nitrogen.
Legumes that are particularly popular in the home vegetable garden include
lima beans, peas, edible soybeans, lentils and fava beans. In a recent survey,
44 percent of gardeners trained through New Mexico State University's
Master Gardener Program said they grew green beans and other legumes in
their home gardens. When planting, be sure to purchase appropriate strains
of Rhizobium bacteria for each type of legume.
If you are inspired to take concrete action for global peace and development,
take a look at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. Every year, up
to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men of some 160 different
nationalities volunteer at least six months of their lives to help others.
These UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries promoting peace,
responding to disasters, empowering communities and helping to build
sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from
dozens of professional backgrounds but all of them are catalysts of positive
change. They are encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster
volunteerism for peace and development both within and beyond their
assignments. They work at the heart of communities in partnership with
governments, United Nations entities and civil society. Being a UN Volunteer
is not a career (you are currently limited to four years of service), but it is
rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal rewards. As
a UN Volunteer you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance (VLA) which covers
basic needs, housing and utilities. Additionally, UNV will provide a settling-in-
grant, life, health, and permanent disability insurance, return airfares and a
nominal resettlement allowance.
Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they

were taught, we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep
records of what we had taught. But as every teacher knows, many students
do not learn what they are taught. Indeed, when we look at their work, it is
sometimes hard to believe that they were in the classroom. In fact, it is
impossible to predict with any certainty what students will learn as the
result of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we
cannot teach well without finding out where our students are starting from,
we have to assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a
highly unlikely situation!), each of them will have reached different

understandings of the material being studied within a very short period of
time. That is why assessment is the bridge between teaching and learning
it is only through assessment that we can find out whether what has
happened in the classroom has produced the learning we intended.
Of course, assessment is also used for other purposes in education, which

makes the picture much more complicated. In all countries, assessments of
the performance of individual students are used to determine which
students are, and which students are not, qualified for subsequent phases
of education, and also to decide which kinds of education students should
receive.
The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable

development as "development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.
Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development
could not be sustained. Is this true? Development in the past was driven by
growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in
living standards. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs
of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the
debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
Only if we assume that society will remain static can we understand the
needs of the future. The way we live today could not have been predicted
twenty years ago. The sustainability paradigm fails to recognize this. It is a
static view and thus places limits on human ingenuity. Similarly, a whole host
of false assumptions dominate environmental thought; the scale of problems
is exaggerated, the amount of resources is underestimated and spurious
links are made between areas such as green policies and profit, poverty and
environmental degradation. Those of us who want a better future need to
question these assumptions.
Ten years ago, Barsky and Purdon (2006) discovered that social networks
which are expanding communication through social media are becoming
popular and the costs involved are getting further reduced. Yet, library
executives did not see how such a phenomenon could become a part of
library and information services. They felt that the users should be left to
their social media while the library carried on with its traditional roles (De
Rosa et al., 2007). This was also the case when Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis
(2007) conducted a survey of 126 academic librarians and concluded that
54% of the librarians surveyed did not believe that there was an academic
the social media was a space where students interact with each other,

hence, the librarian was not welcome as their coming in might be viewed as
an invasion of space. But time has proved that as the technology of the
social media became more popular, users and librarians acquired digitally
literacy, and libraries, seeing an explosion of social media around it, were
forced to reconsider their stance. In a survey involving 497 international
librarians, Taylor & Francis (2014) discovered that over 70% of librarians
now feel that the use of social media is important. Though the wave began
with public libraries (Mon, 2015), today, libraries of every type either have a
social media presence or they are seriously considering it. Hence, the use of
social media by libraries has become mainstream.
hs class. The Harvard

psychologist found every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at
the same speed. A few days later he built his first "teaching machine", which
let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar
gizmos were being flogged by door-to-door salesmen. Within a few years,
though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled out.
Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and
flop, even as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One
reason is the conservatism of teachers and their unions. But another is
that the brain-stretching potential of edtech has remained unproven.
article). Backed by billionaire techies such as Mark Zuckerberg and Bill

Gates, schools around the world are using new software to "personalize"
learning. This could help hundreds of millions of children stuck in dismal
classes but only if edtech boosters can resist the temptation to revive
harmful ideas about how children learn. To succeed, edtech must be at the
service of teaching, not the other way around.
The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century.

Alternatives have so far failed to teach as many children as efficiently.
Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized curriculums and fixed
schoolchildren.
Humans love to complain to each other. It helps us feel less alone. Think
about what happens when a family member or friend is going through a
tough time; they call up someone who will listen to their tale of woe.
Unfortunately, negative bonding is the default for many groups.
In some families, complaining is the only way to get attention. When one

person says, I had a bad day; the other person has to top it, "You think you
had a tough day. I had to do three TPS reports!" The same thing happens at
work and social settings. "Your child didn't sleep through the night until 6
months? Mine was a full year old before she went over six hours." It's a race
to the bottom, and the worst situation wins.
In Bitching is Bonding, A Guide To Mutual Complaint, Irene S. Levine, Ph.D., a

professor of psychiatry at the NYU Langone School of Medicine says, "The
reason why these conversations feel good is because we feel understood."
People raised in negative environments learn early on. Being positive gets
not going to risk alienation saying, "Wow, I had an awesome day. Don't you
just love life?"
Translate this into a work setting: people, often unconsciously, believe being
positive keeps you out of the cool club. When negativity provides bonding,
humans are reluctant to abandon the behavior that brings them comfort.
By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The
National Science Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping
to connect to this body of information. Other government, non-profit, and
educational institutions followed. Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly
expanding system of networks were simple. Among the first was Archie, a
list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University in
Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was still to
come, brewing in an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide
Web, or the Web, is often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one
part of the Internet, along with email, video conferencing, and streaming
audio channels. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced a new system of
communication on the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-friendly
graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the
World Wide Web. Berners-
space of information. On the Net, you find computers on the Web, you find
cables between computers; on the web, connections are hypertext links. The
Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on
the Net. The Web could not be without the Net. The Web made the Net
useful because people are really interested in information (not to mention

Vitamin D refers to a group of fat--soluble secosteroids responsible for
enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and
zinc. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin
D3 and vitamin D2. Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from
the diet and from supplements. Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis
of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural
source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol is
dependent on sun exposure Vitamin D from the diet or dermal synthesis
from sunlight is biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic conversion
(hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney.Evidence indicates the synthesis of
vitamin D from sun exposure is regulated by a negative feedback loop that
prevents toxicity, but because of uncertainty about the cancer risk from
sunlight, no recommendations are issued by the Institute of Medicine (US),
for the amount of sun exposure required to meet vitamin D requirements.
Accordingly, the Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D assumes no
synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitamin D is from food intake, although
that will rarely occur in practice. As vitamin D is synthesized in adequate
amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight[citation needed], it is not
strictly a vitamin, and may be considered a hormone as its synthesis and
activity occur in different locations. Vitamin D has a significant role in
calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery was due to effort to find
the dietary substance lacking in rickets.
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our feet and why
it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of soil contains more
organisms than there are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and
other microorganisms combine with minerals, water, air and organic matter
to create a living system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy
soil can store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing the
risk of flooding, and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
said that 89% of all agricultural emissions could be mitigated if we improved
the health of our soil.
Good soil management also increases disease resistance in livestock and

ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and its impact on the health of
our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the most neglected links
in UK agriculture. Over the last 50 years' agriculture has become
increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers, with applications today
around 10 times higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the
chemical fertilizer NPK (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all
the nutrition a plant requires, but it also has a detrimental effect on the
long-term health of the land: research suggests there are fewer than 100

harvests left in many of the world's soils.
When Tim Berners-

anticipate that children would end up becoming some of its main users.
Most start using the internet at the average age of three and as recent
research shows, children now spend more time playing and socializing online
than watching television programs. Given this change in habits, it is not
surprising that a recent House of Lords report has raised online safety and
behavior as an important issue. The report said that for children, learning to
survive in a world dominated by the internet should be as important as
reading and writing. The House of Lords Communications Committee also
warned that children should not be leaving school without -rounded
should think about implementing new legal requirements and a code of

conduct companies would have to adhere to, which would help to bring the
-f
lack of child-centered design is not an easy task, but one that requires the
cooperation and goodwill of many sectors. It will need to involve consultation
with technology, education, legal and policy experts. And it would also be a
good idea to make children and young people part of the process.
The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms

of renewable energy have been greatly debated. While obviously superior to
some forms of energy, solar power's high cost and efficiency dependent on
geography have limited its appeal. However, a large number of advantages
also merit further development and even possible adaptation for residences.
Advantages of Solar Power

Solar energy remains popular because it is both a renewable and clean
source of energy. These advantages along with the hope that eventually
nations can use solar power to decrease global warming ensure its
popularity.
Renewable
Solar energy is a true renewable resource. All areas of the world have the
ability to collect some amount of solar power and solar power is available for
collection each day.
Clean
Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as
oil-based energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such
as nuclear energy. It is also far more quiet to create and harness,

drastically reducing the noise pollution required to convert energy to a useful
form. Residential size solar energy systems also have very little impact on
the surrounding environment, in contrast with other renewable energy
sources such as wind and hydroelectric power.
Low Maintenance
Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little maintenance beyond
regular cleaning. Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial
costs of installing the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very
reasonable.
Many insecurities, fears, and doubts stem from lack of understanding or lack
of knowledge about something. The more you understand and know about a
situation, the more comfortable you will be and thus the less power your
shyness will have over you.
much knowledge about it. If you do some
and that almost every single person has the same fears and insecurities
that you do.
When you take it further and ask yourself why you are so terrified of this,
at. From there, you can go and read and learn about people who are good at
public speaking learn their tips and strategies.
This way you are much more prepared because your knowledge on the
subject is vast. As a result of this, your confidence will already be much
higher than before, which might allow you to attempt public speaking when
you join a club like Toastmasters. As you practice more, you will naturally
become even more confident.
This rule applies to any area where you feel insecure. Read and research as
much about the topic as possible. This will help increase your confidence
enough to give the activity a try to see if you might be able to become
better at it. And that initial confidence to take action is all you need to get
the ball rolling and overcome your shyness.
You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but
climate change has made you realize that you can no longer ignore it. The
buzz is about becoming carbon-neutral, but where do you start? Consider
your drivers. Do you want to become carbon-neutral for marketing reasons,

for financial reasons or to help save the planet? Simon Armitage of the
Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you tailor your
carbon-reduction program and determine key performance indicators." This
will help build a case for going carbon-neutral. First, measure your carbon
footprint, or get a specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking
account of your energy usage and emissions caused through travel. Before
you begin, think about whether you're collecting the right data and whether
it's readily accessible. When implementing any energy reduction measures,
ensure you engage with your staff. "It's much better if your people decide for
themselves when it's sensible for them to travel," says Armitage. You'll also
need them to participate in switching off the lights and other energy-saving
measures. Set targets and show it's not a one-off exercise.
Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set,

performance on nearly every level productivity, creativity, engagement -
improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of
performance. For one, most people believe that success precedes
as
soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results
from success is fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who
cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call
every business outcome shows
improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role
as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between
employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of
225 academic studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed
Diener found strong evidence of directional causality between life
satisfaction and successful business outcomes. Another common
misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination of
the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an
impact. But one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable. The
habits you cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how you think
about stress all these can be managed to increase your happiness and
your chances of success.
Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our
practices and decisions. Many professions have a formalized system of
ethical practices that help guide professionals in the field. For example,
doctors commonly take the Hippocratic Oath, which, among other things,
states that doctors "do no harm" to their patients. Engineers follow an
ethical guide that states that they "hold paramount the safety, health, and

welfare of the public." Within these professions, as well as within science,
the principles become so ingrained that practitioners rarely have to think
about adhering to the ethic it's part of the way they practice. And a
breach of ethics is considered very serious, punishable at least within the
profession (by revocation of a license, for example) and sometimes by the
law as well. Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of
scientific practice, from reporting results regardless to properly attributing
collaborators. This system of ethics guides the practice of science, from
data collection to publication and beyond. As in other professions, the
scientific ethic is deeply integrated into the way scientists work, and they
are aware that the reliability of their work and scientific knowledge in
general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of the ethical principles
in science relate to the production of unbiased scientific knowledge, which is
critical when others try to build upon or extend research findings. The open
publication of data, peer review, replication, and collaboration required by
the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving forward by validating
research findings and confirming or raising questions about results.
Working nine to five for a single employer bears little resemblance to the
way a substantial share of the workforce makes a living today. Millions of
people assemble various income streams and work independently, rather
than in structured payroll jobs. This is hardly a new phenomenon, yet it has
never been well measured in official statistics and the resulting data gaps
prevent a clear view of a large share of labor-market activity. To better
understand the independent workforce and what motivates the people who
participate in it, the McKinsey Global Institute surveyed some 8,000
respondents across Europe and the United States. We asked about their
income in the past 12 months-encompassing primary work, as well as any
other income-generating activities, and about their professional satisfaction
and aspirations for work in the future. The resulting report, Independent
work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy, finds that up to 162 million
people in Europe and the United States-or 20 to 30 percent of the working-
age population - engage in some form of independent work. While
demographically diverse, independent workers largely fit into four segments
(exhibit): free agents, who actively choose independent work and derive their
primary income from it; casual earners, who use independent work for
supplemental income and do so by choice; reluctants, who make their
primary living from independent work but would prefer traditional jobs; and
the financially strapped, who do supplemental independent work out of
necessity.

"A day would come", Percy Shelley predicted in 1813, "when the monopolizing
eater of animal flesh would no longer destroy his constitution by eating an
acre at a meal." He explained: "The quantity of nutritious vegetable matter
consumed in fattening the carcass of an ox would afford 10 times the
sustenance if gathered immediately from the bosom of the earth." Two
hundred years later, mainstream agronomists and dietitians have caught up
with the poet. A growing scientific consensus agrees that feeding cereals
and beans to animals is an inefficient and extravagant way to produce human
food, that there is a limited amount of grazing land, that the world will be
hard-pressed to supply a predicted population of 9 billion people with a diet
as rich in meat as the industrialized world currently enjoys, and that it's not
a very healthy diet anyway. On top of this, livestock contribute significantly
towards global warming, generating 14.5% of all manmade greenhouse gas
emissions, according to one much-quoted estimate from the United Nations.
Now that the problem has been identified, the challenge is to persuade
people in wealthy countries to eat less meat. That might seem a tall order,
but governments have successfully persuaded people to quit smoking
through a combination of public information, regulation and taxation.
Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and

with their environment. It seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the
spatial and temporal distribution of organisms) and the processes governing
those patterns. Climatology is the study of the physical state of the
atmosphere its instantaneous state or weather, its seasonal-to-
interannual variability, its long-term average condition or climate, and how
climate changes over time. These two fields of scientific study are distinctly
different. Ecology is a discipline within the biological sciences and has as its
core the principle of natural selection. Climatology is a discipline within the
geophysical sciences based on applied physics and fluid dynamics. Both,
however, share a common history.
The origin of these sciences is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus and

their books Meteorological and Enquiry into Plants, respectively, but their
modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century naturalists and
geographers saw changes in vegetation as they explored new regions and
laid the foundation for the development of ecology and climatology as they
sought explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander von Humboldt,
in the early 1800s, observed that widely separated regions have structurally
and functionally similar vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de
Candolle hypothesized that latitudinal zones of tropical, temperate, and
arctic vegetation are caused by temperature and in 1874 proposed formal
vegetation zones with associated temperature limits.

Mindfulness Practice and Migraine
Many common medication treatments for migraine may cause side effects
that are difficult to tolerate, and can lead people to not take their
medications as recommended, or to stop taking them altogether. A recent
study suggests that up to 20% of patients with migraine have used opioids
to treat their pain in the past year. Therefore, there is a great need for
better and more tolerable treatments for people who have migraines.
Research has shown that combining behavioral treatments with preventive

medication treatments works better for preventing headaches than
medications alone. Mindfulness practice has also been associated with
improvements in individuals with chronic pain, including migraine. Mindfulness
is the mind-
on the present momentary awareness and accepting it without judgment.
Stress is a well-known trigger for migraine. Moreover, stressful events have

been associated with people experiencing more frequent or chronic
migraines versus having them occasionally. Mindfulness can result in stress
reduction, reduced emotional response to stress, and improved general
happiness. In patients with migraine, pain severity and unpleasant symptoms
can be reduced with this treatment.
Mindfulness can potentially strengthen emotional and cognitive control of

pain by helping to train someone with migraine to reassess their pain in a
nonjudgmental way and modify their evaluation of the pain. In addition,
mindfulness practices can help to control depression, anxiety, and pain
catastrophizing (an exaggerated negative feeling toward pain experiences),
which can play a role in chronic migraine.
If your skin begins turning orange, you may feel like the star of a sci-fi flick,
but there's most likely a more down-to-earth explanation. Carrots,
cantaloupe and other soil-grown foods are chock-full of beta-carotene, and
when eaten in abundance they can sometimes cause people to develop an
orange skin tone. The orange and red pigments in apricots, mangoes,
oranges, pumpkin, squash, sweet potatoes and similar products create an
excessive amount of beta-carotene in the bloodstream, which in turn builds
up in the areas of the body with thicker skin hands, knees, elbows, feet
and the folds around the nose and exhibits a titian hue. This is so-called
carotenemia. The condition is more visible on those who have light skin, but
people of any skin color can be affected.
Carotenemia isn't terribly common, even for people who are fruit and
vegetable enthusiasts. It's usually the result of a restricted diet that
includes large quantities of a specific fruit or vegetable that is high in red,
orange and yellow pigment; this pigment also is known as beta-carotene.
While orange, yellow and red fruits and veggies are the primary source of
carotenosis, it also can be caused by other colors of foods such as cabbage,

spinach, kiwi, asparagus and apples. So, if you're looking for a healthy glow,
keep eating those fruits and veggies as long as there is a variety of them.
As the name suggests, the process essay explains a process of making or

breaking something. These essays are often written in chronological order,
or in numerical order to show step-by-step processes. They are written in
descriptive or prescriptive modes. Although it is not a technical
communication, it sounds like having all the qualities of a technical
document. The only difference is that it is often written in descriptive mode,
while a technical document is mostly in imperative mode. As process essay
provides step-by-step approach of doing something, they have typical
transition words. These transition words make readers understand what
has been done and what will follow next. Some of the specific transition
words could be immediately, initially, in the end, in the future, in the
meanwhile, later, next, soon, eventually, finally or firstly, and secondly.
In any community, there are several and varying ways in
which residents fulfill a sense of community: participating in intramural
political meetings, helping the elderly, visiting the library, and volunteering
-
to-do process of making or creating some objects or things. Readers, after
going through the essay, are able to create and make things. Although it is
not like imperative instructions, it gives full details in a descriptive or
prescriptive mode. It is because its major objective is not to present trite
and dry instructions, but lively language to make readers read it with
interest and do the act with enthusiasm.
Have you ever driven home and arrived at your destination without
taken over by your alternate persona. You simply experienced highway

hypnosis. Highway hypnosis or white line fever is a trance-like state under
which a person drives a motor vehicle in a normal, safe manner yet has no
recollection of having done so. Drivers experiencing highway hypnosis may
zone out for short distances or hundreds of miles. Highway hypnosis is an
example of the phenomenon of automaticity, which is the ability to perform
actions without consciously thinking about them. People perform daily
activities automatically all the time, such as walking, riding a bike, or
performing a learned and practiced skill, such as knitting. Once a skill is
example, a person skilled at driving a car can plan a grocery list while driving.
Because the stream of consciousness is directed at the other task, partial
or complete amnesia of the time spent driving can occur. While driving on
automatic may seem hazardous, automaticity may actually be superior to
conscious driving for professional or skilled drivers. When a person
experiencing true highway hypnosis automatically scans the environment for
threats and alerts the brain of danger, it is the typical distinction from
dangerous fatigued driving.

There have been celebrations to mark the beginning of a new year for
thousands of years. Sometimes these were simply an opportunity for people
to eat, drink and have fun, but in some places the festivities were connected
to the land or astronomical events.
The city of Babylon in ancient Mesopotamia was where the first New Year's
celebrations were recorded about 4,000 years ago. The Babylonians held
their celebrations on the first new moon after the spring equinox. Statues
of the gods were carried through the streets of the city, and in this way the
Babylonians believed that their world had been cleaned to prepare for the
new year and a new spring.
In many cities all over the world, spectacular fireworks displays take place as
soon as the clock passes midnight on 31 December. In recent years, Sydney
in Australia has been the host to one of the first of these celebrations as
New Year arrives there before most other major international cities.
Fireworks light up the skies in hundreds of cities as 12 midnight strikes
around the globe.
Besides, there are a number of strange and interesting New Year's

traditions around the world. In Scotland, New Year's Eve is called Hogmanay
and 'first footing' remains a popular custom with people visiting friends' and
neighbours' houses just after midnight. The first person who visits your
house should bring a gift as this will mean good luck.
The new year is also a perfect time to make a change for the better. The
tradition of making New Year's resolutions is more common in the western
hemisphere but also exists in the eastern hemisphere. This tradition involves
a person making a commitment to change an unwanted habit or behaviour or
setting a personal objective. Typical New Year's resolutions might be to give
up smoking, eat healthier food, do more exercise, become more organised or
laugh more but really, a New Year's resolution can be almost anything.
provide homes for large, diverse biota as well as significant economic, social
and cultural benefits related to timber, fisheries, hunting, recreational and
tourist activities. They support the livelihoods of surrounding communities,
including water, papyrus and fisheries among others, and provides vital
ecosystem services such as purification and storage of water. It also acts
as a carbon sink, thus regulating global and local climatic conditions and is
internationally recognized as a key biodiversity area that hosts globally and
nationally threatened bird, fish and mammal species. The wetland has
attracted both local farmers and external agricultural interests. Wetlands
constitute an important resource for riparian communities, and therefore it
is important that they participate in the management of wetlands.
Community participation in natural resource management has evolved from
the realization that people living with natural resources should be
responsible for their management and benefit from using the resources.

Citizens must not only have access to information but must also be entitled
to participate in decision making and have access to justice in environmental
matters. However, participation of local communities in seeking solutions to
wetlands resources use remains a grave challenge as managers of
participation processes engage in low level consultations that do not
empower them to co-manage these resources. Besides, the dynamics of
Fruits and vegetables are the most commonly consumed super or functional
foods, yet their high moisture content (over 80%) makes them especially
susceptible to bacteria that cause spoiling. Keeping fresh is the best way to
preserve the nutritional value of fruits and vegetables, but most storage
methods necessitate low temperatures, which are difficult to maintain
throughout the distribution chain. In contract, drying is an effective post-
harvest management strategy. To improve their shelf life and increase food
security, approximately one-fifth of the world's fresh produce are dried.
Dried fruits and vegetables make healthy eating more practical and can help
close the gap between recommended and actual fruit consumption. By
lowering water activity, dehydration keeps fruits and vegetables healthy and
safe, prolonging their shelf life much beyond that of fresh produce. Drying
used to be as simple as lying the product out on mats, rooftops, or drying
floors in the sun, using solar radiation and convective air. Heat is
transferred to the fruit or vegetable raw material through convection from
the ambient air and radiation from the sun on its surface during sun drying.
Since foods to be dried are exposed and climatic changes can occur, the
method is highly unsanitary and volatile. Mechanized solar dryers such as
tray, cabinet and tunnel dryers have been designed to overcome the
challenges of damage, dust, pest infestation and unexpected rainfall
encountered in open air drying. In addition, the use of electromagnetic waves
in the drying of fruits and vegetables is rapidly increasing. The process
involves the use of indirect electroplate heating and vegetable products are
dried in less time and at lower temperatures.
Since the dawn of man, gender relations were not a problem among
Africans. People collectively lived with their specified divisions of labour and
specializations within the households, where men were in charge of all family
matters. Under traditional African families, both men and women had
different roles to play in their households. Lives were tied and agreed by the
traditional African socio-cultural norms for centuries. Division of labour and
specializations maintained and strengthened social relations across gender
lens which in turn brought strong families, clans and communities with high
mutual respect, honesty, humility and understandings. As such, diversified
roles in social, economic and political condition in African traditional setting
has never been the cause of problems and hence should not be interpreted
as discrimination, persecutions and marginalization of across gender.

Campaigns from the western world for gender equality have brought serious
problems in African traditional setting. What is interpreted as unequal
gender relation in Africa was the product of western interpretations caused
by the transformations brought to Africa by the colonial relations and
western liberal democracies. As a result of misinterpretations of the real
African lives from its historical perspectives, modernity and new perceptions
implanted to African societies through western educations, democracies,
and activism, liberty and freedom concepts have seriously contributed to
African dissolution, conflicts and chaos at all levels. This situation has
therefore put African generations at the crossroads particularly in upholding
their long cherished traditions as they have strongly been opposed and
absorbed by modernity and western gender equality conceptions.
Oxygen can be found in many of the minerals in the ground around us, and
the Moon is mostly made of the same rocks you'll find on Earth (although
with a slightly greater amount of material that came from meteors).
Minerals such as silica, aluminium, and iron and magnesium oxides dominate
the Moon's landscape. All of these minerals contain oxygen, but not in a form
our lungs can access.
The Moon's regolith is made up of approximately 45% oxygen. But that
oxygen is tightly bound into the minerals mentioned above. In order to break
apart those strong bonds, we need to put in energy. You might be familiar
with this if you know about electrolysis. On Earth this process is commonly
used in manufacturing, such as to produce aluminium. An electrical current
is passed through a liquid form of aluminium oxide (commonly called alumina)
via electrodes, to separate the aluminium from the oxygen. In this case, the
oxygen is produced as a byproduct. On the Moon, the oxygen would be the
main product and the aluminium (or other metal) extracted would be a
potentially useful byproduct. It's a pretty straightforward process, but there
is a catch: it's very energy hungry. To be sustainable, it would need to be
supported by solar energy or other energy sources available on the Moon.
Extracting oxygen from regolith would also require substantial industrial

equipment. We'd need to first convert solid metal oxide into liquid form,
either by applying heat, or heat combined with solvents or electrolytes. We
have the technology to do this on Earth, but moving this apparatus to the
Moon- and generating enough energy to run it - will be a mighty challenge.
Sea Snakes
A snake at sea isn't automatically a "sea snake". Lots of unrelated species
frolic in our oceans from time to time. Reticulated pythons, for example, will
swim between islands along the coasts of southeastern Asia, crossing
distances that could wear out an Olympic gold medalist. That doesn't,
however, make them sea snakes. When naturalists talk about "sea snakes,"
they're usually referring to two very specific groups of reptiles that are part
of the cobra family: true sea snakes and sea kraits. We've already met one of

the former species. Yellow-bellied sea snakes, those oddball knot-tiers, are
classic hydrophiids. True sea snakes like these have sworn off dry land
altogether. Fully marine, they give birth to live young at sea. Scientists
recently learned that Australia's Cleveland Bay is a biological nursery where
pregnant spine-bellied sea snakes come to deliver their broods. Terrestrial
births just aren't an option. Hydrophiids never exit the water voluntarily
because they lack the wide belly scales other snakes use to crawl over solid
ground. Drop one on a beach and the poor creature will struggle to move
under its own power. Sea kraits are a bit less streamlined, but they're more
competent on land. They mate, shed and digest some of their meals outside
the water. Equipped with the requisite belly scales, the animals are free to
hit the turf, and like sea turtles, they lay eggs in beachside nests.
What Makes It Muggy?

Like the heat index, muggy is a "feels-like" condition, except it has to do
more with how "breathable" the air feels than how hot it feels. The muggier
the weather, the less chance you'll feel cool because of decreased
evaporation rates, which is why the following weather conditions are
notoriously linked to the muggiest of days and nights:
Warm air temperatures, generally of 70°F or above (the warmer the air, the
more moisture it's able to hold);
High moisture (the more moisture there is in the air, the "heavier" it feels);
and Low winds (the less wind there is, the fewer air molecules there are
passing over your skin evaporating and cooling you off).
Since mugginess expresses how moist the air feels, you might think that
relative humidity would be a good indicator of how muggy it feels outside.
However, dewpoint temperature is actually a better measure of mugginess.
Why? Dewpoint not only gives you an indication of how moist air is, but how
warm it is as well (since dew point temperature can go as high as, but never
higher than the actual air temperature). So, if the dew point is high, it
means both air moisture and temperature probably are, too.
It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two
fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as
well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic their large, complex cells
have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, true
bacteria are prokaryotic cells, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The
distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of
subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to
the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many
features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into
proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the
molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are

different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example, the amino
acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group
made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two
stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and
functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many
biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from
the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research,
it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are
organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes
and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems
in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of
the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the
degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a
common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.
These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria
indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the
common ancestor of all true bacteria.
What do great managers actually do? In my research, beginning with a

survey of 80,000 managers conducted by the Gallup Organization and
continuing during the past two years with in-depth studies of a few top
of management
as there are managers, there is one quality that sets truly great managers
apart from the rest: They discover what is unique about each person and
then capitalize on it. Average managers play checkers, while great managers
play chess. The difference? In checkers, all the pieces are uniform and move
in the same way; they are interchangeable. You need to plan and coordinate
their movements, certainly, but they all move at the same pace, on parallel
paths. In chess, each type of piece moves in a
know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their
employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated
plan of attack.
This is the exact opposite of what great leaders do. Great leaders discover
what is universal and capitalize on it. Their job is to rally people toward a
better future. Leaders can succeed in this only when they can cut through
differences of race, sex, age, nationality, and personality and, using stories
and celebrating heroes, tap into those very few needs we all share. The job

of a manager, meanwhile, is to turn one per
performance. Managers will succeed only when they can identify and deploy
the differences among people, challenging each employee to excel in his or
But to excel at one or both, you must be aware of the very different skills
each role requires.
Angel Investors
Angel investors are individual funders to budding enterprises. They provide
funds at very early stages of their growth, usually between one to three
years of their existence. Angel investors are known with many names such
as seed investors, angel funders, or private investors.
The investment from private investors comes in exchange for a certain

percentage of equity shares, giving an ownership stake in the startup. They
are high-risk bearers since they park their funds in an early-stage firm that
has to make a long journey to earn a market. Many private investors are
high-net-worth individuals who invest their own funds. Additionally, those
with limited funds rely on fellow investors and fund through a common pool.
It enables entrepreneurs to avail extensive capital without being burdened by

debts. Moreover, many angel investors hold business expertise and are from
specialized fields. By extending th
management. It lays a strong foundation for the startup to walk towards its
goals. In fact, the investment decision can only emerge if the investor sees
genuine growth potential in the startup.
Investors make profits when shares appreciate in value either through public
surveying 1,659 accredited angel funders in the US, the median investment
size is $25,000. However, investors with entrepreneurial experience sign
bigger checks, with an average being $39,000 instead of the non-business
background, whose average is $28,000. Moreover, amongst their portfolio,
an average of 11% gave positive returns. Every year, angel funders put in
$25 billion in over 70,000 companies.
Ambulances
Ambulances come in a variety of vehicle types and configurations, according
to Dr. Ben Weston, an assistant professor at Medical College of Wisconsin.
There's the familiar minivan style, but other ambulances have a pickup-truck
chassis with an attached patient compartment. Inside, ambulances carry an
assortment of lifesaving equipment. They carry portable oxygen supplies and
masks, cervical collars, slings, backboards to protect patients with spinal
injuries, and kits with towels, dressings, scissors, clamps and sterile gloves
to use in delivering babies. Among other equipment, they're also equipped
with disinfectant, shoe covers, coveralls and other gear for controlling
exposure to infections. One of the most important and costly pieces of
equipment on an ambulance is the heart monitor. "It's one of the essentials,"

Buchle says. The device is capable of doing an electrocardiogram (EKG), and
also transmitting the readings via wireless modem to a doctor at the
hospital while they are in route. Additionally, the device can check oxygen
levels and blood pressure, and even act as a pacemaker for patients whose
hearts need such assistance. Ambulances also carry supplies of
medications, with state regulations determining what they're allowed to
have. Ambulances can carry an extensive assortment of drugs, from various
cardiac medications and drugs to treat patients who've suffered allergic
reactions or asthma attacks. There also are various pain medications,
ranging from aspirin to fentanyl. Another useful piece of equipment on
ambulances these days is a laptop computer, which crews can use to
receive detailed information from the 911 dispatcher. That enables them to
be better prepared when they arrive on the scene.
Muscle Benefits
Muscle is a star player in keeping your body happy and healthy in the long-
term, for several reasons. For starters, lean muscle mass can help manage
blood sugar, keeping type 2 diabetes at bay. In fact, one 2017 cohort study
found a negative association between muscle mass and risk of developing of
ays Tim Church, a professor of preventive

medicine. So, the more muscle you have, the greater your potential to
metabolize blood sugar
You lose about 1-2% of muscle mass starting around age 40 or 45, he
adds. This age-
of the biggest reasons many older adults can no longer do simple tasks
without help
maintain a
healthy weight by raising your basal metabolic rate, or the number of
Lastly and least importantly, at least pertaining to health, the density of

muscle might cause it to weigh more, it also means it takes up less space in
notice that on their bod
Bubbles
For generations, bubbles have sparked the curiosity and imagination of
children and adults alike. They love to blow them, pop them and fit inside

them. Bubbles aren't just for entertainment; they are the crisp
effervescence in our sodas and sparkling water, and some doctors are even
using microscopic bubbles to deliver medicine more effectively. Whether for
entertainment or scientific study, scientists have been turning their
attention to why bubbles pop.
For many years, it was believed that bubbles popped because of gravity.
When a hole is poked in a bubble, the hole expands over time, and the bubble
collapses. Because the hole wasn't growing as fast as the bubble was
shrinking, scientists chalked it up to gravity. A
There are two primary reasons a bubble will pop. First, because it gets
poked, as we mentioned above. When a bubble is poked, a hole forms and
surface tension causes the molecules to shrink so quickly that the bubble
flattens or bursts and the water escapes as tiny droplets.
The second reason a bubble pops is because its water evaporates. Because
the film around bubbles contains water, it will evaporate over time. Suppose
a bubble manages to escape the pursuit of a stick-wielding child. In that
case, it will eventually pop once the water evaporates, i.e., it turns into a
gas and breaks those molecular bonds that create the surface tension. The
more viscous a solution, the longer it takes for water to evaporate. Water
also evaporates faster when the air temperature is higher, so bubbles pop
more quickly on a warm day than on a cooler one.
Swedish Forestland
The growing season in Sweden ranges from about 240 days in the south to
120 days in the north. Less than one-tenth of Sweden's land area is under
cultivation. Most arable land is found in southern Sweden, but there are
arable parcels up to the Arctic Circle, Wheat, barley, sugar beets, oilseeds,
potatoes, and staple vegetables dominate in the south, while in the north
hay and potatoes are the main crops. In Sweden as a whole, animal
agriculture is more significant. than cereal farming. Dairy cows are
important in all parts of the country, while pig and poultry raising are
concentrated in the extreme south. The yields of Swedish farms are among
the highest in the world. Environmental problems, however, have made it
necessary to reduce the use of fertilizers.
About half of Swedish forestland is privately owned, about one fourth

company-owned, and about one-fourth publicly owned. Forest work used to
be complementary winter employment for small farmers using their horses;
today forestry is carried on year-round by a small workforce and large,
modern machinery. Nearly three-fourths of all Swedish farms have
timberland. The average regrowth and harvest time for spruce and pine is
about 50 years in the south and roughly 140 years in the north. Since the
late 19th century, forestry in Sweden has been conducted on a sustained-
yield basis, which establishes a ratio between cutting and new growth that

is strictly enforced. Modern large-scale forestry methods have been subject
to severe criticism, and major reforms were implemented in the 1990s. A
thorough mapping and inventory of key woodland habitats was undertaken in
the mid-1990s to identify areas with high biodiversity values.
Benefits of Wetlands
At one time, people believed wetlands were useless, and they were drained
for development. But we now realize that wetlands are a valuable and crucial
part of the world's ecosystem. Let's talk about some of the many benefits
wetlands provide.
When you're doing the dishes or washing your car, you probably use a sponge
to soak up the water. Think of wetlands as a giant sponge, slowly absorbing
water and releasing it when necessary. The sponge-like quality of wetlands
allows them to return water to the ground during dry periods. Wetlands
also slow down water's momentum as it travels to the ocean or the river,
and less momentum means less soil erosion.
Wetlands are comparable to rainforests in the amount of species they can

support (it's no wonder they attract nature photographers and wildlife
enthusiasts). The abundant vegetation and shallow water levels in wetlands
play host to many plant and animal species. And many species of birds rely
on wetlands for breeding or nesting grounds, including ducks, geese,
woodpeckers, hawks and wading birds.
Wetlands aren't just lovely to look at. They also protect us against floods.
Like your car's brakes, wetlands halt the velocity of floodwaters and help to
disperse the excess water. Undisturbed wetlands can store up to 60 days
of floodwater. When coastal wetlands are lost, it leads to weakened storm
buffers. Wetlands can also act as a buffer against colder temperatures. As
farmland has replaced wetlands, crops have become more susceptible to
frost even in south Florida.
School Shooting
The majority of school shootings are committed by white middle-class males
living in suburban or rural areas. In attempting to explain this phenomenon,
some researchers argued that African American parents recognized the
need to prepare their children to face not only bullying but also humiliating
racist comments and acts from the dominant culture. They frequently
emphasized to their children that racist behaviours are wrong and that their
children need not feel alone in their struggle. Research on the predominantly
or exclusively white communities where the white male middle-class school
shooters resided painted a very different picture. Parents and school staff in
these areas indicated that they offered little or no opportunity either to
stop the intense bullying or to help the victims process the emotions and
identify strategies for responding. Because the boys were sometimes
ashamed to report these violations of their masculinity, parents and school
staff were often ignorant of, or ignored, the daily demoralizing, humiliating,
and taunting environments embedded in the school and community cultures

where the white school shooters lived. Thus, some future school shooters
were left to determine on their own how to negotiate their feelings of
intense rejection and discrimination relating to their social standing in their
schools and among their peers: they were on their own in defending their
sense of self in the context of their often extreme physical and verbal
bullying and severe personal humiliation.
Hippocampus
If the hippocampus is damaged by disease or injury, it can influence a
person's memories as well as their ability to form new memories.
Hippocampus damage can particularly affect spatial memory, or the ability to
remember directions, locations, and orientations. Because the hippocampus
plays such an important role in the formation of new memories, damage to
this part of the brain can have a serious long-term impact on certain types
of memory. Damage to the hippocampus has been observed upon post-
mortem analysis of the brains of individuals with amnesia. Such damage is
linked to problems with forming explicit memories such as names, dates, and
events.
The exact impact of damage can vary depending on which hippocampus has
been affected. Research on mice suggests that damage to the left
hippocampus has an effect on the recall of verbal information while damage
to the right hippocampus results in problems with visual information. There
are a few different factors that can affect the function of the hippocampus.
Age can also have a major impact on the functioning of the hippocampus.
MRI scans of human brains have found that the human hippocampus shrinks
by around 13% between the ages of 30 and 80. Those who experience such
a loss may show significant declines in memory performance. Cell
degeneration in the hippocampus has also been linked to the onset of
The hippocampus may also play a role in contributing to the development of

addictions. Because drugs and alcohol affect the brain's reward systems,
the hippocampus creates memories of these satisfying experiences. It also
may help form memories of environmental cues associated with substance
use that can contribute to intense cravings when these cues are
encountered again.
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the
American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline
and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development,
sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.
Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over
the past 150 years or so. However, its origins can be traced back to
ancient Greece, 400-500 years BC. Philosophers used to discuss many
topics now studied by modern psychology, such as memory, free will vs
determinism, nature vs. nurture, attraction etc.

In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical
perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and
functionalism. Structuralism was the name given to the approach pioneered
by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), which focused on breaking down mental
processes intro the most basic components. The term originated from
Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had been trained by
Wundt. Wundt was important because he separated psychology from
philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way,
with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control.
Structuralism relied on trained introspection, a research method whereby
subjects related what was going on in their minds while performing a certain
task.
An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an

approach which came to be known as functionalism, that disagreed with the
focus of Structuralism. James argued that the mind is constantly changing
and it is pointless to look for the structure of conscious experience. Rather,
he proposed the focus should be on how and why an organism does
something, i.e. the functions or purpose of the brain. James suggested that
psychologists should look for the underlying cause of behavior and the
mental processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and consequences
of behavior has influenced contemporary psychology.
Single-use Plastic
True to its name, a single-use plastic is disposable plastic that's designed to
be used once then tossed or recycled. This includes everything from plastic
water drink bottles and produce bags to disposable plastic razors and
plastic ribbon: really any plastic item you use then immediately discard.
While these items can be recyclable, Megean Weldon of the blog and waste-
prevention shop Zero Waste Nerd says that's hardly the norm.
"In reality, very few plastic items can be processed into new materials and
products," she says in an email. "Unlike glass and aluminum, plastic isn't
processed into the same item it was when it was collected by a recycling
center. The quality of plastic is downgraded, so eventually, and inevitably,
that plastic will still end up in a landfill."
Most bottles say they can be recycled, and based solely on their easily
recyclable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composition, they could be.
However, nearly seven out of 10 bottles end up in landfills or tossed as
litter. This problem increased when China decided to stop accepting and
recycling plastic in 2018. For municipalities, that meant recycling became
significantly pricier, according to The Atlantic, so many municipalities are
now simply opting for the budget-friendly landfill over recycling.

Pair this landfill-first approach with the world's ever-growing plastic
consumption-humans produce almost 20,000 plastic bottles per second,
according to The Guardian and America's waste grew by 4.5 percent from
2010 to 2015- it's no wonder the world is overflowing with plastic waste.
Human Traits
The age-old question of whether human traits are determined by nature or
nurture has been answered, a team of researchers say. Their conclusion?
It's a draw.
By collating almost every twin study across the world from the past 50
years, researchers determined that the average variation for human traits
and disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to
environmental factors.
University of Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin from the Queensland

Brain Institute collaborated with researchers at VU University of
Amsterdam to collate 2,748 studies involving more than 14.5 million pairs
of twins.
"Twin studies have been conducted for more than 50 years but there is still
some debate in terms of how much the variation is due to genetic or
environmental factors," Benyamin said.
He said the study showed the conversation should move away from nature
versus nature, instead looking at how the
two work together. "Both are important sources of variation between

individuals," he said.
While the studies averaged an almost even split between nature and
nurture, there was wide variation within the 17,800 separate traits and
diseases examined by the studies.
For example, the risk for bipolar disorder was found to be 68 percent due to
genetics and only 32 percent due to environmental factors. Weight
maintenance was 63 percent due to genetics and 37 percent due to
In contrast, risk for eating disorders was found to be 40 percent genetic

and 60 percent environmental, whereas the risk for mental and behavioral
disorders due to use of alcohol was 41 percent genetic and 59 percent
environmental.
Benyamin said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic

factors were a larger influence than environmental factors. But for social
values and attitudes it was the other way around.

Heart Disease
includes diseases of the blood vessels, including coronary artery disease
(CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) and so on. Symptoms of heart
disease can vary depending on which type you have and whether you are a
man or a woman. For example, with a heart attack, men are more likely to
experience chest pain, while women are more likely to have symptoms other
than chest discomfort, like nausea, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
The causes of heart disease also vary depending on the type of disease. CAD
and PAD are caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of cholesterol and
other material called plaque in the arteries. This buildup of plaque can result
in the narrowing of arteries, which makes it harder for blood to flow and can
result in a heart attack or stroke.
Before a heart disease diagnosis is made, your healthcare provider will
gather a full medical history and perform a physical exam. If your doctor
suspects heart disease, blood tests will be ordered to check your
cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as look for proteins that could
signal heart failure or plaque in your arteries. A chest X-ray will also help
your doctor look for signs of heart failure or heart valve problems.
Traveling Solo
Traveling solo is for many still a scary concept. However, the benefits to
traveling by yourself are numerous. You make your own plans, eat whatever
you want, stay longer or leave sooner, talk to the people you like, etc. But
there is more: traveling solo can have a positive impact on your personality
as well. You can grow as a person, learn more about yourself and return a
happier person. Traveling alone means having the ultimate freedom to do
whatever you want ( within the boundaries of the law of course). Who has
never had an argument with his/her traveling partner because you have
different opinions on how to fill in your travel itinerary? Traveling solo means
doing whatever you want, whether you want to plan everything out or set
out spontaneously.
The power of audiovisuals has been manifested and exploited politically,

socially, and economically throughout history. Leaders such as Adolf Hitler,
for example, successfully used films as propaganda tools during World War
II. Unfortunate facts like these show the raw power of film has even caused
revolutions.
cinema in changing and shaping
filmmakers to reach their target audiences from all corners of the world in

A good movie can entertain, educate, and inspire the viewer in many ways.
Think of the impact that songs have on people, for example. They can make
us think. They can make us compassionate. They can inspire us to help
others and to do good to and for humanity. Romantic movies, on the other
hand, can remind us why love is important and why it is worth fighting for.
They make us cry and laugh at our own romantic flaws. Crime and action TV
shows also warn us about the dangers of criminal activities, terrorism, and
war.
Every movie is set and developed in a particular culture. Movies are an
integral part of us; they mirror what we believe and how we coexist as
people. It is easier to see our concerns, attitudes, flaws and strengths in
films than it is to decipher them from our daily interactions. When our
prevalent beliefs and ideologies are challenged in films, we are sometimes
able to interrogate ourselves and embrace change.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, sometimes called talk therapy, is a treatment that involves
a talking relationship between a therapist and patient. It can be used to
treat a broad variety of mental disorders and emotional difficulties. The goal
of psychotherapy is to eliminate or control disabling or troubling symptoms
so the patient can function better. Depending on the extent of the problem,
treatment may take just a few sessions over a week or two or may take
many sessions over a period of years. Psychotherapy can be done
individually, as a couple, with a family, or in a group.
There are many forms of psychotherapy. There are psychotherapies that

help patients change behaviors or thought patterns, psychotherapies that
help patients explore the effect of past relationships and experiences on
present. behaviors, and psychotherapies that are tailored to help solve
other problems in specific ways. Cognitive behavior therapy is a goal-
oriented therapy focusing on problem solving. Psychoanalysis is an intensive
form of individual psychotherapy which requires frequent sessions over
several years.
Most medications are used by psychiatrists in much the same way that
medications are used to treat high blood pressure or diabetes. After
completing thorough evaluations, psychiatrists can prescribe medications to
help treat mental disorders. While the precise mechanism of action of
psychiatric medications is not fully understood, they may beneficially
modulate chemical signaling and communication within the brain, which may
reduce some symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Patients on long-term
medication treatment will need to meet with their psychiatrist periodically
to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and any potential side
effects.
Hearing Ability

In the animal kingdom, ear size doesn't necessarily determine hearing ability.
Compare bats and chinchillas. They both have large, prominent ears but
vastly different frequency ranges. Bats can hear from 2,000 to 110,000
hertz (Hz), while chinchillas can detect only 90 to 22,800 Hz. And in most
large-eared animals, ear size has more to do with keeping the animal cool
than it does with helping it detect sound. Consider how much larger the
ears of African elephants are than those of Asian elephants. Those giant
ears help redirect heat from the body a useful attribute in a hot climate.
Let's get back to people. The external portion of our ears (also known as the
pinna) has two main purposes: to protect the ear canal and to channel
sound into it. Neither of these functions are improved in larger ears the
shape of our ears is much more important here. But keep in mind that the
broad variety of human earlobe shapes doesn't impact hearing differences.
Unless there's a congenital defect, the basic structure of the ear is
relatively the same in all people. While the pinna does play an important role,
the mechanisms most critical to hearing are found deeper within. These
sound receptors help transmit auditory signals to the brain, so they're
tucked safely away in the inner ear. Therefore, hearing ability is not
connected to ear size.
Pink and Brown

People who have trouble blocking out noise at bedtime may resort to using a
standing fan or a white noise machine, but white is not the only "color" of
noise out there. Pink or brown noise may be even more helpful at blocking
out unwanted sounds and getting you better sleep. It's the sound
inconsistency (noises going from loud to soft or vice versa) rather than the
sound level that tends to wake you up. White noise creates a blanket of
sounds that masks this inconsistency. White noise is made up of sounds
from all over the spectrum, from low-frequency bass notes to high-frequency
chimes. These sounds are all blended together to create a constant stream
of soft noise. White noises occurring in nature include sprinkling rain, gently
running water and a breeze sifting through trees, all sounds that humans
tend to find relaxing at any time of day. Pink noise is similar to white noise,
but it leans less heavily on high frequencies and more on bass and mid-range
tones, so it sounds like moderate rainfall or ocean waves. Those who dislike
higher-pitched sounds may find pink noise more pleasing to the ear. Brown
noise emphasizes bass notes even further, almost completely eliminating
high frequencies from its profile. Natural brown noises can be things like
roaring river rapids, heavy rainfall and distant rumbling thunder. This type of
noise is named not only for a color, but also for Scottish scientist Robert
Brown. In the 1800s, Brown observed pollen particles moving randomly in
water and devised a mathematical formula to predict these movements.
When this randomizing formula is used to generate electronic sound, a bass-
heavy noise profile results. Brown noise is sometimes known as red noise.
Deepest Lake

Lake Baikal is located in southern Russia, near the border of Mongolia. Its
depth of 5,300 feet makes it the world's deepest lake. The second-deepest
lake, Lake Tanganyika in east Africa, is 4,710 feet deep by comparison.
Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the U.S., is 1,900 feet deep.
Lake Baikal's 12,200-square-mile size also makes it Earth's largest. That

size, by the way, makes it comparable in volume to the entire Amazon basin.
For scale, it reportedly takes about 330 years for one water molecule to
flow from inlet to inlet.
So how did Lake Baikal get so massive? About 25 million years ago, Lake
Baikal formed through fractures and shifting within Earth's crust. It wasn't
Lake Baikal as we now know it, though. Experts believe it was a series of
lakes, similar to the Great Lakes in the U.S. While scientists aren't positive
how Lake Baikal went from many lakes to the behemoth it is today, they do
have theories. It could've been sinking earth, erosion, earthquakes, increased
water from melting glaciers, although it's likely a mix of these factors and
more.
Now, that unifying change took place in the Pliocene Epoch (about 5.3 to 2.5
million years ago), but this lake is hardly finished growing. It's expanding at a
rate of 0.7 inches every year, the same speed at which Africa and South
America are drifting apart. At this speed, some scientists believe Lake
Baikal is actually an ocean in the making.
Central Nervous System

The central nervous system controls most functions of the body and mind. It
consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the center
of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin
of control over body movement. The spinal cord is the highway for
communication between the body and the brain. When the spinal cord is
injured, the exchange of information between the brain and other parts of
the body is disrupted.
Most systems and organs of the body control just one function, but the
central nervous system does many jobs at the same time. It controls all
voluntary movement, such as speech and walking, and involuntary
movements, such as blinking and breathing. It is also the core of our
thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.
The central nervous system is better protected than any other system or
organ in the body. Its main line of defense is the bones of the skull and spinal
column, which create a hard physical barrier to injury. A fluid-filled space
below the bones, called the syrnix, provides shock absorbance.
Unfortunately, this protection can be a double-edged sword. When an injury

to the central nervous system occurs, the soft tissue of the brain and

spinal cord swells, causing pressure because of the confined space. The
swelling makes the injury worse unless it is rapidly relieved. Fractured bones
can lead to further damage and the possibility of infection
Famine
Famine is a widespread condition in which a large percentage of people in a
country or region have little or no access to adequate food supplies. Many
people believe that famines are food shortages caused solely by
underproduction. However, in many cases, famine has multiple causes. A
natural disaster, such as a long period of drought, flooding, extreme cold,
typhoons, insect infestations, or plant disease, combined with government
decisions on how to respond to the disaster, can result in a famine. The
famine might be initiated by a natural disaster, and a government's inability
or unwillingness to deal with the consequences of that event may magnify
the effects This happened in North Korea in the 1990s when government
mismanagement of food supplies and an inequitable rationing policy led to a
famine that killed over two million people by some estimates. Human events
also lead to famine. A major human cause of famine is warfare. During war,
crops are destroyed, either intentionally or as a result of combat. In
addition, supply lines and routes are cut off, and food cannot be distributed
or is prevented from being distributed by combatants. Forced starvation for
political reasons is another cause of famine. In the Soviet Union of the
1930s, for example, millions of peasants died as a result of leader Joseph
Stalin's agricultural policies, which required that a quota of grain be supplied
to the government before any of the grain could be consumed by those who
grew it. Anyone caught violating the policy could be executed.
Malicious Apps
A recent incident at Meta's Facebook left users worried as the social media
giant announced earlier this week that over a million users may have had
their credentials compromised. The reason behind the security lapse -
malicious apps that tricked users into giving the app their login credentials
under false guises. A report by Bloomberg suggests that a number of
malicious apps that were available on the Play Store and App Store were
disguised as photo editors, mobile games and health trackers, among
others. This makes it hard for most people to identify what could potentially
be problematic apps since such apps are built around offering a false use-
case. Malicious apps will offer to provide extra bonus features by getting
users to log in with their Facebook account (or another social media
account). This seemingly harmless act tricks users into opening in-app
windows where they will sign in with their usernames and passwords. Similar
to how keyloggers work, once a user enters their credentials, the malicious
apps may keep a record of the same and send it to remote attackers when
the phone is next connected to mobile data or WiFi. Facebook has said that
not all of the roughly 1 million devices may have had their credentials
compromised, but the company plans to share tips with potential victims on

how they can avoid being "re-compromised" by learning to spot potentially
malicious apps
Global Leadership
As we begin the twenty-first century, technological, economic, political, and
social forces have created a new era. Technological advancements and lower
trade barriers have paved the way for the globalization of markets, bringing
intense competition to the U.S. economy. Political systems and movements
around the world are having a profound impact on our national security, as
well as on our human security. The increasing diversity of our workplaces,
schools, and communities is changing the face of our society. To confront
the twenty-first century challenges to our economy and national security,
our education system must be strengthened to increase the foreign
language skills and cultural awareness of our students. America's continued
global leadership will depend on our students' abilities to interact with the
world community both inside and outside our borders.
Most schools have not responded adequately to these challenges of the

twenty-first century, and thus many American students lack sufficient
knowledge of other world regions, languages, and cultures. Only about
onethird of seventh to twelfth grade students - and just five percent of
elementary school students-study a foreign language. Few students study
the less-commonly taught "critical languages" that are vital to national
security. State high school graduation requirements often include only
minimal course work in international studies. At the postsecondary level,
fewer than ten percent of college students enroll in a foreign language and
only one percent of undergraduates study abroad.
Forensic Anthropology
There are a number of applications of anthropology to the forensic sciences.
A large part of physical anthropology deals with skeletal biology, which
includes bone and bone system structures and their relationships to
characteristics such as gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, and so
forth. That knowledge can be applied to the examination of characteristics of
skeletal remains that are part of a crime scene. In such cases, the goal of
the analysis may be to determine the identity of the deceased person and,
perhaps, the cause of death. To those ends, forensic anthropologists make
use of a number of unique techniques. Two major types of human-remains
evidence confront the forensic anthropologist. First is the single bone or
bone fragment or small group of bones. When that is the only type of
evidence present, the forensic anthropologist seeks to determine if the bone
is human and, if not, what type of animal the bone belongs to. If the sample
is human bone, then the anthropologist will determine the part of the body
from which it came. The second major type of forensic anthropological
evidence is the complete skeleton. From that evidence, the accomplished
forensic anthropologist may be able to determine gender, race, approximate
age, stature, and approximate socioeconomic status. If there is damage to

some of the bones, the anthropologist may be able to determine what type
of trauma caused it. If the skull is present, it may be possible to prepare an
approximate face on the skull using skull superimposition. Investigators may
then publish a picture of the face to see if it evokes a response from a
relative of a missing person.
Plantation
The term plantation arose as settlements in the southern United States,
originally linked with colonial expansion, came to revolve around the
production of agriculture. The word plantation first appeared in English in
the 15th century. Originally, the word meant to plant. However, what came
to be known as plantations became the center of large-scale enslaved labor
operations in the Western Hemisphere. Historians Peter H. Wood and
Edward Baptist advocate to stop using the word plantation when
referencing agricultural operations involving forced labor. Instead, they
plantation system developed in the American South as British colonists

arrived in what became known as Virginia and divided the land into large
areas suitable for farming. The land on which these plantations were
established was stolen through canceled, disregarded, and deceitful
treaties, or outright violence from indigenous nations. The plantation system
came to dominate the culture of the South, and it was rife with inequity
from the time it was established. In 1606, King James I formed the Virginia
Company of London to establish colonies in North America, but when the
British arrived, they faced a harsh and foreboding wilderness, and their lives
became little more than a struggle for survival. So, to make settling the land
more attractive, the Virginia Company offered any adult man with the means
to travel to America 50 acres of land. At the encouragement of the
company, many of the settlers banded together and created large
settlements, called hundreds, as they were intended to support individuals,
usually men who led a household.
Western buildings were built up with stones, solemn and magnificent. Most
Most of the palaces, temples and pagodas of ancient China were built with
wood. They were energy-efficient, environmentally-friendly and durable, but
were easily destroyed by fire in history. Fortunately, there are still many
ancient Chinese wooden architecture gems left and preserved today.
Chinese architecture is almost as old as Chinese civilization. The wooden
architecture of stilt style founded in the Hemudu Site of Neolithic Age is the
earliest to date, with a history of over 6000 years. The wood and mud walls
of Banpo Neolithic Village have a history of around 5000 years. In addition,

archaeologists have found massive wooden palaces and imperial tombs in Yin
Ruins, Anyang City, Henan Province, dating back to 1400BC - 1100BC
during the Shang Dynasty. Over the next 3,000 years, Chinese wooden
architecture, through the replacements of dozens of dynasties, retains its
are
cultural heritages related to architecture.
The wooden buildings of ancient China, whether they are royal palaces or folk
houses, whether they are located in the densely populated capitals or thinly
populated mountainous areas, follow the same architectural system, which
has three basic elements, a huge foundation platform, a timber frame and
body, wooden ceiling with decorated roof.
Rosling's Discoveries
Karolinska Institute, Rosling became famous as the public educator who

used statistics to show how the world is changing.
He chose this public role after making two significant discoveries.
most basic facts about global health and global development. Through
surveys he conducted, Rosling found that at a time when poverty is falling
faster than ever before, the majority of people think that the proportion of
the world population living in extreme poverty is rising. Similarly, he found
that many underestimate global life expectancy widely, and are not aware of
the success of delivering healthcare services for example, vaccines
grounding in facts, ev -
Rosling was convinced that this unawareness of global progress matters.
into cynics, as we falsely believe that global development must be a mirage.
because people are not interested in global development, but because it is

too hard for those that want to know about global development to access
this knowledge. Neither the experts nor the media were presenting how
global development changes the world.
Based on these two insights, Hans Rosling made it his mission to bridge
this gap and present the evidence that global development is a reality.
His approach to communicating research on global development was through
public talks and the use of data visualization.
Lunar Eclipse
There are always headlines when a blood moon is coming, but they don't
always explain what a blood moon is - and how it differs from a lunar eclipse.
A blood moon is the same thing as a total lunar eclipse (one of three types
of lunar eclipses that can be seen from Earth). Whenever you read a news
story about an upcoming blood moon- or see beautiful pictures of one that
has just happened the scientifically accurate term for what you're seeing is
a total lunar eclipse.

To help make more sense of the blood moon phenomena, it helps to
understand how eclipses work. An eclipse occurs any time one celestial body
(such as Earth or the moon) passes in between the sun and another
celestial body and casts a shadow on that other object. In the case of a
lunar eclipse, Earth passes between the sun and the moon and our shadow
is cast onto the moon.
However, it's even more complex: There are two different parts to a shadow.
There's the penumbra, the partially shaded outer region of the shadow, and
the umbra, the fully shaded inner region of a shadow. The penumbra is the
lighter area that causes your shadow to appear fuzzy on the ground on a
sunny day; the umbra is the darker area of your shadow.
Given all that, we can now make sense of the kind of lunar eclipse that
creates a blood moon or a total lunar eclipse. When the moon passes
completely into the Earth's umbra, it is in our shadow and appears with a
reddish tint.
Takeoff Speed
The data showed that as the temperature increased, air density decreased,
causing takeoff speeds to slow down. Over time, this has had a clear effect
on air travel. For the Q400 turboprop aircraft at Chios airport, the
researchers charted that the average takeoff distance is 328 feet (100
meters) longer now than it was in 1974. This can present real problems for
terminals that use shorter runways.
Guy Gratton, associate professor of aviation and the environment at

England's Cranfield University and one of the authors of the 2020 study,
asserts that many air traffic controllers may not have been aware of this
effect. "I don't think that most are noticing the trends of climate change
because their job is to plan each day's flights based upon the latest
observations and forecasts. You really need to observe changes over at
least a decade, as we did with our paper, before the average impacts
become noticeable and significant."
Aside from lengthening runways, air travel experts have to drop vehicle
weights to fight the air density problem. This likely means reducing the
number of passengers and the amount of cargo allowed on an aircraft. The
2020 study found that at Chios, the maximum allowable takeoff mass was
reduced from about 165,350 pounds (75,000 kilograms) in 1974, to
152,000 pounds (69,000 kilograms) in 2017. That's an 8 percent drop in
carrying capacity over time. In the case of heatwaves, we've already seen
airlines have to cancel tickets or ground flights entirely as a result of the
hot air.
Goosebumps

Goosebumps are the result of piloerection, a temporary raising of the hairs
on the surface of the skin that occurs when the piloerector muscles
contract. These tiny muscles are attached to the individual follicles from
which each hair arises. Piloerection is a voluntary response directed by the
sympathetic nervous system (the one that triggers the "fight or flight"
response), and is elicited by cold, fear or a startling experience.
Goosebumps have two functions that serve little purpose to less hairy,
modern-day humans. "One is to keep us warm, which they don't do a very
good job at on humans because we're not furry," Roach, a physician from
Canada says. For example, cold weather can trigger piloerection in mammals
- as well as birds-causing their hair (or sometimes their feathers) to stand
up and then reset. This action can create a layer of air underneath the
animal's fur that helps insulate their bodies from the cold temperatures.
Piloerection also occurs when animals perceive a threat is near. In this
situation, when the piloerector muscles contract and cause the hair to rise,
it creates a "fluffed up" appearance that makes the animal seem larger and
may help deter an attack by other animals. As a result, goosebumps serve
no real purpose in humans since we evolved to less hairy creatures.
Olympic Torch
The Olympic torch relay represents an iconic beginning to the games.
Former Olympians and members of the public carry the Olympic flame from
Athens all the way to the opening ceremony, signifying the official
commencement of the games.
Creating a unique, functional torch is a massive undertaking. Identical

torches must be manufactured for each runner in the relay before the initial
lighting of the Olympic flame in Greece. The entire process of designing,
modeling, prototyping, testing, and manufacturing actually begins years
before the games themselves begin.
The fundamental elements of an Olympic torch are simple. It must contain a

fuel canister and discharge system to support the burning of the flame; the
Olympic flame must be clearly visible while burning and resistant to being
extinguished under extreme conditions; and it must be a manageable weight
and shaped in a way that is easy to hold. Beyond that, the unique design for
a particular host city is left up to the organizing committee.
Each torch is designed with the host country in mind. In the case of the
Tokyo 2020 torch, designer Tokujin Yoshioka was inspired by the traditional
flower of Japan, which is the cherry blossom. Yoshioka also shaped the torch
out of aluminum recycled from the temporary housing constructed in the
wake of the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, according
to the Tokyo organizing committee. Approximately 30 percent of each
individual torch contains this recycled aluminum.
Telepsychiatry

scale, leading to elevated levels of anxiety. depression, and other mental
mental health services that were traditionally provided in the office. This
disruption, increasing need, and the already limited access to mental health
services could create a very challenging situation. To prevent that, we had
to make a robust transition in our ways of delivering services to
videoconferencing and allowing coverage by the payors.
Like other transitions, adopting the use of technology was challenging for
many, especially in the absence of high-speed internet infrastructure for
some patients. For those with limited logistics or knowledge of video-
conferencing, often the sessions take place over the phone, which reduces
access to a patient's nonverbal behavior. Sound quality might not be great,
leading to extended time for enabling sufficient communication. Although in
psychiatry physical examination is used less often than in most other
medical specialties, when it is needed. telepsychiatry is a barrier.
Despite these challenges, telepsychiatry has provided enormous

opportunities, especially for less economically privileged patients. For an
office visit, one must take time off work, find child support, and have access
to reliable transportation to make it to the visit. For those with limited
resources, or in areas far from psychiatric services, this would lead to
frequent interruptions in care and economic cost. Telepsychiatry has
overcome those barriers. Patients can connect to providers regardless of
their geographical location, and connect while at home near their children,
during their lunch break, or even from their car in the parking lot.
Brain Wave
We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created
by the coordinated firing of huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the
brain. The waves can ricochet from the front of the brain to the back, or
from deep structures all the way to the scal and then back again.
Called neuronal oscillations, these signals are known to accompany certain

mental states. Quiet alpha waves ripple soothingly across the brains of
meditating monks. Beta waves rise and fall during intense conversational
turns. Fast gamma waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta
rhythms lull deep sleepers, while dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta
rhythms.
Researchers have long argued over whether these waves have purposes,
and what those purposes might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable
but useless by-products of the signals that really matter messages sent by
individual nerve cells. Waves are simply a consequence of collective neural
behavior, and nothing more, that view holds. But a growing body of evidence
suggests just the opposite: instead of by-products of important signals,

brain waves are key to how the brain operates, routing information among
far-flung brain regions that need to work together.
MIT's Earl Miller is among the neuroscientists amassing evidence that waves
are an essential part of how the brain operates. Brain oscillations deftly
route information in a way that allows the brain to choose which signals in
the world to pay attention to and which to ignore, his recent studies
suggest.
Other research supports this view, too. Studies on people with electrodes
implanted in their brains suggest brain waves, and their interactions, help
enable emotion, language, vision and more.
Audio-
The power of audio-visuals has been manifested and exploited politically,
revolutions.
war.
Scent Marketing

other thing to consider when scent is at play: context is key. Experiments
have shown that while scents are important to our animal brains, our highly
visual nature can mingle with and directly influence our reaction to scents.
Audio cues that align with scents matter, too.
To understand how important context is to scent marketing, researchers
suggest that labeling a scent good or bad is as important as the scent
itself. In one experiment, subjects were asked to inhale the scent of cheese.
Those who were told it was cheese were delighted with the scent. But when
researchers told other participants that the container was filled with vomit
(even though it was the same cheese), people reacted with disgust.
Psycho
Levels of Crime
The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information
about levels of crime, public attitudes to crime and other related issues. The
results play an important role in informing Home Office policy. The BCS
measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about
crimes they have experienced in the last year. This includes crimes not
reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records.
Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and without the BCS there
would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes.
Because members of the public are asked directly about their experiences,
the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected by
the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the
criteria used by the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to
identify those most at risk of different types of crime, and this helps in the
planning of crime prevention programs. The BCS also examines people's
attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures
they take to avoid it. The survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal
Justice System (CJS), including the police and the courts, and has also been
successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of
domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the
least reported to the police, but among the most serious of crimes in their
impact on victims.
Housing Insecurity and Cancer

A new study has shown that for cancer patients, housing insecurity in
particular may make their cancer worse. "Social risks affect how we interact
with the health care system and other social systems," says Matthew
Banegas, lead author on the study and a researcher at the Kaiser
Permanente Center for Health Research in Portland, Oregon. "Slowly and
surely, we have been able to show that these risks are important."

This study builds on other work that has shown the negative effects of
housing insecurity, from worsening people's mental health to disrupting
treatment for HIV/AIDS. Insecure living is, it seems, a health risk.
The study looked at the social risks experienced by more than 1,200 US
cancer patients at the time of their diagnosis to see whether being exposed
to risk factors housing insecurity, food insecurity, financial hardship,
transport difficulties appeared to raise their risk of dying from their cancer.
The researchers found there was a two-fold greater risk of death for
patients experiencing unstable housing-which can refer to a range of
housing-related challenges, including homelessness, difficulty paying rent,
overcrowding, moving frequently, or spending the majority of income on
housing-compared to people who were not.
Notably, the study didn't assess how insecure housing might influence
cancer mortality. There are a lot of different ways that social risk can
impact cancer care. The stress of insecure living, for instance, might raise
the risk of cancer developing. Or disruption caused by housing insecurity
might impact a person getting screening, or affect someone's chances of
receiving high-quality treatment. Housing acts as a hub for a person to
access health care, and so instability can disrupt access to services.
The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for
millennia. The San, the original inhabitants of this land, were migratory
people who lived in small groups of about 15 to 20 people. They survived by
fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and other wild foods. They did not
build permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as temporary dwellings.
Around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast.
In the eastern part of present-day South Africa, iron-working societies date

from about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this
region around 1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined
gold, copper and tin and hunted for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over
the centuries, these societies had diverse contacts with the Khoisan.
Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi developed over competition for
game; eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples lived in the
western part of present-day South Africa and are known collectively as the
Khoisan.
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples,

real as well as mythical, of self-made men
to confess that twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer, mauling rails, at
work on a flat-boat

told an audience at New Haven in 1860. But in the free states a man knows
. . there is no such thing as a freeman
another last year, this year labors for himself, and next year he will hire
the hired laborer, it is not the fault of the system, but because of either a
dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence, folly, or singular
all gives hope to all, and energy, and progress, and improvement of
As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and
have dinner together rather than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of
research in North America, Europe and Australia back up my enthusiasm for
family dinners. It turns out that sitting down for a nightly meal is great for
the brain, the body and the spirit. And that nightly dinner
a gourmet meal that took three hours to cook, nor does it need to be made
with organic arugula and heirloom parsnips.
For starters, researchers found that for young children, dinnertime

conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being read aloud to. The
researchers counted the number of rare words those not found on a list of
3,000 most common words that the families used during dinner
conversation. Young kids learned 1,000 rare words at the dinner table,
compared to only 143 from parents reading storybooks aloud. Kids who have
a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily.
Older children also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners. For school-
age youngsters, regular mealtime is an even more powerful predictor of high
achievement scores than time spent in school, doing homework, playing
sports or doing art.
Other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner

frequency and teen academic performance. Adolescents who ate family
meals 5 to 7 times a week
who ate dinner with their families fewer than two times a week.
- to six-year-old-child sits alone in

a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child
Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher
general competency later in life.

Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a
sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the
project but then never received it. But the other group did receive new
crayons and better stickers.
Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had
been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the
marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an
average of 12 minutes.
delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe
the next one.
Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions inbound
circumstances as compared to truck deliveries, a brand new study from
University of Washington transportation engineers finds.
In a paper to be revealed in associate degree coming issue of Transportation

analysis half D, researchers found that drones tend to own CO2 emissions
blessings over trucks once the drones haven't got to fly terribly way to their
destinations or once a delivery route has few recipients.
Trucks which may provide environmental edges by carrying everything

from garments to appliances to the article of furniture in a very single trip
become a lot of climate-friendly various once a delivery route has several
stops or is farther off from a central warehouse.
For small, light-weight packages a bottle of drugs or a kid's bathing

costume drones contend particularly well. However, the carbon edges
erode because the weight of a package increases since these unmanned
aerial vehicles have to be compelled to use extra energy to remain aloft with
a significant load.
His product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its
characteristics that mean different things for businesses that are trying to
manage the life cycle of their particular products.
Introduction Stage This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for
a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product
is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the
other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer
testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high,
Growth Stage The growth stage is typically characterized by strong

growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit
from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the
overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses

to invest more money in promotional activity to maximize the potential of
this growth stage.
Maturity Stage During the maturity stage, the product is established and
the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have
built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and
businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also
need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the
production process which might give them a competitive advantage.
Decline Stage Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and
market becoming saturated (i.e., all the customers who will buy the product
have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a
different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be
possible for companies to make some profit by switching to less-expensive
production methods and cheaper markets.
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been
commercially viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to
demonstrate that these technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally
beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our
Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering has led on research into
straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has included
developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM
-
efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather-resilience and means that
developers and homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw
homes and buildings.
The innovative straw walls in the new houses provide two times more
insulation than required by current UK building regulations. Based on
monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel bill reductions
up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell
technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame
infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-
based system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology
combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO²
performance of any system of construction currently available. In fact, as an
agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be carbon negative as straw
absorbs CO² when it grows.
About 120,000 types of protein molecule have yielded up their structures to

-ray
crystallography and nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR), which are used to
elucidate such structures do not work on all proteins. Some types are hard
to produce or purify in the volumes required. Others do not seem to

crystallise at all a prerequisite for probing them with X-rays. As a
consequence, those structures that have been determined include
representatives of less than a third of the 16,000 known protein families.
Researchers can build reasonable computer models for around another
third, because the structures of these resemble ones already known. For
the remainder, however, there is nothing to go on.
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of

information about those from the species of most interest to researchers:
Homo Sapiens. Only a quarter of known protein structures are human. A
majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a problem, for in
proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain of
smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or thousands
of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds up, after it
has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional shape. That
shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel, say, to admit
a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or
as a receptor, to receive chemical signals
molecular machinery.
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack

of information about those from the species of most interest to
researchers: Homo sapiens. Only a quarter of known protein structures are
human. A majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a problem,
for in proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain
of smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or
thousands of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds
up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional
shape. That shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel,
say, to admit a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a
chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive chemical signals and pass
them on to a cell's molecular machinery.
When people start thinking about language, the first question which often
occurs to them is this: is language natural to humans? - in the same way
that grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes naturally to dogs. Or is
it just something we happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs
may learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to
play the guitar.
Clearly, in one sense, children 'learn' whatever language they are exposed to,
be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So, no one would deny that 'learning' is very
important. But the crucial question is whether children are born with 'blank
sheets' in their head as far as language is concerned - or whether humans
are 'programmed' with an outline knowledge of the structure of languages in
general.

This question of whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to
learning or nurture is often referred to as the nature-nurture controversy,
and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it was the topic of one
of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have been going on
for literally ages tend to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant
for a while, then break out fiercely. This particular issue resurfaced in
linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating
and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F.
Skinner (Skinner 1957; Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to 'explain'
language as a set of habits gradually built up over the years. According to
Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are needed. All that is
necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the external world
which prompt the speaker to utter sounds.
A marketing objective is a marketing target or goal that an organization

hopes to achieve such as to boost market share from 9 to 12 per cent
within 2 years. Marketing objectives steer the direction of the business.
Operating a business without knowing your objectives is like driving a car
without knowing where you want to go. Some businesses achieve a degree of
success without setting marketing objectives; stumbling across a
successful business model by accident. But why should anyone rely on
chance? If firms set marketing objectives the probability of success
increases because decision making will be more focused. Marketing
objectives must be compatible with the overall objectives of the company.
They cannot be set in isolation by the marketing department. Achieving the
marketing objective of boosting share from 9 to 12 per cent will help realize
a corporate objective of growth. To be effective, marketing objectives should
be quantifiable and measurable. Targets should also be set within a time
frame. An example of a marketing objective that Nestle might set is to
achieve a 9 per cent increase in the sales of KitKat by the end of next year
A car manufacturer, such as BMW could set the following marketing
objective: 'To increase the number of BMW 3 Series cars sold in China from
250,000 to 400,000 over the next 12 months'. Setting sales volume
targets can be particularly important in industries such as car
manufacturing because of the high fixed costs associated with operating in
this market. If sales volume can be increased, the high fixed costs of
operating will be spread across a greater number of units of output,
reducing fixed costs per unit.
A team from Fudan University in Shanghai has launched the world's most
comprehensive global microbial gene catalog - a database containing 303
million unigenes that will help researchers better understand the
relationship between microorganisms and human health. A unigene is a
representative DNA sequence of gene sequences that stem from the same
microbial species. A paper about the catalog, "Towards the Biogeography of
Prokaryotic Genes", was published in the science journal Nature. Bacterial
communities live in habitats and each community comprises a group of

unique species called a microbiome, which contains genes with specific
functions. To collect all the genes in the global microbiome to create the
catalog, a team from Fudan's Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-
Inspired Intelligence - Luis Pedro Coelho, Zhao Xingming and Peer Bork -
identified unigenes from 14 environments, including human and animal
bodies, soil and water. They created the database based on 13,000 pieces
of publicly available data. The researchers said microbiome research is
normally carried out according to different habitats such as human
microorganisms and marine microorganisms, but the catalog can analyze
microbial metagenomes in different habitats on a global scale. While
collecting the unigenes, they discovered that relatively few - 5.8 percent -
could be identified across habitats. Such unigenes were usually related to
antibiotic resistance, with some able to move from one genome to another.
Understanding how bacteria and genes cross from one environment to
another is critical for human health research, understanding antibiotic
resistance and the development of antibacterial drugs, they said. Zhao said
the team expects to use the catalog to study the influence of microbes on
human health, cognition and behavior.
Huge, blubbery and a bit grumpy. Walruses are easy enough to spot. But
thanks to their remote Arctic location, they're hard to count, and we don't
know how many of these giant beasts there are. Now, using satellite
images, the plan is to locate every Atlantic and Laptev Sea Walrus, and
scientists say this is essential, because climate change means these
animals are under threat.
Today, though, the most advanced imaging satellites can see details down to
just 30 centimetres. And this has transformed our view of the natural
world.
Even at that resolution, counting walruses is still a challenge. So, the

scouts in East Molesey have been drafted in to help. The first job, scouring
through a search area of 25,000 square kilometres, to find any images that
have a walrus in.
It's quite hard because there is like, rusty barrels and rocks that look really
similar. It's kind of a challenge as well because they're all hidden, and you
have to try and search for them. But the project is going to need a lot more
people to help with the count. The future is uncertain for this icon of the
Arctic. Their icy home is changing faster than anywhere else on the planet.
But now with satellite technology and the help of the public, we should finally
find out how many walruses there are, and see how they fare in the years to
come.
Sea Snakes
A snake at sea isn't automatically a "sea snake". Lots of unrelated species
frolic in our oceans from time to time. Reticulated pythons, for example, will
swim between islands along the coasts of southeastern Asia, crossing

distances that could wear out an Olympic gold medalist. That doesn't,
however, make them sea snakes. When naturalists talk about "sea snakes,"
they're usually referring to two very specific groups of reptiles that are part
of the cobra family: true sea snakes and sea kraits. We've already met one of
the former species. Yellow-bellied sea snakes, those oddball knot-tiers, are
classic hydrophiids. True sea snakes like these have sworn off dry land
altogether. Fully marine, they give birth to live young at sea. Scientists
recently learned that Australia's Cleveland Bay is a biological nursery where
pregnant spine-bellied sea snakes come to deliver their broods. Terrestrial
births just aren't an option. Hydrophiids never exit the water voluntarily
because they lack the wide belly scales other snakes use to crawl over solid
ground. Drop one on a beach and the poor creature will struggle to move
under its own power. Sea kraits are a bit less streamlined, but they're more
competent on land. They mate, shed and digest some of their meals outside
the water. Equipped with the requisite belly scales, the animals are free to
hit the turf, and like sea turtles, they lay eggs in beachside nests.
What Makes It Muggy?

Like the heat index, muggy is a "feels-like" condition, except it has to do
more with how "breathable" the air feels than how hot it feels. The muggier
the weather, the less chance you'll feel cool because of decreased
evaporation rates, which is why the following weather conditions are
notoriously linked to the muggiest of days and nights:
Warm air temperatures, generally of 70°F or above (the warmer the air, the
more moisture it's able to hold);
High moisture (the more moisture there is in the air, the "heavier" it feels);
and Low winds (the less wind there is, the fewer air molecules there are
passing over your skin evaporating and cooling you off).
Since mugginess expresses how moist the air feels, you might think that
relative humidity would be a good indicator of how muggy it feels outside.
However, dewpoint temperature is actually a better measure of mugginess.
Why? Dewpoint not only gives you an indication of how moist air is, but how
warm it is as well (since dew point temperature can go as high as, but never
higher than the actual air temperature). So, if the dew point is high, it
means both air moisture and temperature probably are, too.
It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two
fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as
well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic their large, complex cells
have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, true
bacteria are prokaryotic cells, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The
distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of
subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to

the molecular level. Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many
features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into
proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the
molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are
different and characteristic of the respective forms. For example, the amino
acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group
made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two
stems. Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and
functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many
biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from
the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.
Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research,
it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are
organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes
and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems
in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of
the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the
degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a
common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.
These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria
indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the
archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true
bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the
common ancestor of all true bacteria.
What do great managers actually do? In my research, beginning with a

survey of 80,000 managers conducted by the Gallup Organization and
continuing during the past two years with in-depth studies of a few top
e as many styles of management
as there are managers, there is one quality that sets truly great managers
apart from the rest: They discover what is unique about each person and
then capitalize on it. Average managers play checkers, while great managers
play chess. The difference? In checkers, all the pieces are uniform and move
in the same way; they are interchangeable. You need to plan and coordinate
their movements, certainly, but they all move at the same pace, on parallel
paths. In chess, each type of
know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their
employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated
plan of attack.

This is the exact opposite of what great leaders do. Great leaders discover
what is universal and capitalize on it. Their job is to rally people toward a
better future. Leaders can succeed in this only when they can cut through
differences of race, sex, age, nationality, and personality and, using stories
and celebrating heroes, tap into those very few needs we all share. The job
of a manager, meanwhile, is
performance. Managers will succeed only when they can identify and deploy
the differences among people, challenging each employee to excel in his or
vice versa.
But to excel at one or both, you must be aware of the very different skills
each role requires.
Angel Investors
Angel investors are individual funders to budding enterprises. They provide
funds at very early stages of their growth, usually between one to three
years of their existence. Angel investors are known with many names such
as seed investors, angel funders, or private investors.
The investment from private investors comes in exchange for a certain

percentage of equity shares, giving an ownership stake in the startup. They
are high-risk bearers since they park their funds in an early-stage firm that
has to make a long journey to earn a market. Many private investors are
high-net-worth individuals who invest their own funds. Additionally, those
with limited funds rely on fellow investors and fund through a common pool.
It enables entrepreneurs to avail extensive capital without being burdened by

debts. Moreover, many angel investors hold business expertise and are from
specialized fields.
management. It lays a strong foundation for the startup to walk towards its
goals. In fact, the investment decision can only emerge if the investor sees
genuine growth potential in the startup.
Investors make profits when shares appreciate in value either through public
surveying 1,659 accredited angel funders in the US, the median investment
size is $25,000. However, investors with entrepreneurial experience sign
bigger checks, with an average being $39,000 instead of the non-business
background, whose average is $28,000. Moreover, amongst their portfolio,
an average of 11% gave positive returns. Every year, angel funders put in
$25 billion in over 70,000 companies.
Ambulances
Ambulances come in a variety of vehicle types and configurations, according
to Dr. Ben Weston, an assistant professor at Medical College of Wisconsin.
There's the familiar minivan style, but other ambulances have a pickup-truck
chassis with an attached patient compartment. Inside, ambulances carry an
assortment of lifesaving equipment. They carry portable oxygen supplies and
masks, cervical collars, slings, backboards to protect patients with spinal

injuries, and kits with towels, dressings, scissors, clamps and sterile gloves
to use in delivering babies. Among other equipment, they're also equipped
with disinfectant, shoe covers, coveralls and other gear for controlling
exposure to infections. One of the most important and costly pieces of
equipment on an ambulance is the heart monitor. "It's one of the essentials,"
Buchle says. The device is capable of doing an electrocardiogram (EKG), and
also transmitting the readings via wireless modem to a doctor at the
hospital while they are in route. Additionally, the device can check oxygen
levels and blood pressure, and even act as a pacemaker for patients whose
hearts need such assistance. Ambulances also carry supplies of
medications, with state regulations determining what they're allowed to
have. Ambulances can carry an extensive assortment of drugs, from various
cardiac medications and drugs to treat patients who've suffered allergic
reactions or asthma attacks. There also are various pain medications,
ranging from aspirin to fentanyl. Another useful piece of equipment on
ambulances these days is a laptop computer, which crews can use to
receive detailed information from the 911 dispatcher. That enables them to
be better prepared when they arrive on the scene.
Muscle Benefits
Muscle is a star player in keeping your body happy and healthy in the long-
term, for several reasons. For starters, lean muscle mass can help manage
blood sugar, keeping type 2 diabetes at bay. In fact, one 2017 cohort study
found a negative association between muscle mass and risk of developing of
entive
medicine. So, the more muscle you have, the greater your potential to
metabolize blood sugar
You lose about 1-2% of muscle mass starting around age 40 or 45, he
adds. This age-related decline in muscle
of the biggest reasons many older adults can no longer do simple tasks
ch says.
a
healthy weight by raising your basal metabolic rate, or the number of
discussed and
Lastly and least importantly, at least pertaining to health, the density of

muscle might cause it to weigh more, it also means it takes up less space in

Bubbles
For generations, bubbles have sparked the curiosity and imagination of
children and adults alike. They love to blow them, pop them and fit inside
them. Bubbles aren't just for entertainment; they are the crisp
effervescence in our sodas and sparkling water, and some doctors are even
using microscopic bubbles to deliver medicine more effectively. Whether for
entertainment or scientific study, scientists have been turning their
attention to why bubbles pop.
For many years, it was believed that bubbles popped because of gravity.
When a hole is poked in a bubble, the hole expands over time, and the bubble
collapses. Because the hole wasn't growing as fast as the bubble was
shrinking, scientists chalked it up to gravity. A
There are two primary reasons a bubble will pop. First, because it gets
poked, as we mentioned above. When a bubble is poked, a hole forms and
surface tension causes the molecules to shrink so quickly that the bubble
flattens or bursts and the water escapes as tiny droplets.
The second reason a bubble pops is because its water evaporates. Because
the film around bubbles contains water, it will evaporate over time. Suppose
a bubble manages to escape the pursuit of a stick-wielding child. In that
case, it will eventually pop once the water evaporates, i.e., it turns into a
gas and breaks those molecular bonds that create the surface tension. The
more viscous a solution, the longer it takes for water to evaporate. Water
also evaporates faster when the air temperature is higher, so bubbles pop
more quickly on a warm day than on a cooler one.
Swedish Forestland
The growing season in Sweden ranges from about 240 days in the south to
120 days in the north. Less than one-tenth of Sweden's land area is under
cultivation. Most arable land is found in southern Sweden, but there are
arable parcels up to the Arctic Circle, Wheat, barley, sugar beets, oilseeds,
potatoes, and staple vegetables dominate in the south, while in the north
hay and potatoes are the main crops. In Sweden as a whole, animal
agriculture is more significant. than cereal farming. Dairy cows are
important in all parts of the country, while pig and poultry raising are
concentrated in the extreme south. The yields of Swedish farms are among
the highest in the world. Environmental problems, however, have made it
necessary to reduce the use of fertilizers.
About half of Swedish forestland is privately owned, about one fourth

company-owned, and about one-fourth publicly owned. Forest work used to
be complementary winter employment for small farmers using their horses;
today forestry is carried on year-round by a small workforce and large,

modern machinery. Nearly three-fourths of all Swedish farms have
timberland. The average regrowth and harvest time for spruce and pine is
about 50 years in the south and roughly 140 years in the north. Since the
late 19th century, forestry in Sweden has been conducted on a sustained-
yield basis, which establishes a ratio between cutting and new growth that
is strictly enforced. Modern large-scale forestry methods have been subject
to severe criticism, and major reforms were implemented in the 1990s. A
thorough mapping and inventory of key woodland habitats was undertaken in
the mid-1990s to identify areas with high biodiversity values.
Benefits of Wetlands
At one time, people believed wetlands were useless, and they were drained
for development. But we now realize that wetlands are a valuable and crucial
part of the world's ecosystem. Let's talk about some of the many benefits
wetlands provide.
When you're doing the dishes or washing your car, you probably use a sponge
to soak up the water. Think of wetlands as a giant sponge, slowly absorbing
water and releasing it when necessary. The sponge-like quality of wetlands
allows them to return water to the ground during dry periods. Wetlands
also slow down water's momentum as it travels to the ocean or the river,
and less momentum means less soil erosion.
Wetlands are comparable to rainforests in the amount of species they can

support (it's no wonder they attract nature photographers and wildlife
enthusiasts). The abundant vegetation and shallow water levels in wetlands
play host to many plant and animal species. And many species of birds rely
on wetlands for breeding or nesting grounds, including ducks, geese,
woodpeckers, hawks and wading birds.
Wetlands aren't just lovely to look at. They also protect us against floods.
Like your car's brakes, wetlands halt the velocity of floodwaters and help to
disperse the excess water. Undisturbed wetlands can store up to 60 days
of floodwater. When coastal wetlands are lost, it leads to weakened storm
buffers. Wetlands can also act as a buffer against colder temperatures. As
farmland has replaced wetlands, crops have become more susceptible to
frost even in south Florida.
School Shooting
The majority of school shootings are committed by white middle-class males
living in suburban or rural areas. In attempting to explain this phenomenon,
some researchers argued that African American parents recognized the
need to prepare their children to face not only bullying but also humiliating
racist comments and acts from the dominant culture. They frequently
emphasized to their children that racist behaviours are wrong and that their
children need not feel alone in their struggle. Research on the predominantly
or exclusively white communities where the white male middle-class school
shooters resided painted a very different picture. Parents and school staff in
these areas indicated that they offered little or no opportunity either to

stop the intense bullying or to help the victims process the emotions and
identify strategies for responding. Because the boys were sometimes
ashamed to report these violations of their masculinity, parents and school
staff were often ignorant of, or ignored, the daily demoralizing, humiliating,
and taunting environments embedded in the school and community cultures
where the white school shooters lived. Thus, some future school shooters
were left to determine on their own how to negotiate their feelings of
intense rejection and discrimination relating to their social standing in their
schools and among their peers: they were on their own in defending their
sense of self in the context of their often extreme physical and verbal
bullying and severe personal humiliation.
Hippocampus
If the hippocampus is damaged by disease or injury, it can influence a
person's memories as well as their ability to form new memories.
Hippocampus damage can particularly affect spatial memory, or the ability to
remember directions, locations, and orientations. Because the hippocampus
plays such an important role in the formation of new memories, damage to
this part of the brain can have a serious long-term impact on certain types
of memory. Damage to the hippocampus has been observed upon post-
mortem analysis of the brains of individuals with amnesia. Such damage is
linked to problems with forming explicit memories such as names, dates, and
events.
The exact impact of damage can vary depending on which hippocampus has
been affected. Research on mice suggests that damage to the left
hippocampus has an effect on the recall of verbal information while damage
to the right hippocampus results in problems with visual information. There
are a few different factors that can affect the function of the hippocampus.
Age can also have a major impact on the functioning of the hippocampus.
MRI scans of human brains have found that the human hippocampus shrinks
by around 13% between the ages of 30 and 80. Those who experience such
a loss may show significant declines in memory performance. Cell
degeneration in the hippocampus has also been linked to the onset of
The hippocampus may also play a role in contributing to the development of

addictions. Because drugs and alcohol affect the brain's reward systems,
the hippocampus creates memories of these satisfying experiences. It also
may help form memories of environmental cues associated with substance
use that can contribute to intense cravings when these cues are
encountered again.
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the
American Psychological Association. Psychology is a multifaceted discipline
and includes many sub-fields of study such areas as human development,
sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes.

Psychology is really a very new science, with most advances happening over
the past 150 years or so. However, its origins can be traced back to
ancient Greece, 400-500 years BC. Philosophers used to discuss many
topics now studied by modern psychology, such as memory, free will vs
determinism, nature vs. nurture, attraction etc.
In the early days of psychology there were two dominant theoretical

perspectives regarding how the brain worked, structuralism and
functionalism. Structuralism was the name given to the approach pioneered
by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), which focused on breaking down mental
processes intro the most basic components. The term originated from
Edward Titchener, an American psychologist who had been trained by
Wundt. Wundt was important because he separated psychology from
philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way,
with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control.
Structuralism relied on trained introspection, a research method whereby
subjects related what was going on in their minds while performing a certain
task.
An American psychologist named William James (1842-1910) developed an

approach which came to be known as functionalism, that disagreed with the
focus of Structuralism. James argued that the mind is constantly changing
and it is pointless to look for the structure of conscious experience. Rather,
he proposed the focus should be on how and why an organism does
something, i.e. the functions or purpose of the brain. James suggested that
psychologists should look for the underlying cause of behavior and the
mental processes involved. This emphasis on the causes and consequences
of behavior has influenced contemporary psychology.
Single-use Plastic
True to its name, a single-use plastic is disposable plastic that's designed to
be used once then tossed or recycled. This includes everything from plastic
water drink bottles and produce bags to disposable plastic razors and
plastic ribbon: really any plastic item you use then immediately discard.
While these items can be recyclable, Megean Weldon of the blog and waste-
prevention shop Zero Waste Nerd says that's hardly the norm.
"In reality, very few plastic items can be processed into new materials and
products," she says in an email. "Unlike glass and aluminum, plastic isn't
processed into the same item it was when it was collected by a recycling
center. The quality of plastic is downgraded, so eventually, and inevitably,
that plastic will still end up in a landfill."
Most bottles say they can be recycled, and based solely on their easily
recyclable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composition, they could be.
However, nearly seven out of 10 bottles end up in landfills or tossed as
litter. This problem increased when China decided to stop accepting and

recycling plastic in 2018. For municipalities, that meant recycling became
significantly pricier, according to The Atlantic, so many municipalities are
now simply opting for the budget-friendly landfill over recycling.
Pair this landfill-first approach with the world's ever-growing plastic

consumption-humans produce almost 20,000 plastic bottles per second,
according to The Guardian and America's waste grew by 4.5 percent from
2010 to 2015- it's no wonder the world is overflowing with plastic waste.
Human Traits
The age-old question of whether human traits are determined by nature or
nurture has been answered, a team of researchers say. Their conclusion?
It's a draw.
By collating almost every twin study across the world from the past 50
years, researchers determined that the average variation for human traits
and disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to
University of Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin from the Queensland

Brain Institute collaborated with researchers at VU University of
Amsterdam to collate 2,748 studies involving more than 14.5 million pairs
of twins.
"Twin studies have been conducted for more than 50 years but there is still
some debate in terms of how much the variation is due to genetic or
environmental factors," Benyamin said.
He said the study showed the conversation should move away from nature
versus nature, instead looking at how the
two work together. "Both are important sources of variation between

individuals," he said.
While the studies averaged an almost even split between nature and
nurture, there was wide variation within the 17,800 separate traits and
diseases examined by the studies.
For example, the risk for bipolar disorder was found to be 68 percent due to
genetics and only 32 percent due to environmental factors. Weight
maintenance was 63 percent due to genetics and 37 percent due to
In contrast, risk for eating disorders was found to be 40 percent genetic

and 60 percent environmental, whereas the risk for mental and behavioral
disorders due to use of alcohol was 41 percent genetic and 59 percent
environmental.

Benyamin said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic
factors were a larger influence than environmental factors. But for social
values and attitudes it was the other way around.
Heart Disease
includes diseases of the blood vessels, including coronary artery disease
(CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) and so on. Symptoms of heart
disease can vary depending on which type you have and whether you are a
man or a woman. For example, with a heart attack, men are more likely to
experience chest pain, while women are more likely to have symptoms other
than chest discomfort, like nausea, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
The causes of heart disease also vary depending on the type of disease. CAD
and PAD are caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of cholesterol and
other material called plaque in the arteries. This buildup of plaque can result
in the narrowing of arteries, which makes it harder for blood to flow and can
result in a heart attack or stroke.
Before a heart disease diagnosis is made, your healthcare provider will
gather a full medical history and perform a physical exam. If your doctor
suspects heart disease, blood tests will be ordered to check your
cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as look for proteins that could
signal heart failure or plaque in your arteries. A chest X-ray will also help
your doctor look for signs of heart failure or heart valve problems.
Traveling Solo
Traveling solo is for many still a scary concept. However, the benefits to
traveling by yourself are numerous. You make your own plans, eat whatever
you want, stay longer or leave sooner, talk to the people you like, etc. But
there is more: traveling solo can have a positive impact on your personality
as well. You can grow as a person, learn more about yourself and return a
happier person. Traveling alone means having the ultimate freedom to do
whatever you want ( within the boundaries of the law of course). Who has
never had an argument with his/her traveling partner because you have
different opinions on how to fill in your travel itinerary? Traveling solo means
doing whatever you want, whether you want to plan everything out or set
out spontaneously.
The power of audiovisuals has been manifested and exploited politically,

revolutions.

war.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, sometimes called talk therapy, is a treatment that involves
a talking relationship between a therapist and patient. It can be used to
treat a broad variety of mental disorders and emotional difficulties. The goal
of psychotherapy is to eliminate or control disabling or troubling symptoms
so the patient can function better. Depending on the extent of the problem,
treatment may take just a few sessions over a week or two or may take
many sessions over a period of years. Psychotherapy can be done
individually, as a couple, with a family, or in a group.
There are many forms of psychotherapy. There are psychotherapies that

help patients change behaviors or thought patterns, psychotherapies that
help patients explore the effect of past relationships and experiences on
present. behaviors, and psychotherapies that are tailored to help solve
other problems in specific ways. Cognitive behavior therapy is a goal-
oriented therapy focusing on problem solving. Psychoanalysis is an intensive
form of individual psychotherapy which requires frequent sessions over
several years.
Most medications are used by psychiatrists in much the same way that
medications are used to treat high blood pressure or diabetes. After
completing thorough evaluations, psychiatrists can prescribe medications to
help treat mental disorders. While the precise mechanism of action of
psychiatric medications is not fully understood, they may beneficially
modulate chemical signaling and communication within the brain, which may
reduce some symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Patients on long-term
medication treatment will need to meet with their psychiatrist periodically

to monitor the effectiveness of the medication and any potential side
effects.
Hearing Ability
In the animal kingdom, ear size doesn't necessarily determine hearing ability.
Compare bats and chinchillas. They both have large, prominent ears but
vastly different frequency ranges. Bats can hear from 2,000 to 110,000
hertz (Hz), while chinchillas can detect only 90 to 22,800 Hz. And in most
large-eared animals, ear size has more to do with keeping the animal cool
than it does with helping it detect sound. Consider how much larger the
ears of African elephants are than those of Asian elephants. Those giant
ears help redirect heat from the body a useful attribute in a hot climate.
Let's get back to people. The external portion of our ears (also known as the
pinna) has two main purposes: to protect the ear canal and to channel
sound into it. Neither of these functions are improved in larger ears the
shape of our ears is much more important here. But keep in mind that the
broad variety of human earlobe shapes doesn't impact hearing differences.
Unless there's a congenital defect, the basic structure of the ear is
relatively the same in all people. While the pinna does play an important role,
the mechanisms most critical to hearing are found deeper within. These
sound receptors help transmit auditory signals to the brain, so they're
tucked safely away in the inner ear. Therefore, hearing ability is not
connected to ear size.
Pink and Brown

People who have trouble blocking out noise at bedtime may resort to using a
standing fan or a white noise machine, but white is not the only "color" of
noise out there. Pink or brown noise may be even more helpful at blocking
out unwanted sounds and getting you better sleep. It's the sound
inconsistency (noises going from loud to soft or vice versa) rather than the
sound level that tends to wake you up. White noise creates a blanket of
sounds that masks this inconsistency. White noise is made up of sounds
from all over the spectrum, from low-frequency bass notes to high-frequency
chimes. These sounds are all blended together to create a constant stream
of soft noise. White noises occurring in nature include sprinkling rain, gently
running water and a breeze sifting through trees, all sounds that humans
tend to find relaxing at any time of day. Pink noise is similar to white noise,
but it leans less heavily on high frequencies and more on bass and mid-range
tones, so it sounds like moderate rainfall or ocean waves. Those who dislike
higher-pitched sounds may find pink noise more pleasing to the ear. Brown
noise emphasizes bass notes even further, almost completely eliminating
high frequencies from its profile. Natural brown noises can be things like
roaring river rapids, heavy rainfall and distant rumbling thunder. This type of
noise is named not only for a color, but also for Scottish scientist Robert
Brown. In the 1800s, Brown observed pollen particles moving randomly in
water and devised a mathematical formula to predict these movements.

When this randomizing formula is used to generate electronic sound, a bass-
heavy noise profile results. Brown noise is sometimes known as red noise.
Deepest Lake
Lake Baikal is located in southern Russia, near the border of Mongolia. Its
depth of 5,300 feet makes it the world's deepest lake. The second-deepest
lake, Lake Tanganyika in east Africa, is 4,710 feet deep by comparison.
Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the U.S., is 1,900 feet deep.
Lake Baikal's 12,200-square-mile size also makes it Earth's largest. That

size, by the way, makes it comparable in volume to the entire Amazon basin.
For scale, it reportedly takes about 330 years for one water molecule to
flow from inlet to inlet.
So how did Lake Baikal get so massive? About 25 million years ago, Lake
Baikal formed through fractures and shifting within Earth's crust. It wasn't
Lake Baikal as we now know it, though. Experts believe it was a series of
lakes, similar to the Great Lakes in the U.S. While scientists aren't positive
how Lake Baikal went from many lakes to the behemoth it is today, they do
have theories. It could've been sinking earth, erosion, earthquakes, increased
water from melting glaciers, although it's likely a mix of these factors and
more.
Now, that unifying change took place in the Pliocene Epoch (about 5.3 to 2.5
million years ago), but this lake is hardly finished growing. It's expanding at a
rate of 0.7 inches every year, the same speed at which Africa and South
America are drifting apart. At this speed, some scientists believe Lake
Baikal is actually an ocean in the making.
Central Nervous System

The central nervous system controls most functions of the body and mind. It
consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the center
of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin
of control over body movement. The spinal cord is the highway for
communication between the body and the brain. When the spinal cord is
injured, the exchange of information between the brain and other parts of
the body is disrupted.
Most systems and organs of the body control just one function, but the
central nervous system does many jobs at the same time. It controls all
voluntary movement, such as speech and walking, and involuntary
movements, such as blinking and breathing. It is also the core of our
thoughts, perceptions, and emotions.
The central nervous system is better protected than any other system or
organ in the body. Its main line of defense is the bones of the skull and spinal

column, which create a hard physical barrier to injury. A fluid-filled space
below the bones, called the syrnix, provides shock absorbance.
Unfortunately, this protection can be a double-edged sword. When an injury

to the central nervous system occurs, the soft tissue of the brain and
spinal cord swells, causing pressure because of the confined space. The
swelling makes the injury worse unless it is rapidly relieved. Fractured bones
can lead to further damage and the possibility of infection
Famine
Famine is a widespread condition in which a large percentage of people in a
country or region have little or no access to adequate food supplies. Many
people believe that famines are food shortages caused solely by
underproduction. However, in many cases, famine has multiple causes. A
natural disaster, such as a long period of drought, flooding, extreme cold,
typhoons, insect infestations, or plant disease, combined with government
decisions on how to respond to the disaster, can result in a famine. The
famine might be initiated by a natural disaster, and a government's inability
or unwillingness to deal with the consequences of that event may magnify
the effects This happened in North Korea in the 1990s when government
mismanagement of food supplies and an inequitable rationing policy led to a
famine that killed over two million people by some estimates. Human events
also lead to famine. A major human cause of famine is warfare. During war,
crops are destroyed, either intentionally or as a result of combat. In
addition, supply lines and routes are cut off, and food cannot be distributed
or is prevented from being distributed by combatants. Forced starvation for
political reasons is another cause of famine. In the Soviet Union of the
1930s, for example, millions of peasants died as a result of leader Joseph
Stalin's agricultural policies, which required that a quota of grain be supplied
to the government before any of the grain could be consumed by those who
grew it. Anyone caught violating the policy could be executed.
Malicious Apps
A recent incident at Meta's Facebook left users worried as the social media
giant announced earlier this week that over a million users may have had
their credentials compromised. The reason behind the security lapse -
malicious apps that tricked users into giving the app their login credentials
under false guises. A report by Bloomberg suggests that a number of
malicious apps that were available on the Play Store and App Store were
disguised as photo editors, mobile games and health trackers, among
others. This makes it hard for most people to identify what could potentially
be problematic apps since such apps are built around offering a false use-
case. Malicious apps will offer to provide extra bonus features by getting
users to log in with their Facebook account (or another social media
account). This seemingly harmless act tricks users into opening in-app
windows where they will sign in with their usernames and passwords. Similar
to how keyloggers work, once a user enters their credentials, the malicious

apps may keep a record of the same and send it to remote attackers when
the phone is next connected to mobile data or WiFi. Facebook has said that
not all of the roughly 1 million devices may have had their credentials
compromised, but the company plans to share tips with potential victims on
how they can avoid being "re-compromised" by learning to spot potentially
malicious apps
Global Leadership
As we begin the twenty-first century, technological, economic, political, and
social forces have created a new era. Technological advancements and lower
trade barriers have paved the way for the globalization of markets, bringing
intense competition to the U.S. economy. Political systems and movements
around the world are having a profound impact on our national security, as
well as on our human security. The increasing diversity of our workplaces,
schools, and communities is changing the face of our society. To confront
the twenty-first century challenges to our economy and national security,
our education system must be strengthened to increase the foreign
language skills and cultural awareness of our students. America's continued
global leadership will depend on our students' abilities to interact with the
world community both inside and outside our borders.
Most schools have not responded adequately to these challenges of the

twenty-first century, and thus many American students lack sufficient
knowledge of other world regions, languages, and cultures. Only about
onethird of seventh to twelfth grade students - and just five percent of
elementary school students-study a foreign language. Few students study
the less-commonly taught "critical languages" that are vital to national
security. State high school graduation requirements often include only
minimal course work in international studies. At the postsecondary level,
fewer than ten percent of college students enroll in a foreign language and
only one percent of undergraduates study abroad.
Forensic Anthropology
There are a number of applications of anthropology to the forensic sciences.
A large part of physical anthropology deals with skeletal biology, which
includes bone and bone system structures and their relationships to
characteristics such as gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, and so
forth. That knowledge can be applied to the examination of characteristics of
skeletal remains that are part of a crime scene. In such cases, the goal of
the analysis may be to determine the identity of the deceased person and,
perhaps, the cause of death. To those ends, forensic anthropologists make
use of a number of unique techniques. Two major types of human-remains
evidence confront the forensic anthropologist. First is the single bone or
bone fragment or small group of bones. When that is the only type of
evidence present, the forensic anthropologist seeks to determine if the bone
is human and, if not, what type of animal the bone belongs to. If the sample
is human bone, then the anthropologist will determine the part of the body

from which it came. The second major type of forensic anthropological
evidence is the complete skeleton. From that evidence, the accomplished
forensic anthropologist may be able to determine gender, race, approximate
age, stature, and approximate socioeconomic status. If there is damage to
some of the bones, the anthropologist may be able to determine what type
of trauma caused it. If the skull is present, it may be possible to prepare an
approximate face on the skull using skull superimposition. Investigators may
then publish a picture of the face to see if it evokes a response from a
relative of a missing person.
Plantation
The term plantation arose as settlements in the southern United States,
originally linked with colonial expansion, came to revolve around the
production of agriculture. The word plantation first appeared in English in
the 15th century. Originally, the word meant to plant. However, what came
to be known as plantations became the center of large-scale enslaved labor
operations in the Western Hemisphere. Historians Peter H. Wood and
Edward Baptist advocate to stop using the word plantation when
referencing agricultural operations involving forced labor. Instead, they
plantation system developed in the American South as British colonists

arrived in what became known as Virginia and divided the land into large
areas suitable for farming. The land on which these plantations were
established was stolen through canceled, disregarded, and deceitful
treaties, or outright violence from indigenous nations. The plantation system
came to dominate the culture of the South, and it was rife with inequity
from the time it was established. In 1606, King James I formed the Virginia
Company of London to establish colonies in North America, but when the
British arrived, they faced a harsh and foreboding wilderness, and their lives
became little more than a struggle for survival. So, to make settling the land
more attractive, the Virginia Company offered any adult man with the means
to travel to America 50 acres of land. At the encouragement of the
company, many of the settlers banded together and created large
settlements, called hundreds, as they were intended to support individuals,
usually men who led a household.
Western buildings were built up with stones, solemn and magnificent. Most
Most of the palaces, temples and pagodas of ancient China were built with
wood. They were energy-efficient, environmentally-friendly and durable, but
were easily destroyed by fire in history. Fortunately, there are still many
ancient Chinese wooden architecture gems left and preserved today.

Chinese architecture is almost as old as Chinese civilization. The wooden
architecture of stilt style founded in the Hemudu Site of Neolithic Age is the
earliest to date, with a history of over 6000 years. The wood and mud walls
of Banpo Neolithic Village have a history of around 5000 years. In addition,
archaeologists have found massive wooden palaces and imperial tombs in Yin
Ruins, Anyang City, Henan Province, dating back to 1400BC - 1100BC
during the Shang Dynasty. Over the next 3,000 years, Chinese wooden
architecture, through the replacements of dozens of dynasties, retains its
cultural heritages related to architecture.

The wooden buildings of ancient China, whether they are royal palaces or folk
houses, whether they are located in the densely populated capitals or thinly
populated mountainous areas, follow the same architectural system, which
has three basic elements, a huge foundation platform, a timber frame and
body, wooden ceiling with decorated roof.
Rosling's Discoveries
Karolinska Institute, Rosling became famous as the public educator who

used statistics to show how the world is changing.
He chose this public role after making two significant discoveries.
most basic facts about global health and global development. Through
surveys he conducted, Rosling found that at a time when poverty is falling
faster than ever before, the majority of people think that the proportion of
the world population living in extreme poverty is rising. Similarly, he found
that many underestimate global life expectancy widely, and are not aware of
the success of delivering healthcare services for example, vaccines
-
Rosling was convinced that this unawareness of global progress matters.
He made it his mission to fight thi
into cynics, as we falsely believe that global development must be a mirage.
because people are not interested in global development, but because it is

too hard for those that want to know about global development to access
this knowledge. Neither the experts nor the media were presenting how
global development changes the world.
Based on these two insights, Hans Rosling made it his mission to bridge
this gap and present the evidence that global development is a reality.
His approach to communicating research on global development was through
public talks and the use of data visualization.
Lunar Eclipse
There are always headlines when a blood moon is coming, but they don't
always explain what a blood moon is - and how it differs from a lunar eclipse.
A blood moon is the same thing as a total lunar eclipse (one of three types

of lunar eclipses that can be seen from Earth). Whenever you read a news
story about an upcoming blood moon- or see beautiful pictures of one that
has just happened the scientifically accurate term for what you're seeing is
a total lunar eclipse.
To help make more sense of the blood moon phenomena, it helps to

understand how eclipses work. An eclipse occurs any time one celestial body
(such as Earth or the moon) passes in between the sun and another
celestial body and casts a shadow on that other object. In the case of a
lunar eclipse, Earth passes between the sun and the moon and our shadow
is cast onto the moon.
However, it's even more complex: There are two different parts to a shadow.
There's the penumbra, the partially shaded outer region of the shadow, and
the umbra, the fully shaded inner region of a shadow. The penumbra is the
lighter area that causes your shadow to appear fuzzy on the ground on a
sunny day; the umbra is the darker area of your shadow.
Given all that, we can now make sense of the kind of lunar eclipse that
creates a blood moon or a total lunar eclipse. When the moon passes
completely into the Earth's umbra, it is in our shadow and appears with a
reddish tint.
Takeoff Speed
The data showed that as the temperature increased, air density decreased,
causing takeoff speeds to slow down. Over time, this has had a clear effect
on air travel. For the Q400 turboprop aircraft at Chios airport, the
researchers charted that the average takeoff distance is 328 feet (100
meters) longer now than it was in 1974. This can present real problems for
terminals that use shorter runways.
Guy Gratton, associate professor of aviation and the environment at

England's Cranfield University and one of the authors of the 2020 study,
asserts that many air traffic controllers may not have been aware of this
effect. "I don't think that most are noticing the trends of climate change
because their job is to plan each day's flights based upon the latest
observations and forecasts. You really need to observe changes over at
least a decade, as we did with our paper, before the average impacts
become noticeable and significant."
Aside from lengthening runways, air travel experts have to drop vehicle
weights to fight the air density problem. This likely means reducing the
number of passengers and the amount of cargo allowed on an aircraft. The
2020 study found that at Chios, the maximum allowable takeoff mass was
reduced from about 165,350 pounds (75,000 kilograms) in 1974, to
152,000 pounds (69,000 kilograms) in 2017. That's an 8 percent drop in
carrying capacity over time. In the case of heatwaves, we've already seen

airlines have to cancel tickets or ground flights entirely as a result of the
hot air.
Goosebumps
Goosebumps are the result of piloerection, a temporary raising of the hairs
on the surface of the skin that occurs when the piloerector muscles
contract. These tiny muscles are attached to the individual follicles from
which each hair arises. Piloerection is a voluntary response directed by the
sympathetic nervous system (the one that triggers the "fight or flight"
response), and is elicited by cold, fear or a startling experience.
Goosebumps have two functions that serve little purpose to less hairy,
modern-day humans. "One is to keep us warm, which they don't do a very
good job at on humans because we're not furry," Roach, a physician from
Canada says. For example, cold weather can trigger piloerection in mammals
- as well as birds-causing their hair (or sometimes their feathers) to stand
up and then reset. This action can create a layer of air underneath the
animal's fur that helps insulate their bodies from the cold temperatures.
Piloerection also occurs when animals perceive a threat is near. In this
situation, when the piloerector muscles contract and cause the hair to rise,
it creates a "fluffed up" appearance that makes the animal seem larger and
may help deter an attack by other animals. As a result, goosebumps serve
no real purpose in humans since we evolved to less hairy creatures.
Olympic Torch
The Olympic torch relay represents an iconic beginning to the games.
Former Olympians and members of the public carry the Olympic flame from
Athens all the way to the opening ceremony, signifying the official
commencement of the games.
Creating a unique, functional torch is a massive undertaking. Identical

torches must be manufactured for each runner in the relay before the initial
lighting of the Olympic flame in Greece. The entire process of designing,
modeling, prototyping, testing, and manufacturing actually begins years
before the games themselves begin.
The fundamental elements of an Olympic torch are simple. It must contain a

fuel canister and discharge system to support the burning of the flame; the
Olympic flame must be clearly visible while burning and resistant to being
extinguished under extreme conditions; and it must be a manageable weight
and shaped in a way that is easy to hold. Beyond that, the unique design for
a particular host city is left up to the organizing committee.
Each torch is designed with the host country in mind. In the case of the
Tokyo 2020 torch, designer Tokujin Yoshioka was inspired by the traditional
flower of Japan, which is the cherry blossom. Yoshioka also shaped the torch
out of aluminum recycled from the temporary housing constructed in the
wake of the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami in 2011, according

to the Tokyo organizing committee. Approximately 30 percent of each
individual torch contains this recycled aluminum.
Telepsychiatry
scale, leading to elevated levels of anxiety. depression, and other mental
mental health services that were traditionally provided in the office. This
disruption, increasing need, and the already limited access to mental health
services could create a very challenging situation. To prevent that, we had
to make a robust transition in our ways of delivering services to
videoconferencing and allowing coverage by the payors.
Like other transitions, adopting the use of technology was challenging for
many, especially in the absence of high-speed internet infrastructure for
some patients. For those with limited logistics or knowledge of video-
conferencing, often the sessions take place over the phone, which reduces
access to a patient's nonverbal behavior. Sound quality might not be great,
leading to extended time for enabling sufficient communication. Although in
psychiatry physical examination is used less often than in most other
medical specialties, when it is needed. telepsychiatry is a barrier.
Despite these challenges, telepsychiatry has provided enormous

opportunities, especially for less economically privileged patients. For an
office visit, one must take time off work, find child support, and have access
to reliable transportation to make it to the visit. For those with limited
resources, or in areas far from psychiatric services, this would lead to
frequent interruptions in care and economic cost. Telepsychiatry has
overcome those barriers. Patients can connect to providers regardless of
their geographical location, and connect while at home near their children,
during their lunch break, or even from their car in the parking lot.
Brain Wave
We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created
by the coordinated firing of huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the
brain. The waves can ricochet from the front of the brain to the back, or
from deep structures all the way to the scal and then back again.
Called neuronal oscillations, these signals are known to accompany certain

mental states. Quiet alpha waves ripple soothingly across the brains of
meditating monks. Beta waves rise and fall during intense conversational
turns. Fast gamma waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta
rhythms lull deep sleepers, while dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta
rhythms.
Researchers have long argued over whether these waves have purposes,
and what those purposes might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable
but useless by-products of the signals that really matter messages sent by

individual nerve cells. Waves are simply a consequence of collective neural
behavior, and nothing more, that view holds. But a growing body of evidence
suggests just the opposite: instead of by-products of important signals,
brain waves are key to how the brain operates, routing information among
far-flung brain regions that need to work together.
MIT's Earl Miller is among the neuroscientists amassing evidence that waves
are an essential part of how the brain operates. Brain oscillations deftly
route information in a way that allows the brain to choose which signals in
the world to pay attention to and which to ignore, his recent studies
suggest.
Other research supports this view, too. Studies on people with electrodes
implanted in their brains suggest brain waves, and their interactions, help
enable emotion, language, vision and more.
Audio-
The power of audio-visuals has been manifested and exploited politically,
revolutions.
cinema i
war.
Scent Marketing

emory more quickly than touching the
other thing to consider when scent is at play: context is key. Experiments
have shown that while scents are important to our animal brains, our highly
visual nature can mingle with and directly influence our reaction to scents.
Audio cues that align with scents matter, too.
To understand how important context is to scent marketing, researchers
suggest that labeling a scent good or bad is as important as the scent
itself. In one experiment, subjects were asked to inhale the scent of cheese.
Those who were told it was cheese were delighted with the scent. But when
researchers told other participants that the container was filled with vomit
(even though it was the same cheese), people reacted with disgust.
Levels of Crime
The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information
about levels of crime, public attitudes to crime and other related issues. The
results play an important role in informing Home Office policy. The BCS
measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about
crimes they have experienced in the last year. This includes crimes not
reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records.
Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and without the BCS there
would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes.
Because members of the public are asked directly about their experiences,
the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected by
the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the
criteria used by the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to
identify those most at risk of different types of crime, and this helps in the
planning of crime prevention programs. The BCS also examines people's
attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures
they take to avoid it. The survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal
Justice System (CJS), including the police and the courts, and has also been
successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of
domestic violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the
least reported to the police, but among the most serious of crimes in their
impact on victims.
Housing Insecurity and Cancer

A new study has shown that for cancer patients, housing insecurity in
particular may make their cancer worse. "Social risks affect how we interact
with the health care system and other social systems," says Matthew
Banegas, lead author on the study and a researcher at the Kaiser

Permanente Center for Health Research in Portland, Oregon. "Slowly and
surely, we have been able to show that these risks are important."
This study builds on other work that has shown the negative effects of
housing insecurity, from worsening people's mental health to disrupting
treatment for HIV/AIDS. Insecure living is, it seems, a health risk.
The study looked at the social risks experienced by more than 1,200 US
cancer patients at the time of their diagnosis to see whether being exposed
to risk factors housing insecurity, food insecurity, financial hardship,
transport difficulties appeared to raise their risk of dying from their cancer.
The researchers found there was a two-fold greater risk of death for
patients experiencing unstable housing-which can refer to a range of
housing-related challenges, including homelessness, difficulty paying rent,
overcrowding, moving frequently, or spending the majority of income on
housing-compared to people who were not.
Notably, the study didn't assess how insecure housing might influence
cancer mortality. There are a lot of different ways that social risk can
impact cancer care. The stress of insecure living, for instance, might raise
the risk of cancer developing. Or disruption caused by housing insecurity
might impact a person getting screening, or affect someone's chances of
receiving high-quality treatment. Housing acts as a hub for a person to
access health care, and so instability can disrupt access to services.
The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for
millennia. The San, the original inhabitants of this land, were migratory
people who lived in small groups of about 15 to 20 people. They survived by
fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and other wild foods. They did not
build permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as temporary dwellings.
Around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast.
In the eastern part of present-day South Africa, iron-working societies date

from about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this
region around 1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined
gold, copper and tin and hunted for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over
the centuries, these societies had diverse contacts with the Khoisan.
Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi developed over competition for
game; eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples lived in the
western part of present-day South Africa and are known collectively as the
Khoisan.
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples,

real as well as mythical, of self-
one who

to confess that twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer, mauling rails, at
work on a flat-boat
told an audience at New Haven in 1860. But in the free states a man knows
red for
another last year, this year labors for himself, and next year he will hire
the hired laborer, it is not the fault of the system, but because of either a
dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence, folly, or singular
all gives hope to all, and energy, and progress, and improvement of
As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and
have dinner together rather than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of
research in North America, Europe and Australia back up my enthusiasm for
family dinners. It turns out that sitting down for a nightly meal is great for
a gourmet meal that took three hours to cook, nor does it need to be made
with organic arugula and heirloom parsnips.
For starters, researchers found that for young children, dinnertime

conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being read aloud to. The
researchers counted the number of rare words those not found on a list of
3,000 most common words that the families used during dinner
conversation. Young kids learned 1,000 rare words at the dinner table,
compared to only 143 from parents reading storybooks aloud. Kids who have
a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily.
Older children also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners. For school-
age youngsters, regular mealtime is an even more powerful predictor of high
achievement scores than time spent in school, doing homework, playing
sports or doing art.
Other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner

frequency and teen academic performance. Adolescents who ate family
who ate dinner with their families fewer than two times a week.
- to six-year-old-child sits alone in
Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher
general competency later in life.

Researchers gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a
sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the
project but then never received it. But the other group did receive new
crayons and better stickers.
Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had
been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the
marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted an
average of 12 minutes.
to
delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why believe
the next one.
Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions inbound
circumstances as compared to truck deliveries, a brand new study from
University of Washington transportation engineers finds.
In a paper to be revealed in associate degree coming issue of Transportation

analysis half D, researchers found that drones tend to own CO2 emissions
blessings over trucks once the drones haven't got to fly terribly way to their
destinations or once a delivery route has few recipients.
Trucks which may provide environmental edges by carrying everything

from garments to appliances to the article of furniture in a very single trip
become a lot of climate-friendly various once a delivery route has several
stops or is farther off from a central warehouse.
For small, light-weight packages a bottle of drugs or a kid's bathing

costume drones contend particularly well. However, the carbon edges
erode because the weight of a package increases since these unmanned
aerial vehicles have to be compelled to use extra energy to remain aloft with
a significant load.
His product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its
characteristics that mean different things for businesses that are trying to
manage the life cycle of their particular products.
Introduction Stage This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for
a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product
is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the
other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer
testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high,

Growth Stage The growth stage is typically characterized by strong
growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit
from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the
overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses
to invest more money in promotional activity to maximize the potential of
this growth stage.
Maturity Stage During the maturity stage, the product is established and
the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have
built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and
businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also
need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the
production process which might give them a competitive advantage.
Decline Stage Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and
market becoming saturated (i.e., all the customers who will buy the product
have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a
different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be
possible for companies to make some profit by switching to less-expensive
production methods and cheaper markets.
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been
commercially viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to
demonstrate that these technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally
beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our
Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering has led on research into
straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has included
developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM
-
efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather-resilience and means that
developers and homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw
homes and buildings.
The innovative straw walls in the new houses provide two times more
insulation than required by current UK building regulations. Based on
monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel bill reductions
up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell
technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame
infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-
based system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology
combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO²
performance of any system of construction currently available. In fact, as an
agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be carbon negative as straw
absorbs CO² when it grows.

About 120,000 types of protein molecule have yielded up their structures to
-ray
crystallography and nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR), which are used to
elucidate such structures do not work on all proteins. Some types are hard
to produce or purify in the volumes required. Others do not seem to
crystallise at all a prerequisite for probing them with X-rays. As a
consequence, those structures that have been determined include
representatives of less than a third of the 16,000 known protein families.
Researchers can build reasonable computer models for around another
third, because the structures of these resemble ones already known. For
the remainder, however, there is nothing to go on.
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of

information about those from the species of most interest to researchers:
Homo Sapiens. Only a quarter of known protein structures are human. A
majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a problem, for in
proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain of
smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or thousands
of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds up, after it
has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional shape. That
shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel, say, to admit
a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or
molecular machinery.
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack

of information about those from the species of most interest to
researchers: Homo sapiens. Only a quarter of known protein structures are
human. A majority of the rest come from bacteria. This paucity is a problem,
for in proteins form and function are intimately related. A protein is a chain
of smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds or
thousands of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds
up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional
shape. That shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel,
say, to admit a chemical into a cell; or as an enzyme to accelerate a
chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive chemical signals and pass
them on to a cell's molecular machinery.
When people start thinking about language, the first question which often
occurs to them is this: is language natural to humans? - in the same way
that grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes naturally to dogs. Or is
it just something we happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs
may learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to
play the guitar.
Clearly, in one sense, children 'learn' whatever language they are exposed to,
be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So, no one would deny that 'learning' is very
important. But the crucial question is whether children are born with 'blank

sheets' in their head as far as language is concerned - or whether humans
are 'programmed' with an outline knowledge of the structure of languages in
general.
This question of whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to

learning or nurture is often referred to as the nature-nurture controversy,
and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it was the topic of one
of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have been going on
for literally ages tend to behave in a characteristic fashion. They lie dormant
for a while, then break out fiercely. This particular issue resurfaced in
linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a devastating
and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard psychologist B.F.
Skinner (Skinner 1957; Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to 'explain'
language as a set of habits gradually built up over the years. According to
Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are needed. All that is
necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the external world
which prompt the speaker to utter sounds.
A marketing objective is a marketing target or goal that an organization

hopes to achieve such as to boost market share from 9 to 12 per cent
within 2 years. Marketing objectives steer the direction of the business.
Operating a business without knowing your objectives is like driving a car
without knowing where you want to go. Some businesses achieve a degree of
success without setting marketing objectives; stumbling across a
successful business model by accident. But why should anyone rely on
chance? If firms set marketing objectives the probability of success
increases because decision making will be more focused. Marketing
objectives must be compatible with the overall objectives of the company.
They cannot be set in isolation by the marketing department. Achieving the
marketing objective of boosting share from 9 to 12 per cent will help realize
a corporate objective of growth. To be effective, marketing objectives should
be quantifiable and measurable. Targets should also be set within a time
frame. An example of a marketing objective that Nestle might set is to
achieve a 9 per cent increase in the sales of KitKat by the end of next year
A car manufacturer, such as BMW could set the following marketing
objective: 'To increase the number of BMW 3 Series cars sold in China from
250,000 to 400,000 over the next 12 months'. Setting sales volume
targets can be particularly important in industries such as car
manufacturing because of the high fixed costs associated with operating in
this market. If sales volume can be increased, the high fixed costs of
operating will be spread across a greater number of units of output,
reducing fixed costs per unit.
A team from Fudan University in Shanghai has launched the world's most
comprehensive global microbial gene catalog - a database containing 303
million unigenes that will help researchers better understand the
relationship between microorganisms and human health. A unigene is a

representative DNA sequence of gene sequences that stem from the same
microbial species. A paper about the catalog, "Towards the Biogeography of
Prokaryotic Genes", was published in the science journal Nature. Bacterial
communities live in habitats and each community comprises a group of
unique species called a microbiome, which contains genes with specific
functions. To collect all the genes in the global microbiome to create the
catalog, a team from Fudan's Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-
Inspired Intelligence - Luis Pedro Coelho, Zhao Xingming and Peer Bork -
identified unigenes from 14 environments, including human and animal
bodies, soil and water. They created the database based on 13,000 pieces
of publicly available data. The researchers said microbiome research is
normally carried out according to different habitats such as human
microorganisms and marine microorganisms, but the catalog can analyze
microbial metagenomes in different habitats on a global scale. While
collecting the unigenes, they discovered that relatively few - 5.8 percent -
could be identified across habitats. Such unigenes were usually related to
antibiotic resistance, with some able to move from one genome to another.
Understanding how bacteria and genes cross from one environment to
another is critical for human health research, understanding antibiotic
resistance and the development of antibacterial drugs, they said. Zhao said
the team expects to use the catalog to study the influence of microbes on
human health, cognition and behavior.
Huge, blubbery and a bit grumpy. Walruses are easy enough to spot. But
thanks to their remote Arctic location, they're hard to count, and we don't
know how many of these giant beasts there are. Now, using satellite
images, the plan is to locate every Atlantic and Laptev Sea Walrus, and
scientists say this is essential, because climate change means these
animals are under threat.
Today, though, the most advanced imaging satellites can see details down to
just 30 centimetres. And this has transformed our view of the natural
world.
Even at that resolution, counting walruses is still a challenge. So, the

scouts in East Molesey have been drafted in to help. The first job, scouring
through a search area of 25,000 square kilometres, to find any images that
have a walrus in.
It's quite hard because there is like, rusty barrels and rocks that look really
similar. It's kind of a challenge as well because they're all hidden, and you
have to try and search for them. But the project is going to need a lot more
people to help with the count. The future is uncertain for this icon of the
Arctic. Their icy home is changing faster than anywhere else on the planet.
But now with satellite technology and the help of the public, we should finally
find out how many walruses there are, and see how they fare in the years to
come.

Near Infra-red
The colors that we see are a result of the light reflected within a narrow
range of wavelengths what we call the visible spectrum. But sunlight also
wavelengths that elude all of us these are near infra-red (NIR)

wavelengths. And understanding how bird feathers interact with these
wavelengths is important, not just for birds, but also for humans through
the potential for improvements in thermal efficiency. Our research in the
School of Biosciences at the University of Melbourne suggests that some
Australian birds can control their temperature and avoid overheating by
reflecting near-infrared wavelengths of sunlight. We collected information on
90 species of Australian birds and found a very strong link between living in
hot, arid regions and reflecting a higher proportion of near-infrared light.
Researchers in the field of animal colouration have largely ignored near-
animals can see these wavelengths. Because these wavelengths are
very important in the animal world. This means that many animals can
control their temperature by altering reflection of near-infrared light without
compromising their ability to hide or attract a mate.
Strategic Management
Strategic management is a youthful discipline. Its origins date back to the
1960s, with its roots to be found mainly in the seminal publications by
Chandler, Ansoff and Andrews. Since then, it has evolved significantly,
becoming an ever more mature and consolidated field within the realm of
management.
The discipline's progress toward maturity has been accompanied by several

factors. First, there has been a marked increase in the range of topics
addressed. The study of "best practices" in the 1960s has given way to an
analysis of such varied topics as internationalization, cooperation between
firms, strategies and competition in the markets for products and factors,
strategic leadership, and the relationship between a firm's strategy and its
corporate social responsibility, to mention just a few.
Second, there has been significant growth in the range of research methods
used, with these becoming steadily more sophisticated. In-depth case
studies have been largely replaced by the use of quantitative tools based on
complex econometric techniques, multilevel analysis and, more recently,
hybrid methodologies, whereby a single study combines quantitative and
qualitative techniques, with each being adapted to the nature of the problem
to be analyzed.
Third, and finally, the academic community interested in strategy research

has been growing steadily, not just in terms of the number of scholars

dedicated to this field but also their international nature as well as the
linkages among them If we take our yardstick to be the publication Strategic
Management Journal, we can see how cooperation has been increasing
between scholars from both an inter-institutional as well as an international
perspective. Furthermore, the Strategic Management Society currently has
almost 3000 members from more than 80 countries.
Females (cows) reach sexual maturity between three to five years and give
birth to their first calf between the ages of four and seven years old, while
males (bulls) reach sexual maturity between five to seven years. During the
breeding season, bulls gather and pursue a cow to form a mating group and
breed at different times. Bulls are not part of the family unit and will leave a
cow alone after her breeding period is over. Manatees can breed and give
birth throughout the year, however, birthing usually peaks in the spring.
Females have a 13 month gestation time, and have a low reproductive rate,
giving birth to an average of one calf every three to five years. The calf will
stay with the mother for up to two years.
Dandelion Seeds
The extraordinary flying ability of dandelion seeds is possible thanks to a
form of flight that has not been seen before in nature, research has
revealed. The discovery, which confirms the common plant among the natural
world's best fliers, shows that movement of air around and within its
parachute-shaped bundle of bristles enables seeds to travel great distances
- often a kilometer or more, kept afloat entirely by wind power. Researchers
from the University of Edinburgh carried out experiments to better
understand why dandelion seeds fly so well, despite their parachute
structure being largely made up of empty space. Their study revealed that a
ring-shaped air bubble forms as air moves through the bristles, enhancing
the drag that slows each seed's descent to the ground. This newly found
form of air bubble- which the scientists have named the separated vortex
ring is physically detached from the bristles and is stabilized by air flowing
through it. The amount of air flowing through, which is critical for keeping
the bubble stable and directly above the seed in flight, is precisely controlled
by the spacing of the bristles. This flight mechanism of the bristly parachute
underpins the seeds' steady flight. It is four times more efficient than what
is possible with conventional parachute design, according to the research.
Researchers suggest that the dandelion's porous parachute might inspire
the development of small-scale drones that require little or no power
consumption. Such drones could be useful for remote sensing or air pollution
monitoring.
Fiber
Currently, Americans only eat about 16 grams of fiber- the parts of plants
that can't be digested - per day. That's way less than the 25 to 30 grams
that's recommended.

There are so many reasons why, from fast-food marketing to agriculture
subsidies, but one contributing factor is the slow death of cooking, and the
rise of the restaurant meal. Americans now spend more on food at
restaurants than they do at grocery stores, but restaurant food tends to
have even less fiber than the food we would otherwise eat a home.
One problem seems to be that restaurant meals aren't typically loaded with
two of the best sources of fiber, unprocessed fruits and vegetables. A
revealing study from 2007, in which researchers interviewed 41 restaurant
executives, showed that restaurants think fruits and vegetables are too
expensive to feature prominently on the menu, and "61 percent said profits
drive menu selections." They also opposed labeling certain menu items as
healthier choices, saying that would be "the kiss of death."
So people like to eat out, and when they do, they prefer mushy, fiber-free
comfort foods. But that's a pretty dangerous road to go down.
What is known as prior knowledge or pre-existing knowledge is the

knowledge, skill or ability that a learner brings to a new learning encounter.
This includes all knowledge that is available before the learning event, and
which has been gathered or developed by any means, and in any situation,
including both formal and, quite often, informal learning situations. Learners
need enough previous knowledge and understanding to enable them to learn
new things; they also need help making links with new and previous explicit
knowledge.
It is considered to be valuable to go through a process of what has been

called activating prior knowledge. Teachers often go through this process at
the beginning of a new topic. They also use introductory strategies at the
beginning of lessons which are continuations from previous lessons. In terms
of the practicalities of teaching, this is a process of making children think
about the topic or remember what has been covered already. In terms of
theory, it is to do with activating particular schemas.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that sets in or

starts in the winter months. Unlike other types of depression, it is often a
cyclical, recurring disorder you'll feel depression every winter and begin to
feel better each spring.
SAD depression is caused by lowered levels of serotonin, the mood-affecting

brain chemical that is triggered by seasonal changes in daylight. Shorter
circadian rhythm
which upsets the balance of melatonin, the hormone which regulates mood
and sleep patterns.
SAD is far more common in northern climates, where days can be very short
in winter. Replacing light bulbs in your home with full spectrum light bulbs
can help because they emit light similar to sunlight.

Studies have shown that upping your exercise routine can counteract SAD.
Exercise raises levels of serotonin and also increases levels of endorphins,
have been shown to fight
depression. Moderate exercise such as walking, riding a stationary bike, or
swimming is a great way to get started.
Vitamin D is necessary for the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine

(chemicals associated with depression), so researchers concluded that a link
between low vitamin D levels and depression was logical. The Vitamin D
Council recommends 2,000 IU daily, but suggests taking more if you get
little exposure to the sun.
Another way to prevent SAD is to eat more fish. Fatty fish, such as salmon
and sardines, contain omega-3 fatty acids. Studies have found that people
who have low levels of two chemicals found in fish, eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are at increased risk for depression.
Have you ever wondered if you see the same colors as other people? Most
sapphires. They see the color and call it blue because they were taught the
word and associated it with what they saw. But how do you know what you
The ability to perceive different colors is down to receptors in our eyes

known as cones. Light waves hit these receptors and they react depending
on which color the light is, sending signals to the brain. The brain then
decodes these signals to determine which color light the eyes are receiving.
more enhanced receptors can see more shades of one colour, which is the
first way in which people may see colors differently from each other. The
inability of the receptor to interpret the light waves correctly means that
some people cannot distinguish between different shades of a color. So we
sometimes hear people having an argument about whether something is
dark blue or black. It might be because one person has stronger receptors
to interpret the light than another.
So, the next time you talk about your favorite color, just remember if yours
is blue and your friend says red, you might actually be thinking about the
same colour. What if everyone in the world has the same favorite color, but
just calls it different names?
Burnout is a common condition associated with the pressures of the

a physical condition; it has psychological effects
that can impact heavily on your work and life in general. Suffering from
burnout can stifle our creativity and productivity. Taking steps to avoid
burning out can benefit not just us, but our bosses and families.
-efficacy which is the theory
that you should believe in your ability to complete a task at hand may

assist you. A feeling that the task is achievable and that you are capable of
succeeding means that a difficult task might be less gruelling. Finding ways
to express your creative side may help. Not everyone has creative aspects
to their jobs, and, therefore, they need to find other outlets. They could
paint, write or take part in local theatre. All of this may help to detach them
from the overwhelming stress that may exist in their working life. Looking
after yourself and your surroundings can also be beneficial. The consequence
is that you are surrounded by a cleaner and more positive environment. This,
in turn, leads to another tip, which is to have healthy and positive thoughts.
Being negative can be incredibly draining. Having a positive mental attitude
towards everything you do means that you may feel more capable as well.
Heat
In the 1840s scientists understood that heat was not just a substance but
a form of energy that can be converted from one form to another. James
Prescott Joule and Rudolf Clausius stated that heat can produce mechanical
energy, and mechanical energy can produce heat. Which lead to the idea
that the "heat energy" of a substance is the kinetic energy of its atoms and
molecules. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat that is
produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or
has. The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states
that matter consists of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic
energy theory gives the differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids,
and gases. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is composed of
a large number and small particles that are in constant motion. It also
assumes that particles are small and widely separated. They collide and
exchange energy. The theory helps explain the flow or transfer of heat and
the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume properties of
gases. Heat is energy and describes the movement between objects. Heat
is a measure of the total internal energy that has been absorbed or
transferred from one body to another. Internal energy is the kinetic and
potential energy of molecules of an object. The total internal energy of
molecules increases by gaining energy from a temperature difference such
as conduction, convection and radiation or by gaining energy from a form
conversion (mechanical, chemical radiant, electrical, nuclear). Heat is a form
of energy that is mostly converted into kinetic energy of molecules. As long
as you heat an object, its temperature rises.
Difference in Intelligence
People differ greatly in all aspects of what is casually known as intelligence.
The differences are apparent not only in school, from kindergarten to college,
but also in the most ordinary circumstances: in the words people use and
comprehend, in their differing abilities to read a map or follow directions, or
in their capacities for remembering telephone numbers or figuring change.
The variations in these specific skills are so common that they are often
taken for granted. Yet what makes people so different?

It would be reasonable to think that the environment is the source of
differences in cognitive skills that we are what we learn. It is clear, for
example, that human beings are not born with a full vocabulary; they have to
learn words. Hence, learning must be mechanism by which differences in
vocabulary arise among individuals. And differences in experience say, in the
-- encourage vocabulary skills or in the
quality of language training provided by schools must be responsible for
individual differences in learning.
Earlier in this century, psychology was in fact dominated by environmental

explanations for variance in cognitive abilities. More recently, however, most
psychologists have begun to embrace a more balanced view: one in which
nature and nurture interact in cognitive development. During the past few
decades, studies in genetics have pointed to a substantial role for heredity
in molding the components of intellect, and researchers have even begun to
track down the genes involved in cognitive function. These findings do not
refute the notion that environmental factors shape the learning process.
Instead, they suggest that differences in people's genes affect how easily
they learn.
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order,

an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or
presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can
to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic

leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies
through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a
spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one
end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom,
or a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum
is casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around
the world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals
whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind the out-in-
front, authoritative leadership has generally been exhibited by men. Some
men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a
been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men)
have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern
has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.
By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills
that enable them to interact and communicate effectively with people.
Recent studies have shown that the canine brain can pick up on emotional
cues contained in a person's voice, body odor and posture, and read their

faces. In this study, the authors observed what happened when they
presented photographs of the same two adults' faces (a man and a woman)
to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of the
animals' line of sight and the photos showed a human face expressing one of
the six basic human emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise,
disgust or being neutral.
The dogs showed greater response and cardiac activity when shown
photographs that expressed arousing emotional states such as anger, fear
and happiness. They also took longer to resume feeding after seeing these
images. The dogs' increased heart rate indicated that in these cases they
experienced higher levels of stress. In addition, dogs turned their heads to
the left when they saw human faces expressing anger, fear or happiness.
The reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly because
dogs view it as a non-threatening, relaxed expression. These findings,
therefore, support the existence of an asymmetrical emotional modulation of
dogs' brains to process basic human emotions.
Banks provide short-term nance to companies in the form of an overdraft

on a current account. The advantage of an overdraft is its exibility. When
the cash needs of the company increase with seasonal factors, the company
can continue to write cheques and watch the overdraft increase. When the
goods and services are sold and cash begins to ow in, the company should
be able to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most obvious example of
a business which operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer uses the
overdraft to nance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or feed
through the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops
or animals are growing and maturing. The overdraft is reduced when the
crops or the animals are sold.
The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on demand. The

farmer whose crop fails because of bad weather knows the problem of being
unable to repay the overdraft. Having overdraft nancing increases the
worries of those who manage the company. The other disadvantage is that
the interest payable on overdrafts is variable. When interest rates increase,
the cost of the overdraft increases. Furthermore, for small companies there
are often complaints that the rate of interest charged is high compared
with that available to larger companies. The banks answer that the rates
charged re ect relative risk and it is their experience that small companies
are more risky
The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the

potential risks and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some
of which are essential for low-carbon technology, as well as using ocean
robots to estimate the environmental impact of these potential deep-sea
mining activities.
Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook that found

enough of the scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of a submerged
volcano that, if it were all to be used in the production of solar PV panels,
could provide two-thirds of the UK's annual electricity supply. Recently, the
NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule mining
will cause long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, lasting at least for decades.
These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high levels of metals,

including copper, manganese and nickel. They grow very slowly on the sea-
bed, over millions of years. Although no commercial operations exist to
extract these resources, many are planned.
Professor Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, "By 2050
there will be nine billion people on earth and attention is increasingly turning
to the ocean, particularly the deep ocean, for food, clean supplies of energy
and strategic minerals. The NOC is undertaking research related to many
aspects and perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This
research is aimed at informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions
that will need to be taken in the future, as people increasingly turn to the
oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges."
have evolved to sleep much less than chimps, baboons or any other primates
studied so far, a new study finds. Charles Nunn and David Samson are
evolutionary anthropologists. They study how humans have evolved to behave
the way we do. Nunn works at Duke University in Durham; N.C. Samson
works at the University of Toronto Mississauga in Canada. In their new
study, the two compared sleep patterns in 30 different species of primates,
including humans. Most species slept between nine and 15 hours daily.
Humans averaged just seven hours of shut-eye. Based on lifestyle and
biological factors, however, people should get 9.55 hours, Nunn and Samson
calculate. Most other primates in the study typically sleep as much as the
scientists predicted they should. Nunn and Samson shared their findings
online February 14 in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
The researchers argue that two long-standing features of human life may
ancestors descended from the trees to sleep on the ground. At that point,
people probably had to spend more time awake to guard against predators.
The second may reflect the intense pressure humans face to learn and
teach new skills and to make social connections. That has left less time for
sleep.
As sleep declined, rapid-eye movement or REM sleep took on an outsize

role in humans, Nunn and Samson propose. REM sleep is when we dream.
And it has been linked to learning and memory.

Sofia
Over the past eight years, a modified Boeing 747 jetliner has flown hundreds
of flights on a unique mission: carrying a 19-ton telescope known as Sofia,
or the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. Flying a telescope
on a jumbo jet offered a way to peer into the heavens at wavelengths that
could not be glimpsed from the ground.
Sofia was an innovative way to gaze at the infrared universe. Infrared light is
essentially heat radiation - but astronomers can't probe cosmic objects like
dust-enshrouded stars and galaxies without the water vapor in Earth's
atmosphere absorbing that light That confounds attempts to observe those
objects with telescopes built on mountaintops, like the observatories in
Hawaii and Chile. But by soaring through the stratosphere, at an elevation
of 40,000 feet or higher, Sofia could fly above that water vapor and get a
much better view.
The Sofia team have made a number of significant astronomical discoveries,

including measuring cosmic magnetic fields permeating nearby galaxies,
charting the growth of massive stars, and even discovering water on the
sunlit surface of the moon's southern hemisphere. The data from Sofia's final
flight will map stellar nebulas and help scientists study the magnetic fields
of the Sculptor starburst galaxy.
But while flying a telescope in a jet is much less expensive than launching
one aboard a spacecraft, it's still not cheap. There are costs for the pilots,
staff, engineers, and mechanics-plus a round of repairs to the aircraft that
had to be made in 2018. Sofia costs NASA about $85 million per year, and
that's actually only 80 percent of the funding it needs: NASA's German
counterparts provided the rest. It was ultimately the mission's high
operating costs, relative to its scientific output, that took Sofia down.
Mars Geology
The primary driver of modern Martian geology is its atmosphere, which is
mostly made of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon. By Earth standards, the
air is preposterously thin; air pressure atop Mount Everest is about 50
times higher than it is at the Martian surface. Despite the thin air, Martian
breezes can gust up to 60 miles an hour, kicking up dust that fuels huge
dust storms and massive fields of alien sand dunes.
Once upon a time, though, wind and water flowed across the red planet.
Robotic rovers have found clear evidence that billions of years ago, lakes and
dense and retained enough heat for water to remain liquid on the red
surface and in its polar ice caps, there are no large bodies of liquid water on
the surface there today.

Mars also lacks an active plate tectonic system, the geologic engine that
drives our active Earth, and is also missing a planetary magnetic field. The
-energy
ow so thin. But in the ancient past, Mars

seems to have had an inner dynamo powering a planet-wide magnetic field.
What shut down the Martian dynamo? Scientists are still trying to figure
out.
Anti-inflammatory Food
-inflammatory benefits of
and obviously there are other

benefits, including those for the environment," says Natalie McCormick, a
research fellow in medicine at Harvard Medical School. Eating foods that are
in season may also help your grocery bill. When it comes to anti-
inflammatory foods, the goal should be to incorporate as many as you can
into your overall diet. "Our emphasis now is on eating patterns, because it
seems that interactions between foods and their combinations have a
greater effect than individual foods," says McCormick. Three diets in
particular, she says, contain the right mix of elements: The Mediterranean
diet, the DASH diet, and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index. These diets
are similar in that they put the emphasis on foods that are also known to be
anti-inflammatory. But just as importantly, these diets also eliminate foods
that can decrease levels of inflammatory markers inside the body, including a
substance called C-reactive protein. Mixing and matching different foods
from these diets can help you tailor an anti-inflammatory approach that fits
your personal tastes, as you can choose the freshest in-season offerings.
Whole grains, legumes, and heart-healthy oils can be year-round staples, but
mix and match your fruits and vegetables for more variety.
Flora and Fauna

No matter where we go on the planet, there are stunning plants, flowers,
and animals that catch our attention. They are two very important aspects
of any ecosystem. Of all the living organisms on the planet, the most
commonly seen by us are the plant life and the animal life. Apart from these
two, more forms of life abound in the earth, but are harder to see with the
naked eye. This is why the flora and fauna i.e.; plant and wildlife of the earth
are fascinating to observe and study. Flora and fauna are words originating
from Latin. Flora in Latin means the goddess of the flower. Flora is also
derived from the word floral, which means relating to flowers. Therefore,
flora is a group of indigenous plants in an ecosystem of a geographical
region. The origin of the word fauna is a bit shrouded in mystery. According
to Roman mythology, Fauna refers to the goddess of fertility. Fauna is
sometimes referred to as Fauns, meaning forest spirits. By definition, fauna
is a group of indigenous animals of any geographical region. So, the term

animal specifies in a given geographic location. This is why you hear phrases
like flora and fauna of India, flora, and fauna of Indonesia and so on.
Eastern Europe
The term "Eastern Europe" suggests a self-contained world of kindred
regions. This is a fiction, and to some extent we can reconstruct precisely
how it originated. It may be founded on older images of Russia, but it goes
back primarily to the French Enlightenment. For centuries before that, the
only cultural and political axis of significance had been the north-south divide.
Following the Renaissance, the "barbaric" regions north of the Alps sought
to appropriate the political and cultural legacy of the Roman Empire. This led
to the development - in parallel with colonialism - of competing notions of
what constituted the center of the "civilized" world.
The impetus for a shift to a west-east cultural axis came from Paris around
the middle of the 18th century, when French Enlightenment thinkers
pronounced the orient - which combines the geographical "east" with
proximity to the orient" - to be that region that remained closed to the
French or European Enlightenment.
The east-west axis marked out a descent from the center of enlightened
civilization into less and less civilized zones. For travelers, the road to the
East, from its supposed beginnings in Poland, Hungary, or Galicia, became a
voyage into increasingly Asiatic zones. In the process, perceptions were
adapted, sometimes in highly fanciful ways, to fit in with the preconceived
expectation of encountering a lower level of civilization. Barbarism was now
located in the East.
It was only with the emergence of this idea that outsiders started to view
Eastern Europe as a single entity. The "West" asserted the right to define
the prevailing level of civilization in different regions, and increasingly Europe
defined itself against the areas to its east. In this context, it was easy to
ignore that even the more westerly regions did not consist solely of urban
centers of modernization, characterized by refined behavior.
Hydrogen-powered Flight
Last month, Airbus announced plans to overhaul an A380 airliner by adding
an additional hydrogen-combustion engine to the outside of the plane and
installing monitoring equipment. With the changes, the company will be able
to test hydrogen-powered flight in real-world conditions. The move is part of
a broader industry goal to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
Passenger air travel is a growing contributor to climate change, making up
about three percent of carbon emissions worldwide in 2021. While flying
less and investing in more efficient planes can help reduce emissions, new
technologies will likely be needed to reach net zero.

Other solutions, like battery-powered air taxis and sustainable aviation fuels,
may help cut emissions, but hydrogen in particular might be one of the major
paths forward to net zero because it could be used widely in the industry,
from shorter regional hops to longer flights with larger planes.
Understanding emissions from hydrogen combustion in real-air conditions is

one of the major goals of this testing program, Simpson says. While burning
liquid hydrogen doesn't produce CO2, the most abundant greenhouse gas,
researchers are still eager to learn more about emissions from hydrogen-
powered flight. Hydrogen engines will still produce some nitro-oxides, which
are common pollutants, as well as water vapor, which acts as a greenhouse
gas in the atmosphere.
The test engine will also allow Airbus to learn more about how to run
hydrogen combustion in flight. Researchers can change the operating
conditions of the engine, like the fuel-to-air ratio it burns and the
temperature it runs at, to learn more about how to most efficiently power a
hydrogen-powered plane.
Solar Panels
The renewed interest in solar panels on cars is less about the panels
themselves becoming better, and more about the fact that hybrid and
electric cars, and their infrastructure, is better. In other words, it's easier
and more affordable than ever for consumers to go buy a readily available
electric or hybrid car, and these cars are more efficient, easier to charge,
and have fewer compromises overall than EVs and hybrids of just a couple
generations ago. That means there are more people who can take advantage
of solar power to run a car, and that solar power will literally go farther than
it would have in the past.
That said, solar panel technology has improved, too. It's more affordable and
easier for most consumers to incorporate into a home or garage update,
but solar-powered cars still have a long way to go.
in fact, it's unlikely that we'll see a car that can be fully powered by a solar
panel integrated into the roof, because a panel that size is just too small to
produce the power needed. EnergySage, a company that helps consumers
research and shop for solar technology, estimates that a car completely
covered in solar panels could only power an electric car for a maximum of 25
miles a day, and that's assuming weather and other conditions are
absolutely perfect. Yet, EnergySage argues a solar panel that gives a car a
boost of just a few miles a day is still worth the investment.
Seat Belts
Today's school buses have been designed for better crash and rollover
protection. They protect kids through compartmentalization," which means

spacing seats close together, as well as using seats with high, energy-
absorbing backs to prevent children from being tossed around in a collision.
School buses also are highly visible and have safety features like red flashing
red lights, cross-view mirrors and stop-sign arms. Drivers stay on carefully
planned routes and maintain slow speeds, so seat belts aren't needed.
That's the thought, anyway.
Unfortunately, though, deadly school bus crashes happen. Such was the
case in November 2016 when a crash in Chattanooga, Tennessee killed six
elementary school students. After another deadly school bus crash in May
2018 in Morris County, New Jersey, killed two, including a child, and injured
43 others, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) opened a full
investigation into school bus safety.
However, today seat belts are only federally mandated on small school
buses, or those weighing 10,000 pounds or less States are allowed to
decide whether to mandate them by law on the rest of school buses.
Currently only eight states have laws requiring seat belts on large school
buses, though many others are considering similar legislation.
Since most school buses are on the road for at least 10 and often up to 20
years, it's unlikely school districts would choose to retrofit older buses at
that cost, which means it would potentially take decades for new legislation
requiring seat belts to take effect across a fleet as new buses slowly
replace older ones.
Manatees
Manatees are aquatic herbivores. Also known as "sea cows", these
herbivores usually spend up to eight hours a day grazing on seagrass and
other marine or freshwater vegetation, eating up to ten percent of their
body weight in aquatic vegetation each day.
While people may see many manatees gathered together at winter warm
water refuges during winter months, during the rest of the year manatees
are semi-social as they travel around the state's waterways in search of
food, mates, or places to rest. Except for mother (cow)/calf pairs, manatees
do not need to travel together although they do socialize when other
manatees are encountered.
Go find yourself, we have all heard the cliché, but how can you actually do it?
We should rephrase the statement from go find yourself to go discover your
independence' because that is what you are actually doing. The feeling of
accomplishment derived from successfully completing your first solo trip is
hard to match. You will discover how you behave and react in unpredictable
situations abroad and your confidence will get a definite boost!

No matter what you do on a solo trip, it will feel adventurous. You step out
your comfort zone, travel to a place you maybe have never been before, meet
new people that will leave lasting memories, and so much more. Things that
would never happen within the same confines of your home happen on a daily
basis when you decide to travel solo.
Stars
Since the dawn of recorded civilization, stars played a key role in religion and
proved vital to navigation, according to the International Astronomical Union.
Astronomy, the study of the heavens, may be the most ancient of the
sciences. The invention of the telescope and the discovery of the laws of
motion and gravity in the 17th century prompted the realization that stars
were just like the sun, all obeying the same laws of physics. In the 19th
century, photography and spectroscopy-the study of the wavelengths of
light that objects emit-made it possible to investigate the compositions and
motions of stars from afar, leading to the development of astrophysics.
A star develops from a giant, slowly rotating cloud that is made up entirely
or almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Due to its own gravitational pull,
the cloud behind to collapse inward, and as it shrinks, it spins more and
more quickly. with the outer parts becoming a disk while the innermost
parts become a roughly spherical clump.
According to NASA, this collapsing material grows hotter and denser,
forming a ball-shaped protostar. When the heat and pressure in the
protostar reaches about 1.8 million degrees Fahrenheit, atomic nuclei that
normally repel each other start fusing together, and the star ignites.
Nuclear fusion converts a small amount of the mass of these atoms into
extraordinary amounts of energy for instance, 1 gram of mass converted
entirely to energy would be equal to an explosion of roughly 22,000 tons of
TNT.
The life cycles of stars follow patterns based mostly on their initial mass.
These include intermediate-mass stars such as the sun, with half to eight
times the mass of the sun, high-mass stars that are more than eight solar
masses, and low-mass stars a tenth to half a solar mass in size. The
greater a star's mass, the shorter its lifespan generally is, according to
NASA. Objects smaller than a tenth of a solar mass do not have enough
gravitational pull to ignite nuclear fusion-some might become failed stars
known as brown dwarfs.
Global Business
Political risk and nationalism have had major impacts on the development and
retardation of global business. Two World Wars, the protectionism of the
1930s, and subsequent waves of economic nationalism damaged the global
economy severely and threw it into reverse, though temporarily and partially,
and changed the trajectory of globalization during the twentieth century.
Wartime blockades, interwar trade barriers, and policies of sovereign

nations protecting or serving national interests dealt a blow to the global
integration of the market. The two World Wars also brought about
technological innovation, and partly contributed to the rise of regions that
had been traditionally on the periphery, and laid the basis for today's multi-
polar global economy. Under these pressures, global business looked to
transform itself from being based on a unitary structure to a multi-centred
one: today's multinational corporations were created to operate beyond the
constraints imposed by the sovereign states. In addition, the economic
entities involved in global business created international public goods on
their own, such as special safe havens, rather than remaining passive to the
actions of sovereign states. Ironically, however, this seems to be creating a
new kind of political risk and widespread anti-globalism. The effects of
political risks, due to their nature, showed significant geographical
differences. They varied widely between European and US companies. In
Europe, where serious risks such as war and occupation became a reality,
the capability to address political risks had a great impact on the rise, fall,
and survival of firms, while in US, such risks have little impact on companies.
Over the past three decades, sponsorship marketing has been a major
contributor to the popularity of sports, particularly football. From 1996 to
2010, the sponsorship market worldwide experienced exponential growth,
with brands paying large sums of money to leverage sponsorship rights and
properties. Sponsorship marketing grew increasingly popular in the late
1980s when a significant shift was introduced in marketing. The shift was
an effort by firms to differentiate themselves in the sponsorship market by
moving away from the common ratification of pro
sports properties allowed firms to illuminate their purpose and position, and
get closer to consumers. Over time, firms have become critical of
sponsorship and the value they bring given their cost. The criticism comes
as there are no deliberate nor quantifiable derived benefits. As a result,
firms focus more on title sponsorship of short-term tournaments instead of
long-term sponsorship commitments. Short-term tournaments have
generally been used as tactical selling assets. Short-term tournaments
enable firms to easily and continually assess their financial commitments to
the sponsored properties. The continued growth of title sponsorship in
short-term tournament sports is attributable to several factors, but
importantly, it is to get the consumers excited and remain engaged for the
duration of the tournament. Short-term tournaments are beneficial for fans
as they give instant gratification wherein their team could be crowned
champions without waiting for the season-long league to conclude. Short-
term tournaments are an instrument to elicit excitement for fans but also
to deliver impact for sponsor firms.
Demise of the Universe

It is remarkable how often the origin of things is tied to the very same
phenomena that ultimately lead to their demise -a fact that is especially

evident when we ponder cosmic endings, from the end of the Earth to the
end of the universe. For instance, planetary scientists increasingly suspect
that comets and ice-laden meteorites crashing into the primordial Earth
probably provided most of the planet's water. Organic molecules have been
detected in comets, and researchers simulated those cosmic crash landings
by using a gas gun to fire metal projectiles into blocks of ice containing some
of the same chemicals that make up comets. The shock wave and heat
generated by the impact created molecules that formed amino acids, the
building blocks of proteins.
Yet the very same objects that gave this planet life could also spell its
demise. Astronomers predict that a comet or asteroid large enough to
cause global devastation will smash into the Earth about every 100 million
years or so. Fortunately, if such a comet or asteroid were to arrive sooner
than expected, we are constructing observational systems to discover and
track near-Earth objects, conceivably providing us with sufficient time to
pre-empt catastrophe. Other cosmic smash-ups, however, cannot be
averted, no matter how much advance warning we have. The inexorable tug
of gravity that enabled the formation of the Milky Way has also put us on a
collision course with our neighboring galaxy, Andromeda. Recent
observations confirm that Andromeda is heading straight toward us at
about 60 miles per second, and will traverse the 2.5 million light-year
distance currently separating our galaxies in about four billion years.
Digital Marketing
At a high level, digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through
digital channels such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and
mobile apps. Using these online media channels, digital marketing is the
method by which companies endorse goods, services, and brands.
Consumers heavily rely on digital means to research products For example,
Think With Google marketing insights found that 48% of consumers start
their inquiries on search engines, while 33% look to brand websites and
2696 search within mobile applications.
While modern day digital marketing is an enormous system of channels to

which marketers simply must onboard their brands, advertising online is
much more complex than the channels alone, in order to achieve the true
potential of digital marketing, marketers have to dig deep into today's vast
and intricate cross-channel world to discover strategies that make an
impact through engagement marketing. Engagement marketing is the
method of forming meaningful interactions with potential and returning
customers based on the data you collect over time. By engaging customers
in a digital landscape, you build brand awareness, set yourself as an industry
thought leader, and place your business at the forefront when the customer
is ready to buy.

By implementing an omnichannel digital marketing strategy, marketers can
collect valuable insights into target audience behaviors while opening the
door to new methods of customer engagement. Additionally, companies can
expect to see an increase in retention. According to a report by Invesp,
companies with strong omnichannel customer engagement strategies retain
an average of 89% of their customers compared to companies with weak
omnichannel programs that have a retention rate of just 33%.
As for the future of digital marketing, we can expect to see a continued

increase in the variety of wearable devices available to consumers. Forbes
also forecasts that social media will become increasingly conversational in
the B2B space, video content will be refined for search engine optimization
(SEO) purposes, and email marketing will become even more personalized.
PTSD
Trauma affects even the most resilient among us and can include anything
from isolated incidents, such as surviving an active shooter in a public
location or narcissistic abuse in an intimate relationship, to severe and
prolonged abuse or neglect occurring in childhood. Statistics suggest a
lifetime estimate of approximately 6.8% for PTSD diagnosis, which is a small
portion relative to those who experience trauma. Thus, on average,
approximately 7 out of 100 people will go on to develop symptoms
associated with PTSD after experiencing a significant traumatic event, with
an average estimate of 7.5 million to 8 million people per year developing the
disorder.
The effects of post-traumatic stress can be lifelong, chronic, and highly

variable. Children who are abused or neglected may develop symptoms of
PTSD, compromising their ability to function as independent adults; others
may not develop any symptoms or milder symptoms. Issues with self-worth,
self-love, feelings of uselessness, and suicidal ideation are commonly
reported in those with PTSD. Those who experience abuse in childhood are
more susceptible to being re-traumatized later in life with unhealthy adult
relationships. PTSD often includes both short-term effects immediately
following a traumatic event and more chronic, long-term effects.
Whether someone will go on to develop PTSD following trauma is influenced

by many factors, which may include: individual resiliency, personality, prior
history of trauma, intensity of the trauma (i.e. a one-time isolated event
versus chronic or long-term abuse), duration of the traumatic event(s),
availability of an emotional support system, and other factors such as
environmental contingencies (drugs/alcohol, unstable or unsafe living
conditions).
Clutches
Clutches are useful in devices that have two rotating shafts, including cars.
One of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft

drives another device. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can
either be locked together and spin at the same speed, or be decoupled and
spin at different speeds.
In a car, you need a clutch because the engine spins all the time, but the
car's wheels do not. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the
wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. The clutch allows
us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a transmission that is not
spinning by controlling the slippage between them.
To understand how a clutch works, it helps to know a little bit about friction,
which is a measure of how hard it is to slide one object over another.
Friction is caused by the peaks and valleys that are part of every surface,
even very smooth surfaces still have microscopic peaks and valleys. The
larger these peaks and valleys are, the harder it is to slide the object.
A clutch works because of friction between a clutch plate and a flywheel.

When your foot is off the clutch pedal in a manual car, springs push the
pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the
flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them
to spin at the same speed.
Atmosphere Rivers
Atmospheric rivers are long, narrow bands of moisture in the atmosphere
that extend from the tropics to higher latitudes. These rivers in the sky can
transport 15 times the volume of the Mississippi River. When that moisture
reaches the coast and moves inland, it rises over the mountains, generating
rain and snow. Many fire-weary westerners welcome these deluges, but
atmospheric rivers can trigger other disasters, such as extreme flooding
and debris flows. Atmospheric rivers occur globally, affecting the west
Europe, Chile and South Africa. For example, so-

storms that carry moisture from Hawaii to the U.S. Events like these have
drawn attention in recent years, but atmospheric rivers are not new. And in
the past 20 years, as observation networks have improved, scientists have
learned more about these important weather phenomena. In dry conditions,
atmospheric rivers can replenish water supplies and quench dangerous
wildfires. But in wet conditions, they can cause damaging floods and debris
flows, wreaking havoc on local economies. Like hurricanes, atmospheric
rivers are projected to grow longer, wider and wetter in a warming climate.
All these are the reflect of climate change. Scientists believe that improving
atmospheric forecasting systems should be a priority for adapting to a
changing clima
intensity, duration and landfall locations to residents and emergency
responders, because stabilizing the global climate system is the only long-
term way to minimize economic damage and risk to vulnerable communities.

Bans from Everest
At 29,029 feet (8,848 meters), Mount Everest is the world's tallest peak
and an irresistible and (and sometimes deadly) draw for mountain climbers
from all over the planet. It's also a place of political turmoil and intrigue,
straddling the border of China and Nepal, which offer up different regulations
for would-be adventurers. In late December 2017, Nepal's newest set of
rules came under fire from some quarters for banning blind, amputee, and
solo climbers.
The Nepalese tourism ministry tweaked the regulations in what it says is an

effort to curb fatalities on the legendary slopes, which are steep, shifty, and
so high that most climbers need supplemental oxygen to reach the summit.
The moves would also create jobs for locals to act as guides for solo
climbers.
Some suspect that the new rules may be a ham-handed way to limit the
ever-burgeoning crowds that now flood the slopes during the climbing
season, which lasts for just a short time each year (mostly April and May)
due to severe weather. Human waste, litter, and bottlenecks on narrow
slopes make Everest look more like a packed movie theater queue than a
wilderness journey on some days.
Adventurer and author Brian Dickinson summited Everest in 2011. "Over the
past few decades Everest has had some bad press based on unqualified
climbers," he says. "Nepal is struggling to find an answer on how to control
who should and shouldn't climb, but they are focusing on the wrong
demographic. They probably feel that others seeing blind and disabled
climbers attempting the mountain makes the climb appear doable for
anyone."
Dementia
Dementia is the loss of cognitive functioning thinking, remembering, and
reasoning to such an extent that it interferes with a person's daily life
and activities. Some people with dementia cannot control their emotions,
and their personalities may change. Dementia ranges in severity from the
mildest stage, when it is just beginning to affect a person's functioning, to
the most severe stage, when the person must depend completely on others
for basic activities of living.
About one-third of all people age 85 or older may have some form of
dementia, but it is not a normal part of aging. Many people live into their
90s and beyond without any signs of dementia. Signs and symptoms of
dementia result when once-healthy neurons or nerve cells in the brain stop
working, lose connections with other brain cells, and die. While everyone
loses some neurons as they age, people with dementia experience far
greater loss.

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities can also develop
dementia as they age, and recognizing their symptoms can be particularly
monitor for changes over time that could signal dementia.
types of brain changes that may be taking place. While research has found
that some changes in the brain are linked to certain forms of dementia, in
most cases, the underlying causes are unknown. Rare genetic mutations
may cause dementia in a relatively small number of people.
Although there is no proven prevention, in general, leading a healthy lifestyle

may help reduce risk factors that have been associated with these diseases.
Coordination Changes
Changes in coordination are less related to muscles and more related to the
brain and nervous system. Multiple brain centers need to be well
coordinated to allow you to do everything from hitting a golf ball to keeping a
coffee cup steady as you walk across a room. This means that the wiring of
the brain, the so-called white matter that connects the different brain
regions, is crucial.
Unfortunately, most people in our society over age 60 who eat a western
microvascular or small vessel disease) in their white matter. Although the

strokes are so small that they are not noticeable when they occur, they can
disrupt the connections between important brain coordination centers such
as the frontal lobe (which directs movements) and the cerebellum (which
provides on-the-fly corrections to those movements as needed).
In addition, losing dopamine-producing cells is common as you get older,

which can slow down your movements and reduce your coordination, so even
abnormalities in movement seen in Parkinson's.
Lastly, changes in vision the "eye" side of hand-eye coordination are

also important. Eye diseases are much more common in older adults,
including cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. In addition, mild
difficulty seeing can be the first sign of cognitive disorders of aging, including
Lewy bod
NASA Astronaut Requirement

If you ever dreamed of being an astronaut as a kid, then you know that its no
easy feat. The US space agency has revealed on its website all of the
requirements that need to be met by someone before they have a shot at
going to space. The requirements to be a NASA astronaut have changed
over the years to better align with the agency's mission and values.

First, a potential candidate must be a US citizen. They also have to have a
master's degree in a STEM field from an accredited institution - acceptable
degrees include engineering, biological science, physical science, computer
science, or mathematics.
On top of that, a potential candidate has to have at least two years of

related professional experience after completing their degree, or at least
1,000 hours pilot-in-command time on jet aircraft,' the agency noted. NASA
also emphasized the types of characteristics it's looking for in its
astronauts, including a skilled leader, a good communicator, and a good
collaborator.
It's not enough to simply be educated to be an astronaut, though, a

candidate also has to be able to withstand the physical pressure of being in
space. On that note, a person must be extremely healthy and able to pass
the NASA long-duration flight astronaut physical, which tests agility, body
coordination, eye coordination, and vision. Furthermore, NASA astronaut
positions require a candidate to be of particular height and weight. To be a
commander or pilot astronaut, you need to be 158cm to 190cm tall, and to
be a mission specialist you need to be between 149cm to 193cm. In
general, astronauts should weigh between 50 and 95 kilograms (110 and
209 pounds) and measure between 149.5cm and 190.5cm.
Remote Inhabited Location

The most remote inhabited location on Earth is a place called Tristan da
Cunha. As of Feb. 17, 2022, there were 257 people, mostly British citizens,
living on this archipelago, which sees a ship carrying mail, cargo and
passengers about once a month.
Tristan da Cunha is located at 37 degrees south latitude and 12 degrees

west longitude, 1,242 miles from St. Helena and 1,740 miles from the
nearest mainland, the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. It sits in the South
Atlantic Ocean, between South America and Africa, west and slightly south
of the Cape of Good Hope. Tristan is circular in shape and is about 6 miles in
diameter with a total area of only about 30 square miles.
The summer season falls between December and March. During the winter
months, the central volcanic peak of Tristan which rises to a height of 6,760
feet, is covered in snow. Tristan da Cunha, the main island, is the only
inhabited island in the chain. The other islands that make up the archipelago
are not populated by humans.
Today, Tristan da Cunha is certainly off the beaten path and is considered
the most remote inhabited island on the planet. However, in the 17th and
18th centuries, the archipelago was on the preferred maritime route to the
Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean.

Locust Management
There's a slate of international institutions that coordinates locust
management and response. The primary effort is conducted by the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, which runs the Desert Locust
Watch to track locust migration patterns and oversee regional response
efforts.
In individual nations, a lack of cash, competing priorities and domestic

challenges make it hard to mount a long-range best management strategy.
Because locust numbers ebb and flow, it's been difficult for countries such
as Kenya, which hasn't seen an infestation in 70 years to build up
intermediate and long-term infrastructure to address outbreaks proactively.
That's why so many governments are now scrambling to come up with
solutions.
It's hard to maintain funding and political will and knowledge and capacity
building when you have these unpredictable booms and bust cycles that
could play out over years or decades," a pest expert Overson says. "If you
wait until it's reactive and forget about it until it happens again, we're going
to be in this situation forever."
Right now, the most effective way to fight locust outbreaks involves mass
aerial sprays of pesticides to kill locusts. Overson says that's not ideal,
given the adverse effect such chemicals have on biodiversity and human
health. But emerging technologies may hold promise for the future. For
example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently
partnered with the United Nations to repurpose technology used to track
smoke plumes from tires to predict the migrations of locusts, the Scientific
American reported. And in terms of locust extermination, Overson says
biopesticides have untapped potential - although lots of research and
development is still needed in the area.
Yellow Stone
Most Americans know about Yellowstone National Park, the first national
park in the U.S., which was established in 1872. Probably less well-known is
the fact that Native American tribes were removed from the land to make
the park possible.
Yellowstone is not an anomaly. Many Native American tribes once lived on

sprawling ancestral lands that the U.S. government either forcibly took from
them or purchased through treaties whose provisions were subsequently
nullified. Some of this land later became part of the nation's 400-plus
national parks and sites, with the U.S. government providing the historical
interpretations. These interpretations, however, either downplayed or
ignored the Indigenous point of view.

Creating tribal national parks allows Indigenous people to be in charge of the
narrative. Simply put, tribal national parks are national parks created on
tribal lands. The first of these tribal national parks was Frog Bay Tribal
National Park in Wisconsin, opened by the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior
Chippewa in 2012. The park is on the state's Bayfield peninsula, across from
the famous Apostle Islands National Lakeshore.
Several more tribal national parks are in the works, as Indigenous people
seek to preserve and protect their land, while creating recreational
opportunities for their members and others, but there's another important
reason for these parks creation: They allow the tribes to tell their own
stories.
Content Marketing
Content marketing is the process of creating valuable, relevant content to
attract, acquire, and engage your audience. Buyers and customers today
are inundated by more marketing messages than ever before more than
2,900 per day, by current estimations. This creates an environment of
attention scarcity, challenging marketers with the task of producing
engaging content that won't get lost in the static. A well-crafted content
marketing strategy places your business in the position of a thought leader,
building brand preference as you inform and educate buyers. Providing helpful
and entertaining content can form a strong bond between your brand and
customers that continues to grow and strengthen over time. Traditionally,
marketers have had to 'rent attention' from other people's media through
display ads on websites, booths at trade shows, or emails sent to third-
party lists. For example, when a brand pays out millions of dollars for a
Super Bowl ad, they are renting the attention that the TV networks have
built. Content marketing, on the other hand, allows marketers to become
publishers by building their own audiences and attracting their own
attention. By creating and distributing content that buyers find useful,
marketers increase their brand awareness and preference by establishing a
relationship of trust with consumers as they move through the sales funnel.
Additionally, content marketing is considered a less costly strategy than
some others. It can have a bit of a slower start while your content library
grows and reaches a larger audience.
AudioLM
A new Al system can create natural-sounding speech and music after being
prompted with a few seconds of audio. AudioLM, developed by Google
researchers, generates audio that fits the style of the prompt, including
complex sounds like piano music, or people speaking, in a way that is almost
indistinguishable from the original recording. The technique shows promise
for speeding up the process of training Al to generate audio, and it could
eventually be used to auto-generate music to accompany videos.

Al-generated audio is commonplace: voices on home assistants like Alexa
use natural language processing. Al music systems like Open Al's Jukebox
have already generated impressive results, but most existing techniques
need people to prepare transcriptions and label text-based training data,
which takes a lot of time and human labor. Jukebox, for example, uses text-
based data to generate song lyrics.
AudioLM, described in a non-peer-reviewed paper last month, is different: it

doesn't require transcription or labeling. Instead, sound databases are fed
into the program, and machine learning is used to compress the audio files
into sound snippets, called tokens," without losing too much information. To
generate the audio, a few seconds of sound are fed into AudioLM, which
then predicts what comes next.
Roger Dannenberg, who researches computer-generated music at Carnegie
Mellon University, says AudioLM already has much better sound quality than
previous music generation programs. In particular, he says, AudioLM is
surprisingly good at re-creating some of the repeating patterns inherent in
human-made music. To generate realistic piano music, AudioLM has to
capture a lot of the subtle vibrations contained in each note when piano keys
are struck. The music also has to sustain its rhythms and harmonies over a
period of time.
watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is
how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life.
Research has shown that as the child watches and what effect it has on his
life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV
goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but
other important aspects of life such as social development and physical
activities decreases. Television is bound to have it tremendous impact on a
child, both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he
sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of television, he should
consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information
and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch
television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials.
What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture
in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house?
Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background notice of your family
life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be
watched selectively?
If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience a
near certainty in this weak labor market you should consider a response
applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows
that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees,

empowerment can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel.
The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to
intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias

makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider
themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example,
over-qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of
156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And
unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified
workers is perfectly legal.
But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified
candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where
rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to
supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the
conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great
opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University
dissipated by giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where
greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to
state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported
autonomy was high.
What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the internet, especially
the World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when
lug your briefcase full of paper or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a

lectern, scribble on a chalkboard (or even use your high-tech, interactive
students to show up for conferences

weekends or at night after dinner. You can do all this while living in a small
town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you are working for a
college whose administrative office is located in Florida or Dubai. You can
attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day you teach your
-speed network. Or you may simply pull out

your smartphone to quickly check on the latest postings, email, or text
messages from students.
Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search
for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world for
programs, classes, and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an
appropriate course, they can enroll and register, shop for their books, read
articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with
their instructors, and receive their final grades-all online.

A plunging oil price has dragged UK inflation to zero over recent months. But
analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot solely be attributed to oil.
Discount retailers continue to steal market share from established industry
giants, taking an increased chunk of both food and non-food markets. And,
sector-wide fall in prices paid at the till. The growth of online retailers has
also brought prices down, in part due to the ease with which customers can
compare prices and purchase goods elsewhere if they find an item cheaper
in their physical and online stores, according to retail analyst Richard

Hyman, which means shops are forced to cut prices on the high street. An
ever-expanding range of shops is also to blame, according to Mr. Hyman.
last 10 years, online alone has added the equivalent of 110m square feet of
trading space
shopping malls. An increase in supply of retailers, with no increase in
demand
The notion that office space has a role in promoting or inhibiting

performance is backed up by solid research. A recent study conducted by
Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital showed that
improvements to the physical surroundings of workers impacted on
productivity not just because the working environment was more attractive,
but because the changes made employees feel cared for. A Swedish
research paper revealed a strong link between the type of office an employee
worked in and their overall job satisfaction and health. Various findings have
emerged as a result of studies such as this. Pot plants and greenery can
apparently have a real impact on psychological well-being. Those who work in
a private room tend to be in better health than workers based in open-plan
offices.
Sufficient light can reduce sickness among workers and increase
productivity, and an attractive office can make workers feel more cared for
and therefore more loyal to their company. Most of these points make good
health , productivity and contentment of their employees. Pioneers such as

Google, Walt Disney and Dyson have tried to create offices that will do
everything from promoting collaboration between workers to stimulating
look inside the most creative spaces in business. Stimulating spaces expose
the mind to a variety of stimuli - planned or random - In order to encourage
people to think differently. Reflective spaces promote the filtering of
information into the brain slowing it to make connections. An environment
which encourages a team to build trust and to play freely is an essential
ingredient for innovation.

Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive
groups of up to 40 individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices
within the reef, the Nurse sharks seem to prefer specific resting sites and
will return to them each day after the nights hunting. By night, the sharks
are largely solitary. Nurse sharks spend most of their time foraging through
the bottom sediments in search of food.
Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates and other
fish such as spiny lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sea urchins, octopuses, squid,
marine snails and bivalves and in particularly, stingrays.
Nurse sharks are thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would
otherwise be too fast for the sharks to catch, although their small mouths
limit the size of prey items, the sharks have large throat cavities which are
used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, Nurse sharks are able to suck in
their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral.
Generally slow and sluggish, Nurse sharks spend much of their time resting
on the bottom of the ocean. Nurse sharks have been observed resting on
the bottom with their bodies supported on their fins, possibly providing a
false shelter for crustaceans which they then ambush and eat. If it must
move, the Nurse shark may even use its large front (or pectoral) fins to
A plunging oil price has dragged UK inflation to zero over recent months. But
analysts say the fall in retail prices cannot solely be attributed to oil.
Discount retailers continue to steal market share from established industry
giants, taking an increased chunk of both food and non-food markets. And,
sector-wide fall in prices paid at the till. The growth of online retailers has
also brought prices down, in part due to the ease with which customers can
compare prices and purchase goods elsewhere if they find an item cheaper
in their physical and online stores, according to retail analyst Richard

Hyman, which means shops are forced to cut prices on the high street. An
ever-expanding range of shops is also to blame, according to Mr. Hyman.
he
last 10 years, online alone has added the equivalent of 110m square feet of
trading space
shopping malls. An increase in supply of retailers, with no increase in
demand, has left the industry mass
Neurons of Singing
Humans may have neurons whose main job is to process singing. Scientists
have previously found neurons that are selective for speech and music,
suggesting that our brains have specific cells that handle different types of
sounds we hear. Sam Norman-Haignere and his colleagues recorded brain
electrical activity from 15 people while they listened to 165 different
sounds. These included music, speech, animal calls and the sound of a
flushing toilet. The participants already had electrodes implanted into their

heads, as they were in hospital for epilepsy treatment, which enabled the
researchers to get more precise data compared with functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) scans. With these recordings, the researchers
discovered a population of neurons that seemed to respond nearly
exclusively to singing, although they also had a very small response to
speech and instrumental music. 'This work suggests there's a distinction in
the brain between instrumental music and vocal music,' says Norman-
Haignere. They overlaid these results with fMRI data from 30 other people
who listened to the same sounds so that they could map the neurons to a
specific region of the brain. The 'singing' neurons were located roughly
between the music and speech-selective areas of the auditory cortex. Many
people think that singing has some important role in the evolution of music.
But it's also totally possible that it's all driven by exposure.
Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the
acronym PEV. It's what you and many other people will drive to work in ten
years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning
you will first unplug your car - your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries
will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-
100 kilometers through city traffic.
When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a
socket that allows power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity
grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a
contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a
limited amount of power from your car's batteries should they need to,
perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices.
The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not
only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their
alternative being very expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving
home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a
relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or
compressed natural gas, even bio-fuel, would automatically cut in, driving a
generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey.
Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the
likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as
many motor vehicles registered worldwide as there are now, mean that the
world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is,
in every sense of the word, unsustainable.
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and
materials used by humans, and they shape our environment. According to
Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity in our
time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant
related.
All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals
that eat them. Plants are a source of energy production. And they are
intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of

environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on
habitat destruction and waterway pollution.
change places additional stresses on the food supply and on various

habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these
problems and moving into the future. For plant research to move
significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development is
critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and
generate fresh hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how
sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies

available to the study of plant life, they say.
A government is the organization, machinery, or agency, through which a

political unit exercises its authority, controls and administers public policy,
and directs and controls the actions of its members or subjects. The
government makes laws, regulate economies, conduct relations with other
countries, provide infrastructure and services, and maintain an army and a
police force amongst others on behalf of the people of the country.
Democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule.
The ancient Greeks used the word democracy to mean government by the
many in contrast to the government by the few. The key to democracy is
that the people hold ultimate power. Abraham Lincoln best captured this
spirit by describing democracy as a government of the people, by the people,
for the people. Democratic government is opposed to an authoritative
government, where the participation of its citizenry is limited or prohibited,
and a state of anarchy where no form of government exists.
Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family
they are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes
common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles"
with a firstborn child. "Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to
be right. But the parent has to be the grown up and step out of that
battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions
that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they
in turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that
since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be
helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations.
These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on
themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't seem to affect
her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie
was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age
difference between Susan and her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do
to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting and teasing by
a much older sibling." I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can
surface no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone
points out. "As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall

my older sister hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters'
tussles.
Males do the singing and females do the listening. This has been the
established, even cherished view of courtship in birds, but now some
ornithologists are changing tune. László Garamszegi of the University of
Antwerp, Belgium, and colleagues studied the literature on 233 European
songbird species. Of the 109 for which information on females was available,
they found evidence for singing in 101 species. In only eight species could
the team conclude that females did not sing. Females that sing have been
overlooked, the team say, because their songs are quiet, they are mistaken
for males from their similar plumage or they live in less well studied areas
such as the tropics. Garamszegi blames Charles Darwin for the oversight.
pecies. After
carefully tracing back an evolutionary family tree for their songbirds,
evolved in females first. They suggest these ancient females may have been
using their songs to deter other females from their territories, to
Could midday napping save your life? If the experience of Greek men is any
guide, the answer just may be yes. In a study released yesterday,
researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health and in Athens reported
that Greeks who took regular 30-minute napping were 37% less likely to die
of heart disease over a six-year period than those who never napped. The
scientists tracked more than 23,000 adults, finding that the benefits of
napping were most pronounced for working men. Researchers have long
recognized that Mediterranean adults die of heart disease at a rate lower
than Americans and Northern Europeans. Diets rich in olive oil and other
heart-healthy foods have received some of the credit, but scientists have
been intrigued by the potential role of napping.
The study concluded that napping was more likely than diet or physical
activity to lower the incidence of heart attacks and other like-ending heart
ailments.
Specialists not involved with the study said there are sound biochemical
reasons to believe that a nap may help protect against heart disease.
Essentially, they said, sleep at any time of day acts like a valve to release
the stress of everyday life.
Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates
and educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been
allocated to public and private high schools across the state. Organisers
say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships
between police and students. But parent groups warned of potential
dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police
relations were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will

conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues
including shoplifting, offensive behaviour, graffiti and drugs and alcohol. They
can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began
work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park
Community School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime
prevention officer at The Rocks, he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction
in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said
the full time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime
prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the
school. We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren,
to have positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them
knowledge to improve their own safety." Parents' groups responded to the
program positively, but said it may spark a range of community reactions. "It
is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive
benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer.
The evolution of the RAS (Royal Agricultural Society) fits into the wider
Western trend of promoting nationalism, progress and technology through
exhibitory venues, which first became popular in the 1850s. Various types of
fairs, from local agricultural shows to Worlds Fairs, were used as
instruments of hegemony to support imperialism, to promote burgeoning
capitalist endeavors, and to shape class identities, social spaces and public
spaces. Visual culture and the art of display became essential in defining
aspects of national distinction. Colonial nations in particular, such as Canada
and Australia, were attempting to develop distinct national identities to
differentiate themselves from British imperial power. Agricultural fairs in
North America originated at the beginning of the nineteenth century and
were devoted to educating practicing framers in ways of improving their
cultivation of livestock and crops through the use of various technologies.
In 1822, the RAS was created on the premise that was a dire need in
Australia for the development of improved farming skills to better support
growing urban populations and export markets. Organizations based on
agricultural improvement, which were popular in Britain, provided
camaraderie as well as political and financial support for their members.
Once transferred to the colonies, in this case Australia, they played an
integral part in converting and organizing land for colonial purposes.
Public figures include politicians and other public officials such as judges and
civil servants as well as celebrities such as film stars, musicians and sports
stars. The very nature of these roles opens these people to scrutiny by the
press. The extent to which the media are legally free to investigate and
Countries like France are much stricter on protection personal privacy than,
for example, Britain.
People have a right to know about those in power. Whether through taxes,
in the case of politicians and civil servants, or by revenue generated by films,

TV, sports appearances or concerts in the case of celebrities these
People have the right to make informed judgements about the kind of leaders
they have. Attempts to restrict what may be reported about public figures
in the press could easily become a conspiracy to keep voters in the dark and
to manipulate them. All elections are to a greater or lesser extent about
the character of the leading politicians involved. Unless the voters are
allowed insights into their private lives they will lack the information needed
to make a fair decision at the polling booth. For example, some people believe
that a politician who betrayed his wife in an affair was equally capable of
breaking his promises and lying to his country.
Exposing corruption and dishonesty on the part of public officials and
businesses is a critical part of the function of a free press, and it is
essential to the functioning of a free-market economy. If investigative
journalists are prevented from scrutinising the private lives of public figures,
then corruption and crime will be much easier to hide.
Public figures know that with fame comes a price and that price is constant
scrutiny. In fact, many celebrities actively seek media exposure in order to
advance their careers, revealing to the median many aspects of their
personal lives. Once success has been bought in such a fashion it is then
aspects the star would prefer to remain hidden.
The origin of these sciences is attributed to The world engages in improving

literacy of reading and writing, but it is not that important now. What are
text/written language anyway? It's an ancient technology for storing and
retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it
by reading it. Six thousand to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestors'
hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what's known as
the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property
and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of
information. Unable to keep all this information in their memories, our
ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennia
into today's written language.
But this ancient technology is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its
historic course and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives
by the ever-increasing array of emerging technologies driven by voice, video,
and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a
positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries
great potential for a total positive redesign of education.
The origins of writing are largely unclear. Writing systems were created
independently all over the world. The earliest we know of were developed in
the Middle East around 5,000 years ago. But other scripts were invented in
India, Egypt, China and Central America. It has been suggested that some of
these systems may have influenced others, but this has not been proved.
These forms of writing look completely different, follow different rules and

are often read in completely different ways. But they all perform the same
basic function. They are all a visual means of recording language. Knowledge
of some early scripts invented in certain regions was picked up by peoples
living in surrounding areas. They would then adopt and adapt them to their
own needs and language. Chinese, for example, was adopted in Japan and
Korea, though it had to be altered to apply to the languages spoken there.
Methods of recording information have varied over time and place. Not all
sophisticated societies have developed writing systems and not all methods
of recording information require writing. The Inca empire of South America
was at its height in the sixteenth century AD and held power over a huge
area that stretched from modern Equador and Peru, to areas of Bolivia and
Chile. It was a complex civilisation, but did not develop a writing system.
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters
that covered its surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the
Stone and white paper laid over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed
an exact copy of the text but in reverse. Since then, many copies or
"facsimiles" have been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the
surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from
these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display,
the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone
added to the problem.
An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when
this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes
exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove
all but the original, ancient material, the stone was black with white
lettering. As treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered
were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from
the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton
wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified water.
Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place
until now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and
purified water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the
Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the white infill.
As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM

predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a
dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to
think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and
that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the
Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile
would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early
developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for
person to person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting
medium? We all, including the 'experts', seem to be peculiarly inept at
predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next
year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous

technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with
the development of other information and communication technologies and
by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I
might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find
the history of the British and French videotext systems, Prestel and Minitel,
instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant,
nor do I know where you can find information about them online, so, rather
than take up space here, I've briefly described them in a separate article.
The soil dwelling fungus 'take-all' inflicts devastating stress to the roots of
cereals crops worldwide and is a major disease problem in UK wheat crops.
However, recent field trial data from Rothamsted Research, an institute of
the BBSRC, has demonstrated that farmers could control this devastating
disease by selecting wheat cultivars that reduce take-all build up in the soil
when grown as a first wheat. Wheat is an important staple crop worth 1.6
Billion a year to the UK economy alone. This work funded by the
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the
Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the
HGCA will help farmers to increase yields, combating global food security and
contributing to UK economic growth. Take-all disease, caused by the fungus,
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, reduces grain yield and quality and
results in an increased amount of residual applied nitrogen fertiliser left in
the soil post-harvest. Despite the use of chemical, biological and cultural
control methods the take-all fungus is still one of the most difficult
pathogens of wheat to control. The risk of take-all infection in second and
third wheat crops is directly linked to the amount of fungus remaining in the
soil after the first wheat is harvested.
The Rothamsted Research study, published in Plant Pathology, has
demonstrated that wheat cultivars differ in their ability to build-up the take-
all fungus.
Growing a low building cultivar, such as Cadenza, as a first wheat crop can
be used to manipulate take-all inoculum levels in the soil resulting in better
yields from the second and third wheat crops. Yield increases of up to 2
tonnes per hectare in 2nd wheats have been observed.

WRITE ESSAY

Some people think the purpose of education is to prepare for the future
workforce and make good members of society. Others think the purpose of
education should lead to self-fulfillment. What is your opinion?
Many people say there is much violence promoted in mass media. What is
your opinion?
Do you think it has a positive or negative impact on you if you buy a home
close to the workplace?
the necessity of preparing for specific wealth-producing careers, such as
study of the humanities?
What is the role of writing theater plays and discussing ancient writings in
the study of high school students?
There are both advantages and disadvantages of company workers

assessing their own products and services. Discuss.
change about it. Do you agree with that?
Some people think air travel has more negative impacts than positive
impacts on modern life. What do you think?
Some people believe that all cities and towns should have at least one large
public open space. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Some employers take the opinions of their employees when determining the
areas to invest in. Please explain whether it will bring advantages or
disadvantages.
While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers

to translate foreign languages. That makes learning a foreign language
unnecessary. Do you agree with it? Give examples or your experiences to
support.
Living in the countryside or living in cities, which one do you prefer? Please
use examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been

increasing. Please make an example with its impact on our life, and explain if
it is beneficial or detrimental.

What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive
to individuals and society?
Many people say air flights have a more negative impact than a positive one
on the environment. To what extent do you agree with this argument?
Advance in artificial intelligence such as computers can more easily

translate a foreign language. To what extent do you think that it makes
learning a foreign language unnecessary? Support your opinion with reasons
or your personal experience, and give examples.
Nowadays, more and more people believed that overburden can help
complete higher quality in achievements. For example, professional teachers,
coaches believe that this applies to students and athletes, on the individual
and national level. What is your point of view? Give examples to support it.
Some people say there should be a maximum wage for high-paying jobs. Do
you support that Can you give your point of view or your own experience
It is harder for children living in the 21st century than that in the past. How
far do you agree with this statement? Give your opinions.
More and more countries spend large amounts of money on the restoration
of buildings instead of on modern housing. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with your experience or
examples.
Hurry or Slow-paced
Some people are always in a hurry to get somewhere and get things done.
Others prefer to take their time and live a slow-paced life. Will you prefer
the slow-paced life and why
Celebrity Imitation
Nowadays, many young people are imitating celebrities in sports and movies.
What do you think about this?
Historical Preservation
Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and r
eplace them with modern buildings?
Choice of Transportation
Choose one transportation vehicle and explain why you think it has changed p
lives.
Studying Abroad

It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many schol
ars who study locally. To what extent do you agree with this
Goal Pursuit
Whatever happens, we should keep trying and never stop pursuing our goals.
To what extent do you agree or disagree? Discuss it with your own
experience.
Past and Present

Experts think that for those of us who live in the present, knowing about the
past is of little value. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Explain it with your own experience.
Good Progress
Some researchers allege that progress is always good. Will you support this
statement?
Live Performance
Attending a live performance, such as a play, is more enjoyable than
watching the same event through the internet. Do you agree or disagree?
Lifetime Employment
Businesses should employ people for life. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of lifetime employment system?
Online Games
Computer and online games should be banned to students in schools as they
have no educational value. What's your opinion?
Technology
Technology allows us to have a helpful and interesting life than in the past. D
o you agree or disagree?
Educating Children
Parents play an important role in educating children as much as a teacher.
Do you agree or disagree?
After-class Activities
There are numerous after-class activities for students. Is it good or not?
Public Transportation
What are the advantages of cheaper public transportation?
Fund Allocation
Which areas of concern should governments allocate funds to? Climate chan
ge, education, or public health? Explain your idea with examples
Game's Importance

Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Do you think
adults need games? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
answer.
Animal or Human
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing and industry are
more important than saving land for endangered animals. To what extent do
you agree with this statement
Not Enjoying
People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Do you agr
ee with that?
Dangerous Sports
Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other d
angerous activities?
Animal or Human
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing and industry are
more important than saving land for endangered animals. To what extent do
you agree with this statement
Hometown Change
If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would y
ou change?
Not Enjoying
People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Do you agr
ee with that?
Dangerous Sports
Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports orother da
ngerous activities?
Choice of Transportation
Choose one transportation vehicle and explain why you think it has changed p
eople s lives.
Lifetime Employment
Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. Discuss the advanta
ges or disadvantages of this.
Harmful Humans
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activities. Oth
ers feel that human activities make the Earth a better place to live. What is
your opinion?

Historical Preservation
Should a city try to preserve its old, historic buildings or destroy them and r
eplace them with modern buildings?
Arts or Technology Research

Governments should not put too much attention on arts, such as theaters.
Instead, they should allocate more funds to areas of concern, such as the te
chnology research. Do you agree with this opinion or not? Use your own expe
rience to support your idea.
Communication Type
Face-to-face communication is more efficient than other types of
communication, such as letter, or phone calls. Do you agree or disagree
with it?
Big or Small Company

Some graduates are willing to work for big companies rather than small
ones. What are the advantages and disadvantages of working at big
companies?
Getting up Early
The old generation like to get up early and start the day's work. But the
younger generation like to get up late and work late into the night. Choose
one lifestyle you like and discuss its advantages or disadvantages.
Travel with Friends

Some people like to travel with friends, while others prefer to travel alone.
Which one would you prefer?
Reserving Land
Experts argue that human needs for farmland, housing and industry are
more important than reserving land for endangered animals. Will you support
this statement and why?
In a cashless society, people use more credit cards instead of cash.
Cashless society seems to be a reality. How realistic do you think it might
be? What are the benefits or problems of this phenomenon?
"National happiness index" has better performance than economic increase in
happiness"?
Being a journalist is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. To what extent,
you agree with it?
A good listener is better than a good talker in a social situation. Do you agree
or disagree?

The issue of overcrowding is addressed by city planners, not the policy-making
population. What is your opinion about this statement?
Rather than choose a subject that is suitable for future employment

possibilities, you should choose a subject that you interested in or could get
good grades. Agree or disagree?
Do you think that young people should be restricted on certain things that
they cannot do until they reach the age of 25, such as driving or smoking?
Give your opinion with your own experience.
Xenophobia has accelerated rapidly in the western countries. According to

you what solutions can be proposed by government and individuals?
With enough amount of motivation and practice, people can learn anything
that the experts teach in the classroom. Do you agree or not?
What is your view on the idea that it takes failure to achieve success?
What are the pros and cons of staying connected on social media 24 hours a
day?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in an era in which new
things are constantly being invented?
What are the advantages and disadvantages for students doing part-time
jobs?
Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some
disadvantages. Discuss.
With the increase of digital information available online, the role of the library
has become obsolete. Universities should only procure the new materials
rather than constantly update textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and
disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
There is no need for newspapers in the modern world. To what extent do you
agree ordisagree?
The purpose of education is for workers and good members of society, or

individuals to fulfill their life. Which opinion do you agree with?
Do you think the design of buildings affects positively or negatively where

people live and work?
Teenagers should receive lessons on principles of personal finance, such as

investing and debt. To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Talk about an invention that you think beneficial or harmful.
While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers

to translate foreign languages. Do you agree with it? Give examples or your
experiences to support.
Living in the countryside or having an urban life, which one do you prefer?
Please use examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been

increasing. Please make an example with its impact on our life, and explain if
it is beneficial or not.
What are the advantages and the disadvantages of being over-competitive

to individuals and society?
Many people say air flights have a more negative impact than a positive one
on the environment. To what extent do you agree with this argument?
Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign

language easily. Do you think learning a foreign language is still necessary?
Support your point of view with your own experience.
Nowadays, more and more people believed that overburden can help
complete higher quality in achievements. For example, professional teachers,
coaches believe that this applies to students and athletes, on the individual
and national level. What is your point of view? Give examples to support it.
Should there be a maximum wage for highly-paid people? Is it good or bad?
It is harder for children living in the 21st century than that in the past. How
far do you agree with this statement? Give your opinions.
More and more countries spend large amount of money on the restoration
of buildings instead of on modern housing. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this analysis? Support your writing with your experience or
examples.
Should schools make it compulsory to learn a foreign language?
More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please give your
opinions and suggestions about this challenge on a personal level and a
national level.
Unemployment among young people is a serious problem. Some people

suggest shorter working weeks instead of laying off employees. What do you
think are the advantages and disadvantages? Do you think this policy should
apply to just young workers or the whole workforce

Should schools have strict rules on wearing uniforms?
People who are famous entertainers or sportspeople should give up the

right to privacy, because this is the price of fame. To what extent do you
agree/disagree with this point of view? Give your opinion with your
experiences.
you agree with it? Please support your opinion with your own experience.
Television serves many useful functions. It helps people to relax. Besides, it

can also be seen as a companion for lonely people. To what extent do you
agree with this? Explain it with your own experience.
In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been evolving
on a daily basis. Please describe a new invention, and determine whether it
will bring advantages or disadvantages.
Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as

skydiving, skiing and extreme motorcycling. Are you in favor of such activities
or not? Why?
Food Demand
The demand for food is increasing worldwide. What are the causes? What
measures could the international community take to improve the situation?
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activity. Other
s feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is yo
ur opinion?
Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention
to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.
What is your opinion?
People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing, such as lea
rning a new language. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
In general, people are living longer now. What are the cause and problems it
may bring?
Environment is important. It is better for children to grow up in the country

side than in a big city. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
Neighbors are the people who live near us. A good neighbor should have som
e specific qualities. What is your advice? List some types.

Some people believe that university students should be required to attend cl
asses. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students.
Which point of view do you agree with?
Game's Importance
Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Do you think
adults need games? Use specific reasons and examples to support your
answer.
Hurry or Slow-paced
Some people are always in a hurry to get somewhere and get things done.
Others prefer to take their time and live a slow-paced life. Will you prefer
the slow-paced life and why
Serious or Entertaining
Some films are serious and designed to arouse audience's thinking. Other
films are designed primarily to entertain. Which type of movie will you
choose?
Important Decision
A person should never make an important decision alone. Do you support
this statement or not?
Comfort Zone
People prefer to stay in their comfort zone rather than try something new.
Do you have any suggestions for them?
Education System
What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of the education syste
m in your country? Use your own experience to support your idea.
Difficult Jobs
Journalist is one of the most difficult jobs in the world. What do you think?
Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do
you agree or disagree?
Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. What is the disadvan
tage? What is your solutions?
Some think it is better to enjoy your money when you earn it, others think it
is better to save it for some time in the future. What is your opinion?
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people pref
er to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Explain it with you
r own experience.

Some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activitie
s. Why do you think people like them? What are the advantages and disadvan
tages?
Universities should give the same amount of money to their sport

s activities as they give to their university libraries. Do you agree or disagre
e with the statement?
People argue whether it is hard work or luck that contributes to success. W

hat is your opinion?
To live in a small town or a big city has become a hot topic. Which place woul
d you prefer to live in?
Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Do you ag

ree with that?
Movies and television have a bad influence on behaviors. To what ext

ent do you agree with this statement?
Some large factories are built near the communities. What are the benefits
and problems of this phenomenon?
Modern Life
People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties of modern l
ife. Some read; some exercise; others work in their gardens. What is your w
ay?
Technology and Life

Technology has made the world a better place to live. To what extent do you
agree with this statement
Automobile
Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others thin
k that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion?
Longer Live
In general, people are living longer now. List some causes of this phenomeno
n.
Zoo and Animal

Animal rights have been a subject of debate since the 1970s. Are zoos helpi
ng or hurting animals?
Sport Time
Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this.

Typing
Some schools believe that children should learn typing rather than a good ha
ndwriting. How far do you agree with that? Show reasons with your experien
ce.
Wealthy Nations
Wealthy nations are required to share their wealth with poorer countries. W
hat is your opinion?
Tuition Fees
University tuition fees are increasing. Some argue that higher education sho
uld be made free. To what extent do you agree?
Foreign Language
In globalization, it is impossible to succeed if you cannot speak a foreign lang
uage. Do you agree or disagree?
Environment of Growth
It is better for children to grow up in big cities than in the countryside. To w
hat extent do you agree with this statement
Movies and Television

How do movies or televisions influence people s behavior?
Celebrity Imitation
Nowadays, many young people are imitating celebrities in sports and movies.
What do you think about this?
Environment Effect
Some people say that people are defined by the place where they grew up, b
ut some argue that the environment only has little effect. To what extent do
you agree or disagree? Use a celebrity you know to support your opinion.
Pressing Problem
There are many global problems. What is the most pressing problem? What
solutions would you suggest?
Population Growth
City population has been growing rapidly. To cope with this problem, should w
e rely on city planners or new policies?
Sport Time
Some young children spend a great amount of their time practicing sports.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this.
Adult Decision

Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their t
eenage children. Do you agree with that?
Popular Movies
Movies are popular all over the world. What is the cause of it
Gift
A gift (such as a camera, a soccer ball, or an animal) can contribute to a chil
development. What gift would you give to help a child develop? Why do yo
u choose it?
Movies and Television

How do movies or televisions influence behavior?
Hometown Change
If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would y
ou change?
Aeroplane or Cars
Which one has the greater impact on life, aeroplanes or cars?
Practical Skills
In education, is to learn life values and ethics as important to learn practical
skills for future development?
.
Some famous entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Few people thi
nk they deserve such high salaries. What is your opinion?
With the help of technology, students nowadays can learn more information
and learn it more quickly. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
Adult Decision
Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their t
eenage children. Do you agree with that?
Popular Movies disagree? Support your idea with details.
Exercise and Study

Students should spend the same amount of time doing exercises as they
allocate to studying. Do you agree or disagree with it?
Tuition
Education matters a lot to children, but some families cannot afford to pay
the tuition. So, some people have argued that schools should be tuition-free.
What is your opinion?
Alternative Energy

Nowadays, more and more countries are developing alternative energy, such
as electrical energy. What is your opinion?
Experimental Animals
Animals have been widely used for scientific and commercial experiments,
and some people find the practice brutal. Do you think that we should
prohibit it or not?
Bottled Water
Bottled water prevails because of its convenience. Yet, plastic bottles have
also caused a lot of environmental problems, so some claim that bottled
water should be banned. To what extent do you agree or disagree with that?
Some people point that experiential learning (i.e., learning by doing it) can
work well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of
teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high
schools or colleges?
Some people claim that instead of having to prepare for huge numbers of
exams in school, children should learn more. To what extent do you agree
with this statement?
Some people claim that digital age has made us lazier, others claim it has
made us more knowledgeable. Discuss both opinions, use examples to
support.
Some people believe that the sole aim of higher education is to make people
ready for employment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Discuss.
Should individuals limit the use of cars and use alternatives instead to
protect the environment?
Pop music should have a university degree. Do you agree or disagree?
People are moving from rural areas to big cities. Is it good or bad?
Over half of population lives in cities. Is it a positive or negative

development?
Online materials like music, movies, xxx are accessible at no cost. Do you
think online material should be accessed at no cost? Support
Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for

disseminating news and information, and for some it acts as a companion.
What is your opinion about this?
Now doctors can talk to patients by using internet-based communication in

the office. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.

Assessment Systems
There are different assessment systems, putting all exams at the end of the
term, or assignments and exams being spread out throughout the semeste
r. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system? Which syste
m do you prefer?
Lifelong Employment
Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. Discuss the advanta
ges or disadvantages of this.
Harmful Humans
Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activities. Oth
ers feel that human activities make the Earth a better place to live. What is
your opinion?
Environment of Growth
It is better for children to grow up in big cities than in the countryside. To w
hat extent do you agree with this statement
Talk about an invention that you think beneficial or harmful.
Successful
youngsters. Do you support this or not?
Students can obtain information of academic subject from online, the

printed books and articles, and discussion with their teachers and their
peers. Which one is the most reliable source?
cannot fully concentrate on their studies. To what extent do you agree or

disagree?
Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues such as
environmental problems that we should be focusing on. What are your
views on the allocation of public funding to space travel?
Some people think the law changes our behavior. Do you agree or disagree?
Some people think schools should group students according to their

academic abilities while others think students can achieve better
performance in mixed groups. Discuss both opinions and give your own
opinion.
Some people think placing advertisements in school is a great resource for

public schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits
children by treating them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors.
Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you choose that

position. Support your point of view with details from your own experiences,
observations or reading.
Some people said creativity is something a person was born with. Others
Explain.

REORDER PARAGRAPH

1) These harmful materials are called pollutants, which damage the quality of
air, water, and land.
2) They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff
produced by factories.
3) Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment.
Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash.
Answer: 3,1,4,2
1) This is why some of the most popular stuffed pastas come from this
region.
2) Northern Italy, for example, tends to add eggs in the dough to make a
pasta that is elastic enough to hold heavy fillings inside.
3) Pasta roughly translates to paste in Italian, referring to the mix of flour,
water, and eggs that pasta is made from.
4) This simple mix of a few ingredients, however, differs greatly through the
many regions of Italy, where each region produces its own type of pasta
based on what it is meant to be eaten with.
Answer: 3,4,2,1
1) The company employed Cornish miners with experience and expertise of

working deep tin mines.
2) In 1844 the Mendip Hills Mining Company began work in the Charterhouse
area.
3) Initially, the aim was to exploit the ore at depth, which previous miners
could not reach.
4) Four deep shafts were sunk, up to 108 m deep.
Answer: 2,1,3,4
1) Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC,

where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about
reality.
2) The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no one ignorant of
geometry enter here'.
3) In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking
the secrets of the universe.
4) Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one
of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics.
Answer: 4,1,3,2
1) Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer
this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the examiner's).
2) You must take account of how many marks are available for each part
when you answer it.
3) And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move
on to the next part.

4) Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a
part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come
back to it if you have time to spare later.
Answer: 2,4,3,1
1)
test scores narrowed substantially between 1970 and 1973, especially for
elementary school students.
2) The end of legal segregation has made a substantial difference for
student achievement.
3) Americans often forget that as late as the 1960s, most African-
American, Latino, and Native American students were educated in wholly
segregated schools.
4) On the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), the scores of African-American
students climbed 54 points between 1976 and 1994, while those of white
students remained stable.
Answer: 3,2,1,4
1) For the first time, there are more older persons than children under five,
and more people are driven to cities for livelihoods, to have access to
essential services, and simply to enjoy their golden years.
2) How can we ensure cities welcome and nurture a diverse population
older and younger persons alike in ways that are sustainable, inclusive, and
equitable for all?
3) -
proactively and intentionally planning and designing cities can aid their
transformation toward building cities suitable for all ages.
4) The world is aging and becoming increasingly urban.
Answer: 4,1,2,3
1) More and more people are choosing to live in cities.
particularly in developing countries.

2) They offer better opportunities, better services, and sanctuary from
conflict and the effects of climate change influences.
3) Yet large numbers of people are unable for various reasons to move to
cities skills mismatches, reluctance to sell land at a loss, and sometimes
countries.
Answer: 1,3,4,2

1) By increasing development aid and working towards comprehensive debt
solutions for low-income countries, high-income countries can preempt
emerging threats to peace and prosperity securing a healthier, more
secure future for all.
2) This will lead to growing inequalities between countries, threatening global
stability and prosperity.
3) Thus, governments need to increase revenues, give greater priority to
health in budgets, and improve the efficiency and equity of health spending.
4) The projected decline of government spending in many low-income
countries will restrict their ability to strengthen pandemic preparedness
and limit their progress towards universal health coverage.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
1) The resulting degradation of public spaces into congested, vehicle-

dominated, and polluted places often becomes a liability, exacerbating
various city problems.
2) In contrast, the cities that invest in the creation of connected, inclusive
public spaces and places buck this trend and fare much better.
3) Despite this significance, the potential of public-space assets to
transform cities and improve urban life is often overlooked.
4) They leverage public-space assets to create value for the surrounding
area, supporting livelihoods and promoting local businesses.
5) Globally, about one-
Answer: 5,3,1,2,4
1) Yet the results often fall short of expectations, leaving billions of people
farther behind while eroding public confidence in government initiatives.
2) Such gaps largely reflect differences in productivity the central driver of
living standards across the world.
3) Living standards of people within developing economies vary greatly to a
much greater degree than in high-income economies.
4) These differences increasingly have spurred governments to adopt well-
Answer: 3,2,4,1
1) The so-
hospital.
2)

among the most popular apps for teenagers.
3) Others are more daredevil-oriented, such as holding your breath until you
pass out.
4) Some challenges require kids to consume something gross and potentially
dangerous, such as an entire spoonful of cinnamon, which can cause
vomiting or nosebleeds.
Answer: 1,2,4,3
1) This period, however, also sees the emergence of a Cold War that divides
the continent for more than 40 years.
2) With the aim of ending the frequent and bloody conflicts that culminated
in the Second World War, European politicians begin the process of building
what we know today as the European Union.
3) The European Coal and Steel Community, founded in 1951, is the first
step in securing a lasting peace.
4) In 1957, the Treaty of Rome establishes the European Economic
Community (EEC) and a new era of ever-closer cooperation in Europe.
Answer: 2,3,4,1
1) Nearly eight out of 10 people live in poverty.

2) South Sudan is one
fragility, conflict, and violence.
3) These have increased food insecurity and further exacerbated
malnutrition for millions of people.
4) dealing with the
devastating effects of COVID-19, desert locust invasion, and flooding.
Answer: 2,1,4,3
1) Few communities have the chance to create something brand-new on a

significant piece of land and even fewer can develop that land in a way that
confronts climate change, generates jobs, and attracts investment.
2) Land is scarce in many parts of our fast-urbanizing world.
3) In those regions, the transition away from coal offers the prospect of re-
purposing post-mining land fueling both economic opportunities and clean
energy.
4) But that opportunity is now presenting itself in Bosnia, Greece, Poland,
Serbia, and soon in the very large coal-producing and consuming economies
in South and East Asia.
Answer: 2,1,4,3

1) It was only formally constituted as the Union of South Africa in 1910.
As South Africans will tell you, it is a country with 11 official languages and
with these come 11 different histories.
complexity by beginning the story from the moment that South Africa
became a politically interlinked nation.
Writing a history of South Africa is no simple task.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
1) They unfairly bear the brunt of multiple global crises over which they have
little control or responsibility.
2) People on the bottom face shortcomings within their own governmental
systems and weaknesses in global institutions.
3) Inequality has consequently worsened, both within and across borders,
with fiscal and monetary policies exacerbating inequality by favoring the rich
while leaving poorer people and countries behind.
4) The COVID-19 pandemic and related shutdowns are challenging the
effectiveness of civil and institutional structures around the world, resulting
in interrelated crises for foreign policy, development, and economics.
5) The outlook for people in developing countries remains grim.
Answer: 5,4,3,2,1
1) Over 600 million children and adolescents worldwide are unable to attain
minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics, even though two-
thirds of them are in school.
2) This learning crisis the rift between the levels of learning children
receive and those they need hit a global scale even before the COVID-19
pandemic brought education systems to a halt.
3) ntails the right to learn.
4) Yet, for too many children across the globe, schooling does not lead to
learning.
Answer: 3,4,1,2
1) Scientists have known for over a decade that the West Antarctic Ice
Sheet has been losing mass and contributing to sea level rise.
2) Despite its huge size and importance, conflicting results have been
published on the recent behavior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
3) A study led by a group of NASA scientists, that was published in 2015,
suggested that this part of Antarctica was gaining so much mass that it
compensated for the losses in the west.
4) Its eastern neighbor is, however, ten times larger and has the potential

to raise the global sea level by some 50 meters.
Answer: 1,4,2,3
1) They knew that atoms contained electrons surrounding a positively

charged nucleus.
2) However, few years later, a scientist discovered neutron, a third particle
unknown before.
3) Combinations of those two particles made up all of the matter in the
universe, it was thought.
4) Physicists of the 1920s thought they had a solid grasp on what made up
matter.
5) They also knew that each nucleus contained a number of protons and
positively charged particles.
Answer- 4,1,5,3,2
1) Several epidemiological observations have put the skin in the center of

attention.
2) Altogether, sensitization via the skin likely plays an important role in the
development of food allergy.
3) Then, food allergy was found in the skin barrier protein that leads to
impairment of barrier function.
4) The classical paradigm of sensitization to food occurring orally, has
shifted in favor of alternative routes, such as the skin and possibly the
airways.
5) First, there was the observation that the use of ointments containing
peanut oil increased the risk of peanut allergy.
Answer- 4,1,5,3,2
1) Astronomers have discovered super-Earths used to orbit about 30% of

sun-like stars in our galaxy.
2) A super-Earth is a type of planet that is about twice the size of Earth
and up to 10 times its mass.
3) Before Earth and the other planets in our solar system existed, the sun
may have been surrounded by giant rings of dust similar to Saturn's.
4) Those rings of dust may have prevented Earth from growing into a "super-
Earth".
5) Now they are only orbiting 5% of those sun-like stars, because of a lot of
planets that have invaded into the galaxy.
Answer- 3,4,2,1,5
1) This process, known as delay discounting, is reliably associated with

cigarette smoking and other tobacco use.
2) Thus, understanding how delay discounting influences intertemporal
choice between smaller, sooner and larger, later outcomes is critical and
may lead to efficacious interventions for tobacco use.
3) Behavioral outcomes are devalued as a function of the delay until they are
experienced.

4) Current findings indicate that delay discounting is a potential
therapeutic target in tobacco cessation.
Answer- 3,1,4,2
1) When there isn't enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too
much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream.
2) When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release
insulin.
3) Over time, that can cause serious health problems such as diabetes.
4) Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar and released into your
bloodstream.
5) There isn't a cure yet for diabetes: but losing weight, eating healthy food,
and being active can really help.
Answer- 4,2,1,3,5
1) Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea
ice and the migration of species into the Arctic that normally live at lower
latitudes.
2) The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented
impact on how the Arctic ecosystem operates.
3) With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change
is already altering key components of the Arctic environment.
4) This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated
impacts on industries like tourism and fisheries.
Answer- 3,1,2,4
1) But until now, scientists didn't know that mosquitoes could detect
specific colors.
2) Anyone stuck in a room with a mosquito knows they excel at finding you.
3) These insects can detect the carbon dioxide, or CO2, exhaled in our
breath.
4) They also are attracted to sweat, body warmth and contrasting colors.
Answer- 2,3,4,1
1) The finding comes from a new analysis of bones.

2) Scientists don't know the exact year this took place, but they now think
they have figured out in what season it occurred: spring.
3) These fossils of ancient fish had been entombed at a site in southwestern
North Dakota.
4) About 66 million years ago, a massive asteroid slammed into the Gulf of
Mexico.
5) Not long afterward, all non-bird dinosaurs died as did many other species
on land and in the sea.
Answer- 4,5,2,1,3
1) According to Witherly, when you eat tasty food, there are two factors
that make the experience pleasurable.

2) The second factor is the actual macronutrient makeup of the food.
3) Steven Witherly is a food scientist who has been studying what makes
certain foods more addictive than others.
4) First, there is the sensation of eating the food, which includes what it
tastes like, what it smells like, and how it feels in your mouth.
Answer- 3,1,4,2
1) Despite being in her 30s and at the height of her popularity, Hepburn
basically stopped appearing in films after 1967.
2) Rising to fame in the 1950s, Audrey Hepburn was one of the greatest
actresses of her era.
3) She spent the next 25 years working tirelessly for UNICEF, the arm of
the United Nations that provides food and healthcare to children in war-torn
countries.
4) But then something funny happened: she stopped acting.
5) In 1953, she became the first actress to win an Academy Award.
Answer- 2,5,4,1,3
1) Scientists have known for over a decade that the West Antarctic Ice
Sheet has been losing mass and contributing to sea level rise.
2) Despite its huge size and importance, conflicting results have been
published on the recent behavior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
3) A study led by a group of NASA scientists, that was published in 2015,
suggested that this part of Antarctica was gaining so much mass that it
compensated for the losses in the west.
4) Its eastern neighbor is, however, ten times larger and has the potential
to raise the global sea level by some 50 meters.
Answer- 1, 4, 2, 3
Currency
1) Currency is a medium of exchange for goods and services.
2) Virtual currencies such as bitcoins have no physical existence or
government backing and are traded and stored in electronic form.
3) In short, it's money, in the form of paper or coins, usually issued by a
government and generally accepted at its face value as a method of
payment.
4) in the 21st century, a new form of currency has entered the vocabulary,
the virtual currency.
Answer- 1,3,4,2
Banana Tree
1) But as he recalls, the bomb landed in the leaves of the banana tree, which
he believes prevented it from igniting-shielding him from death.
2) He'd been shot and a bomb fell directly overhead.
3) As a 14-year-old resistance fighter during the civil war in 1970s El
Salvador, he hid beneath the tree's lush, green fronds when the military
attacked his encampment.

4) Victor Manuel Hernandez believes he wouldn't be alive today if it weren't
for a banana tree.
Answer- 4,3,2,1
Electric Vehicles in US
1) Most Americans talk about electric vehicles solely as modes of transport-
which is understandable, given they have motors and wheels and get us
around.
2) The first step is to stop thinking about electric vehicles as cars that
happen to be powered by batteries, and instead see them as batteries that
happen to be inside cars.
3) But they are so much more than cars: they're batteries, and batteries
have uses far beyond transport.
4) Done right, integrating electric vehicles into American society could help
prevent power blackouts, and make solar energy more reliable sources of
power for more people.
Answer- 1,3,4,2
1) The soil that sits right under our feet could be at the front lines of
climate change, as it has a huge potential to act as a carbon sink.
2) A carbon sink is a reservoir capable of accumulating and storing carbon
for an indefinite period.
3) Soil has the potential to remove an estimated 1.09 gigatonnes of CO2
per year.
4) In doing so, it lowers the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
atmosphere.
Answer- 1,2,4,3
1) The bills won't stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and
your work and family responsibilities will always be demanding.
2) Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your
life, so you can be happier, healthier, and more productive.
3) But stress management is not one size-fits-all. That's why it's important
to experiment and find out what works best for you.
4) But you have a lot more control than you might think.
5) It may seem like there's nothing you can do about stress.
Answer- 5,1,4,2,3
Protections of Animals
1) Most meat eaten by Americans comes from concentrated animal feeding
operations where animals have scant legal protections.
2) For instance, the dairy company Fairlife faced lawsuits after undercover
footage apparently showed abuse of its cows.
3) This barren legal landscape has led to a race to the bottom on animal
welfare, resulting in animals bred to grow so fast that their vital organs can
painfully lose function.

4) It's unsurprising, then, that footage depicting neglect and mistreatment
of animals has caused reputational damage to the food companies that were
unaware of practices on the farms from which they source.
Answer- 1,3,4,2
1) This process of separation created the layers of the Earth as we know
them.
2) But there were violent collisions, explosions, and eruptions.
3) There were no oceans, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere, and no
life.
4) In fact, the Earth in its earliest stage was molten, which allowed
elements to separate into layers within the Earth: gravity pulled denser
elements toward the Earths center, while less dense materials accumulated
near the surface.
5) When the Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago, it would never have
been called the Blue Planet.
Answer- 5,3,2,4,1
1) In 1955, Disneyland had just opened in Anaheim, California, when a ten-

year-old boy walked in and asked for a job.
2) Within a year, he had transitioned to Disney's magic shop, where he
learned tricks from the older employees.
3) Then he discovered that what he loved was not performing magic but
performing in general.
4) He experimented with jokes and tried out simple routines on visitors.
5) Labor laws were loose back then and the boy managed to land a position
selling guidebooks for $0.50 apiece.
Answer- 1,5,2,4,3
1) Moreover, there has been a relatively recent initiative for encouraging

bicycle usage as a sustainable transport mode.
2) These figures make Bogotá the Latin-American city with the largest
number of kilometers of bike-lines.
3) The city is currently endowed with more than 450 km of bike-paths and
near 600 thousand trips are made by bicycle, accounting for 6% of the total
daily trips.
4) Over the last decade, Bogotá has been recognized for its large bike-
dedicated infrastructure.
5) The initial motivation for cycling in was primary related to economic
reasons, as many people could not afford paying the everyday cost of public
transportation.
Answer- 4,3,2,5,1
1) They resemble hummingbirds and are common throughout Africa and Asia.
2) A million years ago, the soundtrack of the "sky island" mountains of East
Africa may have been very similar to what it is today.
3) That's because a group of tiny, colorful birds has been singing the exact
same tunes for more than 500,000 years.

4) The most famous eastern double-collared sunbirds, also known as the "sky
island sunbirds," live at the peaks of tall mountains in East Africa from
Mozambique to Kenya.
5) These colorful, tiny, nectar-feeding birds are called sunbirds.
Answer- 2,3,5,1,4
Monoculture
1) Traditionally, farmers practiced crop rotation, whereby different crops
were grown in succession on the same area of land.
2) However, after 1945, monoculture became increasingly prevalent and
now supplies not only most of our food but also a significant share of non-
food crops like cotton.
3) Yet this may be the greatest experiment that humans have conducted
without a clear blueprint.
4) Since monoculture has evolved all over the world, you would think there's
a vision behind it.
Answer- 1,2,4,3
1) English (and Dutch) farmers were the most productive farmers of the
century and were continually adopting new methods of farming and
experimenting with new types of vegetables and grains.
2) In other words, many English farmers were treating farming as a science,
and all this interest eventually resulted in greater yields.
3) Historians are now agreed that beginning in the 17th century and
continuing throughout the 18th century, England witnessed an agricultural
revolution.
4) They also learned a great deal about manure and other fertilizers.
Answer- 3, 1, 4, 2
1) There is a lot of research that shows that when bilinguals speak in one of
their languages, the other language is still active.
2) More than half of people in Europe speak more than one language.
3) It could also enhance metacognition: the awareness, monitoring and
assessment of one's own knowledge and mental processes.
4) The ability to speak more than one language is therefore thought to
influence skills and processes used by our brain to acquire knowledge and
make sense of our surroundings, known as cognition.
Answer- 2,1,4,3
Apartment Fire
1) Dozens of people were hospitalized after the fire Sunday.
2) As many as 13 people were admitted into hospitals in critical condition.
3) Hospitals worked Monday to save several people who were gravely injured
in a Bronx apartment building fire.
4) The city-run hospitals said two of its patients died, and the rest were
discharged in a few hours.
Answer- 3,1,2,4

1) Rather, the scientist declares the law to be some interpolated curve that
is more or less smooth and so will miss some of those points.
2) Poincaré had an especially interesting view of scientific induction.
3) Thus, a scientific theory is not directly falsifiable by the data of
experience; instead, the falsification process is more indirect.
4) Laws, he said, are not direct generalizations of experience; they aren't
mere summaries of the points on the graph.
Answer- 2, 4, 1, 3
1) Others offer benefits, some can do both, and the mutation that underlies
sickle cell disease is one that can be both good and very bad.
2) Our genes serve as an operating manual for cells of the body.
3) Genes tell cells what to do and when. But copying errors in those
operating manuals - known as mutations can lead to misspelled instructions
that can change how cells operate.
4) Scientists now know that some of those mutations can lead to disease.
Answer- 2,3,4,1
1) A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more

parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a
specific task.
2) In a JV, each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses, and
3) However, the venture is its own entity, separate from the participants'
other business interests.
4) This task can be a new project or any other business activity.
Answer- 1,4,2,3
1) In fact, this final stage-writing up your research-may be one of the most

difficult.
2) I know you won't want to hear this, but your work is still far from done.
3) And, in many research projects you will need to write multiple reports
that present the results at different levels of detail for different audiences.
4) So now that you've completed the research project, what do you do?
5) Developing a good, effective and concise report is an art form in itself.
Answer- 4,2,1,5,3
1) Her family of loggers

City successfully attached a pig kidney to a human patient and watched the
pinkish organ function normally for 54 hours.
2) Yet there are still many more steps to be taken before patients waiting
for a kidney can easily get one from a pig.
3) Such procedures have been done in nonhuman primates.
4) However, this is the first time that a pig kidney has been transplanted
to a human body and not been immediately rejected.
Answer- 1,3,4,2

1) They create recognizable worlds with troubling relevance to human
behavior and social themes.
2) Thornton Wilder and Tennessee Williams, on the one hand, and Bertolt
Brecht and Samuel Beckett, on the other, are playwrights with very
different approaches to empathy and aesthetic distance.
3) Others dismiss the "illusion of the real" to engage us in political
arguments or absurdist metaphors:
4) Playwrights come to their craft with different aesthetic sensibilities.
5) However, these writers have in common their means of artistic
expression - the play.
Answer- 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
1) It is only through a chronological survey that students can begin to

understand the process of social and cultural change, which is one of the
principal purposes of history.
2) That is not possible when historical events or topics are isolated and
extracted from the web of historic time to serve some other curricular
purpose.
3) The people and events of the past can only be understood when viewed
within the larger context in which they existed.
4) The value of history also depends upon the chronological presentation of
events through time.
Answer- 3,2,4,1
1) The solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the

authorities of both small and large cities' in developing countries.
2) The last reason is that little quantitative information has been provided.
3) In addition to the high costs, the solid waste management is associated
with lack of understanding over different factors that affect the entire
handling system.
4) This is mainly due to the increasing generation of such solid waste and
the burden posed on the municipal budget.
Answer- 1,4,3,2
1) In 1955, Disneyland had just opened in Anaheim, California, when a ten-

year-old boy walked in and asked for a job.
2) Within a year, he had transitioned to Disney's magic shop, where he
learned tricks from the older employees.
3) Then he discovered that what he loved was not performing magic but
performing in general.
4) He experimented with jokes and tried out simple routines on visitors.
5) Labor laws were loose back then and the boy managed to land a position
selling guidebooks for $0.50 apiece.
Answer- 1,5,2,4,3
1) They resemble hummingbirds and are common throughout Africa and Asia.

2) A million years ago, the soundtrack of the "sky island" mountains of East
Africa may have been very similar to what it is today.
3) That's because a group of tiny, colorful birds has been singing the exact
same tunes for more than 500,000 years.
4) The most famous eastern double-collared sunbirds, also known as the "sky
island sunbirds," live at the peaks of tall mountains in East Africa from
Mozambique to Kenya.
5) These colorful, tiny, nectar-feeding birds are called sunbirds.
Answer- 2,3,5,1,4
1) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the
wheat protein gluten.
2) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
3) Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University
of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because they are biodegradable, they might
be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
4) But they are up to 30 times cheaper.
Answer - 1,2,4,3
1) The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot
topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment,
financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.
2) Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage
practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information visit
My Econ Lab.
3) International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which
each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and
follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.
4) New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated
into My Econ Lab, the online assessment and tutorial system that
accompanies the text.
Answer: 3,1,4,2
1) The obvious alternative is sign language, since all primates have extremely
dexterous hands and sign language is a language. You have probably already
read about the regular chimpanzees Washoe and Nim Chimpsky, and the
lowland gorilla Koko, all of whom learned to sign and interact very naturally
with their trainers.
2) A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares
98.4% of the human genetic code.
3) All of these animals were taught to sign in order to get food, tickling,
grooming, toys, and to get out of their cages. The question, then, is: is
chimpanzee and gorilla signing language?
4) It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees
are incapable of language. Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if
they could only express it some other way.

5) Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike Homo sapiens, their vocal
cords are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as
delicately as human vocal cords.
6) A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is
to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some
reason simply have not developed speech.
Answer: 6,2,5,4,1,3
Human Stomach
1) If you ever swallow a razor blade, don't panic.
2) The human body is more capable than you think.
3) Acids are ranked on a scale from 0 to 14-the lower the pH level, the
stronger the acid.
4) That's just one of many fun facts about the human body you never learned
in school.
5) Human stomach acid is typically 1.0 to 2.0, meaning that it has an
incredibly strong pH.
Answer- 1,2,3,5,4
Underwater Robots
1) The drone will also help search for garbage when the water is clear by
flying over an area of interest.
2) Litter collection will be taken care of by the second underwater robot.
3) Equipped with a gripper and a suction device, it will collect pieces of
waste and deposit them into a tethered basket that will later be brought to
the surface.
4) One underwater robot will be responsible for finding litter by venturing
close to the sea floor.
5) if you happened to be around the coast of Dubrovnik, you might have
spotted two robots scouring the seafloor for debris.
Answer- 5,4,1,2,3
1) Have you ever stopped to think where oxygen comes from?

2) Your first thought may be a rainforest, but here's a science fact for you:
we can thank plant-based marine organisms for all that fresh air, according
to the National Oceanic Service.
3) Plankton, seaweed, and other photosynthesizers produce more than half
of the world's oxygen.
4) While we may know the answer to this question, scientists still can't
explain these other ocean mysteries.
Answer- 1,2,3,4
1) Scientists have debated how the islands' only land mammal journeyed to
the region: by a long-ago land bridge or with people.
2) The enigmatic, now-extinct Falkland Islands wolf had human visitors on the
remote archipelago up to 1,070 years ago.

3) But little evidence of a human presence before Europeans arrived in 1690
had been found.
4) Indigenous people could have originally brought the foxlike creatures, also
known as the warrah, to the islands.
Now, traces of ancient fires and hunting show that Indigenous people arrived
on the Falkland Islands centuries prior to Europeans, researchers report
October 27 in Science Advances.
Answer- 2,4,1,3,5
Digital
1) Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital
media, such as television and mobile phones.
2) The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing
from online advertising.
3) Its development during the 1990s and 2000s changed the way brands
and businesses use technology for marketing.
4) Digital marketing is the component of marketing that uses internet and
online based digital technologies to promote products and services.
Answer- 4,3,1,2
Tokyo
1) Since its founding, AT TOKYO has prioritized zero-downtime operation,
building firm reliability for its facilities.
2) The reason so many users take advantage of AT TOKYO data centers
comes down to its trustworthiness.
3) For more and more companies, planning for disaster recovery and
business continuity has become a significant matter.
4) In Japan, companies from around the world that are finding their way in
the local market have found a fertile first call for data center services in AT
TOKYO.
5) This has resulted in growing interest in the location, facilities and network
of data centers.
Answer- 3,5,4,2,1
1) Photogrammetry involves taking hundreds of photos of an object at

slightly different angles and stitching them together to create an interactive
digital 3D model.
2) Now the same technology is being used to create virtual replicas of
artifacts within the University's museum's collections, including an ancient
Egyptian mummified cat, prehistoric skulls and ancient Greek pottery.
3) Photogrammetry lets the public and students get to see them close-up
and in very high detail.
4) The process is already being used by the University of Aberdeen's
anatomy department to create digital models of organs and other body
parts to aid teaching and learning for young doctors.
5) These artifacts are rarely handled as they are so fragile.
Answer- 1, 4, 2, 5, 3

1) The record comes in a run of unprecedentedly hot months.
2) The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it's even
worse than normal.
3) Not only does it break through the all-time record set a year before, it
also continues a now 10-month long streak of months that are the hottest
ever according to Nasa data.
4) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculates
temperatures slightly differently.
Answer- 2,1,3,4
Plastics
1) Nanoplastics are even smaller (some are 500 times smaller than a human
hair).
2) Plastic specks smaller than five millimetres are called microplastics.
3) When the plastic litter in our waterways and on the ground gets
weathered and degrades, it eventually breaks down into millions of smaller
and smaller pieces.
4) Plastic bottles, bags and containers float in the sea and clog landfill sites.
5) While exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health
impacts, including higher risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and
lung cancer, science still lacks evidence about how microplastics and
nanoplastics are affecting the human body.
Answer- 4,3,2,1,5
Food Waste
1) Solutions for reducing food waste are within everyone's reach.
2) But it won't be easy: even among the waste-conscious Dutch, more than
2 million tonnes of edible food is binned each year.
3) The good news is there is plenty that can be done to save food.
4) Across Europe, holidays have become synonymous with overeating and
food waste.
5) This is based on data compiled by the research headed by Timmermans,
which also shows households are responsible for more than half of this
wastefulness, particularly during the holidays.
Answer- 4,3,1,2,5
1) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible
duties will not feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job.
2) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is
relatively happy if they believe their work is secure.
3) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
4) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for
promotion to a more challenging job.
Answer: 2,1,4,3
1) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's
soil and waterways and on its native plants and animals.

2) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated
continent over millions of years.
3) Since European settlement, they have had to compete with a range of
introduced animals for habitat, food, and shelter.
4) Some have also had to face new predators.
Answer: 2,4,3,1
1) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.

2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture,
and other decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture
represented throughout their artwork.
4) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development
and stylistic contexts.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses
several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to
works of art and architecture.
Answer: 4,2,3,1,5
1) As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
2) In particular, they lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to
effectively communicate their need for emotional support.
3) Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
4) Frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest
itself in alternative behaviors.
5) Moreover, such behaviors may risk developing behavioral, social, and
emotional problems.
Answer: 3,1,2,4,5
1) But with opportunity comes responsibility!

2) That means it's up to you to carve out your place in the world and know
when to change course.
3) Companies today aren't managing their knowledge of workers' careers.
4) We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive, and
talent, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession regardless of
where you started out.
5) Instead, you must be your own chief executive officer.
Answer: 4,1,3,5,2
1) But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only
preoccupation.
2) We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do
about the ordinary people, as almost all the monuments were made for the
rich and influential.
3) Houses in which ordinary Egyptians lived have not been preserved, and
when most people died they were buried in simple graves with few funerary
goods.

4) Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are
those concerned with death and the rituals surrounding death: these include
pyramids, tombs, and graves, but also statues, reliefs, and paintings.
5) Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
Answer: 2,3,4,5,1
1) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and

richer diets will require us to thoroughly double the amount of crops we
grow by 2050.
2) We'll likely have two billion more mouths to feed by mid-century -- more
than nine billion people.
3) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is
driving an increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to
grow more corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens.
4) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we'll need more food.
Answer: 2,4,3,1
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment

involving 22 calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to
understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.
3) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the
opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in
calves' faces.
5) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five
holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
Answer: 5,3,2,1,4
1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil
shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored
through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left
to its own devices.
3) Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the
rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of
sticky mucus.
4) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of
glowworms.
5) The glowworm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various
species, in this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat.
Answer: 1,2,4,5,3
1) Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United
Nations since its very inception.
2) These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab
front-page headlines and command the attention of world leaders.

3) These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and
environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda.
4) In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in
San Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on
International Organization.
5) The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have
continued a series that began in the 1970s, have broken new ground in
many areas: by involving Presidents, Prime Ministers, and other heads of
state - as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children.
Answer: 1,4,5,3,2
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the
South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism,
exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
2) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because
these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of
positive social change around the world.
3) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community,
and social justice.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult
circumstances.
Answer: 1,3,2,4
1) However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site,

they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
2) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if
they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records written in nature's
hand.
3) For example, tree ring, Dendrochronology (literally, tree time) dates
wooden artifacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which,
in some areas of the world, spans several thousand years.
4) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date
recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
Answer: 2,4,1,3
1) Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and

Therapeutic Goods Regulation 1001, no one may supply these Schedule 1
substances.
2) A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by
wholesale any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included in
Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
3) Additionally, wholesalers have an obligation to ensure that the persons or
companies they supply are licensed or authorised to obtain, use, supply, or
possess the substance.
4) Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination of
employment.
Answer: 2,1,3,4

1) In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines
respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways.
2) If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be
bankrupted by cleanup costs (as in the case of ARCO that I shall discuss
below), the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to
minimize the costs.
3) Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company
bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business
efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear
responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
4) In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain
toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and
the Montana state government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the
cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state
fund.
Answer: 1,3,2,4
1) The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry
under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern
end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though
these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to
employ more than a limited number of foreign workers.
2) But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few
people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long.
3) Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a programme
of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. During the past few
years this programme has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been
built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy
industry.
4) As on Norwegian politician said last week: "We will soon be changed
beyond all recognition."
Answer:1,2,4,3
1) It is mainly due to the quality of the fabric which effectively resists salt
water, direct sunshine and cold winds.
2) Traditionally they are navy blue and they are basically square in shape,
without a curved armhole or inset sleeve.
3) Fishermen's knitted jerseys have always been recognizable in Britain by
their colour and their shape.
4) This continuing popularity cannot just be put down to a fondness for

tradition.
5) These navy jerseys are still a familiar sight on any quay or harbour in the
land.
Answer:3,2,5,4,1

1) There you will see how women are consistently portrayed as weak and in
need of male protection.
2) This acceptance that men were the superior gender had not developed by
chance.
3) It had been the view that had been socialized into them from the moment
of their birth.
4) This will become clear if you look at any girls' magazine or popular film of
the period.
5) In the 1960s, the greatest obstacle for those who wanted to organize
women was said to be women's conviction that they were actually inferior to
men.
Answer:5,2,3,4,1
1) The fear of criticism from colleagues, friends and family is the main factor
that obstructs a change in their employment situation.
2) However, most of these workers would not consider career alternatives.
3) It seems that the lack of psychological reward is the reason for their
dissatisfaction.
4) Despite the financial stability a high salary brings, research has shown
that the majority of top earners are not happy in their jobs.
5) Interestingly, it is not the risk of a decrease in salary which prevents this
move.
Answer:4,3,2,5,1
1) One such example is a solar panel which could charge an LED lamp to
create hours of light each day.
2) In addition to being fairly costly, these create smoke pollution and carbon
emissions.
3) Therefore, alternatives are being investigated.
4) A result of not being connected to the electricity grid in rural areas of
some countries means people light their homes using kerosene lamps.
Answer:4,2,3,1
1) Only four years later did football become an official competition at the
Games. At this stage it was, of course, for amateurs only.
2) Ironically, the first tournament was won by an amateur team from the
north- cast of England, who had been especially invited after the British
Football Association refused to be associated with the competition.
3) The first international football match was played in 1872 between England
and Scotland, when football was rarely played anywhere outside Great
Britain.
4) As an alternative, Sir Thomas Lipton decided to organize an event for
professionals. Often described as The First World Cup, it took place in Turin
in 1909 and featured the most prestigious professional clubs from Italy,
Germany and Switzerland.

5) However, as football increased in popularity, it was admitted to the
Olympics TM in 1900 and 1904, but only as a sideshow and not in the
competition for medals.
Answer:3,5,1,4,2
1) Between May and August 1783, two volcanic eruptions had occurred, one
in Iceland and
one in Japan. The northern hemisphere had been covered in a "great fog".
2) A year earlier, a volcano had erupted in Indonesia, sending up vast
quantities of fine volcanic dust into the atmosphere. Circling the Earth, the
dust reflected sunlight back into space.
3) This, of course, was an extraordinary event. In fact, it is considered one
of the most catastrophic global events in recorded history. But something
like it had happened before, and within living memory.
4) The Earth literally darkened; temperatures dropped. Throughout western
Europe and North America crops failed, and cattle died. A large portion of
the world lay under a huge volcanic cloud.
5) in the spring of 1816, the weather suddenly changed. The unseasonably
warm spring turned cold and people were forced indoors by continual rain.
The skies darkened and there was no summer.
Answer:5,2,4,3,1
1) By 1817, trousers were shoe-length. Popular with the king, they became
accepted as standard daywear by 1825, and were worn with a waistcoat
and, by day, a frock coat, but with a tailcoat in the evening.
2) Jackets didn't become fashionable for casual wear until the 1850s. The
jacket was derived from the short jacket worn by boys and working men, and
in the age of mass-production and ready-made suits, its simple style was
easier to produce than the tailored coat.
3) It was George "Beau Brummell, the champion of simple English style, who
started a trend for wearing tight black trousers in the early 1800s.
4) The favorite patterns for trousers were strong plaids, stripes and
checks. The loose straight cut came in about the 1860s, and front creases
in the 1880s. By the turn of the century, they had become the common way
to dress.
Answer:3,1,4,2
European Countries
1) In cities elsewhere, such as those in many European countries, streets
follow a meandering pattern, following the rivers and natural landmarks.
2) The ancient Romans, for example, laid out their streets mathematically
many years previously, and this also produced a grid pattern.
3) This is not simply a case of an older, irregular pattern giving way to a
later American invention, however.
4) If you look at how a US city is laid out on a map, you usually find a grid
pattern of streets going from north to south and east to west, and they
cross at a very precise 90 degree angle.

Answer- 4,1,3,2
An Important Measuring
1) Rereading is an important part of the review process.
2) It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are
going to do.
3) Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from
the process.
4) A review is a survey of what you have covered.
Answer- 4,2,1,3
Internal Reflection
1) When the light travels through the water, it is slowed by the heavier
particles in the water, effectively 'trapping the laser beam in the water.
2) To demonstrate this phenomenon, a video is released in which a laser is
positioned on one side of a clear tank of water.
3) Even as the water flow is gradually decreased, the laser beam remains
contained inside the jet, until it eventually disappears when the water is
turned off completely.
4) A cool thing called total internal reflection' happens when you point a laser
beam at a jet of flowing water.
Answer- 4,2,1,3
1) Their aim is to produce stretchy, robust, flexible membranes that

incorporate advanced sensors and have the ability to self-heal.
2) Developers of e-skins, however, are setting their sights higher.
3) A better-known electronic wearable is an activity tracker, which typically
senses movement or vibrations to give feedback on a user's performance.
4) More advanced wearables collect data on a person's heart rate and blood
pressure.
5) Electronic skin (e-skin) is categorised as an 'electronic wearable', a smart
device worn on the surface of the skin to extract and analyse information
relating to the wearer.
Answer- 5,3,4,2,1
Doctor-patient Relationship
1) The doctor-patient relationship starts at birth and extends across one's
life.
2) Underscoring this important responsibility, throughout the Covid-19
pandemic, national polls have found that most Americans trust medical
professionals to give them accurate information about the virus.
3) They expect the same honesty in return and, indeed, the Hippocratic Oath
demands as much of physicians.
4) When patients are honest with their doctors, better decisions can be
made about their health.
Answer- 1,4,3,2

1) Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words.
2) Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing
and revising.
3) To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the
main points of the lecture.
4) Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener.
Answer: 4,3,1,2
1) The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.

2) They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they
could lay their hands on.
3) These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization's
database to information hundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records
and archaeology.
4) In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on
land, 11 marine biologists, along with three economists, have joined forces.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
1) There is, however, no search facility.

2) The site lists not only his published books and articles but also
manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including
reprints and translations.
3) The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced, and organized by
date.
4) This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a
German sociologist.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
GPS Tracking
1) The collars transmitted each animal's position every four hours, for up to
two years.
2) But in 2010 and 2011. Vanessa Hull of Michigan State University and her
colleagues were given permission to attach GPS tracking collars to five
pandas in the Wolong National Nature Reserve in China.
3) We know very little about wild pandas because they are so rare and live in
almost impenetrable forest.
4) The team found that the home ranges of individual pandas overlapped and
on a few occasions, two animals spent several weeks in close proximity.
Answer- 3,2,1,4
1) It also studies how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.

2) An organism is a living entity consisting of one cell.
3) It is defined as the science of life and living organisms.
4) The word biology is derived from the Greek words 'bios', meaning life.
5) Classification and behaviour of organisms are a major branch in biology
science.
Answer- 4,3,2,5,1

minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics, even though two
2) This learning crisis - the rift between the levels of learning children
receive and those they need-hit a global scale even before the COVID-19
3) A child's right to education entails the right to learn.
learning.
Answer-3,4,1,2
1) For him traveling and arriving are one and the same thing: he arrives
somewhere with every step he makes. He experiences the present moment
with his eyes, his ears and the whole of his body.
2) The traveler on foot, on the other hand, lives constantly in the present.
3) But actual arrival, when it is achieved, is meaningless. You want to move
on again.
4) When you travel at high speeds, the present means nothing: you live
mainly in the future because you spend most of your time looking forward to
arriving at some other place.
5) By traveling like this, you suspend all experience; the present ceases to
be a reality: you might just as well be dead.
Answer:4,3,5,2,1
1) Men and women moved about in cars, buses and trains from a very early
age. There were lifts and escalators in all large buildings to prevent people
from walking. 2) Histories of the time will go something
like this: 'in the twentieth century, people forgot how to use their legs.
3) This situation was forced upon earth dwellers of that time because of
their extraordinary way of life.
4) When the time comes for anthropologists to turn their attention to the
twentieth century, they will surely choose the label 'Legless Man'.
5) The past ages of man have all been carefully labeled by anthropologists.
Descriptions like 'Paleolithic Man', 'Neolithic Man', etc., neatly sum up whole
periods.
Answer:5,4,2,1,3
1) Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the

existence of ones we already know about.
2) It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days.
3) Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you
would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc., from an
advertisement.
4) Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this
claim may be seriously doubted.
Answer:1,3,4,2

1) It was necessary, therefore, to invent instruments that neither
slumbered nor slept.
2) Some devices were quite simple.
3) When a shock came it shook the rigid table upon which these stood.
4) One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses
which would stand up on end like ninepins.
5) An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.
Answer:5,1,2,4,3
1) These organisms can survive in this extreme environment because of their

unique genes and proteins.
2) The extremophiles that microbiologist Rick Cavicchioli and his team study
love life extremely cold.
3) Understanding more about their DNA could help in the development of a
variety of new technologies.
4) Extremophiles are organisms that thrive where other microbes
(organisms that are small they're not visible to the human eye) don't dare
venture, such as freezing lakes, the water core of nuclear reactors and
toxic waste dumps.
5) They live at the bottom of Ace Lake in Antarctica, where there is no
oxygen and the average temperature is 1°C
Answer:4,2,5,1,3
1) Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-
promotion and because they have so much money to throw around.
2) It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why
don' t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods?
3) Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always
coming in for criticism.
4) It's iniquitous, they say, that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can
call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year
Answer:3,1,4,2
1) Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at
least some acquaintance with its structure and operation.
2) Science is a dominant theme in our culture.
3) An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific
scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the
things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
4) They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are.
Answer:2,1,4,3
1) Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is

no exception.

2) One of the mediators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed
mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making
3) But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes
and began to meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings.
4) But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise
kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies.
5) Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom
of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table.
Answer:5,3,1,2,4
1) A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs
and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the
most stubborn remaining diseases.
2) The expectation of life has increased enormously.
3) Man versus the motor-car! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.
4) From the health point of view, we are living in a marvellous age. We are
immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases.
5) But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than
ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women
and children on the roads.
Answer:4,1,2,5,3
1) Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the

American city in three fundamental ways.
2) The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major
city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now
know as urban sprawl.
3) Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city
center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment.
4) In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from
the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten
miles.
5) It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it
accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of
unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways,
commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to
four times more distant form city centers than they were in the pre-modern
era.
Answer:1,5,4,3,2
1) He is determined to take her to the best restaurant in town, even if it

means that he will have to live on memories and hopes during the month to
come.
2) Here's a familiar version of the boy-meets-girl situation.
3) When they get to the restaurant, he discovers that this ethereal
creature is on a diet. She mustn't eat this and she mustn't that.
4) A young man has at last plucked up courage to invite a dazzling young lady
out to dinner. She has accepted his invitation and he is overjoyed.

5) Oh, but of course, she doesn't want to spoil his enjoyment. Let him by all
means eat as much fattening food as he wants: it's the surest way to an
early grave. They spend a truly memorable evening together and never see
each other again.
Answer:2,4,1,3,5
1) We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks
occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated
by the goggle box. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for
this or that programme.
2) Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left
uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost.
3) We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening
meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will
do- anything, providing it don't interfere with the programme. The monster
demands and obtains absolute silence and attention.
4) Television hasn't been with us all that long, but we are already beginning
to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-
eyed monster into our homes, we never found it difficult to occupy our spare
time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have
hobbies, we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them, we
used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants
and sporting events.
5) If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme,
he is quickly silenced.
Answer:4,1,3,5,2
1) Fibers suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the
wheat protein gluten.
2) The fibers are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
3) Narenda Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibers at the University
of Nebraska in Lincoln, say that because they are biodegradable, they might
be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.
4) But they are up to 30 times cheaper.
Answer - 1,2,4,3
1) The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot
topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment,
financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.
2) Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage
practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information visit
MyEconLab.
3) International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which
each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and
follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.

4) New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated
into MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that
accompanies the text.
Answer - 3,1,4,2

2) South Sudan is one of the world's poorest countries, plagued with
4) The country is a classic case of 'compounding' crisis - dealing with the
Answer-2,1,4,3

2) As South Africans will tell you, it is a country with 11 official languages
and with these come 11 different histories.
3) Thula Simpson's History of South Africa manages to avoid some of this
4) Writing a history of South Africa is no simple task.
Answer-4,2,3,1
Answer-2,3,4,1
Answer-5,4,3,2,1

2) South Sudan is one of the world's poorest countries, plagued with
4) The country is a classic case of 'compounding' crisis - dealing with the
Answer-2,1,4,3

2) As South Africans will tell you, it is a country with 11 official languages
and with these come 11 different histories.
3) Thula Simpson's History of South Africa manages to avoid some of this
4) Writing a history of South Africa is no simple task.
Answer-4,2,3,1
Answer-2,3,4,1
Answer-5,4,3,2,1
Scientists
1) Since this initial formulation, the term has been further developed and is
now considered to encompass all the ecosystems of the Earth.
2) In 1875, the geologist Eduard Suess used the term biosphere to
describe the location where all living things dwell.

3) Today, some scientists have argued that the biosphere itself is a kind of
super organism.
4) It includes every living organism on the planet as well as their interactions
with the earth, water, and air.
5) The biosphere is thought to have developed about 3.5 billion years ago
when the first living organisms began to appear.
6) Each of the plants, animals and other organisms serve as just a piece of
the whole.
Answer- 2,1,4,5,3,6
1) Particles can act like clumps of matter or ripple through space like waves,
and they can even exist in two places at once.
2) In a first test-run outside, one of these machines spotted a tunnel
beneath a street.
3) This allows the instrument to detect underground objects.
4) Slight changes in gravity from place to place reveal changes in the density
of material beneath the sensor.
5) A new device harnesses this strange quantum behavior to measure
Earth's gravity.
Answer- 1,5,4,3,2
1) A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more

parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a
specific task.
2) In a JV, each of the participants is responsible for profits, losses, and
3) However, the venture is its own entity, separate from the participants'
other business interests.
4) This task can be a new project or any other business activity.
Answer- 1,4,2,3
1) On every major national test, the gap in minority and white students' test
scores narrowed substantially between 1970 and 1973, especially for
3) Americans often forget that as late as the 1960s most African-
segregated schools.
Answer-3,2,1,4
Drug Resistance
1) The connection of the amino acid leucine to drug resistance raises hopes
that a relatively simple intervention, like a shift to a low-leucine diet, can

reduce the incidence of drug resistance, which is responsible for a large
portion of the roughly 40,000 breast cancer deaths every year.
2) Drug resistance is the leading cause of death in women with estrogen-
receptor-positive breast cancer, the most common form of the disease.
3) The work also raises the possibility that a drug could be developed to
mirror the effects of that dietary restriction, by blocking cells' ability to take
in leucine from the surrounding environment.
4) Now, researchers have identified an ordinary dietary element that may
increase the chances of a breast cancer becoming drug-resistant.
Answer- 2,4,1,3
1) If these trends continue, the double whammy of population growth and

richer diets will require us to roughly double the amount of crops we grow by
2050.
-century--more
than nine billion people.
3) The spread of prosperity across the world, especially in China and India, is
driving an increased demand for meat, eggs, and dairy, boosting pressure to
grow more corn and soybeans to feed more cattle, pigs, and chickens.
4) But sheer population growth isn't the only reason we' Il need more food.
5) Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
Answer - 2,3,4,5,1
1) To gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment

involving 22 calves.
2) Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to
understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.
3) The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.
4) The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the
opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in
calves' faces.
5) In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five
holes arranged in a horizontal line, two-and-a-half feet apart.
Answer - 1,2,5,4,3
1) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West
Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of
Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
2) The other is that its governments won't confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.
3) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its
own fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
4) As a result, Senegal's marine ecosystem has started to go the same
way as ours.
5) The European Union has two big fish problems.
Answer - 5,3,2,1,4

1) The Newnes railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil
shale.
2) The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored
through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left
to its own devices.
3) Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the
rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of
sticky mucus.
4) For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of
glow worms.
5) The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of
various species, in this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of
fungus gnat.
Answer - 1,2,4,5,3
1) Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United
Nations since its very inception.
2) These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab
front-page headlines and command the attention of world leaders.
3) These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and
environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda.
4) In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in
San Francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on
International Organization.
5) The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have
continued a series that began in the 1970s, have broken new ground in
many areas: by involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of
state-as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children.
Answer- 1,4,5,3,2
1) Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the
South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism,
exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
2) Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because
these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of
positive social change around the world.
3) It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community
and social justice.
4) Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these difficult
circumstances.
Answer - 1,3,2,4
1) However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site,

they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
2) Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help if they
exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records written in nature's hand.

3) For example, tree ring, Dendrochronology (literally, tree time) dates
wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which,
in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.
4) The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date
recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
Answer - 2,4,1,3
1) Unless they are licensed or authorized to do so under the Poisons and

Therapeutic Goods Regulation 1001, no one may supply these Schedule 1
substances.
2) A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by
wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and induded in
Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
3) Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or
companies they supply are licensed or authorized, to obtain, use. supply or
possess the substance
4) Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination
employment.
Answer - 2,1,3,4
1) In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines

respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways.
2) If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be
bankrupted by cleanup costs (as in the case of ARCO that I shall discuss
below), the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to
minimize the costs.
3) Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company
bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business
efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear
responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
4) In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain
toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and
the Montana state government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the
cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state
fund.
Answer - 1,3,2,4
1) Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words.
2) Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing
and revising.
3) To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the
main points of the lecture.
4) Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener.
Answer - 4,3,1,2
1) The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.

2) They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they
could lay their hands on.
3) These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization's
database to information hundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records
and archeology.
4) In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on
land, 11 marine biologists, along with three economists, have joined forces.
Answer - 4,2,3,1
1) There is, however, no search facility.

2) The site lists not only his published books and articles but also
manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including
reprints and translations.
3) The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by
date.
4) This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias,
a German sociologist.
Answer - 4,2,3,1
1) However, any employee who wants to acquire more varied and responsible
duties will not feel satisfied for long staying with the same and boring job.
2) Numbers of staff who wish to turn up and do a simple job and go home is
relatively happy if they believe their work is secure.
3) If this opportunity does not exist, they are most likely to be demotivated.
4) People want to keep working hard only if there are opportunities for
promotion to a more challenging job.
Answer - 2,1,4,3
1) These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's
soil and waterways and on its native plants and animals.
2) Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated
continent over millions of years.
3) Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of
introduced animals for habitat, food and shelter.
4) Some have also had to face new predators.
Answer - 2,3,4,1
1) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always
to have been an essential component of the human experience of this
beautiful world.
2) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are
spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is
also Homo religious.
3) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
4) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they
created works of art.

Answer - 2,4,3,1
1) Art historians compare different time periods in art history.

2) The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture,
and other decorative objects.
3) Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture
represented throughout their artwork
4) Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development
and stylistic contexts.
5) As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses
several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to
works of art and architecture.
Answer - 4,2,3,1,5
1) As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
2) In particular, they lack the verbal skills to express their emotions and to
effectively communicate their need for emotional support.
3) Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
4) The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may
manifest itself in alternative behaviors.
5) Moreover, such behaviours may risk developing behavioural, social and
emotional problems.
Answer - 3,1,2,4,5
1) But with opportunity comes responsibility!

2) That means it's up to you to carve out your place in the world and know
when to change course.
3) Companies today aren't managing their knowledge of workers' careers.
4) We live in an age of unprecedented opportunity: with ambition, drive, and
talent, you can rise to the top of your chosen profession regardless of
where you started out.
5) Instead, you must be your own chief executive officer.
Answer - 4,1,3,5,2
1) For instance, LinkedIn is one of those websites that'll make your search
easier.
2) Traditional ways of finding an internship are not the only way to do it.
3) This best-known job-hunting website covers internships too, you just need
to apply the appropriate search filter.
4) In our digital world. looking for internships online brings just as
satisfactory results as networking and calling companies.
Answer: 2,4,1,3
1) The greatest benefit is that you get to know the place better.
2) Slow travel is all about pacing yourself in a way that'll reduce the stress
of fast and furious sightseeing.

3) It is a way of mindful travelling, where you intentionally devote time to get
immersed into things of importance to you rather than following a checklist
of things to see and do.
4) When you really let yourself soak the environment around you, you start
noticing all the hidden nooks and crannies there, which gives you a chance to
truly learn about the host culture.
Answer: 2,3,1,4
1) World Mental Health Day, started by the World Federation for Mental
Health, first took place on 10 October 1992.
2) For a brief definition from the World Health Organization, World Mental
Health Day aims to raise awareness of mental health issues around the
world and to mobilize efforts in support of mental health.
3) This year's theme is 'Make mental health and well-being for all a global
priority.
4) It has been celebrated on this date ever since.
Answer: 1,4,2,3
1) They champion the notion of the "Big Five personality traits-openness,

conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
2) Of these, only one trait is closely shared with the MBTI-extroversion.
3) Some psychologists believe that independent, peer-reviewed research in
the decades since the MBTI was devised has provided something better than
Myers-Briggs.
4) As Adam Grant says, 'Going around telling people that they're neurotic
and disagreeable will not win you any friends"
5) Myers-Briggs does not focus on "neuroticism" or, indeed, any similarly
negative trait, which may point to one of the reasons why the criticisms
lobbed at the test by modern science have yet to undermine its popularity.
Answer- 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
Ozone Hole
1) Projections suggested it would collapse by 2050, increasing skin cancer
rates, harming crops, and destroying the marine food chain.
2) In a video, she breaks down how we managed to fix this huge problem and
shows the unbridled optimism that drove her to fix the ozone hole
3) The situation was dire. But today, we are on the path to recovery.
4) In the 1980s, scientists discovered there was a hole in the ozone over
the South Pole.
5) Dr. Susan Solomon contributed key findings to understand what was
depleting the ozone layer and how to address it.
Answer- 4,1,3,5,2
Echolocation
1) Why, then, is vision so common and echolocation so rare?
2) Because, in most environments, vision is much more effective.

3) Echolocation is adaptive only in an ecological niche where vision is
impossible or badly impaired-for instance, when dwelling in caves and hunting
at night, as bats do.
4) Vision and echolocation have many features in common.
5) One narrow range of radiation-light in the case of vision, ultrasounds in
the case of echolocation provides information relevant to a wide variety of
cognitive and practical goals.
Answer- 4,5,1,2,3
1) Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer.
when you answer it.
Answer-2,4,3,1
1) The culprit fungi thrive in soils in California and the desert Southwest.
Firefighters are especially vulnerable to the disease.
2) Wildfires appear to stir up and send the soil-loving fungi into the air,
where they can enter people's lungs.
3) It causes coughs, fevers and chest pain and can be deadly.
4) As climate change brings more wildfires to the western United
States, a rare fungal infection, valley fever, has also been on the rise.
Answer- 4,3,1,2
1) They also show different responses to speech in an unfamiliar language.

2) The research team said these findings supported other studies that
suggest animals may share some human skills.
3) Researchers revealed the brains of our canine companions can tell the
difference between speech and non-speech when listening to human voices.
4) Dogs may appear to have selective hearing when it comes to commands,
but research suggests they are paying attention to human chit-chat.
Answer- 4,3,1,2
1) These phantom rivers were part of an experiment led by ecologist Dylan

Gomes of Boise State University.
2) He and colleagues were testing a hypothesis that the sounds of nature
influence where animals lived and how they forage.
3) There's a lot of research suggesting that human noise negatively affects
animals, from communication to foraging to reproduction, and even survival,
Gomes says.
4) For two summers in Idaho's Pioneer Mountains, the roar of rushing white
water filled the air.

5) But where the loud sounds prevailed, only gentle streams flowed by.
Answer- 4,5,1,2,3
1) Her family of loggers selectively cut trees and dragged them out with
horses, leaving plenty still standing.
2) The fledgling plants were often yellowed and failing, and Simard found that
those trees were missing the resources that exist within a diverse
community of plants.
3) Her job was to check on seedlings the firm had planted in those areas to
restart the forest
4) In her first stab at a career, she also joined a commercial logging
company that clear-cut with large machinery.
5) Simard was born in the Monashee Mountains of British Columbia in
1960.
Answer- 5,1,4,3,2
1) But mate choice doesn't seem to drive these females' pretty plumage
since males don't appear to prefer the blue females.
2) Therefore, bright colors may help lady birds blend in with the guys, and as
a result, feed for longer without harassment from other hummingbirds.
3) Female hummingbirds don flashy feathers to avoid being bothered by
other hummingbirds.
4) They tend to have bright blue heads and throats.
Answer- 3,4,1,2

2) These choices have major implications for a person's standard of living,
cities-skills mismatches, reluctance to sell land at a loss, and sometimes
because of explicit policy restrictions that limit people's movement within
countries.
Answer-1,3,4,2

5) Globally, about one-third of a city's land area is covered by public spaces.
Answer-5,3,1,2,4

2) These choices have major implications for a person's standard of living,
cities-skills mismatches, reluctance to sell land at a loss, and sometimes
because of explicit policy restrictions that limit people's movement within
countries.
Answer-1,3,4,2

5) Globally, about one-third of a city's land area is covered by public spaces.
Answer-5,3,1,2,4
farther behind while eroding public confidence
in government initiatives.
2) Such gaps largely reflect differences in productivity-the central driver of
intentioned policies to improve the livelihoods of those in "places left behind."
Answer-3,2,4,1
essential services and simply to enjoy their golden years.
2) How can we ensure cities welcome and nurture a diverse population-older
and younger persons alike in ways that are sustainable, inclusive, and
equitable for all?
3) A report, 'Silver Hues: Building Age-Ready Cities', suggests that
Answer-4,1,2,3

1) The so-called 'one chip' challenge, in which students film themselves for
TikTok eating a Paqui chip, marketed as the ' world's spiciest', has sent
students across the country to the school nurse's office, and even to the
hospital.
2) It's just the latest in a string of viral challenges on the video platform,
pass out.
Answer-1,2,4,3
1) On every major national test, the gap in minority and white students' test
scores narrowed substantially between 1970 and 1973, especially for
3) Americans often forget that as late as the 1960s most African-
segregated schools.
Answer-3,2,1,4
1) Over time, fashion and people's tastes change

2) Such changes affect the demand for products and services.
3) Changes in work patterns tend to mean that fewer families sit down in
the evening for a traditionally produced family meal, often because a lack of
time.
4) In contrast, people now tend to spend more time shopping and are
therefore more likely to spend time relaxing in a coffee shop or restaurant
while on a shopping trip.
5) Consequently, people are now more likely to buy takeaway meals or
convenience food, as opposed to ingredients for meals that take time to
prepare.
Answer: 1,2,3,5,4
History
1) Historians must make decisions about what to include and exclude, how
to organize the material, and what to say about it.
2) In doing so, they create narratives that explain the past in ways that
make sense in the present. Inevitably, as the present changes, these
narratives are updated, rewritten, or discarded altogether and replaced
with new ones.

3) Ideas about history have changed over time. It might seem that writing
history should be straightforward - it's all based on facts, isn't it?
4) In theory, yes, but the evidence surviving from the past is vast,
fragmentary, and messy.
Answer- 3,4,1,2
1) It is not all about running a marathon and then some, and it is definitely
not meant to resemble strongman competitions.
2) For beginners, that may be a light jog or a dance class, and for more
advanced exercisers, that could look like a sweat-fest in the gym.
3) On the contrary, exercising should be enjoyable and include a level of
effort you're able to give at that particular time.
4) However, exercise does not need to be a strenuous daily grind.
5) You've heard it from your fitness-junkie friends, and you've heard it on the
TV: exercise is good for you.
Answer: 5,4,1,3,2
essential services and simply to enjoy their golden years.
2) How can we ensure cities welcome and nurture a diverse population-older
and younger persons alike in ways that are sustainable, inclusive, and
equitable for all?
3) A report, 'Silver Hues: Building Age-Ready Cities', suggests that
Answer-4,1,2,3
1) The so-called 'one chip' challenge, in which students film themselves for
TikTok eating a Paqui chip, marketed as the ' world's spiciest', has sent
students across the country to the school nurse's office, and even to the
hospital.
2) It's just the latest in a string of viral challenges on the video platform,
pass out.
Answer-1,2,4,3
Noise and Study

1) However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to
be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the
TV off when you are reading or studying. Also, don't let your self distracted
by computer games, email, or internet surfing.

2) Some students say that they need completel quiet to read and study.
3) The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your
own studying.
4) Others study best in crowded, noisy rooms because the noise actually
helps them concentrate.
Answer- 2,4,3,1

significant piece of land- develop that land in a way that confronts climate
change, generates jobs, and attracts investment. and even fewer can
purposing post-mining land-fueling both economic opportunities and clean
energy.
Serbia and soon in the very large coal-producing and consuming economies in
South and East Asia.
Answer-2,1,4,3
minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics, even though two
2) This learning crisis - the rift between the levels of learning children
receive and those they need-hit a global scale even before the COVID-19
3) A child's right to education entails the right to learn.
learning.
Answer-3,4,1,2

emerging threats to peace and prosperity-securing a healthier, more secure
future for all.
stability, and prosperity.
4) The projected decline of government spending in many low income
Answer-4,2,3,1
farther behind while eroding public confidence
in government initiatives.

2) Such gaps largely reflect differences in productivity-the central driver of
intentioned policies to improve the livelihoods of those in "places left behind."
Answer-3,2,4,1

emerging threats to peace and prosperity-securing a healthier, more secure
future for all.
stability, and prosperity.
4) The projected decline of government spending in many low income
Answer-4,2,3,1

significant piece of land- develop that land in a way that confronts climate
change, generates jobs, and attracts investment. and even fewer can
purposing post-mining land-fueling both economic opportunities and clean
energy.
Serbia and soon in the very large coal-producing and consuming economies in
South and East Asia.
Answer-2,1,4,3
1) The company employed Cornish miners with experience and expertise of

working deep tin mines.
2) In 1844 the Mendip Hills Mining Company began work in the Charterhouse
area.
3) Initially, the aim was to exploit the ore at depth, which previous miners
could not reach.
4) Four deep shafts were sunk, up to 108m deep.
Answer- 2,1,3,4
1) Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC,

where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about
reality.
2) The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of
geometry enter here'.

3) In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking
the secrets of the universe.
4) Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one
of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics.
Answer- 4,1,3,2
1) Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer.
when you answer it.
Answer-2,4,3,1
Other wildfire experts expand the definition of a megafire beyond "acres
burned" to mean wildfires that have an unusually large impact on people and
the environment
2) In August 1988, high winds changed small, smoldering wildfires in
Yellowstone National Park into raging firestorms - an event that came to be
known as "Black Saturday.
3) The U.S. Interagency Fire Center defines a megafire by its size: It is a
wildfire that burns more than 40,500 hectares (100,000 acres) of land.
4) Today, wildfire experts call the burning of Yellowstone. located in the
western United States, something else: a "megafire."
Answer: 2,4,3,1
1) As the most significant biome, aquatic biomes include both freshwater

and marine biomes.
2) On the other hand, marine biomes cover close to three-quarters of
Earth's surface.
3) There are five major types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert,
and tundra.
4) Freshwater biomes are bodies of water surrounded by land that have a
salt content of less than one percent.
5) A biome is a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and
wildlife.
Answer: 5,3,1,4,2
1) They can be either very cold or hot, although most of them are found in
subtropical areas.
2) Any vegetation and wildlife living in a desert must have special
adaptations for surviving in a dry environment.
3) Deserts are dry areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimeters (20
inches) per year.

4) Because of this extreme condition, there is not as much biodiversity
found in deserts.
Answer: 3,1,4,2
1) Now, Dirac Twidwell, a range ecologist at the University of Nebraska,

says he's figured out why.
2) The main tool used to drive out the trees and encourage the grasses is
controlled fires, set every few years.
3) The sea of native grassland that once carpeted the United States' Great
Plains has steadily been disappearing disconcerting rate by trees and
shrubs. replaced at a
4) Yet these fires have not halted the advance of trees and shrubs.
5) The problem is not that controlled burns are too destructive, he says. It's
that they're not destructive enough.
Answer: 3,2,4,1,5
1) The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior.

2) The rocks that make up Earth's mantle are mostly silicates a wide variety
of compounds that share a silicon and oxygen structure.
3) The other major type of rock found in the mantle is magnesium oxide.
4) Common silicates found in the mantle include olivine, garnet, and
pyroxene.
Answer: 1,2,4,3
1) Similarly, legged robots struggle to deploy different gaits, just as

roboticists struggle to enumerate them.
2) Long-held assumptions, such as the need for energy efficiency, have
already been overturned.
3) Researchers need to understand why different forms of locomotion
evolved.
4) But variation of movement is important, too: such an ankle brace holds
you back if you try to skip, gallop or skitter.
5) For example, a mechanical ankle brace can improve the metabolic
efficiency of human walking, implying that walking is inefficient.
Answer: 3,2,5,4,1
1) Quisisana soon licensed its technology to Joseph Horn, who opened the
first American automat in Philadelphia in 1902.
2) The automat is often considered to be an exclusively American
phenomenon.
3) However, in fact, the world's first restaurant of this kind opened in Berlin,
Germany in 1895.
4) Named Quisisana, this high-tech eatery established itself in other
northern European cities.
Answer: 2,3,4,1

1) Career planning is a comprehensive venture which encompasses defining
your goals and developing a feasible plan to achieve them.
2) Additionally, lots of university programs are structured in a way that will
equip you with the necessary skills to find multiple employment options in
the future.
3) Your lecturers might mention possible career paths, and there may be
obligatory internships that can guide you towards your future job.
4) The great news about defining your career goals is that you will hear quite
a few ideas and stories during your studies.
Answer: 1,4,3,2
1) Suddenly, the prospect of a dry, tightly sealed house begins to look very
attractive.
2) Roofing your house rarely rates high on the list of fun and exciting home
remodeling projects.
3) But when your home develops a leak, your attitude might take a sharp
turn.
4) A beautiful new roof can also improve the curb appeal of your house.
Answer- 2,3,1,4
1) The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions.

2) If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds reach
39 miles per hour, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm.
3) A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a
rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms.
4) Once a tropical cyclone reaches maximum sustained winds of 74 miles per
hour or higher it is then classified as a hurricane.
Answer- 3,1,2,4
LiDARs
1) Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc., is unveiling a high-
resolution LiDAR sensor that was five years in the making.
2) Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of
traffic lights.
3) But LIDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important
work of sensing and helping cars avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen
tree, drunk driver, or a child running out into the road.
4) The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far,
built its LIDAR systems from scratch.
Answer- 2,3,1,4
1) Over the next eight years, however, he succeeded in having only 13 more
poems published.
2) During this time, Frost sporadically attended Dartmouth and Harvard and
earned a living teaching school and, later, working a farm in Derry, New
Hampshire.

3) But in 1912, discouraged by American magazines constant rejection of
his work, he took his family to England, where he found more professional
success.
4) To celebrate his first publication, Frost had a book of six poems privately
printed; two copies of Twilight were made one for himself and one for his
fiancée.
Answer- 4, 1, 2, 3
1) A coral the size of a carousel is the widest known in the Great Barrier
Reef.
2) Found in Northeast Australia, this reef-building measures 10.4 meters in
diameter - earning it the nickname Muga dhamb.
3) Based on Muga dhambi's height and estimated growth rate, scientists
calculate that it is about 421 to 438 years old.
4) It predates European colonization of Australia and has survived 99 coral
bleaching events.
5) In addition to its record-setting width, Muga dhambi stands a little over 5
meters tall, making it the sixth tallest coral in the Great Barrier Reef.
Answer- 1,2,5,3,4
1) Peak performance experts say things like: you should focus, and you need
to eliminate the distractions.
2) But there is a problem with this advice too.
3) Of the many options in front of you, how do you know what to focus on
and how do you know where to direct your energy and attention?
4) This is good advice. The more I study successful people from all walks of
life, the more I believe focus is a core factor of success.
Answer- 1,4,2,3
Answer: 1,2,4,3
1) Moreover, there has been a relatively recent initiative for encouraging
bicycle usage as a sustainable transport mode.
2) These figures make Bogotá the Latin-American city with the largest
number of kilometers of bike-lines.
3) The city is currently endowed with more than 450 km of bike-paths and
near 600 thousand trips are made by bicycle, accounting for 6% of the total
daily trips.
4) Over the last decade. Bogotá has been recognized for its large bike-
dedicated infrastructure.
5) The initial motivation for cycling in was primary related to economic
reasons, as many people could not afford paying the everyday cost of public
transportation.
Answer- 4,3,2,5,1
1) This process of separation created the layers of the Earth as we know

them.
2) But there were violent collisions, explosions, and eruptions.

3) There were no oceans, there was no oxygen in the atmosphere, and no
life.
4) In fact, the Earth in its earliest stage was molten, which allowed
elements to separate into layers within the Earth: gravity pulled denser
elements toward the Earths center, while less dense materials accumulated
near the surface.
4) When the Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago, it would never have
been called the Blue Planet
Answer- 5,3,2,4,1
AI and Drugs
1) In 2020, a British startup called Exscientia said its new pill for OCD
would be the first Al-designed drug to be tested on humans.
2) Based on the track record of the past two years, I predict that such
discoveries will happen in 2022, yielding drugs that are promising enough to
merit a clinical trial.
3) In 2021, Exscientia followed that up with another drug for patients with
tumors.
4) For years, there's been a ton of hype about Al's potential to transform
drug discovery.
Answer- 4,1,3,2
Fairy Tales
1) The most telling stories even have become a handy metaphor or shared
knowledge of the fantasy code for communication in the popular culture.
2) Originated in traditional oral storytelling, fairy tales have evolved and
continue to transform themselves vigorously to the present day.
3) For example, the big wild wolf in Little Red Riding Hood can be alluded to
be a malicious person or a villain who wants to seduce a girl.
4) Fairy tales have been with us for a long history and influenced our culture
profoundly.
Answer- 4,2,1,3
One Health
1) The concept started as One Medicine, then One World One Health and
more recently, simply One Health.
2) The rationale for extending a One Health approach to complex and
multifactorial diseases is the growing realization that such diseases do have
many pathological changes.
3) The term "One Health" was developed in 2004 in relation to human
infectious diseases such as SARS.
4) One Health recognizes that the health of humans, animals and
ecosystems are interconnected.
5) It involves applying a coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary and
cross-sectoral approach to address potential or existing risks that originate
at the animal-human-ecosystems interface.
Answer- 3,1,4,5,2

1) They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by
many Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other
antioxidants.
2) They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to
lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of
cigarette smoking.
3) In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed
in on the issue with a review article that looked at more than 300
studies on the health benefits of green tea.
4) These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular
health.
5) Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the
"bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries,
the researchers wrote.
Answer: 3,2,1,4,5
1) That evening ends with her sudden realization that she is old and lonely, a
realization brought to her by a conversation she overhears a comment on
her unwelcome presence in their vicinity,
2) Miss Brill is sad and depressed as she returns home.
3) Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the
Public Gardens) of a small French suburb.
4) One Sunday Miss Brill puts on her fur and goes to the Public Gardens as
usual.
5) She listens to the band playing, and enjoys contemplating the world as a
great stage upon which actors perform.
Answer: 3,5,4,1,2
1) In Gandhiji's view, secularism stands for equal respect for all religions.
2) Nehru's idea of secularism was equally indifferent to all religions and
bothering about none of them.
3) Such secularism which means the rejection of all religions is contrary to
our culture and tradition.
4) instead of doing any good, such secularism can do harm.
5) There is a difference between Gandhiji's concept of secularism and that of
Nehru's.
Answer- 5,1,2,3,4
1) As an online tutor, you will most likely work through an intermediary. i.e. a
company that offers to connect you with students.
2) As if life as a student isn't difficult enough, you have to consider getting a
job too.
3) However, on the other hand, getting that job means accumulating more
practice and being able to supplement your income.
4) Online tutoring is one of the more popular options students turn to in
order to make some money and boost their knowledge.

5) Working as a student can seem taxing and even scary if you haven't got
much experience.
Answer: 2,5,3,4,1
1) While researchers continue to examine why these differences in sexual

behavior occur, they have made one significant discovery related to animal
brains.
2) The difference occurs in a region of the brain called the anterior
hypothalamus, where researchers identified the existence of what they
called an 'ovine Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus.
3) A larger percentage demonstrates attraction to both males and females.
4) Researchers have found that as many as 8% of rams (male sheep)
demonstrate sexual attraction to other rams.
Answer: 4,3,1,2
1) What you need to do is tick the boxes that fit, and cross off what sounds
unappealing or downright off-putting.
2) Finally you should set measurable goals to get to more attractive
professions.
3) A promising approach to career planning is the so-called career clusters.
4) Career clusters encompass a series of similar and related careers within
a particular branch.
Answer: 3,4,1,2
1) Part of the decline is almost certainly due to climate change, but other
factors include increased commercial fishing and disease.
2) Krill eat algae that grows beneath the sea ice.
3) Some scientists estimate Antarctic krill populations have fallen 80%
since the 1970s.
4) While krill may last over a hundred days without food, if there isn't enough
ice, they eventually starve.
Answer: 2,4,3,1
Injection Noodle
1) The injected needle needs to travel through the body, passing internal
body organs to reach the minute target area without causing a wound tothe
patient.
2) In the current image-guided medication process, the practitioner first
identifies the region of interest using an ultrasound probe.
3) When the desired anatomy is in view, the practitioner estimates the
needle trajectory and insertion point.
4) The inability to perfectly identify the needle tip makes it dangerous to
advance the needle, leading to life-threatening seizures.
5) Physicians who perform injections often use needles and other sharp
objects, which can be invasive to the human body.
Answer- 5,1,2,3,4

1) Perhaps they are worried about proposing an idea that turns out to be
wrong, because that might damage their chances of getting promotion or
funding.
2) But as Charles Darwin put it: 'False facts are highly injurious to the
progress of science, for they often endure long; but false views, if supported
by some evidence, do little harm."
3) Why are researchers holding back on ideas?
4) To wit, it's important to get the facts right, but new ideas are useful, as
long as they are based on reasonable evidence and are amenable to
correction.
Answer- 3,1,2,4
1) However, if lobsters are capable of feeling pain, these cooking methods

raise ethical questions for chefs and lobster eaters alike.
2) This cooking technique (and others, such as storing the live lobster on
ice) is used to improve humans' dining experience.
3) The traditional method for cooking a lobster, boiling it alive, raises the
question of whether or not lobsters feel pain.
4) Now a device called the CrustaStun has been invented to electrocutes a
lobster, rendering it unconscious in less than half a second, after which it
can be cut apart or boiled.
Answer: 3,2,1,4
1) Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is

correct or incorrect.
2) In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something
wrong," such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the
scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those
expectations may not be checked as carefully.
3) Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the
hypothesis is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get
a specific result.
4) A common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support
the hypothesis.
5) The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way.
Answer: 4,1,3,2,5
1) For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of
Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across
the time zones of the world.
2) But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it
now seems very primitive.
3) This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic
difficulty in grasping the concept of punctuality.
4) This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without
regard to the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.
Answer: 1,3,2,4

1) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent
than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in
power.
2) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into
curbing their bad practices.
3) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.
4) By the beginning of the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
1) In 1992, a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease

that wiped out his memory.
2) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our
brains where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or
reason.
3) Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every
day he didn't have the foggiest idea.
4) Yet whenever he was hungry, he got up and propelled himself straight to
the kitchen to get something to eat.
5) It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more
than a century ago that humans are mere walking bundles of habits.
Answer: 1,3,4,2,5
1) So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more

food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use
to them because they cannot protect it.
2) Hence, nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time
specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies.
3) A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store
food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain
nearby to guard the stored food.
4) But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists,
and certainly for supporting whole towns of them.
Answer: 3,1,4,2
1) Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility,

and the land seems refreshed and newly-washed.
2) Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a
cloud of perspiration that we began to unpack.
3) But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had
lasted for only three weeks.
4) As a result, dust was everywhere, and the city's streets and flowers all
looked as if they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder.
Answer: 1,3,4,2

1) Over the years, I have had the opportunities to observe and understand
the thought process behind the ads that have been flooding both the
print and the TV.
2) Although there is a huge shift in the quality of ads that we come across
on a daily basis - thanks essentially to improvement in technology - I
somehow can't help but feel that the quality of communication of the
message has become diluted.
3) There is an increasing attempt by most companies to be seen as cool
and funky.
4) Proportionally, the numbers of ads that lack in quality have gone up
exponentially as well.
5) Another reason could be the burgeoning number of companies, which
means an exponential increase in the number of ads that are being
made.
Answer: 1,2,3,5,4
1) In 1571, it became the capital of Spanish Florida.

2) He erected Fort San Marcos in six days in defense against Native
American attacks, such as the one that forced the abandonment of the
town a year earlier.
3) The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment
more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who
had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
4) Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena
with two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
Answer: 4,2,3,1
1) In 1571, it became the capital of Spanish Florida.

2) He erected Fort San Marcos in six days in defense against Native
American attacks, such as the one that forced the abandonment of the
town a year earlier.
3) The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment
more than a decade earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, who
had founded La Florida and St. Augustine the year before.
4) Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena
with two ships carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
Answer: 1,2,3,5,4
1) Unlike Barnes' previous books, "Mother of Storms" has a fairly large cast
of viewpoint characters.
2) But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
3) They're not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the
hurricanes wreaking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal
areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant.
4) This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions
are well-handled and informative, although occasionally, in moving those
about, the author's manipulations are a bit blatant. (Especially when one

character's ex-girlfriend, who has just undergone a sudden and not
entirely credible change in personality, is swept up by a Plot Device in
Shining Armor and transported directly across most of Mexico and a
good bit of the States to where she happens to bump into another
viewpoint character.)
Answer: 1,4,3,2
1) This presents a challenge to internet search companies, which have built

a multi-billion dollar industry out of targeted advertising based on the
information users reveal about themselves online.
2) However, that may be changing.
3) In the lo
California, computer screens display lists of the words being entered
into the company's search engine.
4) Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts
to gain access to internet users' online histories have, along with
consolidation among online search and advertising groups, thrust the
issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
5) Although it says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or
potentially compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of
is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think of web browsing

as a private affair.
6) People generally believe that using a search engine is the equivalent of
Institute, a privacy think-

fully understand how their privacy may be at risk."
Answer: 3,5,6,2,4,1
1) In the late 18th century, groups of skilled workers began to control the
hiring of apprentices and bargained with employers for better working
conditions. As the movement grew, these trade unions tried to find ways
of creating an alliance among themselves.
2) The first meeting of the Trades Union Congress took place in
Manchester, at which thirty-four delegates represented well over a
hundred thousand trade union members.
3) Trade unions were legalized in an Act of 1871, and by the end of the
century, more than one and a half million workers were members.
Conditions for workers slowly improved over the years, but it wasn't until
1974 that legislation covering the health and safety of all employees was
introduced.
4) Until the 19th century, workers were given little or no protection. Child
labor was common, as were long hours worked in unsafe conditions for
minimal pay.
Answer: 4,1,2,3

1) Now, Polybius, if we forget Aristotle for the moment, was to become the
main authority on the three types of constitution and the cycle through
which they pass, becoming more corrupt as they do: kingship turns into
tyranny, aristocracy to oligarchy, and democracy into mob rule.
2) The constitution was then at its healthiest, while that of the
opinion, it was
becoming more democratic.
3) Polybius believed that this progression could be halted, at least
temporarily, by keeping the three elements held in some kind of balance,
and the Romans achieved this not by abstract reasoning but by trial and
error.
4) The Roman state was tested almost to destruction by the defeat at
Cannae by the Carthaginians led by Hannibal, and according to the
historian Polybius, it was only what he called the "peculiar virtues" of the
Roman constitution that allowed it to survive this crisis.
Answer: 4,2,1,3
1) At the turn of the 19th century, however, only a relatively small sector
of the British economy had been directly affected by the Industrial
Revolution.
2) For each of the three major countries of western Europe - Britain,
France, and Germany - the closing decades of the 18th century were
years of increasing economic prosperity, and the pace of economic
development in Britain far outdid that of the others.
3) It would be a mistake to call the other two countries underdeveloped - in
terms of cultural achievement, especially literature, art, and philosophy,
they outstripped Britain - but they lagged behind in terms of economic
development.
4) Even two decades later, the picture was little different, except that
cotton had become the co
not until the middle of the century that it could be properly described as
an industrial society.
Answer: 2,1,4,3
1) However, the potential for crime is enormous. Some experts believe that
American financial systems are losing up to $5 billion a year to computer
it to transfer large sums of money to a foreign account.

2) Any computer network connected to the telephone system is vulnerable
because the hacker needs only to discover the coded password in order
to gain entry to the network. All it takes is intelligent guesswork, trial
and error, and perseverance.
3) At first, this appeared to be a perfect example of electronic spying, but it
turned out to be a bunch of talented computer buffs doing it for fun. If
they had wanted to create real problems, they could have altered files or
deleted them altogether.

4) A German student sitting at home at a computer terminal connected to
the telephone system mana
top-secret files. He and a group of other students in Hamburg had also
got into about thirty other restricted computer networks.
Answer: 2,4,3,1
1) Habeas corpus, a law by which a prisoner could demand to be brought

before the courts and have his case heard, was a well-established right
in England, but the authorities had found a number of ways of getting
around its use where political prisoners were concerned.
2) The new act put a stop to such abuses and deprived the executive of
powers it might have used to support oppressive and arbitrary
government.
3) In 1679, what became known as the first Exclusionist Parliament passed
at least one useful piece of legislation: on the day parliament was
suspended, the King gave his assent to a Habeas Corpus Act.
4) James Harrington, the philosopher, is a good example. When his sisters
applied for habeas corpus, he was taken from the Tower of London to a
barren island where habeas corpus could not be imposed.
Answer: 3,1,4,2
1) Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony and the white keys
were covered with strips of ivory, but since ivory-yielding species are
now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost
exclusively used.
2) Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
3) Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood, for lightness.
4) Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
Answer: 3,4,1,2
1) During the process, individuals may forget the source of the information.
2) False memories are constructed by combining actual memories with the
content of suggestions received from others.
3) Of course, because we can implant false childhood memories in some
individuals, in no way implies that all memories that arise after
suggestion are necessarily false.
4) This is a classic example of source confusion, in which the content and
the source become dissociated.
5) Put another way, although experimental work on the creation of false
memories may raise doubt about the validity of long-buried memories,
such as repeated trauma, it in no way disproves them.
Answer: 2,1,4,3,5
1) One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-
1, which became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers
exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service.

2) By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built
airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available.
3) During the 1920s and 1930s, great progress was made in the field of
aviation, including the first transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in
1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles
Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year.
4) The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet
aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
Answer: 3,1,2,4

READING & WRITING FIBS
+
READING FIBS

(Answer: uncomfortable) truth, but many of our houses are bad for the
build them, to the fuel required to sustain them, and the waste generated by
them. Despite an improvement in building energy efficiency, 2021 saw carbon
emissions from building and construction hit an all-time high. But what if a house
could (Answer: nurture) the people living inside and the world outside too? What if
a house could feed its occupants? Power itself? Boost biodiversity? Bond a
community? And at the end of its life, leave no trace? Authored by Courtney Smith
from all over the globe. Some (Answer: repurpose) existing spaces, such as the
renovated Ensamble Studio's off-grid cave dwelling in Menorca, Spain. Others
revive and (Answer: update) ancient construction methods, lik
adobe building community in Hormuz, Iran. Despite their positive outlook, the
authors acknowledge that implementing the ideas in their book can be challenging.
Choices:
1.unrivaled,unstable,uncomfortable,uncapped
2.survive,mimic,dominate,nurture
3.delve,automate,repurpose,reckon
4.produce,relate,update,change
Qatar, a tiny country smaller than Connecticut, has been at the center of world
attention over the last few weeks because of the World Cup. But its hosting of
the World Cup has also shone a (Answer: spotlight) on its human rights record.
According to government estimates, over 30,000 foreign laborers, mostly men
from south Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh, were
brought in to build stadiums. The Gulf state also (Answer: expanded) its airport
often been, the (Answer: tournament) has come at a heavy cost for hundreds of
thousands of workers who have paid illegal recruitment fees, had wages stolen or
Steve Cockburn said. FIFA president Gianni Infantino on Friday (Answer: praised)
-- but critics
have said his comment ignored the sacrifices of migrant workers, often subjected
to harsh and squalid living and working conditions.
Choices:
1.boom,spotlight,shell,tone
2.exaggerated,expanded,exacted,experienced
3.plagiarism,tournament,speculation,guarantor
4.predicted,exclaimed,praised,estimated
A new checkout trend is sweeping across America, making for an increasingly

awkward experience: digital tip jars. You order a coffee, an ice cream, a salad or a
slice of pizza and pay with your credit card or phone. Then, an employee standing
behind the counter spins around a touch screen and slides it in front of you. The
screen has a few (Answer: suggested) tip amounts -- usually 10%, 15% or 20%.
ve enabled business
owners to more easily (Answer: shift) the costs of compensating workers directly
to customers. Customers were encouraged to tip generously during the pandemic
to help keep restaurants and stores (Answer: afloat) ,raising expectations. The
shift to digital payments also accelerated during the pandemic, leading stores to
(Answer: replace) old-fashioned cash tip jars with tablet touch screens. But these
screens and the procedures for digital tipping have proven more intrusive than a
low-pressure cash tip jar with a few bucks in it.
Choices:
1.suggested,combined,exceptional,rigorous
2.abide,covet,diverge,shift
3.afloat,overlapped,affable,concise
4.replace,exchange,occupy,retrieve
Bone conduction headphones, which rely on sound being (Answer: transmitted)
been an evolution of headphone-related technologies like noise cancellation

technology. And unlike with phones and smart-watches, many people have
(Answer: multiple) pairs of headphones that they want tailored specifically for
different settings and scenarios. Bone conduction headphones, in particular, are
(Answer: Rather than) sitting inside or on top of the ear canal,
bone conduction headphones rest in front of the ear, leaving it uncovered. They
the ear canal. The exposed ear allows users to (Answer: pick) up on sounds and
the environment around them, crucial for safety when doing activities such as
riding a bike or jogging.
Choices:
1.formed,counted,transformed,transmitted
2.composite,multiple,imperfect,integral
3.Morethan,Despiteof,Lessthan,Ratherthan
4.level,take,make,pick
As millions of people prepare to travel and (Answer: gather) for the holidays, public
health officials are concerned that the worst is still ahead. Hospitals this winter
are (Answer: facing) the simultaneous threat of Covid, flu and RSV for the first
time. Circulation of flu and RSV was very low during the pandemic due to
widespread masking and social distancing implemented in (Answer: response) to
Covid. But as most people return to normal life, traveling and gathering largely
unmasked, all three viruses are circulating widely. Public health officials have said
many people are probably more (Answer: vulnerable) to flu and RSV this year
lower.
Choices:
1.gather,hide,slumber,migrate
2.facing,accounting,challenging,constructing
3.comparison,response,place,order
4.attainable,sensible,vulnerable,accessible
Members of American Airlines' loyalty program will have to spend more to (Answer:
earn) elite frequent flyer status next year, part of a slew of changes the carrier
announced Thursday. Starting in March, AAdvantage members will need to earn
40,000 so-called Loyalty Points to earn Gold status, up from 30,000 in the
current earning year. Gold is the lowest elite (Answer: tier) of American's
program, and it comes with perks like free upgrades - when those seats are
available. The airline will also get rid of MileSAAver and AAnytime awards, two
categories to (Answer: redeem) frequent flyer miles for tickets, at set minimum
that will fluctuate based on demand.

Choices:
1.earn,finish,lose,throw
2.system,research,adjustment,tier
3.market,amend,redeem,purchase
Snaps, crackles, pops and other unwanted sounds can be a bane to media
producers but a boon for clever designers who create a wide (Answer: range) of
quiet props for use in films and TV shows. Experienced production teams are great
at finding workarounds and clever solutions when budget (Answer: constraints)
kick in, so there are also a lot of do-it-
higher-end options. And, of course, a lot of work goes into post-filming sound
design, too. Sound is one factor (Answer: driving) these decisions, but there is
also safety to consider, hence a wide range of plastic and rubber props made to
look like wood or metal (for use in fight scenes and the like). And when something
needs to look real but break, there are props for that, too.
Choices:
1.range,structure,publication,function
2.services,percents,constraints,events
3.specializing,removing,driving,celebrating
The momentum to adopt more sustainable business practices is building. And

investors are increasingly considering the consequences of where they direct
capital and the impact it has on our planet and society. Investors may choose
to invest in either public or (Answer: private) markets, but while these both
provide opportunities to invest responsibly, the extent and nature of the impact
differs. According to a recent Deloitte Report, $55 trillion is projected to be
invested in ESG-mandated assets in 2022. And at their current growth rate ESG-
mandated assets are expected to (Answer: make) up half of all professionally
managed assets globally by 2024. In public markets, investors have the
opportunity to support global environmental and social transformation through
their active (Answer: engagement) with management and how they vote on
company resolutions. This can be more influential than the capital allocation itself.
By contrast, in private markets the capital allocation decision is key, and it is
possible to (Answer: drive) positive change at speed by allocating resources
directly to highly specific areas.
Choices:
1.financial,material,written,private
2.build,use,make,add
3.engagement,service,squabble,investment
4.prove,collapse,drive,restore
Years ago on a trip to Newfoundland, retired traveler Jackie Jansen began

documenting a strangely persistent phenomenon: front doors (Answer: raised)
high above the ground. Odder still: these elevated entries had no stairs to speak
of, leaving her to wonder why. It turns out there are competing theories about
these unusual portals. Locals told Jansen and her husband (presumably tongue in
-in- (Answer: unwanted)
in-
Some have speculated that these seemingly useless secondary doors are a
product of building regulations when Newfoundland joined Canada in the late
1940s, they suddenly had to (Answer: match) new fire regulations that required
two modes of egress for houses. Following the letter of the law, the theory goes,
a door was added, but no stairs, since technically that was not included in the
legal (Answer: requirement) .
Choices:
1.raised,visited,painted,lowered
2.unbiased,underlined,unwanted,united
3.illuminate,appreciate,match,disobey
4.religion,prices,manager,requirement
In the late 1800s, lawyer and inventor Thaddeus Cahill patented his
make music and pipe it across Manhattan
along phone lines a century before Rhapsody and Spotify arrived on the
streaming scene. Initially, subscribers could (Answer: dial) in by phone to listen to
live music synthesized on his vast contraption, but that was just the beginning of
his grander vision. Later, restaurants and hotels would likewise pay to (Answer:
stream) these sounds into shared spaces. His tunes became a kind of proto-
Muzak. But in this (Answer: era) before amps, end users had to attach paper
funnels to boost volume. At the heart of this music-making network was
Telharmonic Hall, a building in the middle of New York City (Answer: outfitted) with
around 200 tons of equipment and built out at an estimated cost of around
$200,000. Cahill called
like a complex industrial factory filled with moving parts.
Choices:
1.dial,write,peek,stare
2.stream,translate,divide,build
3.discovery,level,era,place
4.trusted,captured,outfitted,charged
Each year after the Christmas holidays, citizens of coastal Nome, Alaska cart out
their Christmas trees and set them up on ice amidst a field of other custom
figures, creating a temporary winter wonderland that lasts (Answer: as long as)
the ice holds (before the trees are carried out to sea). Like other informal guerrilla
forests, it is a small, local and (Answer: cozy)

time over the past 25-plus years of (Answer: existence)
story begins at Fat Freddies, an iconic restaurant that closed and was replaced by
practical joke on tourists something light and fun to (Answer: confound)

visitors.
Choices:
1.aslongas,before,although,after
2.fuzzy,nasty,cozy,greasy
3.life,existence,disappearance,emotions
4.purchase,confound,distinguish,repel
(Answer: unaware)
J. H. Kleynhans, author of The Use of Color as a Tool for Propaganda. Kleynhans
explains how the psychological effects of color can (Answer: stimulate) senses
with the power
of communication: in corporate identification and logos, signage, advertising, on
television, billboards, in print media and packaging, on the Internet and at point of
the effects and power of color reflected in (Answer:
consumer) behavior. For example, according to color theorist Leatrice Eiseman,
when we are rushing down the aisles in a supermarket, we only spend around .03
seconds looking at a package. In that moment, we make quick decisions (Answer:
based) on colors that inform a package and its contents. Those same colors
inform whether the product is something appealing to our eyes, taste, psyches,
and pockets.
Choices:
1.capable,afraid,unaware,ignorant
2.change,alternate,sharpen,stimulate
3.animal,human,consumer,social
4.base,depended,based,depends
In 2015, the owners of a Dutch cycling company began shipping bicycles across
the Atlantic to the United States, but time and time again these deliveries were
damaged in (Answer: transit). VanMoof (Answer: experimented) various solutions
Tougher boxes? Better packaging? Different shipping partners? Nothing worked.
-screen TVs have, for example
and then it clicked. The company began printing images of big, expensive television
sets on the sides of boxes as a visual (Answer: cue) to handlers, a tacit message
with shipment damage dropping by 70 to 80% overnight. Since

most of their sales are online, this strategy has helped them better protect tens
of thousands of orders to date.
Choices:
1.question,transit,trouble,response
2.discredited,experimented,migrated,cleansed
3.surface,vapor,cue,cuff
4.request,impact,experience,question
Goat towers date back over a century, but many more recent ones (Answer:
trace) their inspiration back to one in particular: Torre das Cabras (Tower of the
Goats), a winding turret built in Portugal during the late 1800s. This particular
tower (Answer: features) a jagged stone facade wrapped in a wooden ramp and
topped with a round peaked roof. While not quite as aesthetically lofty as a faux
Roman temple, Egyptian pyramid, or Gothic abbey, it was in many ways a product
of its era, at home in a period filled with architectural follies designed to (Answer:
liven) up landscapes. Situated on a broad winery estate, the goat tower is one of
(Answer: functional)
13th-generation member of the family that owns the land. It was built by his
Choices:
1.write,hold,push,trace
2.manifests,provides,attempts,features
3.liven,grow,sign,end
4.diffident,aesthetic,advanced,functional
-- how you sleep.
the position in which your sleep is (Answer: aggravating) your neck, or both.
Experts suggest choosing a pillow that supports the natural curve of your neck. In
general, sleeping on your back or side is best for preventing neck or back pain as
both positions help (Answer: maintain)
position is to sleep on your back on a pillow that allows your neck to be positioned
(Answer: straight)
too soft that makes you wake up with neck pain. Use pillows between your knees,
and sometimes in front of your chest or belly to rest your arm to prevent your
shoulders from rolling forward which could (Answer: rotate) your neck while you
are sleeping. The idea is to keep blood flowing through your joints and subsequently
your nerves to prevent pain.
Choices:
1.conserving,aggravating,stabilizing,repairing
2.diminish,elicit,maintain,erode
3.back,reversely,straight,sideways
4.hinder,rotate,allocate,preserve
A little screen time almost always works to calm kids down. But (Answer:
soothing) with digital devices may lead to more problems with emotional reactivity
down the road. There are two problems with distracting with media: it takes away
an opportunity to teach the child about how to (Answer: respond) to difficult
emotions, and it can reinforce that big displays of their difficult emotions are
effective ways to get what they want. Instead of punishing their expressions of
frustration, anger or sadness with a time-out, it can be a good idea to (Answer:
set up) a comfy place for kids to collect their feelings -- maybe something with
beanbags or blankets or a tent. But sometimes talking about emotions are too
abstract for preschool-age kids, and in those cases Radesky recommended using
color zonesto talk about emotions. Calm and content can be green; worried or
(Answer: agitated) can be yellow; and upset or angry can be red, using graphics or
are in.
Choices:
1.consulting,reminding,suspending,soothing
2.comfort,respond,interact,dominate
3.takefor,setup,takeinto,setout
4.agitated,educated,agape,allocated
-up raising kids, that bag full of candy might be the scariest
part of Halloween -- (Answer: whether)
worries of parenting perfectionism or diet culture anxiety. But micromanaging your
(Answer: backfire) , leading to an overvaluing of sweets,
binge behavior or unhealthy restriction in your child. Some stress over limiting
(Answer: reflect)
s bag and worry that you will (Answer:
binge) on it or get anxiety about weight, it may be a good idea to talk to a mental
health professional or dietitian about reworking your own relationship with food. It
is especially important because what we say about food in front of children can
make a big impact on the relationship they have with it and their bodies.
Choices:
1.neither,if,whether,both
2.stylize,sideline,outwork,backfire
3.recreate,reflect,recycle,reproduce
4.blend,binge,provoke,diagnose
(Answer: Despite) years of warnings from pediatricians and other health

professionals that coffee and other caffeinated beverages like sodas and sports
drinks can be harmful to youth, parents are allowing their little ones -- even
toddlers -- to drink those beverages. Because children are usually smaller in body
size, it takes less caffeine to (Answer: impair) their functioning. An insignificant
amount for an adult could be (Answer: overwhelming) for a small child. Too much
caffeine can cause increase heart rate and blood pressure, contribute to acid
reflux, and cause anxiety and sleep disturbances in children. In very high doses,
(Answer: replacing) something that should be

nutritionally comple
Choices:
1.Despite,Instead,Since,Over
2.coexist,replicate,impair,revert
3.overwhelming,inconsequential,groundbreaking,stubborn
4.changing,damaging,diverting,replacing
Cold air is associated with (Answer: increased)
rhinologist Dr. Benjamin Bleier. A respiratory virus or bacteria (Answer: invades)

the nose, the main point of entry into the body. Immediately, the front of the nose
detects the germ, well before the back of the nose is aware of the intruder, the
team discovered. At that point, cells lining the nose immediately begin creating
(Answer:
specifically)
Answer: knock
out) all three of thos
Choices:
1.increased,decreased,stable,overrated
2.invades,hurts,intervenes,protects
3.suddenly,responsibly,specifically,obtrusively
4.work out,find out,knock out,set out
The cognitive score of people in the study who ate the most flavonols declined 0.4
units per decade more slowly than those who ate the fewest flavonols. The results
held even after (Answer: adjusting) for other factors that can affect memory, such
as age, sex and smoking, according to the study recently published in Neurology,
the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. Flavonols are
Answer:
plausible) there could be a direct impact on cognition. Plants contain over 5,000
flavonoid compounds, which play roles in producing cell growth, fighting
environmental stress and attracting insects for pollination. Flavonols, a type of
flavonoid, have been shown in animal and some human studies to reduce
inflammation, a major (Answer: trigger) for chronic disease, and are rich sources
of antioxidants. They may also be a marker of better overall diet quality, or even
greater health (Answer: consciousness) . People who are more health conscious
may do things to preserve their cognition, or maybe being more health conscious
is a by-product of better cognition.
Choices:
1.consulting,adjusting,automating,advertising
2.irresistible,purposeful,plausible,detrimental
3.nuance,module,fact,trigger
4.intervention,cognition,protection,consciousness
Engineers would love to embed flexible (Answer: electronics) into things like paper,
or surgical gloves or conventional clothing. But the wiring usually gets twisted and
damaged. Now M.I.T. (Answer: researchers) have found inspiration in an (Answer:
unlikely) place the annoying air pockets that pop up in parking pass stickers on
car windows. Those bubbles arise because the thin sticker film expands at a
different rate than the window glass when they both heat up. And the opposite is
also true the material can compress differently than the glass until it separates
and blisters form. The scientists were (Answer: studying) this kind of wrinkling
behavior. They developed a model that predicted the formation, size and evolution
of the bubbles that depends on three things: the elasticity of the film and the
glass, and the strength of the bond between them. Then they realized that
carefully controlled delamination could be applied to make elastic electronics.
Wires in the bubbly elastic material would start out only partially attached to a
surface. So there'd be some slack allowing for safe stretching and (Answer:
twisting) . The work appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, and shows that a different (Answer: approach) can make a tough
problem less sticky.
Choices:
1.aftermarkets, spastics, gutless, electronics
2.receivables, alveolars, timeservers, researchers
3.divinely, benignly, blimey, unlikely
4.studying, dallying, flurrying, lobbying
5.twisting, sending, interconnecting, unwilling
6.guffawed, shoed, approach, emote
Those of you (Answer: following) the World Cup know that at this stage there can
be no more draws. Ties are broken during (Answer: overtime) play, or in a penalty
kick shootout in which a (Answer: goalkeeper) 's ability to anticipate the ball's flight
can mean the difference between victory and elimination. Now, (Answer:
scientists) at Rensselaer (Answer: Polytechnic) Institute have discovered how a
kicker's body can betray whether he's aiming left or right. In a penalty shot, it's
kicker versus goalkeeper. And with the shooter standing just 12 yards from the
goal, that ball can touch net in about half a second. That's faster than a keeper
can launch himself from the goal's center to either post. Which means that a
goalkeeper has to start moving before the kicker's foot meets the ball. And he has
to guess correctly which way to dive. To figure out how good goalies might up their
odds, scientists (Answer: attached) motion detectors to college-level penalty
kickers. And they found a handful of (Answer: indicators) that reliably predict kick
direction, such as the angle of the kicker's hips and how he plants his supporting
foot. Good goalies may be able to read those subtle cues. Meaning that they use
their hands, and their heads.
Choices:
1.following, hallowing, composting, shadowing
2.overtime, concubine, neuroendocrine, chyme
3.goodlier, hosier, goalkeeper, palmier
4.hypoglycaemics, motorcyclists, scientists, survivalists
5.Nepotistic, Sophistic, Acerbic, Polytechnic
6.thrust, attached, cart, shot
7.tracers, oscillations, indicators, perpetrators
Using less energy saves money and lowers greenhouse gas (Answer: emissions) .
And various studies have looked at ways to get (Answer: households) to use less
energy. Now there's evidence that people in such a study use less
(Answer: phenomenon) is called
the (Answer: Hawthorne) effect: study subjects change their behavior because
they're being observed. So (Answer: researchers) collaborated with a utility to
test for the Hawthorne effect in electricity use. They (Answer: monitored) almost
5,600 randomly selected households. Half received a postcard saying that their
energy use would be monitored for a month for research purposes. They also got
four follow-up reminder postcards over the month. They received no other
information, instructions or incentives. The control group monitored for the study
got no notifications. That group continued using the same amount of electricity.
But the families being tracked reduced energy use 2.7 percent. And when the
study period ended, their energy use shot back up. The report is in the (Answer:
Proceedings) of the National Academy of Sciences. Clearly, mindful consumers can
find ways to easily lower their energy consumption. Perhaps policy makers can find
a way to use the Hawthorne effect to everyone's advantage.
Choices:
1.visits, suspicious, emissions, medals
2.households, gauchos, cowpokes, outgrowths
3.même, supermom, phenomenon, orangutang
4.Hawthorne, Soapstone, Jawbone, Longhorn
5.lurch, substitutes, researchers, undershirt
6.satirised, manacled, monocled, monitored
7.Proceedings, Rehearings, Defeatists, Fiats
Classical music competitions pit performers against each other. Obviously, the
most important (Answer: criterion) for judges is sound. But that assumption
victory. In a new study, nearly 200 novices had to choose the winners of 10
classical music competitions. Some heard a music clip of the top three (Answer:
performances) . Others saw a video with sound. Still others watched a silent
video. And the participants were more likely to choose the winner if they watched
the silent video, in all 10 of the competitions. Then (Answer: professional)
musicians gave it a try. These judges also only reliably selected the winners from
the silent video. Musicians selected the winner more frequently even when all they
saw was an outline of the motion of the performers. The researchers say the
(Answer: findings) show that novices and experts make quick (Answer: judgments)
about musical performances based on visual cues conveying involvement and
passion. The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. So next time you see a live concert, don't close your eyes to focus on
the music. You might be missing the most important part.
Choices:
1.criterion, ferryman, bacterium, trivium
2.songstresses, performances, inaugurals, quarterstaves
3.finagle, professional, unthinkable, jurisdictional
4.mimesis, findings, digitizes, nightmares
5.lameness, pageants, dullness, judgments
Ants are known for working together, operating as a unit for the good of the
colony. But not so fast, say researchers from the Universities of Leeds and
Copenhagen. It turns out that ants can scheme like a stage mom. (Answer:
Scientists) say that some ants hide out to ensure that their offspring become
child-bearing queens instead of barren workers. The (Answer: accepted)
hypothesis had been that random ants were fed certain foods that would allow
them to develop into queens. But DNA tests on five (Answer: colonies) of leaf-
cutting ants (Answer: revealed) that certain males have a better genetic chance
of producing royal progeny. Scientists believe these rare males stay anonymous,
and thus avoid any problems with other ants that might otherwise lose their "one-
for-all, all-for-one" attitude. In fact, the number of males (Answer: carrying) royal
genes to those who aren't may have settled at a low ratio through (Answer:
evolution) which cobbled together the best way for the ant gene pool to expand,
while at the same time keeping the lucky males hidden from their possibly jealous
rivals.
Choices:
1.Elephantiasis, Contrivances, Retroviruses, Scientists
2.preexisted, chairlift, accepted, intermarriage
3.anthologies, colonies, velocities, aristocracies
4.critiqued, teed, kneeled, revealed
5.carrying, birdying, disembodying, lobbying
6.ablution, occlusion, prosecution, evolution
How can you tell the difference between a French baby and a German baby? No,
it's not that one is wearing a saucy little beret while the other is tucked into tiny
pair of lederhosen. Well, maybe that's part of it. But a new study in the journal
Current Biology shows that the babies actually sound different. Because the
melody of an infant's cry matches its mother tongue. We all know that babies
start (Answer: eavesdropping) while they're still in the womb. So when they come
out, they know their mother's voice. When they're older, they start to imitate the
sounds they hear. Eventually they babble, and then start to speak, and then you
never hear the end of it. But long before that first burble or coo, babies are
learning the (Answer: elements) of language. A team of scientists recorded the
cries of 60 (Answer: newborns): 30 born into (Answer: French-speaking) families
and 30 that heard German. And they found that French infants wail on a rising
note while the Germans favor a falling melody. Those (Answer: patterns) match the
rhythms of their native languages. So next time you hear a baby cry, listen closely.
He could be telling you where he's from.
Choices:
1.cantilevering, eavesdropping, reasoning, peopling
2.portentousness, relentlessness, hydrocephalus, elements
3.roomfuls, goofballs, newborns, dessertspoonfuls
4.Mechanizing, Surceasing, French-speaking, Grieving
5.patterns, sponges, assassins, actions
In Marcel Proust's iconic Remembrance of Things Past, a taste of cake elicits a

flood of (Answer: memories) . Now a study finds that the stronger your memory of
a (Answer: particular) food, the more likely you are to choose it again. And it
doesn't matter how objectively unattractive the food may be which perhaps
explains why you may crave those peanut butter and (Answer: marshmallow)
sandwiches from your youth or can't break that fried chicken habit when trying to
diet. The food-memory study is in the journal Neuron. Researchers asked 30
hungry young people to rate snacks such as potato chips and chocolate. No actual
food was presented. The snacks were merely displayed on screens associated with
locations. Then the study (Answer: participants) were asked to choose between
two locations, as proxies for the snacks. And the hungry subjects went with
memory over taste (Answer: preference) that is, they picked what they were
better able to (Answer: remember) even if they had rated them lower in the first
part of the test. The participants' brains were scanned during the process of
choosing. And the researchers found that the exercise caused (Answer:
increased) communication between the hippocampus, associated with memory,
and the part of the frontal lobe home to decision-making. Which may show why
when we're making food decisions, familiarity often wins out over other factors
and why your shopping list looks virtually the same week after week.
Choices:
1.divinities, plenipotentiaries, memories, melanges
2.stiffener, particular, westerner, settler
3.oligo, salpingo, marshmallow, animo
4.tinnitus, terribleness, nonspecialists, participants
5.overemphasis, preference, morphogenesis, embryogenesis
6.remember, gravedigger, member, picture
7.bindweed, beamed, increased, meed
When it comes to sheer celestial bling, stars might not corner the market on
twinkle. Because beneath their rocky (Answer: exteriors) , some terrestrial
planets may be half diamond. So said (Answer: scientists) at the fall meeting of
the (Answer: American) (Answer: Geophysical) Union. The (Answer: researchers)
were fixing to study how diamonds form here on Earth, under the conditions found
in the planet's lower mantle. So they took a tiny sample of iron, carbon, and
oxygen, (Answer: elements) abundant in Earth's (Answer: interior) , and cooked it
up at about 3,800 degrees Fahrenheit and 9.5 million pounds of pressure per
square inch. What they saw was that iron hooks up with oxygen to produce rust,
and leaves behind pockets of carbon, which become diamond. Now, what happens if
they look not at Earth but at a planet in a solar system where there's even more
carbon? According to the model, the carbon merges with iron to form a core made
of steel, leaving a carbon mantle rich with diamond. Whether the Milky Way
harbors such gems is still an open question. One thing is for sure: they probably
wouldn't harbor life. Because diamonds readily transfer heat. So a planet made of
diamond would be one cold stone.
Choices:
1.septuagenarians, exteriors, utilitarians, proletarians
2.survivalists, scientists, obeisances, hybridise
3.Specimen, Discipline, American, Nitroglycerine
4.Noncollectable, Despicable, Rectangle, Geophysical
5.easterners, treatises, freelances, researchers
6.elements, cleverness, indifference, vertiginous
7.pithier, slinkier, dementia, interior
(Answer: marvel) of
mechanical engineering. They can stick to your skin, (Answer: cling) to a wall, and
even walk on water. Now a team of physicists from China and Canada have
(Answer: figured) out how they do it. The (Answer: trick) is in the feet. First off,
mosquitoes have tiny (Answer: hooks) on their tootsies , which they use to latch
onto skin. And they han
foot pads that let them stick to surfaces like they're wearing Velcro socks. But it's
their water walking that may be their most (Answer: remarkable) , er, feat. To
each one could effectively support 23 times the insect's weight. At least that's
what the physicists discovered when they took a single mosquito leg and (Answer:
measured) the force needed to push it into a cup of water. The reason the legs
are in turn covered by even tinier ribbing. So next time you swat a skeeter,
remember: you just wacked a wonder of nature.
Choices:
1.marble, maverick, marvel, mystery
2.fly, cling, hang, hover
3.given, figured, led, pieced
4.resolve, trick, pitch, catch
5.hugs, patches, tips, hooks
6.valuable, remarkable, irresistible, charitable
7.dwindled, measured, hectored, beckoned
One of the great promises of stem-cell biology is to use a patient's own cells as a
template to build a real, working organ or tissue in the lab. One prime example: a
(Answer: treatment) for diabetes by turning stem cells into working pancreatic
beta cells, which release insulin. "The existing beta cells that our lab and others
had created were 90 percent of the way there. But 90 percent still means not
functional." Ron Evans, a molecular (Answer: biologist) at the Salk Institute. Evans
compares the stem-cell-derived beta cells they first made to a darkened room. "If
you walk into that room, there may be everything in it that you need to be a
complete room, with furniture and chairs and everything else. But it's dark. And
the key is: what do you need to turn on the light?" That light switch, Evans
discovered, is a gene called estrogen-related receptor gamma. Flip it on, and it
(Answer: activates) a genetic circuit that ramps up mitochondria production,
powers up the cell, and endows the almost-functional beta cells with the ability to
sense glucose and release insulin in (Answer: response) . Evans's team recently
used that trick to transform stem cells into beta cells that worked just like they
would in a healthy pancreas. When they transplanted those cells into mice with a
mouse version of diabetes, blood glucose fell to normal levels in half the rodents.
The results are in the journal Cell Metabolism. Next, Evans says he'll replicate the
test in diabetic primates. "Primates get diabetes in a fashion that's very similar to
people. So if it works in a primate, very high probability that it's going to work in
people." If it does, we might someday replace a shot of insulin with a shot of cells.
Choices:
1.treatment, seasoned, feedlot, pleaded
2.incompetent, biologist, ethologist, conglomerate
3.dais, renegades, situates, activates
4.drops, calms, response, aristocrats
People have been leaving (Answer: messages) on bathroom walls for thousands of
years. Just google "ancient Roman bathroom graffiti." But we're not the only ones
to use latrines for information exchange as two German researchers have
(Answer: confirmed) after hundreds of hours watching lemurs pee and poop. For
science. (Answer: Primatologists) Iris Dröscher and Peter Kappeler concentrated
on seven sets of pair-bonded members of a species called (Answer: white-footed)
sportive lemurs, at a nature reserve in southern Madagascar. Their report is in
the journal Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. Many animals use the same spots
(Answer: repeatedly) to do their business, primates in (Answer: particular) . For
these lemurs, a specific tree becomes the urine and feces focal point. And
because chemical compounds in their waste transmit information, the so-called
latrine tree becomes like a bulletin board to post messages for the rest of the
community. Based on their 1,097 hours of observations, the researchers conclude
that urine and glandular secretions left on the tree trunk are the primary message
(Answer: vehicles) . Feces mostly just collects on the ground. Some urine
telegrams are probably signals from a particular lemur to the neighbors that he or
she is around. But male lemurs upped their latrine visits when potential
competitors for females came into their home area. So the frequent chemical
messages left on the tree probably say in that case, "Buzz off, buddy, she's with
me." In lemur.
Choices:
1.messages, redevelopments, kettledrums, perilous
2.remand, inferred, confirmed, gerund
3.Primatologists, Ophthalmologists, Preponderances, Motherless
4.lurid, snowbird, contorted, white-footed
5.sweepingly, squeamishly, repeatedly, jeeringly
6.cleverer, singular, particular, bifida
7.weekenders, fleetingness, prefectures, vehicles
Maybe it's happened to you. You think you have a fever. So you pop a thermometer
in your mouth and try to breathe through your nose to get an accurate reading.
But you're totally stuffed up, so you (Answer: experience) this moment of (Answer:
complete) panic because you can't get enough air. Well, a new study in the journal
Cell says you can thank your amygdala for that. Because this key member of the
brain's fear circuitry can directly sense (Answer: suffocation) , and trigger feelings
of terror. The amygdala plays a role in (Answer: responding) to threats, and it can
kick off a fight-or-flight (Answer: reaction) when it senses danger. Now, this brain
region is packed with a type of protein that's activated by acid, and seems to be
(Answer: involved) in an animal's response to fear. Well, suffocation is pretty scary
and signals to the brain that something isn't right. And it does so by activating
this acid-sensing protein. When an animal can't breathe, carbon dioxide builds up,
and boosts the amount of acid in the body. The acid, in turn, turns on this protein,
which then hits the panic button and tells the animal to do something. Even if,
during the Thanksgiving meal, it's just to remind the animal to stop swallowing and
take a deep breath.
Choices:
1.oblivious, experience, cerements, seminarians
2.resealed, complete, backseat, fleet
3.hydration, suffocation, expiration, bifurcation
4.nursing, adopting, planting, responding
5.reinsertion, reaction, aversion, scullion
6.hard, bard, involved, comp
Each fall, thousands of coho salmon flock to (Answer: Northwest) rivers to spawn.
But many never get the chance, especially near big cities like Seattle. "And in some
of these urban areas, up to 90 percent of the females were dying before they
spawned, which is not a good thing for a population long term." Julann Spromberg ,
a toxicologist affiliated with the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Researchers
suspected these deaths were partly a matter of bad timing. The fish often reach
streams during the first showers of the rainy season, which flush chemicals from
roads and parking lots into the water. Now, Spromberg and her colleagues have
produced the first direct evidence that this runoff kills coho salmon. Their study is
in the Journal of Applied Ecology. The researchers found that fish exposed to
storm water from Seattle-area highways quickly grew sick and died. Surprisingly,
though, the salmon did not seem to mind taking a dip in a cocktail of common road
pollutants, including (Answer: hydrocarbons) and metals. That detail suggests the
killer ingredient in runoff may be a different kind of chemical or a lethal combination
of several (Answer: compounds) . "There's a whole lot of stuff in here that we
haven't been able to measure or don't have the capabilities of (Answer: measuring)
at this point." However, Spromberg says there's a way to help the fish even before
scientists hunt down the culprit. Her team also found that (Answer: filtering)
runoff through just a few feet of soil made storm water safe for salmon. Cities can
(Answer: implement) this simple form of clean water technology by building more
systems, including roadside rain gardens, to collect runoff from paved areas and
pass it through soil before it enters urban waterways. Literally a quick and dirty
solution.
Choices:
1.Protect, Meant, Rebuilt, Northwest
2.hydrocarbons, carcass, mothers, harness
3.compounds, bloodhounds, knockouts, dropouts
4.frittering, measuring, glistening, heralding
5.stencilling, pressuring, pensioning, filtering
6.polemicist, littlest, implement, dissonant
Walking through (Answer: airports), you've probably crossed paths with a few K-9
cops. But those dogs aren't just (Answer: following) their noses. They may be led
astray by where their handlers think drugs and explosives are hiding, too even
when there aren't any. That's (Answer: according) to a study in the journal Animal
(Answer: Cognition). The researchers (Answer: recruited) 18 dogs certified by law
enforcement agencies. As a test site, they used four rooms in a drug-and-
explosive-free church. The researchers left the first room untouched. In the
second, they taped up a sheet of red paper. In the third, they hid a few Slim Jims
as a decoy. And in the fourth, they taped red paper to a stash of Slim Jims. The
dog handlers were told they might encounter the scent of pot or (Answer:
gunpowder) up to three times per room, sometimes marked with red paper. It was
a flat-out lie there were no target scents. But the dog teams still called 225
false alerts most often at the site of the red paper, whether there were Slim
Jims there or not. The study doesn't mean K-9 cops are totally (Answer:
unreliable) in the real world. But it does imply that the dogs aren't immune to the
power of suggestion and neither are their handlers.
Choices:
1.airports, kickoffs, breadboards, braceros
2.ongoing, farrowing, bankrolling, following
3.salting, scrolling, hoarding, according
4.Voluntarism, Apprehension, Cognition, Connection
5.forewent, exuded, recruited, balloonist
6.safflower, watchtower, gunpowder, backgrounder
7.sizable, pliable, undefinable, unreliable
Think of the (Answer: weirdest) creatures you've even seen in a sci-fi film. Now
think of this: there are far stranger, albeit smaller, critters living in your own
home. And Rob Dunn at North Carolina State University wants you to go on safari
to find them. Research has been done on the (Answer: diversity) of bacteria , fungi
and other organisms that live on our skin, in our guts, even in our belly buttons.
But there are other entire ecosystems that surround us. And scientists want to
understand how they differ based on how and where we live. What's the tiny life
like on a door frame in Brooklyn compared with that in Des Moines? Or how do
fridge (Answer: microbes) of an urban singleton stack up with those of a suburban
family? The research team seeks ten volunteers from each state, five urban and
five rural. Each volunteer will get a kit of vials and swabs, along with instructions
about where and how to swipe such as door frames, couch cushions,
refrigerators, (Answer: even) yourself. The samples will be (Answer: analyzed), to
uncover the secrets of our (Answer: microscopic) companions. To find out more,
go to robdunnlab.com
Choices:
1.helot, weirdest, codependent, signaled
2.pattern, surface, diversity, choice
3.firestorms, cyclops, tiros, microbes
4.without, even, against, unless
5.exempted, analyzed, clicked, forgotten
6.mechanic, microscopic, nondemocratic, epidemical
People have been buzzing this week about a study from Johns Hopkins (Answer:
University) on mosquitoes, (Answer: genetically) engineered to be resistant to
malaria. The idea is to introduce the modified insects into an area affected by the
disease and have them completely replace the native population. If the mosquitoes
can't get infected, the logic goes, then the people they bite won't either. But to
make that scheme work, (Answer: transgenic) mosquitoes need to (Answer:
outcompete) the locals. So (Answer: scientists) at Johns Hopkins tested their
ability to do this, by allowing equal numbers of resistant and non-resistant
mosquitoes to feed on the blood of malaria-infected mice. After nine generations,
the transgenic mosquitoes made up 70 percent of the population, meaning they
survived better and laid more eggs than the ordinary ones. Winning a (Answer:
head-to-head) contest in the lab, though, doesn't mean the same thing will happen
out in the field. There are a lot of mosquitoes out there, and elbowing them out
won't be easy. The researchers say the strategy would have to be (Answer:
combined) with insecticides, drugs and perhaps a malaria vaccine to effectively
wipe out this deadly disease.
Choices:
1.Physicality, University, Autonomy, Handsomely
2.genetically, transitivity, stylistically, prophetically
3.transgenic, terrific, biosynthetic, sadistic
4.preconceived, wield, leech, outcompete
5.likenesses, motorcyclists, scientists, silences
6.flip, head-to-head, trend, dent
7.polite, recite, combined, disguised
Invasive species can (Answer: decrease) biodiversity and drive resident species to
the brink of extinction. But how do these interlopers fare so well in unfamiliar
territory? One idea is that they've escaped their enemies, for example, the
(Answer: parasites) that keep them in check on their home turf. But a study in the
journal Biology Letters suggests that notion doesn't always stand up. Because at
least one kind of invasive shrimp is an even bigger pest when it has a parasite on
board. The scientists were studying a (Answer: freshwater) shrimp commonly
found in England. Fishermen brought the shrimp to Northern Ireland in the 1950s
as a tasty treat for local trout. Well, the shrimp liked the new digs. So much that
they've all but eliminated the native shrimp species. The strange thing is, they may
have parasites to thank. In some streams, 70 percent of the invaders are
(Answer: infected) with an intestinal worm that doesn't go for the native shrimp.
But this gut worm doesn't slow them down. In fact, infected shrimp eat 30
percent more prey than those that are parasite-free. Which perhaps is not
surprising. If you had a worm that (Answer: constituted) a quarter of your body
weight, you'd eat more too.
Choices:
1.decrease, sheets, musketeers, inductees
2.organs, abodes, kinds, parasites
3.leftover, narrower, shipowner, freshwater
4.affected, feathered, connected, infected
5.disputed, quintupled, fueled, constituted
Forty years ago yesterday, November 24, 1974, paleoanthropologist Donald

Johanson found in Ethiopia what's arguably the most famous and important fossil
of a human (Answer: ancestor) : Lucy. Last month, at the ScienceWriters2014
meeting in Columbus, Ohio, Johanson talked about the moment he laid eyes on
Lucy. "On that eventful day in 1974 I was out, with a graduate student, Tom Gray,
and we were walking back to our Land Rover to go back to camp to enjoy a swim in
the river with the crocodiles and enjoy a nice little lunch. And I am always looking
at the ground. I find more quarters by parking meters than anybody I know, I think.
And you know how it is you find what you're looking for, right? "Because a year
before the (Answer: discovery) a geologist had left his footprints four-to-five feet
away from the (Answer: skeleton), because he was looking for rocks. I was looking
for bones. And I found a little piece of elbow, that little (Answer: hinge) that allows
us to flex and extend our arm. And I knew from my studies of osteology, of
comparative anatomy and so on, that this had to be from a human ancestor. "And
as I looked up the slope, I saw other (Answer: fragments) eroding out. And we
recovered over a two-week-long excavation operation roughly, not counting hand
and foot bones, 40 percent of a skeleton. And this was important because first of
all it broke the three-million-year time barrier. All the fossils older than three
million years at that point in the history of paleoanthropology would fit in the palm
when we finally (Answer: published) in 1978 the name Australopithecus afarensis."

For more, check out the blog item on our Web site by Scientific American's Kate
Wong who, with Johanson, co-authored the book Lucy's Legacy. Kate's blog is
titled The Fossil That Revolutionized the Search for Human Origins: A Q&A with
Lucy Discoverer Donald Johanson.
Choices:
1.ancestor, dulcimer, mantissa, cullender
2.discovery, confession, concealment, interpolation
3.skeleton, singleton, insulin, chairperson
4.hinge, axis, pulley, knot
5.malice, deterrence, fragments, ballots
6.published, object, encampment, eructed
elephants, hippos, buffalo, etcetera. Absolutely decimated. So if you went there in

the early part of the last decade, in the early 2000s, you might drive for five or six
hours and see one warthog, one baboon, maybe." Biologist Sean B. Carroll, of the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He
spoke March 15th in the Great Hall of the Cooper Union here in New York City
about his latest book The Serengeti Rules: The Quest to Discovery How Life
Works, and Why It Matters. Gorongosa National Park was ravaged during the
Mozambique war for independence from Portugal and then the civil war that
followed. "And a (Answer: philanthropist) ,
really sink his teeth into and to work on human
(Answer: development), became also really interested in conservation, learned
restore Gorongosa in partnership with the Mozambique (Answer: government).

And in 2004 surveys showed there were fewer than one (Answer: thousand) large
animals in the entire park, and this is a massive place. So that's all antelope and
elephants, all combined, fewer than a thousand of all types combined. "And I was
there last summer as the new survey came in. A decade later: 72,000 large
animals. Dramatic change. I'm looking at elephant herds with lots of youngsters.
s this: the habitat was all
there. The large animals had been shot, poached, used for food, whatever, but the
habitat was still there and still (Answer: productive). And once these very small
remnant populations had that pressure taken off them, they've just been booming.
And so a place that, I think it's the one place on Earth I know that's been the most
decimated and has seen the greatest (Answer: recovery)
stories of good management and of recovery, and recovery on that really rapid
time frame. And I think that's where I find hope. And when I said that Greg Carr
committed a sizeable amount of money, I'm just gonna tell you exactly what that
is, he spent about the same amount of money inside the park as outside the park,
on human development, health care, education, etcetera, for Mozambicans,
economic development. But in the park it's about a $3-million-a-year budget. Three
million bucks a year to bring back a vast African wilderness. In the time of my
explanation alone, how much did we just blow on like the worst ideas that possibly
came out of Washington? "My optimism is that it can be cheaper than you think,
it's faster than you think and it's not a luxury. I'm not just talking about making
pretty places prettier. It's making everything functional. And this, I think, is why I
took certain examples in the book about from agriculture and fisheries and things
like that, because we need our systems to be productive. There's 7.4 billion of us,
and if we're not managing them in a productive way, that's gonna show up in some
pretty horrible ways."
Choices:
1.passion, solstice, ballast, philanthropist
2.negligence, prevalence, development, malevolence
3.parliament, semanticist, government, journalist
4.deflowered, embowered, roundest, thousand
5.assertive, incidental, compulsive, productive
6.recovery, efficacy, golly, stumpy
Airplane (Answer: manufacturers) have been changing over from aluminum to

advanced composite (Answer: materials). These lighter, stronger composites are
made of fibers of carbon or glass embedded in a second material, often plastic.
One advantage is that composite-based planes use significantly less fuel. But
there's an important disadvantage. When aluminum is hit, you can see a dent.
(Answer: Composites) , though, spring back to the original shape, which could hide
internal damage. One technique to test composite material takes advantage of
heat transfer. Inspectors place large heaters next to a section of the plane. Any
cracks will alter the flow of heat, and these changes can be picked up with a heat-
sensitive camera. But this (Answer: involves) bulky and expensive (Answer:
equipment) . Now M.I.T. researchers have designed a new system. All you need is
carbon (Answer: nanotubes) included in the composite, because nanotubes will
heat up in response to a small electric current. This can be produced with a
handheld device. Any internal deformations will still change the heat flow, which
can be picked up by the thermal camera. The research was published in the journal
Nanotechnology. This technique offers the ability to detect very small cracks
which could help keep passengers safer in the skies.
Choices:
1.tractors, marvels, manufacturers, introductions
2.millennials, antibacterials, materials, ethereals
3.Convergence, Epiglottis, Quadrants, Composites
4.restaurants, involves, shocks, squads
5.biggest, equipment, linkage, devilment
6.nanotubes, reboots, refuse, persecutes
The telescope will hover in a gravitationally stable spot known as Sun-Earth

Lagrange Point 2, which will allow it to stay aligned with Earth as the planet
(Answer: orbits) around the sun. Because JWST is primarily designed to observe
infrared light, it's (Answer: crucial) to keep it protected from any heat or light that
could (Answer: drown) out the faint signals of distant stars and planets. With the
sunshield, it should only reach a maximum of 185 degrees Fahrenheit on the side
exposed to solar rays; the opposite side, where the telescope's mirrors,
detectors, and other (Answer: delicate) instruments live, will remain at a chilly -
388 degrees Fahrenheit. The (Answer: intriguing) gravitational properties of the
Lagrange Point ensure that JWST won't flip around and fry its sensors while the
solar panels and computers freeze. JWST should be ready to begin its primary
scientific mission in roughly six months. The $10 billion telescope is intended to
last at least five years once its mission begins, and carries enough propellant to
operate for a decade.
Choices:
1.cohabits,orbits,inhibits,prohibits
2.brutal,provincial,crucial,spacial
3.disown,drown,frown,windblown
4.duplicate,delicate,rusticate,dedicate
5.fatiguing,proroguing,interpreting,intriguing
With omicron spreading globally at a dizzying pace, scientists are scrambling to

learn as much as they can about the latest worrisome variant of the coronavirus.
First (Answer: spotted) in South Africa and Botswana at the end of November,
omicron is already (Answer: poised) to soon become the dominant variant
dethroning delta in some regions, public health officials warn. In a few places, it
already has. So answers, including how sick does omicron make people and how
well do vaccines (Answer: hobble) it, can't come fast enough. A rising tide of data
on omicron is beginning to provide a glimpse at what's ahead as we enter year
three of the global pandemic, though many questions linger. And with many people
preparing to gather with family and friends for holidays, experts are (Answer:
bracing) for yet more case surges, compounded by already high infection rates in
some countries linked to the still-prevalent delta variant. Omicron's collision with
the holidays and travel is "a perfect storm". At this point, even vaccinated people
should be (Answer: taking) precautions, such as wearing masks indoors and
testing before family gatherings.
Choices:
1.spotted,clotted,plotted,allotted
2.poising,poisoned,pointed,poised
3.gobble,hobble,cobble,wobble
4.bracing,gracing,tracing,retracing
5.take,taken,taking,takes
The world needs to dramatically reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, if there's
any hope of preventing worse and more frequent extreme weather events. That
means (Answer: shifting) to renewable sources of energy and, importantly,
decarbonizing transportation, a sector that is now responsible for about a quarter
of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. But the path to that cleaner future is
(Answer: daunting), clogged with political and societal roadblocks, as well as
scientific (Answer: obstacles). Perhaps that's one reason why the electric vehicle
already on the road, already navigating many of these roadblocks swerved so
dramatically into the climate solutions spotlight in 2021. Just a few years ago,
many automakers thought electric vehicles (EVs) might be a passing (Answer: fad),
says Gil Tal, director of the Plug-in Hybrid & Electric Vehicle Research Center at
the University of California.
Choices:
1.grafting,drafting,crafting,shifting
2.daunting,daunted,daunt,dauntless
3.spectacles,obstacles,tentacles,receptacles
4.fad,gad,tad,lad
Long ago, ancient mariners successfully navigated a perilous ocean journey to

arrive at Japan's Ryukyu Islands, a new study suggests. Archaeological sites on six
of these isles part of a 1,200-kilometer-long chain indicate that migrations
to the islands (Answer: occurred) 35,000 to 30,000 years ago, both from the
south via Taiwan and from the north via the Japanese island of Kyushu. But
whether ancient humans navigated there on purpose or (Answer: drifted) there by
accident on the Kuroshio Ocean current, one of the world's largest and strongest
currents, is unclear. The answer to that question could (Answer: shed) light on
the proficiency of these Stone Age humans as mariners and their mental
capabilities overall. Now, satellite-tracked buoys that (Answer: simulated) a
wayward raft suggest that there's little chance that the seafarers reached the
isles by accident.
Choices:
1.incurred,concurred,spurred,occurred
2.drifted,airlifted,sifted,shifted
3.drop,shed,place,embrace
4.insulated,simulated,stimulated,regulated
Companies are struggling to compete in the market due to the availability of

different types of competitors with those competitors providing similar products
or (Answer: substitution) products. In addition, consumers nowadays are
becoming more critical in term of their needs and wants. (Answer: Therefore), the
competition is getting harder day after day. Moreover, with so much variety of
products and services, companies have to give more attention on getting the
required competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is about how the company
is trying to compete in the market. Therefore, it is the (Answer: determination) of
the benefits that the company is going to be able to deliver for its consumers
while others are not. However, some studies have identified some factors that
may effect on the competitive advantage of companies such as the provided
quality, cost reduction, delivering time, (Answer: innovation), and flexibility to do
changes on products or services whenever it is needed. Accordingly, selling the
product or service with lower price than the competitors or selling products or
services with higher quality than others' products and services will create a good
competitive advantage for the company.
Choices:
1.constitution,restitution,substitution,institution
2.However,Instead,Additionally,Therefore
3.dissemination,ordination,determination,incarnation
4.captivation,aggregation,deprivation,innovation
Neuropsychological testing is one way to (Answer: assess) cognitive health.

However, this option can be costly and labor intensive. In many cases, basic
screening will suffice for an understanding of a given individual's cognitive health
status. There are a number of excellent tools available to (Answer: practitioners)
for basic screening and tracking of cognitive health. Many of these tools are
designed for use with older people, but some are meant for use with younger
people as well. The Alzheimer's Association website offers a cognitive assessment
toolkit that includes the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit algorithm for the
assessment of cognition. This assessment uses patient history, observations by
clinicians, and concerns (Answer: raised) by the patient, family, or caregivers. The
toolkit further includes three measures (Answer: validated) for use by
professionals to assess and track a patient's cognitive health. These measures
include the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition, Memory Impairment
Screen, and the Mini-Cog brief psychometric test.
Choices:
1.obsess,assess,possess,access
2.stationers,practitioners,petitioners,questioners
3.raised,rising,arising,praised
4.validated,intimidated,dilapidated,antedated
African culture varies not only between national boundaries, but within them. One
of the key (Answer: features) of this culture is the large number of (Answer:
ethnic) groups throughout the 54 countries on the continent. For example, Nigeria
alone has more than 300 tribes, according to Culture Trip. Africa has been
importing and exporting its culture for centuries; East African trading ports were
a crucial link between East and West as early as the seventh century, according
to The Field Museum. This led to complex urban centers along the Eastern coast,
often connected by the movement of raw materials and goods from (Answer:
landlocked) parts of the continent. It would be impossible to (Answer:
characterize) all of African culture with one description. Northwest Africa has
strong ties to the Middle East, while Sub-Saharan Africa shares historical,
physical and social characteristics that are very different from North Africa,
according to Britannica.
Choices:
1.conjectures,features,issues,doubts
2.ethic,ethnic,eugenic,epic
3.forelocked,interlocked,unlocked,landlocked
4.characterize,conceptualize,symbolize,synthesize
A rainbow is most often viewed as a circular arc in the sky. An observer on the
ground observes a half-circle of color with red being the color (Answer: perceived)
on the outside or top of the bow. Those who are fortunate enough to have seen a
rainbow from an airplane in the sky may know that a rainbow can (Answer: actually)
be a complete circle. Observers on the ground only view the top half of the circle
since the bottom half of the circular arc is prevented by the presence of the
ground. Yet observers in an airborne plane can often look both upward and
downward to view the complete circular bow. The circle results because there are
a (Answer: collection) of suspended droplets in the atmosphere that are capable of
concentrating the dispersed light at angles of (Answer: deviation) of 40-42
degrees relative to the original path of light from the sun. These droplets actually
form a circular arc, with each droplet within the arc (Answer: dispersing) light and
reflecting it back towards the observer.
Choices:
1.deceived,conceived,believed,perceived
2.mutually,annually,actually,intellectually
3.conception,connection,competition,collection
4.illuviation,abbreviation,aviation,deviation
5.pervading,submersing,traversing,dispersing
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it's
amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak
contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they (Answer: relished) the
orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may (Answer: despise) them
because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them
condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better.
But are our feelings of (Answer: superiority) really justified? Are we any less blood-
thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest?
Don' t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human
beings remain as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between
ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that
they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we
find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been
banned long age; sports which are quite as (Answer: barbarous) as, say, public
hangings or bearbaiting.
Choices:
1.polished,accomplished,abolished,relished
2.despise,adore,fancy,imagine
3.superiority,infertility,superficiality,inferiority
4.barbarous,interesting,hospitable,friendly
When considering what makes us who we are, it is easy to think our memories are
the answer. Aside from the physical traces of the passing of time on your body,
your [Answer: recollections] are perhaps the only thing that links the you sitting
here today to the many yous from every previous day of your existence. Without
them, your relationships would mean nothing, not to [Answer: mention] your
knowledge, tastes, and your many adventures. It might be no [Answer:
exaggeration] to say your memories are the essence of you. With this in mind, it is
not surprising that much of the burgeoning field of neuroscience has turned its
efforts to understanding what makes a memory and how to keep hold of it.
Perhaps the most [Answer: intriguing] idea to come from recent discoveries is a
re-imagining of the dark side of memory forgetting.
Choices:
1.collections, maledictions, recollections, conjunctions
2.carry, mention, remain, take
3.transfiguration, exaggeration, generation, consideration
4.saluting, intriguing, indicting, corrupting
Cilantro is a tasty herb to most people. A pleasing combination of flavors [Answer:

reminiscent] of parsley and citrus, the herb is a common ingredient in many
cuisines around the world. However, some people find cilantro [Answer: revolting].
Of course, some of this dislike may come down to simple preference, but for those
cilantro-haters for whom the plant tastes like soap, the issue is genetic. These
people have a variation in a group of olfactory-receptor genes that allows them to
strongly perceive the soapy-flavored aldehydes in cilantro leaves. This genetic
[Answer: quirk] is usually only found in a small percent of the population, though it
varies geographically. Interestingly, places where cilantro is especially popular have
fewer people with these genes, which might explain how the herb was able to
become such a [Answer: mainstay] in those regions. East Asians have the highest
incidence of this variation. There is some evidence that cilantrophobes can
overcome their aversion with repeated exposure to the herb, especially if it is
crushed rather than served whole.
Choices:
1.remnant, offensive, affluent, reminiscent
2.vaccinating, revolting, suspecting, invigorating
3.taint, density, dam, quirk
4.homestay, mainstay, stay, overstay
Invasive mosquito fish are often fearless. Free from the predators of their native
range, these mosquito fish run (Answer: rampant), throwing naive ecosystems
from Europe to Australia out of whack. To keep the problematic fish in check,
scientists are trying to (Answer: strike) fear back into the hearts of these
swimmers with a high-tech tool: robots. In a laboratory experiment, a robotic fish
designed to (Answer: mimic)
fear and stress responses in mosquito fish, impairing their survival and
reproduction, researchers report December 16 in iScience. While robofish won't
be deployed in the wild anytime soon, the research highlights that there are more
creative ways of preventing (Answer: unwanted) behavior from a species than
simply killing them, says Michael Culshaw-Maurer, an ecologist at the University of
in this area."
Choices:
1.occupant,flippant,rampant,concordant
2.accept,spike,strike,drake
3.bequest,mimic,battle,conquest
4.unprivileged,unprecedented,uncharted,unwanted
Animal collective behavior (Answer: reveals) itself in often-mesmerizing visual

displays of swarming insects, flocks of birds in flight, and schools of fish pulsating
underwater as a single unit. Now, researchers report they've found a possible
reason for a (Answer: peculiar) display of collective behavior from fish shoals in
sulfur springs in Mexico: deterring predators. Behavioral ecologist Juliane Lukas
explains to The Scientist that sulfur mollies gather in large shoals at the surface
of the low-oxygen springs to avoid hypoxia. There, they're (Answer: ripe) for the
picking by predators such as kingfishers, kiskadees, and other birds. When
presented with a threatening stimulus, these 'carpets of fish', as Lukas describes
them, repeatedly (Answer: disturb) the water in a wave-like fashion by diving down
for a few seconds, triggering their neighbors to mimic their diving behavior. Lukas
and her colleagues decided to investigate why.
Choices:
1.reveals,reviews,conceals,repeals
2.foliar,unfamiliar,peculiar,familiar
3.snipe,tripe,recipe,ripe
4.disgruntle,disparage,disturb,distinguish
Using a combination of scuba gear and remotely operated vehicles, marine

biologists in California (Answer: sampled) more than 1,400 corals from the ocean
surface. The samples looked identical, and their internal structures were
indistinguishable in scanning electron microscope images. Yet, their genomes
their full genetic (Answer: instruction) books revealed the corals had diverged
millions of years ago. That made sense for one of the species in the Red Sea's Gulf
of Aqaba, which was geographically separated from the others. But the other
three newly (Answer: identified) species lived together on the same reefs in the
waters off South Asia. If the corals were living together, why didn't one overtake
the other two, the team wondered. Examining habitat data from their dives, the
researchers found the three distinct coral species (Answer: favored) different
water depths, with one abundant in the top 10 meters and the other two
flourishing deeper down. The three coral species also had different concentrations
of photosynthetic algae and pigments, suggesting they had distinct strategies for
hosting their algae partners that provide food.
Choices:
1.sampled,stapled,rumpled,tripled
2.destruction,construction,obstruction,instruction
3.identified,certified,fortified,gratified
4.endeavored,savored,despised,favored
Although online gaming is hugely popular, it is different from person-to-person

socializing. But just as with a book club, playing a board game or even going to
work, the online game is an opportunity, an excuse even, to (Answer: socialize) in a
community sharing an experience. Sociologists make the point that going to a
conference is only partly about the presentations; in reality it is about the coffee,
the chat, the jokes, the friendships and contacts you can make. A final thought for
banks or for anybody suggesting business interactions can be (Answer: virtual).
Apple was the first computer company to open its own stores. Face to face
interactions matter for consumers but also for brands and businesses. This is a
(Answer: salutary) lesson for banks that they should be closing branches. In the
commercial world analog products exist when they add value and deliver something
the digital world misses. Central banks need to consider carefully the balance of
(Answer: physical) and digital.
Choices:
1.externalize,capitalize,socialize,formalize
2.eventual,factual,lingual,virtual
3.sectary,salutary,sanitary,solitary
4.classical,arterial,whimsical,physical
Rationing may be of several types. Informal rationing, which precedes the

imposition of formal controls, may consist of admonitions to consumers to reduce
their (Answer: consumption) or of independent action taken by suppliers in
allocating scarce supplies. Rationing according to use prohibits the less important
uses of a commodity. Rationing by quantity may limit the hours during (Answer:
which) the commodity is available or may assign quotas of a commodity to all
known and approved claimants. Rationing by value limits the amount consumers
may spend on commodities that cannot be (Answer: standardized), consumers
being allowed to make their own selections within the value limits imposed. Point
rationing assigns a point value to each commodity and allocates a certain number
of points to each consumer; this system is employed during periods of critical and
increasing shortages when individuals begin (Answer: substituting) unrationed for
rationed items, thereby spreading shortages. Consumers in a rationed economy
are usually (Answer: exhorted) to save by purchasing government bonds or by
increasing their deposits in savings banks so that unspent money will not be used
for increased purchases of unrationed items or for purchases on the black market.
Choices:
1.presumption,consumption,assumption,subscription
2.what,which,where,when
3.standardized,propagandized,jeopardized,subsidized
4.instituting,persecuting,substituting,constituting
5.retorted,deported,exhorted,distorted

Atomic nuclei come in a dizzying number of varieties. Scientists have discovered
118 chemical elements, (Answer: distinguished) by the number of protons in their
nuclei. Each of those elements has a variety of isotopes, different versions of the
element formed by switching up the number of neutrons inside the nucleus.
Scientists have predicted the (Answer: existence) of about 8,000 isotopes of
known elements, but only about 3,300 have made an appearance in detectors.
Researchers expect FRIB will make a (Answer: sizable) dent in the missing
isotopes. It may identify 80 percent of possible isotopes for all the elements up
through uranium, including many never seen before. The most familiar nuclei are
those of the roughly 250 isotopes that are stable: they don't (Answer: decay) to
other types of atoms. The ranks of stable isotopes include the nitrogen-14 and
oxygen-16 in the air we breathe and the carbon-12 found in all known living things.
The number following the element's name (Answer: indicates) the total number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Choices:
1.anguished,vanquished,languished,distinguished
2.existence,persistence,nonexistence,consistence
3.sizable,quotable,portable,sociable
4.decay,stray,array,foray
5.indicates,had indicated,indicating,indication
Decision Science is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the

processes, methods, and motivations behind decision-making. The Decision
Science Research Network on SSRN is an open access server that provides a
(Answer: venue) for authors to showcase their research papers in our digital
library, speeding up the (Answer: dissemination) and providing the scholarly
community access to groundbreaking working papers and early-stage research.
With an increased focus on the capacity to capture, store, and access data,
decision science has become a critical tool in analyzing large quantities of
information to reveal (Answer: optimal) choices. While significantly informed by the
cognitive and behavioral sciences, the application of decision science draws
together qualitative and quantitative frameworks that provide (Answer: insights)
into decision-making in business, computer science, public health, environmental
science, engineering, economics and finance, and systems of governance and the
law. Its (Answer: concentration) on the transformation of data into actionable
knowledge for decision-making makes scholarship in decision science highly
collaborative.
Choices:
1.venue,revenue,avenue,ingenue
2.denomination,dissemination,lamination,fulmination
3.proximal,optimal,dismal,primal
4.insights,inspiration,instillation,oversights
5.remonstration,orchestration,concentration,perpetration
The translation aims foremost at accuracy and (Answer: completeness), including

the liveliness of the dialogue form. We have striven to preserve the natural
(Answer: flow) of the speech. This both helps and, in a way, hurts the readability of
the translation. After all, these texts portray people speaking, and speaking to one
another, and humans are not always the most (Answer: eloquent) of speakers.
This is recreated by Plato. Socrates' Defense is almost entirely comprised of
Socrates speaking at length to his judges and so he sometimes finds himself,
because he goes on for quite a while, and keeps (Answer: inserting) qualifications,
and then loses his way, and so he moves to a new grammatical construction.
Similarly, characters sometimes (Answer: pile) one clause on top of another.
Usually these run-on sentences are easy to follow and the effect is often an
increasing intensity, but once or twice in Socrates' Defense Socrates seems
rather to be finding his way into an idea and is less than eloquent.
Choices:
1.competitiveness,complexity,completeness,competition
2.bestow,flow,outflow,glow
3.inconsequent,sequent,eloquent,consequent
4.asserting,inserting,deserting,exserting
5.pile,tile,vile,file
Girls are more likely to have books read to them that include female (Answer:
protagonists) than boys. Because of these preferences, children are more likely to
learn about the gender biases of their own gender than of other genders. The
researchers (Answer: analyzed) 247 books written for children 5 years old and
younger from the Wisconsin Children's Book Corpus. The books with female
protagonists had more gendered language than the books with male protagonists.
The researchers (Answer: attribute) this finding to "male" being historically seen as
the default gender. Female-coded words and phrases are more outside of the
norm and more notable. The researchers also compared their findings to adult
fiction books and found children's books displayed more gender (Answer:
stereotypes) than fictional books read by adults. In particular, the researchers
examined how often women were associated with good, family, language and arts,
while men were associated with bad, careers and math.
Choices:
1.protagonists,cosmogonists,agonists,expressionists
2.hydrolyzed,paralyzed,catalyzed,analyzed
3.contribute,tribute,distribute,attribute
4.stereotypes,teletypes,prototypes,electrotypes
The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have (Answer: originated)
with Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained
himself by naming storms after women, mythical (Answer: figures), and politicians
that he didn't like. The modern system of using personal names developed during
World War II, when meteorologists began using women's names often those of
wives or girlfriends instead of (Answer: cumbersome) designations based on
latitude and longitude. Short and quickly understood, names were easier to
(Answer: transmit) over the radio and easier to keep straight if there was more
than one storm in a given area. The system was (Answer: formalized) in 1953
when the National Weather Service put together an alphabetical list of female
names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male names were added to the
list in 1979 when women's groups pointed out the sexism of using only female
names.
Choices:
1.originated,laminated,contaminated,vaccinated
2.figures,figuration,figurative,configures
3.worrisome,cumbersome,awesome,wholesome
4.transmit,transform,transfuse,transect
5.rationalized,decentralized,formalized,immortalized
Disposal of solid wastes is a (Answer: stinging) and widespread problem in both

urban and rural areas in many developed and developing countries. Municipal solid
waste (MSW) collection and disposal is one of the major problems of urban
environment in most countries worldwide today. MSW management solutions
must be financially (Answer: sustainable), technically feasible, socially, legally
acceptable and environmentally friendly. Solid waste management issue is the
biggest challenge to the (Answer: authorities) of both small and large cities'.
Valorization of food organic waste is one of the important current research areas.
The conventional landfill, incineration, composting, and ways of (Answer: handling)
solid wastes are common as mature technologies for waste disposal. Traditionally,
the most commonly used technologies for the treatment and vaporization of the
organic fraction of MSW are composting and anaerobic digestion (AD). The
generation of organic solid waste (OSW) worldwide is dramatically increasing each
year. Most of the OSW's are (Answer: composed) of agricultural waste, household
food waste, human and animal wastes, etc. They are normally handled as animal
feed, incinerated or disposed to landfill sites.
Choices:
1.slanting,stinging,stalling,shafting
2.unattainable,sustainable,objectionable,treasonable
3.plants,culture,authorities,history
4.reserving,preserving,deserving,handling
5.composed,disposed,composing,disposing
A team of researchers claim to have created a biodegradable and [Answer:

renewable]
more environmentally-unfriendly building materials. The material, which was

invented by German scientist Siegfried Fink in 1992, has seen several changes and
occurring polymer called lignin from wood and [Answer: replacing] it with specially-
designed, transparent plastic materials. Plastics are used as a substitute for
even better alternative from an ecological [Answer: perspective] as observed in

our life-cycle analysis. In recent times transparent wood has been used in
construction, energy storage, flexible electronics and packaging applications. But
scientists have yet to figure out how to [Answer: scale] up production of the
material in an economical way.
Choices:
1.gradable, unapproachable, knowledgeable, renewable
2.reciprocating, replacing, reverberating, resisting
3.respective, design, perspective, runaway
4.scale, mount, tailor, make
could help us understand the conditions in which [Answer: primitive] life began.
Today, new oceanic crust rises at mid-ocean ridges were tectonic plates drift
apart. Continental crust is usually much older, formed from volcanism where
plates crash into each other, [Answer: thrusting] a thicker, less-dense layer above
sea level. Weathering of continental crust adds [Answer: nutrients] to the ocean,
a process that may have played a role in supporting primordial life. The big
question is: when did continental crusts start forming? To try to answer that,
Desiree Roderick at the University of Bergen in Norway and her colleagues
analyzed 30 ancient rock samples from six sites in Australia, South Africa and
India. These contained barite, which can form in hydrothermal vents fissures in
the ocean floor [Answer: where] warm, mineral-rich waters react with seawater.
Choices:
1.spatial, primitive, vegetation, primate
2.everlasting, infesting, harvesting, thrusting
3.evidence, waste, nutrients, orients
4.which, where, why, what
Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work.
Typically, one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London.
"Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a
parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behavior,
[Answer: as well as] doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients
find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can
entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control their [Answer: whole]
lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head."
Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" [Answer: because of] her pledge to fix behavioral
problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new
Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The [Answer: role] of
the parenting consultant - distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says,
as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her
case, parenting advice.
Choices:
1.as long as, in order to, in spite of, as well as
2.whole, all, full, every
3.related with, together with, because of, according to
4.percentage, performance, role, belief
Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until recently, has
preserved much [Answer: of] their culture since the 17th century by avoiding
globalization and staying isolated from the world. Internet, television, and western
dress were [Answer: banned] from the country up until ten years ago. But over
the past ten years globalization has begun to change in Bhutan, but things remain
perfectly balanced. Bhutan is the only country in the world that has a 'GNH.' You
may think GNH is just another [Answer: statistically] based term with no real-life
application, but it refers to "Gross National Happiness." The process of measuring
GNH began when Bhutan opened to globalization. It measures people's quality of
life, and makes sure that "material and spiritual development happen together."
Bhutan has done an amazing Job of finding this balance. Bhutan has continually
been ranked as the happiest country in all of Asia, and the eighth Happiest
Country in the world according to Business Week. In 2007 Bhutan had the second
fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as [Answer: maintaining] their
environment and cultural identity.
Choices:
1.of, about, to, for
2.summoned, observed, displayed, banned
3.statistically, barely, overwhelmingly, roughly
4.demeaning, intruding, maintaining, mourning
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some [Answer: cases],
dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the
show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the [Answer:
plot]. An early example is Richard Rodgers on Your Toes (1936) in which the story
about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a
way that [Answer: enhances], rather than interrupts the drama.
Choices:
1.dimensions, cases, brief, extent
2.prowess, plot, phenomenon, roundabout
3.encumbers, enhances, levels, crumples
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and
volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she
text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be
so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless [Answer: at the same
time]? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and
Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been [Answer: exploring] the unique
structure and chemistry of the [Answer: adolescent] brain. "The teenage brain is
not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor
of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of [Answer: development]. These are people
with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." Research
during the past 10 years, powered by technology such as functional magnetic
resonance imaging, has revealed that young brains have [Answer: both] fast-
growing synapses and sections that remain unconnected. This leaves teens easily
influenced by their environment and more prone to impulsive behavior, even without
the [Answer: impact] of souped-up hormones and any genetic or family
predispositions.
Choices:
1.for the time being, at the same time, a sever, in good time
2.exposing, exploring, enumerating, explaining
3.ample, adolescent, adulthood, abundant
4.enrichment, development, adornment, adoration
5.both, few, whole, either
6.impact, impress, impair, impose
There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his
death. During the 17th and 18th century, Shakespeare was both admired and
condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism has not been considered
relevant, although certain issues [Answer: have continued] to interest critics
throughout the years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were
made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by George Bernard Shaw in the
20th. Early criticism was directed [Answer: primarily] at questions of form.
Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe
the unities of time and place [Answer: prescribed] by the rules of classical drama.
Dryden and Johnson were among the critics claiming that he had [Answer:
corrupted] the language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. [Answer: While] some
of his early plays might justly be charged with a frivolous use of such devices,
20th-century criticism has tended to praise their use in later plays as adding
depth and resonance of meaning.
Choices:
1.continuing, would have continued, have continued, being continuing
2.consecutively, primarily, hardly, solely
3.subscribed, documented, described, prescribed
4.versed, referred, transversed, corrupted
5.Since, Because, That, While
Bhutan used to be one of the most isolated nations in the world. Developments
including direct international flights, the Internet, mobile phone networks, and
cable television have [Answer: increasingly] modernized the urban areas of the
country. Bhutan has [Answer: balanced] modernization with its ancient culture and
traditions under the guiding philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
Rampant [Answer: destruction] of the environment has been avoided. The
government takes great measures to preserve the nation's traditional culture,
identity and the environment. In 2006, Business Week magazine rated Bhutan the
happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, [Answer: citing] a
global survey conducted by the University of Leicester in 2006 called the "World
Map of Happiness".
Choices:
1.spontaneously, increasingly, contemporarily, mechanically
2.juggled, opted, balanced, altered
3.destruction, embodiment, vanity, execution
4.submitting, citing, reviewing, proving
Spanish is spoken by more than 300 million people in over 20 countries and is
rapidly becoming one of the most popular [Answer: choices] for language learners
around the world. A popular course for beginners, Suenos World Spanish is
designed to [Answer: meet] the varied needs of adult learners, [Answer: whether]
learning at home or in a class. From the very beginning it encourages you to
develop your listening and speaking skills with confidence and provides many
opportunities to practice reading in Spanish. Using the extensive [Answer: range]
of media available, from the course book to the audio CDs or cassettes, to the
popular accompanying television series and free online [Answer: activities], Suenos
World Spanish can help you reach the equivalent level of a first qualification, such
as GCSE.
Choices:
1.commodities, choices, records, improvements
2.record, meet, choose, collect
3.neither, whether, nor, not
4.series, range, rate, wisdom
5.records, activities, breaches, binge
An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal

epistemology is the central role of [Answer: discourse] to law and other
sociocultural processes. In particular, the [Answer: ideas] that people hold about
how language works combine with [Answer: linguistic] structuring to create
powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years, linguistic anthropologists
have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic tools for tracking
those effects.
Choices:
1.discourse, epoch, dialect, acquaintance
2.deviation, besmirch, consent, ideas
3.mandatory, linguistic, legitimate, customary
The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light pollution
is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type
of pollution is [Answer: exceptionally] high in coastal regions of tropic and
temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth
and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these
locations, particularly those whose ecology or behavior depends, [Answer: in some
way], on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have
detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling
stage when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea.
Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some
early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-
directed orientation to the water, [Answer: relying] mostly on light cues that
attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting
on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them [Answer: to
move] away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant
direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of
hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
Choices:
1.exceptionally, absolutely, completely, rarely
2.innoway, in some way, by the way, in some ways
3.imposing, figuring, relying, pouring
4.to move, moving, moved, move
The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a

library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and [Answer:
focuses] mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions.
Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds [Answer: pass],
including specialized agencies, accredited media and NGO staff, is able to visit the
library. Due to [Answer: security] constraints in place at the United Nations
Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general [Answer: public].
Choices:
1.falls, depends, focuses, pelts
2.pass, cover, deposit, brochure
3.security, economic, scale, health
4.view, aim, public, category
Coral reefs [Answer: support] more marine life than any other ocean ecosystem
and are, not [Answer: surprisingly], a favorite pursuit for many divers. But as well
as being physically and biologically spectacular, coral reefs also sustain the
livelihoods of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to
[Answer: double] in coming decades while the area of high-quality reef is expected
to halve. In combination with the very real threat of climate change, which could
lead to increased seawater temperatures and ocean acidification, we start to
arrive at some quite frightening scenarios.
Choices:
1.curb, harvest, support, cultivate
2.seemingly, specifically, demandingly, surprisingly
3.appear, double, countdown, unravel
Social exchange theory suggests that people try to (Answer: maximize) rewards
and minimize costs in social relationships. Each person entering the marriage
market comes (Answer: equipped) with assets and liabilities or a certain amount of
social currency with which to attract a prospective mate. For some people,
assets might include earning (Answer: potential) and status, while for others,
assets might include physical attractiveness and youth.
Choices:
Maximize,completed,management,potential,relate,equipped
However, electric vehicle (EV) ownership in the US has thus far been (Answer:
dominated) by households with higher incomes and education levels, leaving the
most vulnerable populations behind. We identified these (Answer: disparities) that
will require targeted policies to promote energy justice in lower-income
communities, including the (Answer: subsidizing) of charging infrastructure, as well
as strategies to reduce electricity costs and increase the (Answer: availability) of
low-carbon transportation modes such as public transit and bicycling.
Choices:
Factors,availability,issued,subsidizing,aggrandizing,dominated,disparities
Breast milk changes by the third to fifth day after birth, becoming much thinner,
but containing just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and proteins to support
overall physical and (Answer: neurological) development. It provides a source of iron
more easily (Answer: absorbed) in the body than the iron found in dietary
supplements, and it also provides (Answer: resistance) against many diseases.
Choices:
Resistance,leverage,managed,residential,neurological,absorbed
So-called maladaptive daydreamers will compulsively (Answer: engage) in vivid

fantasies and daydreaming plots so excessively that it interferes with their ability
to (Answer: function) in daily life. Many discover this ability early on in childhood,
realizing fantasy and daydreams can be used to (Answer: regulate) distress. By
(Answer: escape) from reality.
Choices:
Engage,function,escape,transmit,result,regulate,publish
Damage from unsafe listening can (Answer: aggravate) over the life course. A
study discovered that young people regularly listen to music at unsafe noise levels
and concluded that (Answer: promoting) safer listening practices was urgent.
Sensory cells and structures in the ear can become (Answer: fatigued) from being
exposed to sound at excessive volumes. If left unchecked for too long, it can cause
(Answer: permanent) damage, such as deafness.
Choices:
Accounting,aggravate,permanent,promoting,dependent,fatigued,preside
Scientists first (Answer: identified) a hole in the ozone layer, a thin part of the
s (Answer: adopted) a global
agreement called the Montreal Protocol, which established the phase-out of
almost 100 synthetic chemicals that were (Answer: tied) to the destruction of
the ozone.
Choices:
Tied,advertised,adopted,isolated,accorded,identified
In fact, a meta-analysis concluded that children living in homes with gas stoves
were 42% more likely to have asthma symptoms and were 24% more likely to
(Answer: develop) lifelong asthma than those living in homes with electric stoves
and ovens. During 2019 alone, almost two million cases worldwide of new
childhood asthma were (Answer: estimated) to be due to nitrogen dioxide pollution
and nitrogen dioxide is a well-known pollutant (Answer: released) by gas stoves.
Choices:
Needed,treat,develop,released,determined,estimated

Visions from nightmares can also creep like dark shadows into the light of the next
day, (Answer: disrupting) (Answer:
plummets) , and anxiety rises, which can lead to a diagnosis of nightmare disorder,
a sleep condition that (Answer: affects) about 4% of adults.
Choices:
Consents,affects,plummets,disrupting,controls,reasoning
Context clues (Answer: consist) of all the words and phrases that are near a
word. Often, you can define words based on the other words around them. If
(Answer: individual)
words. Reading words in context helps (Answer: ensure) a high level of focus,
whereas breaking your (Answer: concentration) to lookup words is distracting.
Choices:
Promise,consist,common,constitute,concentration,ensure,individual
Urbanization has drastically (Answer: altered) landscapes around the world,

changing how animals (Answer: interact)
higher temperatures, and (Answer: affecting) biodiversity because although we
consider cities to be human residences, many other creatures are also (Answer:
inhabiting) the urban areas along with us.
Choices:
Inhabiting,affecting,curtailed,altered,interact,experience,including
Many animals eat their parents, siblings, and (Answer: offspring) for different
reasons. Cannibalism has a bad rap, but the more scientists learn about it, the
more they Answer: discover) it's a vital part of nature. The (Answer: practice) of
eating one's own kind is wildly common across the animal kingdom. It's most often
observed in invertebrates and fish, but cannibalism (Answer: occurs) in every
major animal group.
Choices:
Offspring,occurs,enemies,describes,criticism,discover,appear,practice
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses

which (Answer: circulate) in all parts of the world. It represents a year-round
disease (Answer: burden) .It causes illnesses that range in severity and
sometimes lead to hospitalization and death. Most people recover from fever and
other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. However,
influenza can also cause (Answer: severe) illness or death.
Choices:
Severe,circulate,burden,locate,prevention,occupational.
The influenza virus is constantly mutating, essentially putting on ever-changing

disguises, to Answer: evade) our immune systems. When a new virus (Answer:
emerges) that can easily infect people and be spread between people, it can turn
into a pandemic, but we do not know when it will happen, what virus strain it will
be and how (Answer: severe) the disease will be.
Choices:
Emerges,powerful,evade,infects,soften,severe
Extreme heat and extreme drought in Baja California are pushing some
winemakers to (Answer: explore) a very old and very climate-adaptable wine
varietal. The results are delicious: they are not just surviving but (Answer:
thriving) . Grapes left on the vine after the recent harvest are still (Answer:
plump) and sweet.
Choices:
Thriving,plump,innocent,feature,explore,functioning
(Answer: beyond) what would have

confirmed deaths,
but also COVID-19 deaths that were not correctly diagnosed and reported as well
as deaths (Answer: attributable) to the overall crisis conditions. This provides a
more (Answer: comprehensive) and accurate measure when compared with
confirmed COVID-19 deaths alone.
Choices:
Comprehensive,corrective,through,attributable,necessary,beyond
Plague is an infectious disease and is (Answer: transmitted) between animals via

their fleas. Humans can also be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through
direct (Answer: contact) with infected materials, or by inhalation. Although plague
has been responsible for widespread pandemics throughout history, today it can
be easily treated with antibiotics and the use of standard (Answer: preventative)
measures.
Choices:
Contacted,legislative,transmitted,contact,access,preventative
On many summer days, photosynthesis by trees and gases in New York City
absorbs all the greenhouse gas emissions (Answer: produced) by cars, trucks,
buses, and even more, according to a new study. The findings show the
importance of greenery for cities as part of their efforts to (Answer: tackle) their
emissions. This includes scattered trees and lawns along sidewalks and
pavements, which (Answer: add) up to produce a strong carbon-absorbing effect.
Choices:
Add,pop,transported,tackle,produced,estimate
Biological and toxin weapons are either microorganisms produced by living

organisms that are produced and (Answer: released) deliberately to cause disease
and death in humans, animals or plants. Biological weapons form a subset of a
larger class of weapons sometimes referred to as unconventional weapons or
weapons of mass (Answer: destruction) . The use of biological agents is a serious
(Answer: concern) , and the risk of using these agents in a terrorist attack is
thought to be increasing.
Choices:
Complication,destruction,distributed,concern,distribution,released

The profile and causes of hearing loss vary greatly across and within regions, as
does the availability of (Answer: infrastructure) and resources to address it. It is
important that each country develop its own (Answer: strategic) plan to deal with
hearing loss and its causes. A national ear and hearing care strategy should seek
to reduce the (Answer: prevalence) , incidence and impact of hearing loss in the
community.
Choices:
Prevalence,income,strategic,infrastructure,mortality,economic
The impacts of hearing loss are broad and can be (Answer: profound) . They include
a loss of the ability to communicate with others and (Answer: delayed) language
development in children, which can lead to social isolation, loneliness and
frustration, particularly among older people with hearing loss. Many areas lack
(Answer: sufficient) accommodations for hearing loss, which effect academic
performance and options for employment.
Choices:
Delayed,included,luxury,profound,additional,sufficien
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at
the prospect of the annual influx of (Answer: tourists). From May to October, the
hyacinth-choked (Answer: waters) of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers and wide-eyed
Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely
embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual
accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy (Answer:
attacked) and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people
bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the
houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their (Answer: lives),
proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
Choices:
attacked, competed, beliefs, tourists, employees, waters, lives
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences.

To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only
(Answer: implicitly). I certainly find myself (Answer: thinking) this way in day-to-day
life; it's easy to be (Answer: seduced) by the face nature reveals directly to our
senses. Yet, in the decades since first (Answer: encountering) Camus' text, I've
learned that modern science (Answer: tells) a very different story.
Choices:
seduced, explicitly, implicitly, thought, imposes, introducing, encountering,
thinking, tells
(Answer: gentle) or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. Wind is formed by
the circulation of air. The sun heats up some parts of the sea and the land. The air
among the (Answer: hot) spot warms up and rises. The cold air drops because it is

(Answer: heavy). Some wind circulates within a small area. Others blow in the
(Answer: entire) globe.
Choices:
heavy, soft, hot, warm, light, entire, all, weighted, cold, cool, gentle
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of
media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are (Answer: filled) with
adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising to us.
Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would (Answer: struggle) to inform
potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers
would be unable to make informed assessments when looking for products to buy
and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and (Answer:
practices) that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines
to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics
to make us look and feel better- would be (Answer: infinitely) more problematic
than it is. And without advertisements and the (Answer: aspirations) represented
in them, the world would be a far (Answer: duller) place.
Choices:
infinitely, hesitate, aspirations, struggle, sporadically, duller, practices, full, filled,
edited, happier, messages
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper
records don't (Answer: exist), we need to get out and start interviewing people,
not to put too fine a (Answer: point) on it, while we still have a (Answer: chance).
After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are
(Answer: lost) too.
Choices:
appear, focus, admit, exist, opportunity, point, chance, lost, disappear
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology

bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering
chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society
(Answer: predicts) that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge,
Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently,
Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market
forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed
on a (Answer: fall) in student applications, but money is a (Answer: factor):
chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example -
and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research
(Answer: funding) on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol,
exacerbates the (Answer: problem).
Choices:
motive, witnesses, fall, rise, problem, funding, factor, predicts
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should
become a (Answer: slave) to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness
have their place, and in (Answer: competent) hands complexity can carry us on a
dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive
to be sensibly simple, to develop a (Answer: baseline) style of short words, active
verbs, and relatively simple sentences (Answer: carrying) clear actions or
identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the
chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you (Answer: focus)
more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise
(Answer: deserting) altogether.
Choices:
slave, expert, competent, baseline, pay, available, focus, combining, victim,
carrying, deserting
One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, (Answer: claimed) that the
essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two 'behavior segments' in
some (Answer: novel) way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.
Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (Answer: devised) a test
for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were
given the task of learning to (Answer: operate) a machine so as to get a toy. In
order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage sequence.
Choices:
conceived, devised, novel, operate, demonstrated, manipulate, new, claimed
History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything
that happened, but what historians have (Answer: selected). They cannot put in
everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which
aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape
of school history lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for
England and Wales was first discussed at the end of the 1980s, the history
curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media (Answer: interest).
Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime
Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, (Answer: intervened) in the debate.
Choices:
passion, interest, screened, paused, selected, intervened
An ice storm is a type of (Answer: weather) when (Answer: cold) rainfall comes
down into the cold air and the water turned into (Answer: ice). Once there were
(Answer: more) than 16,000 households which had a blackout (Answer: during) an
ice storm as the cables snapped with ice weighing on them.
Choices:
weather, cold, icy, more, during, rather, climate, after, ice
The six programs represented here report that word of mouth is by far their most
(Answer: effective) recruitment tool, particularly because it typically yields
candidates who are similar to previously successful candidates. Moreover,
satisfied candidates and school systems are likely to (Answer: spread) the word
without any special (Answer: effort) on the part of their program. Other, less
personal advertising approaches, such as radio and television spots and local
newspaper advertisements, have also proven fruitful, (Answer: especially) for
newer programs. New York uses a print advertising campaign to inspire
dissatisfied professionals to become teachers. Subway posters send provocative
messages to burned-out or disillusioned professionals. "Tired of diminishing
returns? Invest in NYC kids" was just one of many Madison Avenue-inspired
invitations. News coverage has also proven to be a (Answer: boon) to alternative
alternative route program, 2,100 applications flooded in over the next six weeks.
Choices:
effective, strength, boom, various, across, ultimately, boon, effort, especially,
spread
Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain's most significant and influential 19th-century art

movement. Founded in 1848, it (Answer: centered) on a group of three young
artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais.
These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old
studio (Answer: tradition) and bringing painting into direct (Answer: contact) with
nature. With an eye for absolute (Answer: accuracy), every detail was now to have
intense realist as well as (Answer: symbolic) meaning.
Choices:
symbolic, delicacy, accuracy, counted, persuasive, centered, tradition, relation,
contact, conflict
The American executive, unlike the British, has no (Answer: connection) with the
legislature, and this lack of (Answer: coordination) between executive and
legislature is one of the (Answer: distinctive) features of American federal
government. The Constitution guarded against executive control by (Answer:
disqualifying) federal officials, whether civil or military, from membership in
Congress.
Choices:
disqualifying, importance, obvious, coordination, distinctive, accepting, connection
Currently, there is concern about the increasing amount of time children spend in
sedentary activities, the number of children who fail to achieve (Answer: minimum)
daily physical activity guidelines (i.e., 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous intensity
activities every day), and the apparent increase in obesity prevalence as a result of
such sedentary (Answer: behaviors). Screen-based activities, including television
viewing and playing computer games are among the most frequently observed
sedentary activities that children partake with children spending 2.5 4 h per day
into the gaming market presents an opportunity to convert traditional, sedentary

screen-time into active screen-time and thus increase total daily energy
expenditure (EE). Modern AVGs utilize cameras and motion sensors to allow the
gamer to physically perform a variety of actions, (Answer: dependent) on the
console, such as swinging a tennis racquet or running. The most demanding AVGs
provided similar responses to walking and, based on international standards,
should be classified as low-intensity activities. Whilst AVGs may provide children
with a better alternative to sedentary gaming, they are not a sufficient (Answer:
replacement) for normal physical activity, e.g., sports and outdoor play.
Choices:
enough, decisions, repetition, focusing, behaviors, dependent, minimum,
replacement
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the

translation of the (Answer: theory) into educational practice. Often, this
translation is not clear. Therefore, when a program does not succeed, it is not
clear whether the (Answer: lack) of success was due to the inadequacy of the
theory or the inadequacy of the implementation of the theory. A (Answer: set) of
basic principles for translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an
educational implementation should (and should not) look like. This article presents
12 principles for translating a triarchic theory of successful intelligence into
educational practice.
Choices:
therefore, however, set, theory, achievement, lack, philosophy
The allure of the book has always been negative and (Answer: positive), for the
texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to
(Answer: discover) and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and
meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to
(Answer: prey) upon young readers' dispositions and desires and to (Answer: sell)
them a menu that turns out to be junk food.
Choices:
prey, beneficial, sell, invent, positive, show, present, read, find, pray, discover
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
every year but the gas is usually (Answer: harmless). When a volcano erupts,
carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't (Answer: concentrated)
in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped (Answer: underground) under
enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense (Answer: cloud), it can
push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
Choices:
cloud, concentrated, dangerous, harmless, underground, aimed, air, harmful,
atmosphere, collection, over, fact
The Daw Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) reports the average stock price of large,
publicly traded US companies. It tends to (Answer: reflect) the state of the stock
market as a whole. Though its name would (Answer: lead) you to believe the DJIA is
made up of only (Answer: industrial) companies, the DJIA in fact contains stocks
across many "industries," not all of which are industrial. The businesses (Answer:
represented) include finance, food, technology, retail, heavy equipment, oil,
chemical, pharmaceutical, consumer goods, and entertainment.
Choices:
lead, industrial, distort, reflect, average, expressed, represented
While the preparations for the Athens games were (Answer: marred) by
construction delays and an epic race to complete (Answer: venues) before the
opening ceremonies, the game's return to their historic home ended as a
surprising success. Participation (Answer: records) were once again broken, with
201 nations and 10,625 athletes taking part in 301 different events. Nearly as
(Answer: compelling) as the competitions were the historic sites used for the
games.
Choices:
upsetting, compelling, venues, records, concluded, formats, marred
Britain became the largest (Answer: shareholder) in the canal in 1875, purchasing
its interest from the Egyptian khedive. The Convention of Constantinople signed by
the major European powers in 1888 keeps it open for free (Answer: passage) to all
nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the (Answer: guarantor) of the
canal's neutrality and management was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co.
Choices: guarantor,kingdom,tariff,shareholder,passage,owner
No two siblings are the same, not even (Answer: identical) twins. Parents often
(Answer: puzzle) about why their children are so different from one another. They'll
say, I (Answer: brought) them up all the same. They forget that what (Answer:
determines) our behaviour isn't what happens to us but how we (Answer:
interpret) what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the
same way.
Choices:
circumscribes,interpret,identical,fancy,identifiable,puzzle,brought,fuss,built,deter
mines
Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of (Answer:
tremendous) intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were
(Answer: awed) by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of
thousands of (Answer: species) new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at
the complete contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of its (Answer:
value) to humankind.
Choices:
tremendous,awed,fathomable,deterred,species,appreciation,skeletons,value
Eutrophication is a process when bodies of water (Answer: accumulate) to a high

nutrient level due to extensive fertilizer in the soil. The water becomes overly
enriched with minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of (Answer:
algae) and other aquatic species which may (Answer: deplete) minerals in the
water, thus endanger other species.
Choices: reach,deplete,accumulate,destroy,maximize,algae,pesticide
It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get

the efficiency-related revolutions it (Answer: wants). If Medicare was capable of
delivering those (Answer: changes), it would have already done so. Finding another
organization that can deliver these services at a (Answer: reduced) cost with
increased functionality, especially to the consumer of these services, makes
absolute sense. The objections to making such a move will be about the potential
loss of (Answer: jobs) from Medicare. Given how labour-intensive the current
system is, this will be a (Answer: genuine) concern, but one that is facing all
industries dealing with modernization through improved technology.
Choices:
budgets,wants,changes,jobs,consistency,reduced,increased,genuine,common
There isn't a financial director around who wouldn't like to (Answer: accelerate)
cash flow by (Answer: reducing) debtor days- in other words, get customers to
(Answer: pay up) faster. In Europe's top 1,000 quoted companies, nearly one
quarter of all invoices are unpaid (Answer: at any point) in time, according to
recent research carried out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting
on a total of 274 billion overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection
practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF's Managing Director, 'You can set up all
the systems you want, you can insist on watertight contracts and payment
terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but there are
always some debtors who fail to pay on time. Once a payment is overdue, your
first step is to talk to your debtor. You should let them know the payment is late
and try to find out if there is a dispute about the work, or if your debtor has
financial problems. (Answer: This is OK), but Tim Vainio, a chartered accountant,
believes that too many companies are afraid of losing a relationship, and that,
before (Answer: undertaking any action), the focus should be on recovering as
much money as possible, rather than on preserving a relationship.'
Choices: reproducing,accelerate,renew,pay up,check,reducing,accumulate,at any
point,This is OK,undertaking any action,It is unlikely
Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners.

Almost a third of the 68,000 boarding pupils at such schools (Answer: already)
come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents (Answer: unwilling) or
unable to afford the fees and a cultural (Answer: shift) away from boarding, many
schools are looking abroad to survive. Overseas students now (Answer: account)
for about 500m pounds of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.
Choices: weigh,already,unwilling,fuss,account,seldom,shift
Protestors see globalization in a different light than the Treasury Secretary of the
United States. The differences in (Answer: views) are so great that one wonders,
are the protestors and the policy makers talking about the same (Answer:
phenomenon)? Are the visions of those in (Answer: power) clouded by special and
particular (Answer: interests)? What is this topic of globalization that has been
subject, at the same time, to such vilification and such praise? Fundamentally, it is
the closer integration of the countries and the peoples of the world which has
been (Answer: brought) about by the enormous reduction in the costs of
transportation and communication, and the breaking down of the (Answer:
artificial) barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and, to a
lesser extent, people across borders.
Choices:interests,articulate,phenomenon,turn,artificial,fraught,brought,ideology,p
ower,views,consequences

To invest, you need to (Answer: draw up) a clear plan, do your own research,
(Answer: build in) a margin of safety by always thinking about the (Answer:
valuation) and, ultimately, be patient. By all means include some speculative picks if
you (Answer: wish) , but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio. Looking
for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again is exciting but
such firms are very (Answer: rare). There are a lot more which have a consistent
record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you,
once they are reinvested.
Choices: wish,valuation,buildin,rare,violation,crash out,draw up,grow up,rear
Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and
materials used by humans, and they (Answer: shape) our environment. According
to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity in our time
are food, energy, and environmental (Answer: degradation). All three are plant
related. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via
animals that eat them. Plants are a (Answer: source) of energy production. And
they are intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of
environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat
destruction and waterway pollution.
Choices: degradation,source,liaison,conduct,derivation,shape
Throughout its history, one of the strengths of the Press has been the diversity of
the Press's list. The Press has also distinguished itself with its strong list in
social work, publishing texts that have been (Answer: widely) adopted in courses
and are used by professionals in the field. Through its European Perspectives
(Answer: series) and the publication of the Wellek Library Lectures, the Press has
published a range of innovative and (Answer: leading) scholars. Other notable
lecture series published by Columbia University Press include The Leonard
Hastings Schoff Memorial Lectures and The Bampton Lectures in America.
Choices: series,supporting,episodes,leading,thoroughly,widely
The new systematic nomenclature was so (Answer: cumbersome) that many

chemists preferred to (Answer: revert) to the older trivial names that were at
least shorter. At least, that is the ostensible reason. Actually, tradition seems to
carry more weight than (Answer: system) with some scientists.
Choices: system,subtle,reciprocate,revert,labyrinth,cumbersome
A new report by environmental (Answer: nonprofit) The Nature Conservancy lays

out how trees could pave the way to cleaner air and cooler cities. Using (Answer:
geospatial) information on forest cover paired with air pollution data and population
(Answer: forecasts) for 245 cities, researchers found that trees have the biggest
health (Answer: payoffs) in densely populated, polluted cities like Delhi, Karachi and
Dhaka. The Conservancy and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group presented
the findings of their global survey this week at the American Public Health
Association meeting in Denver, Colorado.

Choices:
geospatial,payoffs,retrospection,forecasts,layoffs,nonprofit,archaeological,defectiv
e
Houston is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States and has an
outsized (Answer: impact) on the U.S. economy. More than 90 percent of U.S.
offshore oil and gas (Answer: production) takes place in the Texas Gulf Coast area,
and the Houston region contains the largest (Answer: concentration) of energy,
petrochemical, and refining industries in the United States. Houston is home to
25 percent of the country's petroleum refining capability, 40 percent of the
nation's capacity for downstream chemical production, and the fastest-growing
liquefied natural gas industry in the nation.
Choices: pollution,impact,classification,production,concentration,impetus
Most of us are (Answer: scared) of open conflict and avoid it if we can. And there
is a (Answer: risk) of expressing and working through conflict. If the working
through involves harsh words and name-calling, people feel deeply hurt and
relationships can be (Answer: damaged). Sometimes permanently. Some group
members may be afraid that if they really (Answer: express) their anger, they may
go out of control and become violent, or they may do this. These fears can be very
(Answer: real) and based on experience.
Choices:
routine,rein,damaged,culminated,scared,real,reminiscent,express,risk,opaque
For two decades, leading up to the millennium, global demand for food (Answer:
increased) steadily, along with growth in the world' s population, record harvests,
(Answer: improvements) in incomes, and the diversification of diets. As a result,
food prices continued to (Answer: decline) through 2000. But beginning in 2004,
prices for most grains began to rise. Rising production could not keep pace with
the even (Answer: stronger) growth in demand.
Choices: deteriorations,improvements,stronger,increased,decline,fluctuate,dipped
When our skin is directly (Answer: exposed) to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D,
a vital tool that helps with calcium (Answer: absorption) and building strong bones.
Some of it comes from diet, but a good portion also comes from the sun. And
according to the Mayo Clinic, as little as 10 minutes of sun (Answer: exposure)
can provide us with our daily dose. According to the vitamin D council, "your body
can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of vitamin D in just a little under the time it
takes for your skin to (Answer: turn) pink.
Choices: disposable,discharge,absorption,tan,turn,exposure,screen,exposed
Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common
ground, (Answer: engage) with your network regularly, and consistently (Answer:
apply) yourself to making your network work or it will wither. It is a skill that you
need to (Answer: practice), not a talent.
Choices:direct,apply,engage,concentrate,practice

Research is a process of investigation leading to new (Answer: insights) effectively
shared and is central to the (Answer: purpose) of any university. Students have
the right to be taught by acknowledged (Answer: experts) in their field, which
requires that staff members operate at the most advanced level appropriate to
their (Answer: discipline) and level. Research is, therefore, crucial to a (Answer:
positive) student experience from further education to doctoral development.
Choices: equivocal,discipline,experts,novices,discretion,positive,purpose,insights
When humans began farming some 12,000 years ago, they altered the future of
our (Answer: species) forever. Our ancestors were ecological (Answer: pioneers) ,
discovering and cultivating the most (Answer: valuable) crops, scaling them up to
feed entire communities and transforming wild crops so fundamentally that they
became dependent on humans for their survival. Farming, in the words of National
Geographic's Genographic Project, 'sowed the seeds for the modern (Answer:
age).'
Choices: species,lucrative,trainees,pioneers,valuable,clan,age
Preface Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every
facet of our life, educated people need at least some (Answer: acquaintance) with
its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the
subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An
understanding of general (Answer: characteristics) of science as well as specific
scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things
that excite and frustrate the scientist. This book is written for the intelligent
student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the
person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried
facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of
gadgets. The book can be used to (Answer: supplement) a course in any science,
to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern
world, or independently of any course simply to provide a better understanding
of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on
scientific attitudes and a more (Answer: realistic) view of what science is, who
scientists are, and what they do.
Options- acquaintance, concomitance, inheritance, capacitance, ostracism,
irreverence, predilection, characteristics, supplement, implement, complement,
supply, realistic, hilarious, intransigent, imaginative.
Lie Detectors
A lie detector test includes a polygraph machine that records breathing rate,
blood pressure and perspiration. More (Answer: sophisticated) machines include
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Physiological responses to
(Answer: irrelevant) and relevant questions are compared to (Answer: identify)
lies. The subject may be asked to intentionally lie to help the examiner (Answer:
establish) baseline values. The test typically requires one to three hours to
complete.
Options- irrelevant, clarify, insignificant, sophisticated, radical, identify, establish
-Common Good
institutions that all or most members of a community agree are necessary to
(Answer: satisfy) certain interests they have in common. A few of the things
making up the common good in a modern democracy might include (Answer: basic)
rights and freedoms, police and public safety, and safe and (Answer: ample) food
supply.
Options- ample, ambient, basic, assure, certain, satisfy
Color Preference
Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the
world have similar color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue,
followed in order by red, green, purple, yellow and orange. Overlying this basic
order of color preference, (Answer: however), are the responses of individuals,
which of course vary (Answer: widely) and may also be very powerful. Children are
likely to have strong preferences for some colors and aversions to others, but
sometimes will not admit to them, since outside (Answer: factors) may be
influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are
expressed or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-
stereotyping and peer-group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in
particular may be reluctant to admit to any strong preferences for colors
(Answer:otherthan) those of favorite football teams, because color awareness may
be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
Options- widely, however, other than, therefore, factors, thoroughly, counters,
rather than
Cargo Ship Munchen

Two weeks before Christmas in 8, the cargo ship MS München (Answer: encounter
ed) a fierce storm in the North Atlantic. Although the captain evade it, th
e (Answer: forecasted) waves and winds should have posed no (Answer: threat) to
the -meter-long ship. The West German vessel and its 28-
person crew vanished, leaving behind just four lifeboats, three shipping containers,
and a handful of (Answer: flotation) devices.
Options-
compassion,weathered,forecasted,encountered,flotation,confronted,threat
Web Security
In the past, security teams have (Answer: deployed) a collection of on-premises
solutions to manage email and web security. But increasingly organizations are
turning to comprehensive email and web security solutions via (Answer:
integrated) technologies that (Answer: simplify) the task and reduce the cost of
reducing risk. And because attackers often leverage email and web channels
together, a (Answer: seamless) and scalable strategy for protecting both is
essential.
Options- integrated, relentless, simplify, seamless, spread, deployed, extended
Coconut Crabs

Coconut crabs spend most of their lives on land, but they start out in the ocean.
On the new moon, a female coconut crab (Answer: deposits) larvae (which she's
been carrying around in her abdomen since they were just fertilized eggs) into the
ocean, and the babies (Answer: float) around in the currents for a month or so
before dropping to the seafloor and finding nice, cozy snail shells to move into.
Just like your childhood hermit crab friend, young coconut crabs move in and out of
shells as they (Answer: bulk) up and get used to living on land. Sometimes a
juvenile coconut crab will use a coconut husk or empty sea shell as (Answer:
armor) until its own shell gets harder. After about a year, the teens of the
species eventually find there are no shells left on the beach large enough to
(Answer: accommodate) their bulk, so they move out altogether. From here on
out, they live the rest of their lives out of the water coconut crabs will drown if
totally submerged.
Options- deposits, discards, consumes, flaunts, bloat, afloat, float, gloat, follow,
bulk, brush, sum, fellow, assistant, trophy, armor, abrogate, affiliate, approximate,
accommodate.
Catholics
Catholics venerate the saints and look to them as examples of lives well lived in
the faith. Many find comfort in the (Answer: knowledge) that holy people shared in
their same struggles, sins, doubts, or hardships and ask specific saints to pray
for them. Some saints are the patrons of certain occupations or causes, and
these saints are often invoked to aid people in those professions or situations. For
example, St. Judas (Jude) is the patron saint of impossible or (Answer: desperate)
causes, and many Catholics ask him to pray on their behalf for the (Answer:
resolution) of seemingly impossible situations in their lives. Additionally, many
Catholics take or are given a saint's name for their confirmation. A confirmation
saint is often seen as having an invested interest in (Answer: fostering) a new
Catholic's spiritual growth and is usually chosen because his or her life story
(Answer: resonates) with the neophyte. Most saints have feast days observed by
the Catholic Church in which their lives and contributions are formally celebrated,
and some have large followings of devotees and even religious orders in their
honor.
Options- relief, knowledge, disappointment, illusion, complacent, insidious,
desperate, satisfactory, devolution, resolution, convolution, absolution, fostering,
forgiving, forging, foreseeing, abominates, culminates, hallucinates, resonates.
Racial Prejudice
In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be
taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned.
There are countries where the white man (Answer: imposes) his rule by brute
force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities
and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other
respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence
as if it were a (Answer: legitimate) solution, like any other. What is really
frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes
to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and
ties instead of warpaint, but our (Answer: instincts) remain basically (Answer:
unchanged). The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that (Answer:
tedious) documentation of violence has taught us absolutely nothing.
Options- exposes, imposes, composes, disposes, legitimate, feeble, questionable,
doubtful, instruction, instillation, instrument, instincts, unchanged, fluctuating,
interchangeable, changeable, tedious, educational, valuable, interesting.
Neutrality of American
The establishment of the Third Reich influenced events in American history by
starting a chain of events which (Answer: culminated) in war between Germany
and the United States. The complete destruction of democracy, the (Answer:
persecution) of Jews, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis,
and especially the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world
conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another
world war. While speaking out against Hitler's atrocities, the American people
generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935
and 1936 (Answer: prohibited) trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In
1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo in wars between
nations at his (Answer: discretion). American opinion began to change somewhat
after President Roosevelt's "quarantine the aggressor" speech at Chicago (1937)
in which he (Answer: severely) criticized Hitler's policies. Germany's seizure of
Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also
aroused the American people.
Options- fulminated, cultivated, culminated, disseminated, persecution,
construction, protection, allocution, prohibited, introduced, promulgated,
permitted, secretion, accretion, concretion, discretion, politely, securely,
pessimistically, severely.
Olympics
The Olympics (Answer: represents) the noble ideal of sports overcoming the
(Answer: barriers) of politics with champion athletes of all nations gathering in the
spirit of sportsmanship. However, the stakes go beyond who wins the gold medal.
Shortly after each competition, nations begin to vie afresh for the bid to host the
next game. Winning the vote to host is not merely an honor, it is a political
conquest in global recognition. It also spins revenue from the (Answer: influx) of
tourists, participants and Olympic related paraphernalia. However, all that
(Answer: glitters) is not gold. For some residents of Beijing, the site of Olympic
2008, the impact of winning the bid cuts deep and far into their personal lives. The
capital is expecting to pour billions of dollars into sports facilities and related
upgrades (Answer: such as) roads, public transport, landscaping and sanitation.
For the bustling city of bicycles and traffic jams tucked among imperial relics, the
Olympics is an opportunity for urban renewal.
Options- reproves, reprehends, reprieves, represents, jam, benefits, barriers,
connection, efflux, afflux, reflux, influx, flutters, loiters glitters, jitters, by far, as
for, such as, in favor of.
Organic Food
Organic milk and dairy products may contain higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids
and slightly higher amounts of iron, vitamin E, and some carotenoids. (Answer:
However), organic milk may contain less selenium and iodine than non-organic milk.
These are two minerals that are essential for health. A review of 67 studies found
that organic meat contained higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and slightly lower
levels of saturated fats than conventional meat. A higher intake of omega-3 fatty
acids has been (Answer: associated) with many health benefits, including a
reduced risk of heart disease. However, several other studies found no
differences. While several studies find that organic foods can have significant
positive outcomes, others have found insufficient evidence to recommend organic
over conventional. An observational study comparing the nutrient intakes of nearly
4,000 adults consuming either organic or conventional vegetables found (Answer:
conflicting) results. Although a slightly higher intake of certain nutrients was seen
in the organic group, this was most likely (Answer: due to) higher overall vegetable
consumption.
Options- therefore, additionally, however, moreover, fascinated, associated,
appreciated, dissociated, conflicting, contributing, conditioning, convincing, such
as, due to, along with, no doubt.
Subculture has long been seen as separate from or (Answer: rebelling) against
mainstream culture in a (Answer: multitude) of aspects, including values, beliefs,
symbols and styles. It is often able to achieve a certain level of spaces for
meanings. Best (Answer: positioned) to analyze this culture is post-subcultural
theory, which is seen as the critique and (Answer: correction)
of the classic subcultural theory.
Nigerian law libraries, despite the intervention of Council of Legal education, are
still not endowed with every resource needed to satisfy information needs of
(Answer: diverse) users. This is (Answer: coupled) with the fact that Nigerian
universities are still struggling to manage (Answer: insufficient) funds normally
received from government. Resource sharing is (Answer: supposed) to be a
solution.
Astronomy is a science (Answer: discipline) that studies virtually everything

beyond the earth. It emphasizes the when and where a celestial (Answer: object)
can be observed. Astronomy requires the skill of careful (Answer: observation) in
order to understand and discover depth of the universe. It was through
observations that preliminary understanding of (Answer: timing) of days, nights,
and monthly patterns was achieved.
Two weeks before Christmas in 1978, the cargo ship MS München (Answer:
encountered)
evade it, the (Answer: forecasted) waves and winds should have posed no (Answer:
threat) to the 261-meter-long ship. The West German vessel and its 28-person
crew vanished, leaving behind just four lifeboats, three shipping containers, and a
handful of (Answer: flotation) devices.

Migration can be a potential solution to the predicted (Answer: shortage)
of working-age populations. Greater multilateralism and a new global leadership
enable both migrant-sending and migrant-receiving countries to (Answer: benefit),
while protecting the rights of individuals. Nations would need to (Answer:
cooperate) at levels that have eluded us to date to strategically support and fund
the development of excess skilled human capital in countries that are a (Answer:
source) of migrants.
In 2018, a momentous lightning bolt (Answer: flashed) above a network of radio
telescopes in the Netherlands. The telescopes ) recordings,
which were processed only recently, (Answer: reveal) something no one has seen
before: lightning actually starting up inside a thundercloud. Researchers used the
observations to settle a long-standing debate about what (Answer: triggers)
lightning the first step in the mysterious process by which bolts arise, grow
and propagate to the ground.
To look back in time at the (Answer: witness) the first stars

flicker on, you must first grind a mirror as big as a house. Its surface must be so
(Answer: smooth) that it can collect and focus the (Answer: faint)
light coming from the farthest galaxies in the sky.
COVID-19 vaccines train our immune systems to make antibodies using synthetic
(Answer: versions) of the virus' spike protein. If a vaccinated person later
encounters the virus, the antibodies recognize it and bind to the spike protein to
prevent (Answer: infection). The first dose of an mRNA vaccine prepares the cells
to make antibodies, and the second dose matures and (Answer: enhances) those
antibodies to bind even more strongly to the spike protein.
Whenever you search a location using Google Maps, you can expect that to be
marked off for future (Answer: reference). But it isn't just the places you're
planning on visiting that Google remembers. If you have Google Maps (Answer:
installed) on your phone or mobile device, the chances are your privacy settings
(Answer: permit) it to track and store your every step.
Currently, spending on consumer services (think hotels, passenger transportation

and hair salons, for example) is growing rapidly and keeping the economy above
(Answer: water) . (Answer: persist) forever. As the
fear of the pandemic subsides and households return to pre-pandemic spending
patterns, the pace of recovery in consumer services will slow, and by 2023, job
growth in this sector will no longer be unusually high. In its fight to (Answer:
tame) inflation and slow the economy, the Federal Reserve will continue to rapidly
raise interest rates, which makes stock prices tend to decline, reducing
n economy where
significant job growth and low inflation cannot coexist. It is either one or the
other, because significant expansion of employment in a super-tight labor market
will (Answer: accelerate) wages, and therefore prices. In such an environment, we
should expect slow economic and job growth for the rest of the decade

like a
(Answer: chore) . Both become a lot more rewarding, however, when you think of
them as more than just spreading your money across different investment
categories, such as stocks and bonds, to (Answer: fund) a seemingly far-off, no-
guarantees future. Benz encourages everyone to focus on what she calls your
you really want to spend more of your time doing -- not just in retirement but
today and in the foreseeable future. Setting up your finances to support that goal
can (Answer: transform) saving and investing from fulfilling an obligation to
creating a financial freedom fund for yourself. Here are three key ways to get
started: Figure out how you are (Answer: allocating) your income between
spe
making smart decisions to deploy that capital across your financial
Tuesday by the Bank of England. Charles (Answer: portrait) will appear on English
notes of £5, £10, £20 and £50. Meanwhile, the rest of the design will (Answer:
remain) the same as the current notes that feature the late Queen Elizabeth II on
the front. The reverse side of the notes will remain unchanged -- the current
designs feature portraits of Winston Churchill, Jane Austen, JMW Turner and
Alan Turing on the reverse of the £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes, (Answer:
respectively) . And to minimize the environmental and financial impact of this
change, new notes will only be printed to replace worn banknotes and to meet any
overall increase in demand for banknotes. The new banknotes are expected to
(Answer: enter) circulation by mid-2024 and will co-circulate with notes featuring
bank.
(Answer: imperative) , to
invest in long-term, sustainable action, especially after two years of conflict,
pandemic and polarization. This is an extremely fragile moment for the world.
Some of the poorest countries face external debt distress. Rising inflation has
tough financial trade-offs. An (Answer: alarming) number of people, particularly

women, are hungry worldwide. Many countries are pulling back on development aid
that helps strengthen health and food systems over the long term in low and
middle income countries. Some have (Answer: redirected) funds from these
priorities to address crises at home. Humanitarian aid is critical. Yet if short-
term funding means (Answer: neglecting) long-term investment, health
emergencies and food shortages will become even more frequent -- and more
intense. Hunger, disease and inequity are problems without borders, and every
sector has a role to play in solving them. Solutions can come from everywhere:
from the most advanced labs and the most remote communities.

The demand for workers in the US is (Answer: outpacing) the supply, and finding
the best talent is going to be increasingly difficult as the world navigates a period
of heightened economic uncertainty. Despite the need for (Answer: revamping) our
existing talent strategies to keep pace, employers have been slow to move on
what we see as the most sustainable way to hire and grow more effective,
engaged workforces: hiring for skills, instead of just relying on pedigree. In this age
of uncertainty, when companies (Answer: prioritize
-
teams. Recognizing the diverse ways skills are acquired and (Answer: adopting) a
skills-first approach to talent will bring greater transparency, efficiency and equity
to the labor market, making it easier for anyone from anywhere to achieve anything
Yet, our research shows that there is another important (Answer: avenue) for
strengthening worker power: making it easier for them to find new, better-paying
jobs. Policymakers have the tools to empower workers to find new jobs even when
(Answer: tilted) in their favor. Here are some measures
the government could consider. Antitrust laws and enforcement have traditionally
focused on increasing competition for products or services such as oil, health care
labor markets are sufficiently
competitive, too. In a competitive labor market, employers must compete with one
another for workers through pay, benefits or working conditions. Research shows
that when jobs are (Answer: concentrated) among a small number of employers,
workers are more likely to earn lower wages. Policymakers could start by more
closely (Answer: scrutinizing) corporate mergers for signs they could decrease
competition for workers. Regulators should keep a close eye on combined
companies that compete for the same workers in a specific labor market
Bank Erosion
Riverbank erosion is an inevitable natural (Answer: phenomenon) of any floodplain re
gion. Bank erosion involves the mechanism of (Answer: removal) of bank materials f
rom river banks by the fluvial actions like channel head pressure, velocity, discharg
e etc. The erosion takes place when the shear stress exceeds and the (Answer: ba
sal) support is collapsed. Options-
phenomenon,event,removal,basal,migration,additional
PPG
Constant monitoring of blood pressure is important for many patients, especially t
hose with a family history of hypertension. In recent years, cuffless blood pressure
has become a more popular method to (Answer: monitor) cardiovascular health an
d many of them (Answer: utilize) the optical technique, photoplethysmography (PP
G). The PPG technique can be found in many (Answer: commercial) health monitorin
g devices because it is inexpensive an (Answer: practical) to users.
Options- utilize,identify,pragmatic,practical,commercial,specialize,monitor
Biodegradation
In (Answer: concept) ,biodegradation is simple large or complex materials are bi
ologically converted into smaller, simpler, ideally non-
toxic (Answer: compounds) that can be recycled in the biosphere, ideally without h
uman (Answer: intervention).However, the (Answer: mechanisms) involved in biologi
cal degradation are technically complex and the conditions under which biodegrada
tion (Answer: occurs) in large scale waste management environments generally do
not match those found in purely natural environments, such as soil and seawater.
Options-
convention,concurs,compounds,sense,intervention,concept,occurs,mechanisms.
Supply and Demand

The supply of a thing, in the phrase 'supply and demand', is the amount that will be
offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will b
e bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply a
nd demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought
if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is (Answer: raised). Therefore
sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are a
lready doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If ther
e is a general falling off if in demand - due, say, to trade depression - sellers will eit
her have to (Answer: reduce) prices or put less on the (Answer: market); they will
not be able to sell the same (Answer: amount) at the same price. Similarly with su
pply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price
more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offe
r a higher price; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. T
hat is the first result of a change in demand or supply.
Options- admit,recorded,amount,market,raised,reduce,rate,gear
Body Odor
A chemical that is sometimes (Answer: emitted) from human skin, breath and faec
es has no (Answer: detectable) smell, but it appears to influence people's behavior,
with men becoming calmer and women becoming more (Answer: aggressive). Altho
ugh scientists have yet to (Answer: determine) when or under what conditions peo
ple and other mammals release hexadecanal, it seems clear that humans are
with each other (Answer: subconsciously) through their body odor.
Options:aggressive ,committed,subconsciously,determine,progressive,detectable,c
onsciously,undermine,emitted
.
In 2015, the owners of a Dutch cycling company began shipping bicycles across
the Atlantic to the United States, but time and time again these deliveries were
damaged in(Answer: transit) . VanMoof (Answer: experimented) various solutions
Tougher boxes? Better packaging? Different shipping partners? Nothing worked.
-screen TVs have, for example
and then it clicked. The company began printing images of big, expensive television
sets on the sides of boxes as a visual (Answer: cue) to handlers, a tacit message
(Answer: impact)
most of their sales are online, this strategy has helped them better protect tens
of thousands of orders to date.
Marriage
(Answer:
routines) (Answer: personality) as
well, especially in the early years of marriage. Men, for example, tend to become
more (Answer: conscientious) and introverted than they were when single, and
women more emotionally (Answer: stable).
Options- status, conscientious, functions, enjoyable, personality, stable, routines
Poisonous Animals
Poisonous animals include most amphibians (that is, frogs, toads, salamanders,
etc.), which carry around some amount of (Answer: toxins) on their skin and within
their other (Answer: tissues), such as the highly toxic poison (Answer: secreted)
by various poison dart frogs. These chemicals are strong enough that they can be
(Answer: deadly) to humans, so you would be wise to keep these creatures off your
menu.
Options- secreted, microbes, partners, toxins, intensified, deadly, tissues
Tsunamis
Usually, we use pressure (Answer: gauges) on the sea floor to tell us when a tsun
ami is moving over the sensors. But these pressure changes only tell us there is a
tsunami after it has passed the sensors. A team (Answer: instead)
used a set of sensors in the Pacific Ocean to measure magnetic field and sea level
change(Answer: simultaneously). They found that the tsunamis were indeed (Answ
er: preceded) by changes in the magnetic field in the water.
Options- hardly, commercially, gauges, simultaneously, instead, acceded, preceded
Selfies
To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the
researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine
what kinds of identity statements people make by taking and sharing the photos.
Nearly 52 percent of all selfies (Answer: fell into) the appearance category:
pictures of people showing off their makeup, clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks
were two times more popular than the other 14 categories (Answer: combined).
After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the most
common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent),
and health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of
is an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that
most selfies are solo pictures, (Answer: rather) than taken with a group. Overall,
an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted by the 18-35-
(Answer:
considering) the demographics of the social media platform. The under18 age
group posted about 30 percent of selfies. The older crowd (35+) shared them far
less frequently (13 percent). Appearance was most popular among all age groups.
Lead author Julia Deeb-Swihart says selfies are an identity performance meaning
that users carefully craft the way they appear online and that selfies are an
Options- made up, resembling, considering, more, each, fell into, rather, combined.
generally(Answer: unaware
according to J. H. Kleynhans, author of The Use of Color as a Tool for Propaganda.
Kleynhans explains how the psychological effects of color can (Answer: stimulate)
The power that color wields is seen at
every level of communication: in corporate identification and logos, signage,
advertising, on television, billboards, in print media and packaging, on the Internet
power of color reflected in
(Answer: consumer) behavior. For example, according to color theorist Leatrice
Eiseman, when we are rushing down the aisles in a supermarket, we only spend
around .03 seconds looking at a package. In that moment, we make quick
decisions (Answer: based) on colors that inform a package and its contents.
Those same colors inform whether the product is something appealing to our
eyes, taste, psyches, and pockets.
Bias
One of the questions we need to ask ourselves is: How much of the news is
biased? Can we recognize bias? The fact is, despite the journalistic ideal of
'objectivity', every news story is (Answer: influenced) by the attitudes and
background of its interviewers, writers, journalists, photographers and editors.
That is not to say that all bias is (Answer; deliberate), but it does exist. So how
can we, as readers or viewers, (Answer: measure) bias? Well, in the case of
newspapers, it manifests itself in a number of ways, such as what events are
selected for inclusion or omission. The placement of the article, meaning its
proximity to the front or back pages, is significant. The use of headlines,
photographs and language are (Answer: further) examples.
Options- deliberate, random, bare, influenced, further, determine, hampered,
measure
Organic Food
Organic food production is a self- (Answer: financed) industry with government
(Answer: standards) in some countries, distinct from private gardening. Currently,
the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries
require producers to obtain special (Answer: certification) based on government-
defined standards in order to market food as organic within their borders. In the
(Answer: context) of these regulations, foods marketed as organic are produced in
a way that complies with organic (5) set by national governments and international
organic industry trade organizations.
Options- financed, measurements, oversight, insights, standards, clearance,
certification, context, regulated

Economic Inequality
For the past thirty years, the United States has been (Answer: conducting) what
one observer (Samuelson 2001) has called a massive social experiment regarding
the political and social consequences of increasing economic inequality. The share
of national income going to families in the bottom 40 percent of the income
distribution (Answer: remained) by about one-fifth, from 17.4% in 1973 to 13.9%
in 2001, while the share going to families in the top 5 percent increased by more
than one-third, from 15.5% to 21.0% (Mishel, Bernstein, and Boushey 2003). And
(Answer: meanwhile) the share of income going to the top one-tenth of one
percent quadrupled between 1970 and 1998, leaving the 13,000 richest families
in America with almost as much income as the 20 million poorest families
(Krugman 2002). The economic causes of technological change, demography and
global competition are a matter of some scholarly controversy. But the important
political point is that, whereas most rich democracies have significantly mitigated
increasing economic inequality through government action, the United States has
mostly been content to let economic trends take their course, doing less than
almost any other rich democracy to (Answer: limit) economic inequality through
employment and wage policies, taxes, and transfers.
Options- conducting, declined, remained, reciprocating, thus, meanwhile, analyze,
limit
Trinitite
The (Answer: intense) heat and pressure of the first atomic bomb test, in 5, left (
Answer: behind) a glassy substance known as trinitite and something even stra
nger. Within the trinitite, scientists discovered, is a rare form of matter called a q
uasicrystal. Quasicrystals have an (Answer: orderly) structure like a normal crysta
l, but that structure doesn't repeat. (Answer: Previously), these crystals had been
found only in meteorites or made in the lab.
Options- Tremendously,pretense,Previously,orderly,intense,improperly,behind
Vaccine Drives
A year ago, vaccine drives against COVID-
19 were just beginning. Now, more than 4.4 billion people have had one or more (A
nswer: dose) about 56% of the world population. The vaccination of so many in s
uch a short (Answer: space) of time, so soon after the (Answer: unparalleled) rapid
development of the vaccines, has saved huge numbers of lives and is a (Answer: tr
iumph) for science and research.
Options- triumph,unparalleled,dispose,space,duration,dose,struggle
Closed-system Economy
In a closedsystem economy, gross national product is (Answer: regarded) as a
st of the The Leontiev model relating the components of society's (Answe
r: demand) to resource use has been extended to make possible (Answer: quantita
tive) estimates of This kind of work suggests a (Answer: rationale)
for minimizing social entropy and real cost in a more advanced economy and techn
ology.
Options- discarded,rationalism,regarded,qualified,rationale,quantitative,demand
Walking
People are walking less and less. As cities have become more (Answer: sprawled),
highways have replaced sidewalks, creating significant (Answer: obstacles) to
walking safely. Sidewalks with broken concrete, narrow widths, and illegally parked
vehicles on them are further (Answer: evidence) that walking has slowly been
(Answer: suffocated) by other modes of transport that are less healthy for both
people and cities.
Options- sprawled, prosperous, obstacles, sophisticated, opportunities,
suffocated, evidence.
Atmospheric Rivers
The formation of an atmospheric river starts near the equator. The sun heats the
earth most directly at the equator, and these warm (Answer: temperatures)
cause water to evaporate and (Answer: rise) into the atmosphere. Some of that
water vapor is pulled away from the equator by atmospheric circulation, forming a
narrow band that can (Answer: transport) the water vapor to other regions like a
conveyor belt.
Options- confine, regions, rise, transport, temperatures, surge.
Barred Owls
(Answer: distinctive)
hooting of the barred owl. In fact, you can find them in the neighborhoods, where
you might (Answer: glimpse) one perched above on a walk, or you might be
surprised when one swoops down to (Answer: chase) you away from its territory.
The barred owl is an (Answer: invasive) species that competes with the native
northern spotted owl.
Options- ordinary, overlook, distinctive, charge, invasive, glimpse, chase.
Frog Cells
(Answer: replicate) themselves, making
copies that can then go on to do the same. This newly described form of renewal
offers a new (Answer: insight) into how to design biological machines that are self-
perpetuating. This is an incredibly exciting (Answer: breakthrough) robots that can
to (Answer: operate).
Options- survive, insight, replicate, operate, breakthrough, product, interfere.
People who live in dense urban areas, particularly those with closely packed
apartments, are more likely to experience loneliness and (Answer: isolation), a
large-scale study of UK cities has found. Chris Webster at the University of Hong
Kong and his colleagues analyzed health data from nearly 406,000 people in 22 UK
cities held by the UK Biobank and compared it with detailed data of their
environment, such as their (Answer: proximity) to busy roads and green spaces.
The team found that people's self-reported loneliness increased by 2.8 per cent for
every additional 1000 housing units within 1 kilometer of their home, while their
self-reported social isolation increased by 11.4 per cent. The researchers
controlled for factors including age, health and socioeconomic status, finding that
the effects were more (Answer: pronounced) in men and retirees. Compared with
their (Answer: counterparts) living in the lowest residential densities, men in the
highest densities were 23.5 per cent more likely to report loneliness, while
retirees in areas with the densest housing were 17.4 per cent more likely to do
so.
1.correlation,legislation,isolation,relation
2.family,proximity,business,knowledge
3.pronounced,denounced,announced,renounced
4.counterparts,disparts,imparts,underparts
Increasing the amount of sleep a person gets has been linked to eating fewer
sugary foods, and making better nutritional choices. Wendy Hall, at King's College
London, and her team (Answer: enlisted) 42 volunteers to help them investigate
the link between sleep and diet. Half the participants were given advice on how to
get more sleep- such as avoiding caffeine before bed, establishing a relaxing
(Answer: routine), and trying not to go to bed too full or hungry. This advice was
intended to help them boost the amount of sleep they each got by 90 minutes a
night. The remaining 21 volunteers received no such advice. The team found that,
of those who were given the advice, 86 per cent spent more time in bed, and
around half slept for longer than they used to. These (Answer: extended) sleep
patterns were associated with an average reduction in the intake of free sugars of
10 grams a day. People who were getting more sleep also ate fewer
carbohydrates. There were no significant changes in diet in the control group.
1.collided,enlisted,summarized,indicted
2.routine,muscle,tissue,joint
3.exercised,decisive,inhaled,extended
In 1492, Italian sailor Christopher Columbus; sent by Spain, arrived in the New
World. This was a dramatic event for both the people who already lived in the
Americas and for Europe. Native Americans fell (Answer: victim) to an immense
plague of European diseases which weakened them in the face of armies led by
Spanish conquistadors. Within a few decades, Spain conquered the Caribbean, the
Aztec Empire of modern-day Mexico, and the Inca Empire stretching across the
Andes. Native Americans were (Answer enslaved) and forced to work on
plantations and mines. As a result, Spain grew rich and powerful. The other
countries of Europe looked upon the success of Spain with envy. They quickly hired
explorers of their own and sent them west in search of societies to conquer, gold
to snatch, and perhaps even a route to Asia for a (Answer: prosperous) trade
connection.
1.back,migration,victim,vacation
2.enclosed,engaged,enslaved,encountered
3.prosperous,porous,phosphorus,courteous
Most chapters have a mixed exercise after the completed. This will help you
(Answer: revise) that you have done, either when you have finished the chapter or
at a later date. All chapters (Answer: main) work of the chapter has been

(Answer: end) with some mathematical puzzles and practical investigational work.
For this work you are encouraged to (Answer: share) your ideas with others.
Options-
end, main, revise, share, teem, downsize, mingle, bare
European Culture
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe
during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This (Answer: concept) of culture
reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around the
world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization and
contrasts both with nature or non-civilization. According to this understanding of
culture, some countries are more civilized than others, and some people are more
cultured than others. Anything that doesn't (Answer fit) into this category is
labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to
cultivation, which is the progressive refinement of human (Answer behavior). In
practice, culture referred to elite goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high
fashion or haute couture, museum-caliber art and classical music. The word
cultured referred to people who knew about and took part in these activities. For
example, someone who used culture in this sense might (Answer argue) that
classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or
the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.
Options- classification, concept, renovation, identity, cut, dismiss, fit, solve,
blessing, curse, habit, behavior, argue, doubt, pretend, deny
Tokyo Skytree
Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo's Skytree, one of the world's
monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed. But (Answer:
however) massive this form of digital art becomes and it's a form subject to
rampant inflation Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and
often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no
surprises there), then computer games, he recognized when he started to look at
traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something (Answer: in common):
something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko
had been taught that photographic lenses, (Answer:alongwith) the conventions of
western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two,
conveying the real world on to a flat surface. (Answer: But) Japanese traditions
employed "a different spatial logic", as he said in an interview last year with j-
collabo.org, that is "uniquely Japanese".
Options- 1. however, ever, how, when
2. in fact, as whole, in common, of course
3. apart from, further afield, along with, out of
4. Thus, So, And, But
Shrimp Farms
been (Answer: converted) for human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp
farms. In 7 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the
commercial profits per hectare were $9,. If that were the only factor, conversion
would seem an excellent idea. However, proper (Answer: accounting) shows that
for each hectare government subsidies formed $8, of this figure and there were
costs, too: $1, for pollution and $12, for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken
from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms.
And because a given shrimp farm only stays (Answer: productive) for three or four
years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
Options- regenerating, study, estimated, accounting, productivity, productive,
converted.
Academic Writing
Academic writing is an (Answer: expression) of logic that is the product of
thinking. This (Answer: means) that the writing that you produce is a (Answer:
reflection) of your intellectual abilities. It (Answer: puts) into words your knowledge
and your conceptual understanding and shows (Answer: evidence) of your ability to
think critically.
Options- 1. expectation, entitlement, expression, exchange
2. means, questions, stipulates, answers
3. redundancy, mission, credit, reflection
4. enriches, shows, allows, puts
5. hassle, excuse, capacity, evidence
Ebb and Flow

Roman poet Ovid wrote that "there is nothing (Answer: constant) in the universe.
All ebb and flow and every shape that's born bears in its (Answer: womb) the seeds
of change". These words are (Answer: relevant) when one considers the way life
has changed through time as remarkably revealed by fossil record.
Options- 1. orthodox, volatile, constant, cheap
2. heart, limb, womb, brain
3. prevalent, detached, relevant, dominant
Dictionary Publishers
For the first time, dictionary publishers are (Answer: incorporating) real, spoken
English into their (Answer: access) to a more vibrant, data. It gives lexicographers
(people who write dictionaries) up-to-date (Answer: vernacular) language which has
never really been studied before.
Options- 1. incorporating, enlarging, treating, excluding
2. honor, access, prevision, privilege
3. obscure, indifferent, vernacular, common
Project Management
While there are many project management techniques and tools, there are
considerable (Answer: differences) in applying these methods to different projects.
For example, a large, complex, multiyear construction project is very different from
a 12month ISO 9001 quality management system implementation or a three-
month process improvement and machinery upgrade project. While the basic
principles apply in all situations, the project management methodology must be
(Answer: scaled) to fit the benefit to cost ratio for each situation. Managers often
fail to use project planning tools and techniques appropriate to the anticipated
outcomes of the project and the resources available. Aspiring project managers
may utilize a wide (Answer: range) of project management tutorials and other
resources, including college-based, association-based, and consultant-sponsored
classes and courses. The Project Management Institute offers certification as a
Project Management Professional (PMP) to those who pass a rigorous exam and
(Answer: demonstrate) their proficiency by planning and managing a successful
project.
Options- difficulties, deviations, conflicts, differences, scaled, abjured, obfuscated,
beguiled, sort, category, range, classification, sequestrate, disprove,
remonstrate, demonstrate.
Iceberg
When an iceberg reaches warm waters, the new climate attacks it from all sides.
On the iceberg surface, warm air melts snow and ice into pools called melt ponds
that can trickle (Answer: through) the iceberg and widen cracks. At the same
time, warm water laps at the iceberg edges, melting the ice and causing chunks of
ice to break off. On the underside, warmer waters melt the iceberg from the
bottom up. Icebergs (Answer: pose) a danger to ships (Answer: traversing) the
North Atlantic and the waters around Antarctica. After the Titanic sank near
Newfoundland in 1912, the United States and twelve other countries formed the
International Ice Patrol to warn ships of icebergs in the North Atlantic. The
International Ice Patrol uses airplanes and radars to track icebergs that float into
major shipping lanes. The U.S. National Ice Center uses satellite data to (Answer:
monitor) icebergs near Antarctica. However, it only tracks icebergs larger than
500 square meters (5,400 square feet).
Options- from, under, through, over, depose, pose, dispose, compose, rescinding,
presaging, traversing, conversing, monitor, maintain, modify, produce.
Love of Beauty
The love of beauty is an essential part of all healthy human nature. It is a moral
(Answer: quality). The absence of it is not an assured ground of condemnation, but
the (Answer: presence) of it is an invariable sign of goodness of heart. In
proportion to the degree in which it is felt will probably be the degree in which
nobleness and beauty of character will be (Answer: attained). Natural beauty is an
all-pervading presence. The universe is its temple. It unfolds into the numberless
flowers of spring. It waves in the branches of trees and the green blades of grass.
It (Answer: gleams) from the hues of the shell and the precious stone. And not
only these minute objects but the oceans, the mountains, the clouds, the stars,
the rising and the setting sun all (Answer: overflow) with beauty.
Options- quality, quantity, qualification, qualifier, absence, presence, contrary,
opposite, attained, entertained, detained, sustained, gleams, screams, streams,
steams, overflow, overfeed, overfly, overfill.

Animals have played a major role in human's lives throughout history. Today,
scientific research is trying to (Answer: discover) the positive aspects of living
with companion animals. Animals have been used as an (Answer: alternative) form
of treatment for many years. More recently it has been discovered that owning a
pet can help lower people's blood pressure, (Answer: enhance) the chances of living
after a heart attack, keep people more active and provide more satisfaction with
life. It is (Answer: theorized) that this happens because pets help people become
more social, provide a means to give and receive (Answer: affection), and help
connect us with the natural world.
Options- alternative, affection, enhance, discover, decisions, different, theorized,
preferential, acclaimed
Marshmallow Test
Mischel is the creator of the marshmallow test, one of the most famous
experiments in the history of psychology, which is often cited as evidence of the
importance of self-control. In the original test, which was administered at the Bing
Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties, Mischel's team would present
a child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and tell her that she
could either eat the one treat (Answer: immediately) or wait alone in the room for
several minutes until the researcher returned, at which point she could have two
treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child knew that all she had
to do to stop the agonizing wait was ring a bell to call the experimenter back -
although in that (Answer: case), she wouldn't get the second treat. The longer a
child delayed gratification, Mischel found - that is, the longer she was able to wait
the better she would fare later in life at numerous measures of what we now call
executive function. She would (Answer: perform) better academically, earn more
money, and be healthier and happier. She would also be more likely to avoid a
number of negative outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and drug use.
Options- frequently, perform, immediately, achieve, case, topic
Keith Haring
Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects
were pieces of (Answer: stylized) graffiti drawn in New York subway stations.
Haring travelled from station to station, drawing with chalk and chatting with
commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style and
he (Answer: remained) so prolific, doing up to 40 drawings a day, that it was not
long before fame and a measure of fortune followed. Soon, galleries and collectors
from the art establishment wanted to buy full-sized pieces by Haring. The
paintings (Answer: skyrocketed) in price but this did not sit well with Haring's
philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon,
Haring opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract
a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among street artists,
some of whom (Answer: remained) Haring of selling out, the Pop Shop changed the
way people thought about the relationship between art and business.
Options- skyrocketed, stylized, accused, framed, remained, grew, retrospect,
recommended

The father's role in society has changed during the last 20 years, with a trend
towards acceptance of a nurturant father who is more involved in child care
responsibilities. With the birth of a child, father-child issues may (Answer:
resurface) from the family in which the father was born and raised. The healthy,
(Answer: adjusted) father is able to put these issues in perspective and resolve
them. Thus, bitterness, hostility, or (Answer: resentment) from the family of origin
does not spill into the immediate family. While fathers contribute to their own
psychosocial development, they also have an important impact on their children
from infancy (Answer: through) adulthood. One researcher concludes that fathers
who are more involved in infant care giving have infants with greater cognitive
development at one year of age than fathers who are less involved in infant care
giving. Infants can (Answer: distinguish) fathers from other adults early.
Options- resurface, restrict, restore, resuscitate, adjusted, mistrusted,
entrusted, maladjusted, increment, abatement, resentment, alignment, through,
besides, above, over, forgive, distinguish, forget, respect.
Individual human beings are relatively powerless creatures, no match for lions or
bears. It's what they can do as groups that has (Answer: enabled) them to take
over the planet. These groupings- corporations, religions, states are now part of a
vast network of (Answer: interconnected) information flows. Finding points of
resistance, where smaller units can (Answer: stand) up to the waves of
information washing around the globe, is becoming harder all the time.
Options-1.enabled, contented, embodied, conjured
2.interconnected, overlapping, fastened, exploited
3.stand, raise, hail, pump
First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly panic-
stricken, because things are moving much faster than they expected. Greenhouse
gas emissions are going up faster than (Answer: predicted) both from
industrializing countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in Siberia and
Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole ocean may be ice-free
in late summer in five years' time. Most climate scientists now see last year's
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, whose forecasts are
used by most governments for planning purposes, as a historical document.
Second, the biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both
locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and a half
degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere (Answer:
commits) us to that much warming - some countries will no longer be able to feed
their people. Others, further from the equator, will still have enough food for
themselves, but none to (Answer: spare.)
Options-1.credited,formed,predicted,ordered
2.purely,evenly,disproportionately,seemingly
3.commits,commit,committing,committed
4.spare,end,apply,span

All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be sufficiently
intellectualized, which is why Brian Merchant's book comes as a (Answer: relief).
Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and editor of Vice
Media's technology blog, Motherboard, (Answer: unpacks) the history of the iPhone
in a way that makes it seem both inevitable in its outline (Answer: surprising) in its
details.
Options-1.privilege,relief,demotion,flash
2.enriches,unpacks,detours,contorts
3.surprises,surprised,surprising,surprise
Christmas Cards
A few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent
Christmas cards to a sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some
reaction, the (Answer: response) he received was amazing holiday cards
(Answer: addressed) to him came pouring back from the people who had never met
nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned a card never inquired
(Answer: into) the identity of the unknown professor. They received his holiday
greeting card, and they automatically sent one in return. This study shows the
action of one of the most powerful of the weapons of influence around us the
rule for (Answer: reciprocation) . The rule says that we should try to repay, in kind,
what another person has provided us. If a woman does us a favor, we should do
her one in return; if a man sends us a birthday present, we should remember his
birthday with a gift of our own; if a couple invites us to a party, we should be sure
to invite them to one of ours.
Options- response, respite, rudeness, ignorance, caressed, regressed,
distressed, addressed, through, into, over, after, reciprocation, adjudication,
advocation, verification.
Patent
Most inventors (Answer: aim) to make money from an invention by licensing it to a
larger company that will manufacture and sell the invention. However, they
(Answer: face) the risk that potential licensees with whom they discuss the
invention may learn enough about it to steal it or prevent them from patenting it.
This means that the inventor would not receive any royalties from the invention.
Sometimes an inventor will (Answer: file) a provisional patent application to
prevent this problem. They would need to make sure that their invention meets the
requirements for patent protection. If it does, a provisional patent application can
give their invention patent pending status for a minimal fee. This will (Answer:
signal) an inventor's intent to move forward with obtaining patent rights for the
invention. Another (Answer: option) for inventors to consider is requiring potential
customers to sign a non-disclosure agreement, also known as a confidentiality
agreement. This may be appropriate if the invention may not meet the patent
requirements at this stage of its development, which means that they could not
file a provisional patent application.
Options- offer, aim, claim, target, face, avoid, reduce, accept, profile, defile,
withdraw, file, integrate, signal, process, emigrate, option, adoption, assumption,
conception.
Cyberbullying
Just as young people used to spend unmonitored time playing with friends in the
neighbourhood, outside the periphery of adults, they are now (Answer: engaging)
and 'talking' about each other, often without adult or parental monitoring. While
technology allows young people to connect in (Answer: meaningful) ways, such as
the opportunity to share ideas, photos, videos, and more, the unsupervised
(Answer: nature) of the cyberworld demands the need for guidance, guidelines, and
social responsibility. Cyberbullying can happen (Answer: anywhere) there is online
social interaction. For example, some young people use social media, video games,
texting, or anonymous apps to bully other youth, post embarrassing pictures,
share private information, or send threatening messages. Students can use their
access to a large online audience to encourage their peers to join them in
targeting someone with gossip, rumors, and (Answer: untrue) stories.
Options- complying, engaging, coping, fighting, meaningful, dull, trivial,
inconsequential, stature, ability, benefit, nature, anywise, anyways, anyhow,
anywhere, interesting, true, authentic, untrue.
Thanks to their ability to (Answer: hijack) our most primal desires for connection,
distraction and validation, smartphones have become some of the bestselling
devices of all time. Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones since its launch in
2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost five hours a day (Answer:
staring) at their little screens. The real figure is probably higher: a team of British
psychologists found that people tend to underestimate the time spent on their
phones by about half, whole hours just (Answer: evaporating) in the fog.
Options-1.hijack,describe,sharpen,conserve
2.watching,waggling,snoring,staring
3.hasevaporated,evaporates,evaporate,evaporating
Short-term memory (SMT) can hold information anywhere between 15-30

seconds. According to
Miller's Magical Number Seven (1956), short-term memory has a limited capacity,
(Answer:being able) to store 5 to 9 items simultaneously. (Answer: However), if
we hear concepts or ideas repeatedly in an audio form we can acoustically encode
the information. It is a process referred to as "rehearsal", thereby (Answer:
committing) it to our long-term memories.
Options-1.beingable,isable,unable,beable
2.Somewhere,Moreover,However,So
3.commit,committing,committed,commits
As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs altered.
Advances in automation technologies will mean that people will (Answer:
increasingly) work side by side with robots, smart automation and artificial
intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks that
smart automation (Answer: struggles) to do and that add value to the use of
smart automation. In the past, technological progress has had a positive impact
on our society, increasing labour productivity, wages and prosperity. Right now, a
new technological wave of digitalization and smart automation-
(Answer:combinations) of artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies is
fundamentally transforming the way we work, at an unprecedented pace.
(Answer:For example), data analytics, the Internet of Things. and drones are
already used in many industries to make production processes better, faster, and
cheaper. We already see shifts in the structure of employment: in industries,
tasks, educational levels and skills.
Options-1.increase,increasingly,increasing,increased
2.struggled,struggling,struggles,used to struggle
3.combinations,combines,combining,combine
4.Instead,Of course,No wander,For example
Soil is the earth's fragile skin that anchors all life on Earth. It is comprised of
countless species that create a (Answer: dynamic) and complex ecosystem and is
among the most precious resources to humans. Increased demand for agriculture
commodities generates incentives to convert forests and grasslands to farm fields
and pastures. The (Answer:transition) to agriculture from natural vegetation often
cannot hold onto the soil and many of these plants, such as coffee, cotton, palm
oil, soybean and wheat, can actually increase soil erosion beyond the soil's ability
to maintain itself. The effects of soil erosion go beyond the loss of (Answer: fertile)
land. It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers,
clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other (Answer:
species). And degraded lands are also often less able to hold onto water, which
can worsen flooding. Sustainable land use can help to reduce the impacts of
agriculture and livestock, preventing soil degradation and erosion and the loss of
valuable land to desertification.
Options- 1.dynamic,epidemic,sympathetic,aerodynamic
2.transition,identification,interpretation,position
3.hostile,textile,fertile,ductile
4.stuff,resources,food,species
It is women, more than men, who are disproportionately more (Answer: vulnerable)
to the effects of climate change. This is not only because women perform up to
90 % of the agricultural work on farms, but also because of other (Answer:
challenges) they face: they often have less access to opportunities and decision-
making power than men. This increases their vulnerability to climate change and
(Answer: deprives) them of their ability to manage its impacts. In Honduras, 2.2
million women live in rural areas. With limited access to resources, knowledge, and
technical assistance, many of them have not been able to live up to their (Answer:
capacities) and fully achieve their dreams. "Even though there are several actors
and institutions supporting rural women in the region, their interventions are not
fully aligned", states Ruiz.
Options-1.defensive,beatable,vulnerable,defective
2.chances,challenges,awkwardness,changes
3.deprives,caprices,deposits,thrives
4.endurance,patience,capacities,publicity
Early Childhood Disadvantage
Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development.
Factors such as low socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents,
and social isolation may have lasting x full potential. Whilst not eliminating
disadvantage, preschool education can help to (Answer: impacts) on a child's
chance of reaching their (Answer:lessen) the effects of these risk factors and can
provide children with a better start to school. However, some of these factors
may also be (Answer barriers) to preschool attendance for groups that would
benefit most from preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's
education is the responsibility of many government and non-government agencies
and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children around four
years of age to (Answer: prepare) them for compulsory schooling from the age of
six years. In most states and territories, children can start full-time schooling at
five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or preparatory year. In 2001,
just over half of five-year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%)
attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can x (Answer:
commence) preschool before they turn four, participation rates for three-year olds
are much lower than four-year olds (24% compared with 56% for four-year olds in
2001). The preschool participation rate of four-year olds in 2001 (56%) was
similar to the rate in 1991 (58%).
Options- 1. impressions,impacts,affects,variations
2. lessen,hold,hoist,enlarge
3. barriers,roundabouts,accesses,assessments
4. undo,fix,tie,prepare
5. commence,alter,lead,raise
Left-handed Population
In any given population, about ten percent of the people are left-handed and this
figure remains (Answer: relatively) stable over time. So-called "handedness" runs in
families, but what causes it and why the proportion of left-handed to right-handed
people is a constant are still a mystery. One thing we do know is that hand
(Answer: dominance) is related to brain asymmetry; and it seems to be generally
agreed that the human brain is profoundly asymmetric, and that understanding
how this works will tell us much about who we are and how our brains work. Brain
(function) is (Answer: distributed) into the left and right hemispheres, and this is
crucial for understanding language, thought, memory, and perhaps even creativity.
For right-handed people, language activity is mainly on the left side. Many left-
handers also have left-side language dominance, but a significant number may have
language either more (Answer: evenly) distributed in both hemispheres or else
predominantly on the right side of the brain. Because left-handedness is seen as a
key to the complex anatomy of the brain, scientists are searching for links to
other (Answer:conditions), including immune disorders, learning disabilities, and
reduced life expectancy.
Options- 1. relative, closely, thus, relatively
2. dominance, proportion, strength, balance
3. figured, changed, distributed, added
4. largely, mainly, barely, evenly
5. conclusions, roundabouts, preferences, conditions
Ozone Layer
This year's hole in the Earth's protective ozone layer which grew to be larger
than Antarctica is finally set to close this week. (Answer: Acting) like a shield,
ozone absorbs UV light from the sun. Its absence means more of this high energy
radiation reaches the Earth, where it can harm living cells. The ozone layer is
depleted by chemical reactions that involve the by-products of human-made
chemicals that (Answer: linger) in the atmosphere. The size of the annual hole
which forms during the southern hemisphere's summer is strongly dependent
on weather conditions, and boosted by cold. Despite these natural fluctuations,
experts (Answer: expect) the hole to close permanently by 2050, in response to
restrictions on ozone-depleting chemicals introduced in 1987. The current hole,
which has been unusually large, is on track to last only a few days less than its
(Answer: counterpart) last year, which was the longest-lived on record since
1979.
Options- thinking, acting, perceiving, rolling, vanish, absorb, defuse, linger, subject,
expect, reject, object, nemesis, enemy, counterpart, alliance.
Vertical Farming
The Babylonians are the innovators behind the most well-known example of early
advanced agriculture systems. Built nearly 2,500 years ago, their hanging gardens
are thought to be the earliest (Answer: prototype) of a vertical farm (vertical
refers to the practice of growing the plants upward to maximize growing space).
Beyond this ancient Wonder of the World, there are myriad examples of how
civilizations have worked to (Answer: manipulate) their environments to make
farming easier or more (Answer: productive). One thousand years ago, the
Mesoamerican Aztec society (Answer: pioneered) a form of hydroponics
(hydroponics is the science of growing plants without soil in a nutrient-rich
solution). The Aztecs grew plants on marshy 'rafts' suspended in rivers and shallow
lake beds. The remnants of these small, rectangular areas of fertile, arable land,
known as chinampas, can still be seen in Mexico City today.
Options- prototype, failure, discredit, protocol, manipulate, escape, respect,
disarrange, productive, constructive, connective, counterproductive, domineered,
volunteered, pioneered, engineered.
Geography of Scotland
The geography of Scotland is varied and dramatic. From its rocky high mountains
to its deep valleys, rivers, lochs and diverse coastline, Scotland attracts visitors
from around the world to revel in the (Answer: majestic) beauty of this beautiful
country. Scotland's coastline (Answer: runs) for over 11,000 km, and includes a
wide range of features, from white sand beaches in the Hebrides, to deep sea
lochs reaching far inland, sheltered pebble enclaves and wide-open expanses of
sand in Aberdeenshire. This exceptionally diverse and beautiful coastline offers
something for everyone. Wherever your self-catering base, the coast will always be
an (Answer: achievable) target for a day trip whether you decide to indulge
(Answer: in) water-sports, bird watching, whale spotting or even some 'wild
swimming', Scotland's coast is sure to delight. Scotland's islands are prolific and
varied, with exposed Atlantic coasts and sheltered leeward coves. Each of
Scotland's islands is home to many different species of flora and (Answer: fauna),
as well as varied rock formations and features.
Options- deficient, domestic, ascetic, majestic, runs, stands, lasts, builds,
irretrievable, achievable, observable, inconceivable, in, on, with, to, fauna, sauna,
faun, flower.
Health Concept
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and groups.
These meanings of health have also (Answer: changed) over time. This difference is
no more (Answer: evident) than in Western society today, when (Answer: notions)
of health and health promotion are being challenged and (Answer: expanded) in new
ways.
Options- 1. existed, changed, vanished, adopted
2. identical, unique, evident, ironic
3. contours, figures, notions, costs
4. emitted, served, dictated, expanded
Heart Functions
The heart functions as a pump at the centre of the circulatory system. In humans
it is located in the chest cavity, between the lungs, (Answer: a bit) to the left. The
heart consists of four chambers surrounded by a very strong muscular wall, the
myocardium. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, (Answer: receive) blood
entering the heart, and the lower chambers, the right and left ventricles pump the
blood out of the heart, via the pulmonary and the systemic circulatory systems.
The two systems work as (Answer:follows). Blood from the body enters the right
atrium, (Answer: is) passed into the right ventricle and from there is propelled
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood releases carbon
dioxide and absorbs oxygen and is then (Answer:transported) back to the heart
into the left atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle, which pumps the
oxygenated blood around the body.
Options- 1. compared, rather than, a bit, less than
2.lower, receive, repel, transfer
3.following, followed, follows, follow
4.being, is, has, had
5.dissolved, transported, discharged, multiplied
Scientific Method
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1and was
(Answer:named) the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by
this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in every (Answer: respect).
Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes color!
(Answer: According) to Mill's method of difference it is safe to (Answer: assume)
that the change in the color of the water due to the introduction of a new factor
the independent variable-in this case, the ink.
Options- 1. capped, charged, solved, named
2.measure, thought, identity, respect
3.Compared, According, Contrary, Sorted
4.assume, discuss, prefer, acclaim
European Culture
Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right Questions
helps students bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting
information, and the greater challenge of critical analysis and synthesis. (Answer:
Specifically), this concise text teaches students to think critically by exploring the
components of arguments assumptions, language and on how to issues,
conclusions, reasons, evidence, (Answer: spot) fallacies and manipulations and
obstacles to critical thinking in both written and visual communication. It teaches
them to (Answer: respond) to alternative points of view and develop a solid
foundation for making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.
Options- 1.Articulately, Specifically, Conversely, Proportionately
2.escalate,spot,resume,stow
3.respond,descend,add,score
Shakespeare Congress
Over 800 Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at King's
College London next week as the university co-hosts the 10th World Shakespeare
Congress to explore and honor the Bard's life and work Organized by the
International Shakespeare Association, the World Congress (Answer: is) held every
five years and 2016 is the first time it will be co-hosted in two locations that
were integral to both the personal and working life of William Shakespeare.
Delegates will arrive X Thursday following the start of the Congress on Sunday in
Stratford-upon-Avon. X Creating and Recreating Shakespeare', the Congress will
look X (Answer: in) London on (Answer: With) a main theme of ' (Answer: at) the
continuing global relevance of Shakespeare's work through a varied program of
plenaries, panels, seminars and workshops.
Options- 1. are,is,have,has
2. in,at,on,to
3. Above,With,To,Beyond
4. in,at,over,to
Superintelligence
A superintelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human brains
in practically every field, including scientific creativity,general wisdom, and social
skills. This definition leaves open how the superintelligence (Answer: is
implemented): it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble of networked
computers, cultured cortical tissue, or something else. On this definition, Deep
Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is only smart within one narrow domain
(chess), and even there it is not vastly superior (Answer: to) the best humans.
Entities such as corporations or the scientific community are not
superintelligences either. Although they can perform a number of intellectual feats
of which no individual human is capable, they are not (Answer: sufficiently)
integrated to count as intellects, and there are many fields in which they perform
much worse than single humans. For example, you cannot have a real-time
conversation with the scientific community.
Options- 1. has implemented,is implemented,implements,implementing
2. against,to,for,by
3. barely,sufficiently,vaguely,sparsely
Prisoners
The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English lawyer Peter
Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and lawyers including Quaker
peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify individual prisoners of conscience around
the world and then campaign for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had
received enough public support to become a permanent organization and was
(Answer: renamed) Amnesty International. Under British law, Amnesty
International was classed as a political organization and therefore excluded from
tax-free charity status. To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was
established in 1962 to receive donations to support prisoners and their families.
The name was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is
now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and (Answer:
rehabilitation) grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the world.
Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured governments to release
those persons it considers to be prisoners of conscience. Governments,
conversely, tend to deny that the specific prisoners identified by Amnesty
International are, in fact, being held on the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege
that these prisoners pose X (Answer:genuine) threats to the security of their
countries. The concept of "Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around
Nelson Mandela's (Answer: imprisonment).
Options- 1. recharged,renamed,refunded,erased
2. engagement,measurement,illusion,rehabilitation
3. raw,genuine,radiated,trivial
4. imprisonment,felon,redemption,redundancy
Technology Calendar
According to BT's futurologist, lan Pearson, these are among the developments
scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1,000
years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of
life. Pearson has (Answer: pieced) together the work of hundreds of researchers
around the world to produce a (Answer: unique) millennium technology calendar
that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of keys (Answer:
breakthroughs) and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments
will be in medicine, including an (Answer: extended) life expectancy and dozens of
artificial organs (Answer: coming) into use between now and 2040.
Options- 1. pieced,finalized,pictured,filled
2. hovering,compromised,unique,loose
3. plateaus,procrastinations,breakthroughs,devastations
4. shared,lubricant,entitled,extended
5. changing,coming,delving,squeezing
Computer Viruses
Computer viruses have been a (Answer: fact) of life at least since the 1980s, if
not before. They can cause companies to lose hours of working time and they can
also spread panic among computer users everywhere. There are, however, several
(Answer: distinct) types of computer infection - all loosely referred to as viruses -
and they each work in a slightly different way. A particularly nasty one is the
worm, which is a program designed to sneak its way into an entire computer
network, and reproduce itself over and over again. Then there is the Trojan, which
strictly (Answer: speaking) isn't a virus, but a piece of software that appears to do
one thing, but actually does something malicious instead. When the unsuspecting'
operator introduces it into the computer, the alien program will take over the
machine. With Trojans you have to be particularly careful because they can often
be introduced by way of a message advertising an anti-virus product. So, what
motivates someone to (Answer: introduce) a virus into the computer systems of
innocent victims? Perhaps it's simply the desire to prove that it can be done. Or
because it gives the kind of pleasure you get from solving a difficult problem -
nowadays people protect their computers with all sorts of security software, so it
takes considerable (Answer: skill) to break through all the defenses and introduce
a virus.
Options- 1. link, verge, fact, virtue
2. successive, distinct, discreet, opaque
3. speaking, doing, done, figured
4. deploy, deduce, introduce, imply
5. consumption, regret, skill, degree
Light Energy
Light is usually described as a form of energy and it is indeed a kind of
electromagnetic energy, not much different from radio waves, television signals,
heat, and X-rays. All of these are made up of waves that (Answer: spread), bend,
interfere with one another, and react with obstacles in their path, rather like
waves in water. A physicist might tell you that light, along with all its
electromagnetic relatives, is really a form of matter, little different from more
(Answer: substantial) matter such as houses and, like them, it is made up of
individual particles. Light particles, called photons, travel in streams, similar to
the way in which water pours through a hose. To most people, this might sound
paradoxical or illogical, as many things to do with physics seem to these days.
How can light be both energy and matter, wave and particle? The reason it can be
is, in fact, not at all (Answer:complicated): all energy is a form of matter. Almost
everybody recognizes-even if they do not understand Einstein's famous equation,
E=mc2, which spells it out: E refers to energy and m to the mass of matter.
Furthermore, all matter has some of the characteristics of waves and some of the
particles, but the waves of such solid-seeming things as houses are not (Answer:
discernible) and can generally be ignored because ordinary matter acts as if it
were made up of particles.
Options- 1. spread, curve, occur, inflict
2. invisible, valuable, abstract, substantial
3. apparent, complicated, abrupt, implicit
4. responsible, accurate, discernible, consecutive
CT Scan
Decades ago, the first CT image of a patient lifted the veil of invisibility that cloaks
the (Answer: interior) of the human body, providing scientists a (Answer: window)
on our innards unlike any before. CT is frequently the quickest way of getting a
(Answer: woe). The technique can give
surgeons a heads-up about what they will (Answer: encounter) inside a patient.
Options- woe, structure, encounter, operate, interior, window, challenge.
Asking Questions
It is important that scientists be seen as normal people asking and answering
important questions. Good, sound science depends on (Answer: hypotheses),
experiments and reasoned methodologies. It requires a willingness to ask new
questions and try new approaches. It requires one to take risks and experience
failures. But good science also requires (Answer: contextual) understanding, clear
explanation and concise presentation. Our country needs more scientists who are
willing to step out in the public (Answer: arena) and offer their opinions on
important matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing
in language that is (Answer: compelling) and understandable to the public. Those of
us who are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement
by scientists, and to (Answer: incorporate) scientific knowledge into our public
communications.
Options- vacant, hypotheses, dent, incorporate, arena, compelling, eponym,
contextual, illusive, ethos
Antinuclear Demonstration
Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5, passively resisting protesters Frid
ay in an
(Answer: attempt) to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever (Answe
r: staged) in the United States. More than , demonstrators confronted police on t
he construction site of a 1,-
megawatt nuclear power plant (Answer: scheduled) to provide power to most of so
uthern New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest w
as (Answer: continuing) despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriv
ing to keep up the pressure on state authorities to cancel the project.
Options- staged,initiate,acted,ceased,attempt,continuing,scheduled
Employee Mood
Research from the Terry College of Business reveals (Answer: becoming) a happy,
helpful employee takes effort and, eventually, that effort (Answer: erodes) the
energy needed to do one's job. It could lead to quiet quitting - the new term for
just doing your job but not going above and beyond- or even actual quitting. The
more people adjust their moods to be happy, the fewer emotional resources they
have (Answer: at) the end of the day. That means they are less able to handle
challenging tasks and interactions and have a harder time staying on task. Their
tank is empty despite being in a good mood, Frank explained. For managers, this
means it may make more sense to meet employees (Answer: where) they are
emotional and not force upbeat attitudes in the office. For employees, it may mean
letting bad days happen and leaving more mood-demanding work such as sales
calls or tough conversations for better days.
Options- 1. becomes,becoming,become,becometo
2. concludes,erodes,expects,collects
3. at,since,by,for
4. where,which,as,that
Drama
I do not think I am twisting the usual meaning of drama if I define it as a
presentation before spectators by performers who take on roles and who interact
with each other to further a story or a text intended for such presentations. This
is intended as a (Answer: working) definition simple enough to be recalled easily.
Indeed, it is so simple that I should point out that it makes one or two (Answer:
distinctions) that are perhaps not immediately obvious. First, to say that
performers "take on roles" leaves (Answer: open) the possibility that they are not
within the roles to other performances as such alternative phrases as "
performers in character" or "characters represented by actors" do not. To say
that the performers "interact with each other" might seem (Answer:
unnecessary), but is in fact important, for in traditional societies there are many
performances in which different characters appear successively and
simultaneously but, (Answer: nevertheless), do not interact. And say "to further a
story" because a progression of the story may not provide the structure of the
performance.
Options- 1. hanging,working,using,applying
2. implementations,distributions,distinctions,comprehensions
3. go,covered,undoubted,open
4. uneven,unnecessary,unabated,uncaring
5. accordingly,timely,nevertheless,subsequently
A National Crises
In 1868, botanist Jules-émile Planchon (Answer: unmasked) the culprit behind a
national crisis. For (Answer: blight) five years, a spread had been stealing across
France's vineyards. Its cause was invisible, its (Answer: inexorable). Always it
followed the same pattern. First a single vine would (Answer: wither), then a circle
of plants. Entire vineyards were wiped out within years.
Options- 1. unmasked, created, imagined, packed
2. current, cold, preference, blight
3. meaningful, faint, countless, inexorable
4. densify, wither, vaporize, thrive
Heart of Study
Turning now to the heart of the study, in two divisions an attempt (Answer: was
made) to change the supervision so that the decision levels were (A nswer: pushed
down) and detailed supervision of the workers reduced. More general supervision
of the clerks and their supervisors was introduced. In addition, the managers,
assistant managers, supervisors and assistant supervisors of these two divisions
were (Answer: trained) in group methods of leadership, which they (Answer:
endeavored) to use as much as their skill would permit during the experimental
year. For easy reference, the experimental changes in these two divisions
(Answer: will be labelled) the 'participative program'!
Options- 1. was made, making, made, makes
2. put off, turned over, setup, pushed down
3. fired, overlapped, trained, deduced
4. expanded, gathered, covered, endeavored
Nissan
Nissan will overhaul the inspection process for its Japan-destined vehicles for the
first time in decades as the carmaker seeks to address widening (Answer:
inspection) scandal that has forced it to suspend production for the domestic
market. The company said on Thursday that unauthorized workers had been
(Answer: certifying) vehicles set for sale in the Japanese market, even after the
company announced the recall of nearly 1.2m cars earlier this month over the
same issue. With investors increasingly concerned about Japan Inc's adherence to
standards - concerns that were most recently (Answer: inflamed) by the Kobe
Steel data falsification scandal - the news pushed Nissan shares down 1.6 per
cent on Friday, and also weighed on the prices of its suppliers. HirotoSaikawa,
Nissan's chief executive, pledged "drastic measures" to deal with the problem,
namely the (Answer:suspension) of vehicle production for the home market at all
six factories in Japan run by the company and its affiliate, Nissan Shatai.
Options- 1. section, inspection, financial, taxation
2. certifying, exposing, piling, purchasing
3. underestimated, cured, overlooked, inflamed
4. suspension, expenditure, resume, delay
FIB-RW
Some birds of prey have learned to control fire, a (Answer: skill) previously thought
to be unique to humans. The birds appear to deliberately spread wildfires in order
to (Answer:flush) out prey. The finding suggests that birds may have (Answer:
beaten) us to the use of fire.
Options- 1. question, profile, tale, skill
2. prevent, limit, span, flush
3. prophesied, beaten, transmitted, forced
Open Learn Free Course

This OpenLearn free course, therefore, looks at the (Answer: nature) of organizati
ons, specifically their objectives and structure. Organizational objectives and struc
ture are key elements of organizations and they determine management (Answer: f
unctions) and responsibilities within the organization. The course also considers th
e main environmental factors (economic, social, political, legal and technological) th
at impact on organizational (Answer: behavior).
Options- behavior, investigation, nature, peril, obligations, functions

Management Accounting
Management accounting is concerned with providing information and (Answer: anal
ysis) to managers to help them plan, evaluate and control activities, in order to ac
hieve an (Answer: objectives). Whereas financial accounting is conce
rned with reporting on the past financial performance of an organization, managem
ent accounting is essentially concerned with improving its future performance. In o
rder to understand the (Answer: concepts) and principles of management accounti
ng it is necessary first to have some (Answer: appreciation) of what managers do!
This, in turn, requires an understanding of the organizations in which managers wo
rk and of the external environment in which these organizations exist and operat
e.
Options- fames, category, appreciation, analysis, comparison, concepts, objectives
Working Heritage
In this role, due to their working heritage, Border Collies are very demanding,
playful, and energetic. They thrive best in households that can provide them with
plenty of play and exercise, either with humans or other dogs. Due to their
demanding personalities and need for mental (Answer: stimulation) and exercise,
many Border Collies develop problematic behaviors in households that are not able
to provide for their needs. They are infamous for chewing holes in walls and
furniture, and (Answer: destructive) scraping and hole digging, due to boredom.
Border Collies may exhibit a strong desire to herd, a trait they may show with
small children, cats, and other dogs. The breed's herding trait has been
deliberately encouraged, as it was in the dogs from which the Border Collie was
developed, by selective breeding for many generations. However, being (Answer:
eminently) trainable, they can live amicably with other pets if given proper
socialization training. The American Border Collie Association recommends that
potential owners, before taking on the breed as a household pet, should be sure
they can provide regular exercise (Answer:commensurate) with the collie's high
energy and prodigious stamina. A working collie may run many miles a day, using
its experience, personality and intelligence to control challenging livestock. These
dogs will become (Answer: distressed) and frustrated if left in isolation, ignored or
inactive. Like many working breeds, Border Collies can be motion-sensitive and may
chase moving vehicles and bicycles, but this behavior can be modified by training.
Some of the more difficult behaviors require patience, as they are developmental
and may disappear as the dog matures.
Options- 1. establishment,estimation,stimulation,condition
2. abrupt,mild,destructive,periodical
3. whole,mostly,eminently,minor
4. commensurate,collaborative,collective,evenly
5. tossed,pinched,distressed,consistent
Computational Thinking
Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world
around them. Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on u
nder the (Answer: bonnet). So is it necessary for children to learn how to (Answer
: program) computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the human skill
s that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governm
ents believe coding is an essential skill. Since 4, the principles of computer progra
mming have featured on (Answer: curriculum) for children from the age o
f five or six, when they start primary school. While not all children will become prog
rammers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High School, London, ar
gues that they should learn to understand what makes computers work and try to
solve problems as a computer (Answer: might).
Options- curriculum, selling, cycle, mount, bonnet, program, might, ceiling
Studying Law
It is important to (Answer: emphasize) the need for hard work as an essential part
of studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that they
can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural ability without
bothering to add the (Answer: expenditure) of effort. To take an analogy some
people prefer the more or less instant (Answer: gratification) which comes from
watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more (Answer:
laborious) process of reading the novel itself. Those who (Answer prefer) watching
television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they
rapidly acquire a (Answer: taste) for text-based materials.
Options- level, gratification, emphasize, taste, prefer, expenditure, laborious,
expensive, meet
- World Shakespeare Congress

Over Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at King's
College London next week as the university co-hosts the 10th World Shakespeare
Congress to explore and honour the Bard's life and work Organised by the
International Shakespeare Association (ISA) the World Congress (Answer is) held
every five years and 6 is the first time it will be co-hosted (Answer: in) two
locations that were integral to both the personal and working life of William
Shakespeare. Delegates will arrive in London on Thursday following the start of the
Congress on Sunday in Stratford-upon-Avon. (Answer: With) a main theme of
'Creating and Recreating Shakespeare', the Congress will look (Answer: at) the
continuing global relevance of Shakespeare's work through a varied program of
plenaries, panels, seminars and workshops.
Options- With, Without, at, upon, is, was, in, to
- Nature Conservation Amendment Act

The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 6 enables the Minister of
Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it as a (Answer:
representative) committee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable
management and utilization of game in the conservancy, the ability to (Answer
manage) the funds, an approved method for (Answer:equitable) distribution of
benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.
Options- manage, appropriate, exquisite, equitable, representative, legislative
- Endurance

The extraordinary underwater photographs of the newly-found wreck of the
Endurance have also (Answer: revealed) some equally extraordinary creatures
(Answer: lurking) in the dark and freezing depths of Antarctica's Weddell Sea.
Marine biologists that viewed the photographs have already (Answer: spotted)
about half-a-dozen animal species, which (Answer underscores) the wealth of life
that can be found in even the most extreme environments.
Options- spotted, concealed, underscores, accumulated, proves, lurking, revealed
Breakfast Option
For many people, breakfast is the day's least-exciting meal. Our breakfast choice
frequently (Answer: reflects) utilitarian needs; foods at breakfast are (Answer:
typically) simple, quick and easy to prepare and eat, and valued for the calorie
boost that (Answer: revives) the body and brain after a night's rest. When people
find a breakfast option they like, they (Answer generally) stick with it, day after
day, scientists have found.
Options- reflects, revives, typically, connect, rationally, generally, ignores
Vegetative Propagation
Because vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction, plants produced
through this system are genetic clones of a parent plant. One advantage of
vegetative propagation is that plants with (Answer: favorable) traits are
repeatedly reproduced. Commercial crop growers can employ (Answer: artificial)
vegetative propagation techniques to ensure advantageous (Answer: qualities) in
their crops. A major disadvantage, however, of vegetative propagation is that it
does not allow for any degree of genetic (Answer: variation).
Options- variation, favorable, artificial, capabilities, diversification, qualities,
traditional
- Push-pull Factors
In geographical terms, the push-pull factors drive people away from a place and
(Answer:draw) people to a new location. They help (Answer: determine) migration
of particular populations from one land to another. Push factors are often
(Answer: forceful), demanding that a certain person or group of people leave one
country for another. Pull factors, on the other hand, are often the positive policies
that encourage people to (Answer: immigrate) in order to seek a better life.
Options- immigrate, forceful, drag, draw, determine, formidable, shift
- Islam
While there is significant religious diversity in the Middle East, the (Answer:
predominant) religion by numbers is Islam, and Islam has played a large role in the
(Answer: cultural) development of the region. Islam (Answer: originated) in what is
today Saudi Arabia in the early seventh century. An (Answer: influential) moment
for the culture and development of the Middle East came after the death of the
religion's founder.
Options- stemmed, trending, influential, overwhelming, predominant, originated,
cultural

- India
India's movie history began in 6 when the Lumière brothers wanted to (Answer:
demonstrate) the art of cinema in Mumbai. Today, the films are known for their
(Answer: elaborate) singing and dancing. Indian dance, music and theater tradition
(Answer: span) back more than 2, years. The major classical dance traditions
(Answer: draw) on themes from mythology and literature and have rigid
presentation rules.
Options- detailed, demonstrate, draw, span, drive, elaborate, appraise
Considering their lingering reputation as man-

killers, it's hardly surprising that hackles are raised any time someone brings up th
e idea of (Answer: reintroducing) wolves to the Scottish Highlands. Debate on this
topic has been raging for years; (Answer: proponents) would like to see the Highla
nd environment returned to its natural state. Opponents (Answer: cite) the animal
s' (Answer: propensity) for killing livestock.
Options- activists, propensity, reacquainting, reintroducing, cite, proponents,
accuse
Lightning
In 8, a momentous lightning bolt (Answer: flashed) above a network of radio telesc
opes in the Netherlands. The (Answer: detailed) recordings, which wer
e processed only recently, (Answer: reveal) something no one has seen before: ligh
tning actually starting up inside a thundercloud. Researchers used the observation
s to settle a longstanding debate about what (Answer: triggers) lightning the fi
rst step in the mysterious process by which bolts arise, grow and propagate to th
e ground.
Options- triggers,flashed,receives,prove,detailed,transmitted,reveal
- Fluids
Fluids can be roughly divided into two (Answer: categories) :regular ones and weird
ones. Regular ones, like water and alcohol, act more or less as expected when (An
swer: pumped) through pipes or stirred with a spoon. Lurking among the weird one
s which include (Answer: substances) such as paint, honey and blood are a va
st variety of behavioral enigmas that have
(Answer: baffled) researchers over the centuries.
Options- appealed,examples,baffled,categories,flowed,pumped,substances
Adolescence
Adolescence is a time of rapid changes in both (Answer: physical) growth and devel
opment and cognitive and emotional (Answer: capacities). There rightly has been m
uch emphasis on early childhood nutrition. Adolescence is an additional important (
Answer: phase) of risks and opportunities for healthy nutrition with lifelong and int
ergenerational consequences. The current generation of adolescents is growing up
at a time of (Answer: unprecedented) change.
Options- physical,step,unprecedented,phase,natural,capacities,qualities
- Inequalities
To raise (Answer: awareness) of the prevalence of biased datasets, researchers ar
e requesting demographics of population cohorts, including (Answer: ethnicity) and
race, to be reported in research papers. Even if these data are not available, the i
mplications of the absence of representation must be discussed, including the futu
re work needed to ensure that (Answer: benefits) of the reported research reach
the widest (Answer: range) of people and do not exacerbate existing (Answer: ineq
ualities).
Options-
poverty,range,boundary,ethnicity,benefits,awareness,knowledge,inequalities
- Mathematics
Mathematicians and computer scientists had an exciting year of (Answer: breakth
roughs) in set theory, topology and artificial intelligence, in addition to preserving (
Answer: fading) knowledge and revisiting old questions. They made new progress o
n fundamental questions in the field, and saw the links between mathematics and o
ther disciplines grow. But many results were only partial answers, and some promi
sing(Answer: avenues) of exploration turned out to be dead ends, leaving work for f
uture (Answer: generations).
Options- breakthroughs,trending,avenues,generations,difficulties,fading,branches
- AI Research Goal
Natural language understanding has long been a (Answer: major) goal of AI researc
h. At first, researchers tried to manually program everything a machine would nee
d to make (Answer: sense) of news stories, fiction or anything else humans might
write. This approach was (Answer: futile): impossible to write down all the unw
ritten facts, rules and assumptions required for understanding text.
Options- profit,unnecessary,sense,sizeable,futile,major
- Sperm Whales
An interdisciplinary team of scientists have (Answer: launched) a project with the
goal of decoding and communicating with sperm whales. The team wants to decod
e the clicking sounds sperm whales use to communicate with one another. To (Ans
wer: pull) it off, the researchers plan on leveraging natural-
language processing, a sub-
field of AI (Answer: focused) on processing written and spoken language.
Options- pull,launched,issued,focused,take,depended
- Food Choices
The food we eat every day keeps us alive, but it can also (Answer: incur) big health
and environmental costs heart disease, carbon emissions, soil
(Answer: degradation), and more. A recent study published in Nature Food finds th
at small (Answer: shifts) in the food choices Americans make could have outsized b
enefits to both health and planet.
Options- incur,degradation,variation,shifts,conservation,prove
- COVID-19 Vaccines

COVID19 vaccines train our immune systems to make antibodies using synthetic (
Answer: versions) of the virus' spike protein. If a vaccinated person later encounte
rs the virus, the antibodies recognize it and bind to the spike protein to prevent (A
nswer: infection).The first dose of an mRNA vaccine prepares the cells to make ant
ibodies, and the second dose matures and (Answer: enhances) those antibodies to
bind even more strongly to the spike protein.
Options- infection,versions,enhances,editions,inflammation,urges
- Tangier Island
Virginia's Tangier Island is rapidly disappearing. Rising sea levels are (Answer: exac
erbating) erosion and flooding, and could make the speck of land in the Chesapeake
Bay (Answer: uninhabitable) within the next few decades. For years, island residen
ts, policy makers and others have (Answer: debated)
whether to attempt to save the island or relocate its small community (Answer: e
lsewhere). But time to decide is running out.
Options- elsewhere, debated, exacerbating, exciting, uninhabitable, habitable,
probated
- GM Corn
Almost no one regards corn with suspicion. But the (Answer: same) can't be said
for humans' ingenious ability to engineer the plants we eat. Genetically
modified(GM) crops are viewed with (Answer: such) hostility that they are barely
grown in Europe. However, a new study by an independent group of scientists, who
have done the most comprehensive (Answer: review) of the evidence so far, shows
that our aversion to GM food is pointless, (Answer: unscientific) and harmful to
farmers.
Options- same, unscientific, sickness, those, such, some, terrific, review.
DNA and Crime

The presence or (Answer: absence) of DNA evidence at a crime scene could mean
the difference between a guilty (Answer: verdict) and an acquittal. DNA is so
important that the United States government has spent (Answer: enormous)
amounts of money to unravel the sequence of DNA in the human genome in hopes
of understanding and finding cures for many (Answer: genetic) diseases.
Options- verdict, communicable, inherent, absence, existence, enormous, genetic
- Social Norms
Social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are
(Answer: considered) acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Norms
provide us with an (Answer: expected) idea of how to behave, and (Answer:
function) to provide order and predictability in society. For example, we expect
students to arrive to a lesson on time and (Answer: complete) their work.
Options- required, complete, function, imagined, demand, considered, expected
Press Freedom
Journalists and their media outlets exist to publish stories. The constitution offer
s press freedom, but the government has been (Answer: battling)
court cases to try to (Answer: curtail) such freedom, especially on matters that (
Answer: touch) on national security. Freedom to publish is not the same as p
right to which usually complicates the aspect of right to
publish stories on matters (Answer: concerning) national security.
Options- concerning, sympathize, concerned, touch, look, curtail, battling
- Politeness in Communication
In human communication, the communicators involved in the interaction have an (A
nswer: obligation) to show politeness to each other for a successful (Answer: conv
ersation). Non-
observance of politeness in a communicative act has the (Answer: potential)
to infringe upon the public self-
image of the addressees. When people become aware of the importance of
the (Answer: needs) of their interlocutors, they tend to avoid embarrassments an
d incendiary language.
Options- potential, courage, implication, obligation, needs, conversation, business
- Gender Bias in Africa

In African society, the gender (Answer: peculiarities) and patriarchal construct re
main the bane across virtually all spheres of life in the society. There is a greater l
evel of gender sensitivity to the extent that boys are (Answer: brought) up to see
themselves as (Answer: superior) sex to girls, while the females are trained to see
themselves as weaker sex or even as appendages to the men folk.
Options- turned, peculiarities, brought, equality, superior, opposite
- Data Analysis
To be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers must (Answer: demonstra
te) that data analysis has been conducted in a precise manner through systematiz
ing the methods of analysis with enough detail to enable the reader to
(Answer: determine) whether the process is credible. Although there are numerou
s examples of how to (Answer: conduct) qualitative research, few sophisticated to
ols are available to researchers for conducting a rigorous and relevant thematic
(Answer: analysis).
Options- emonstrate,conduct,analysis,persuade,material,determine,support
- Nigerian Libraries
- Plastic Waste
Plastic waste accumulating in the global ocean is an increasingly threatening envir
onmental issue. Although research on the topic has attracted (Answer: considera
ble) attention in recent years, major knowledge (Answer: gaps)
remain. A (Answer: crucial) scientific challenge at present is to determine the ma
ss of plastic present on coastlines, the ocean surface and the deep ocean, as well
as to quantify the plastic (Answer: fluxes) between these compartments.
Options- surgeries,gaps,structures,considerable,promising,crucial,fluxes
- Children and Books

Books introduce children to social life and provide them with the opportunity to (An
swer: expand) their imaginary worlds. Preschool children are influenced by books m
ore than adults. Children can (Answer: identify)
themselves with the heroes in the books and choose to act like them. Therefore, t
he (Answer: features) of the heroes in the intended message of the story have sig
nificant importance in (Answer: terms) of development.
Options- exploit,profit,identify,features,terms,expand,discern
Hans Christian Andersen

Fans of biographical criticism have a (Answer: luxurious) source in the works of
Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth
Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the interact with
adults, but all three really an impressive (Answer: body) of fairy tales which have
been (Answer: company) of adults. Of course, all three had to work and (Answer:
related) well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a
puppet theatre and was incredibly (Answer: popular) with children, and, of course,
he wrote produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century.
Options- body, company, convergent, comparison, related, popular, luxurious,
disintegrated, spiracle, barren
Propensity about Risk

An individual's propensity to take risk is influenced by their own experience and
that of others. The key (Answer: feature) in risk-taking is balancing of perceptions
of the risk and the possible rewards, and this balance may be a (Answer:
reflection) of an individual's particular type of (Answer: personality).
Options- reflection, personality, relation, feature, reason, possibility
Entrepreneur Philosophy
The majority of the British officials in the 1840s adopted the entrepreneur
philosophy, which supported a policy of non-intervention in the Irish plight. Prime
Minister Sir Robert Peel was (Answer: different). He showed compassion toward
the Irish by making a move to (Answer: repeal) the Corn Laws, which had been put
in place to protect British grain producers from the competition of foreign
markets. For this hasty decision, Peel quickly lost the support of the British
people and was forced to (Answer: resign). The new Prime Minister, Lord John
Russell, allowed assistant Charles Trevelyan take complete control over all of the
relief efforts in Ireland. Trevelyan believed that the Irish situation should be left to
Providence. Claiming that it would be dangerous to let the Irish become dependent
on other countries, he even took steps to close food consumers that were selling
corn and to redirect shipments of corn that were already on their way to Ireland.
A few relief programs were eventually (Answer: implemented), such as soup
kitchens and workhouses; however, these were poorly.
Options- apportioned, repeal, vow, implemented, arrogant, different, resign,
repeat
- Humans Locomotion

Humans are unique among primates because our (Answer: chief) mode of
locomotion is walking fully (Answer: upright). Unfortunately, the changes made in
our pelvis to help us move on two legs, in combination with babies with large
brains, makes human childbirth unusually (Answer: dangerous) compared with the
rest of the animal kingdom. Unlike other primates, humans have a lumbar curve in
the lower back, leaving us (Answer: vulnerable) to lower back pain and strain.
Options- chief, operational, dangerous, vulnerable, attached, upright, aesthetic
Airborne Diseases
Airborne diseases are very easily transmitted, and can result in respiratory illness
that can be life threatening. therefore no wonder that (Answer: outbreaks) of
airborne infectious diseases are a major public health (Answer: concern), and that
researchers are working hard to come up with technologies to provide clean air. S
o far, however, such technologies have had limited (Answer: success.
Options- concern, outbreaks, success, applications, production
Man-killers
Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some (Answer: cases),
dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the
show, but dance is more effective when it forms an integral part of the (Answer:
plot). An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your Toes (1936) in which the story
about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a
way that (Answer: enhances), rather than interrupts the drama.
1.dimensions,cases,brief,extent
2.prowess,plot,phenomenon,roundabout
3.encumbers,enhances,levels,crumples
There are soon to be 8 billion of us and counting. Yet while the world's population
is still growing fast overall, in many countries, the numbers are (Answer: declining)
or will do soon. The population of China will begin to fall soon and could halve by
2100. India's will peak around 2050. And the US population would fall from the
2030s if not for immigration. So there are two (Answer: distinct) issues to deal
with: rapid population growth in some nations and population declines in others.
Many see limiting population growth as vital for tackling various environmental
catastrophes (Answer: unfolding) around the world, as we report on in our article "
What will a population of 8 billion people mean for us and the planet?" Yet for
wealthy Westerners to call for lower-income countries to control their populations
simply in the name of protecting nature is hypocritical in the extreme, given that
the rich have vastly larger environmental footprints. What's more, there is often
more than a (Answer: whiff) of racism to such calls.
1.combining,delectable,declining,reclining
2.selective,distinct,corresponding,extinct
3.shrinking,bustling,harnessing,unfolding
4.variety,range,whiff,number
A of researchers claim to have created a biodegradable and (Answer: renewable)

alternative to both glass and plastic in the form of "transparent wood," a futuristic
new material that could greatly reduce the ecological impact of more
environmentally-unfriendly building materials. The material, which was invented by
German scientist Siegfried Fink in 1992, has seen several changes and
improvements over the intervening years. It's made by first removing a naturally
occurring polymer called lignin from wood and (Answer: replacing) it with specially-
designed, transparent plastic materials, Plastics are used as a substitute for
even better alternative from an ecological (Answer: perspective) as observed in

our life-cycle analysis. In recent times transparent wood has been used in
construction, energy storage, flexible electronics and packaging applications. But
it won't be replacing glass and plastic in their entirety anytime soon because
scientists have yet to figure out how to (Answer: scale) up production of the
material in an economical way.
1.gradable,unapproachable,knowledgeable,renewable
2.reciprocating,replacing,reverberating,resisting
3.respective,design,perspective,runaway
4.scale,mount,tailor,make
Microplastics in recent years have taken front and center as a massive

environmental problem (Answer: wreaking) havoc on ecosystems in even the most
remote areas of the planet. In fact, since plastic is not decomposable,
environmental scientists have been scrambling to come up with ways to (Answer:
rid) the planet of microplastics and keep our waterways clean. And they have
successfully used egg whites to create a lightweight and porous aerogel material
that can be used in several ways, including water filtration, energy storage, and
sound, as well as insulation. The structure has the ability to remove both salt and
microplastics from seawater in remarkable ways, doing so with 98% and 99%
efficiency, (Answer: respectively). And the experiments were done with regular
store-bought eggs, which means that future work can be done in a cost-effective
way. The only issue with this is that there would be such a large demand for eggs
that it could possibly outcompete the food industry. Once this is tackled, using
these structures will work (Answer: smoothly) as an effective, energy-efficient,
and cost-effective method.
1.freaking,wreaking,breaking,creaking
2.study,rid,dominate,surround
3.respectively,distributively,interrogatively,retrospectively
4.monthly,unearthly,smoothly,earthly
When potatoes are stored in a warm bright place, the tubers detect that they
might be in a suitable growing location and prepare to sprout. Chlorophyll
production increases, which slowly tints the peel, and eventually some of the flesh,
green. While chlorophyll is a harmless chemical, its x (Answer: presence) in
potatoes indicates that the tubers have also increased their production of a
glycoalkaloid known as solanine. Solanine protects potatoes and other plants in the
family Solanaceae from herbivory and serves to (Answer: preserve) the sprouting
spud from hungry animal mouths. Solanine is considered a neurotoxin, and
(Answer: ingestion) by humans can cause nausea and headaches and can lead to
serious neurological problems and even death if enough is consumed. A recent
study suggested that a 16-oz (450-gram) fully green potato is enough to make a
small adult ill. Cooking does not destroy the solanine toxin, so the green parts of
potatoes should be (Answer: removed) entirely. Green potatoes should especially
not be served to children, whose smaller bodies make them more susceptible to
poisoning.
1.omnipresence,presence,absence,essence
2.preserve,deserve,conserve,reserve
3.ingestion,congestion,suggestion,predilection
4.regrouped,retired,removed,reformed
You may have heard that you can get water from a cactus if you are ever lost and
(Answer: dehydrated) in a desert. Does it sound like a nice survival tip to store
away, but is it really that easy? It turns out that a cactus is not actually a spine-
covered basin of fresh water. Such a plant would not last long in an (Answer: arid)
habitat filled with thirsty animals. Water is truly a precious resource in a desert,
so, in addition to their (Answer: intimidating) spines, most cactus species further
protect their spongy flesh with acids and potent alkaloids. These chemicals are
usually too acrid for most humans to tolerate and are (Answer: taxing) on the
kidneys if ingested. The flesh of some cactus species can also cause vomiting,
diarrhea, or temporary paralysis none of which is (Answer: conducive) to your
survival in an emergency situation. Cactus fruits are a better bet, though many
are also unpalatable if eaten raw.
1.overrated,concentrated,dehydrated,saturated
2.acrid,arid,hybrid,avid
3.liquidating,invalidating,intimidating,elucidating
4.detoxing,fixing,taxing,affixing
5.coercive,conducive,enhancive,seductive
You open your lunch box to discover that the lovely apple you sliced this morning
now appears unsightly and brown. Why does this happen? This (Answer:
unappetizing) phenomenon is actually due to a chain of biochemical reactions known
as "enzymatic browning." When an apple is injured (or cut into pieces), the plant
tissue is exposed to oxygen. This (Answer: triggers) an enzyme known as
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) to oxidize polyphenols in the apple's flesh. This results in
new chemicals (o-quinones), which then react with amino acids to produce brown-
colored melanins. Different apple varieties contain different amounts of both the
initial enzyme and the polyphenols, and thus they brown at different rates.
Enzymatic browning is not (Answer: unique) to apples; pears, bananas, and
eggplants also turn brown fairly quickly when cut. Enzymatic browning is also
responsible for the desirable dark color of prunes, coffee, black tea, and cocoa.
Scientists are working to genetically (Answer: engineer) apples that do not
produce the PPO enzyme, so perhaps brown apples will someday be a thing of the
past.
1.unappetizing,galvanizing,anthologizing,characterizing
2.triggers,simplifies,fosters,constricts
3.contended,related,profiled,unique
4.resignate,envelope,dilute,engineer
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), headquartered in Washington, DC, is

(Answer: comprised) of 189 member countries. The IMF works to foster global
growth and economic stability by providing policy, advice, and financing to its
members. It also works with developing nations to help them reduce poverty and
achieve macroeconomic (Answer: stability). It now plays a central role in the
management of balance-of-payments difficulties and international financial crises.
When the IMF was founded, its primary functions were to provide short-term
capital to (Answer: aid) the balance of payments and to oversee fixed-exchange-
rate arrangements between countries, thus helping national governments manage
their exchange rates and prioritize economic growth. This (Answer: assistance)
was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises. The IMF
mission changed slightly after 1971, and floating currency exchange rates made it
harder to predict the economic stability of a region. Today the IMF plays an active
role in and managing economic policy around the world.
1.presented,divided,apprised,comprised
2.stability,utility,docility,nasality
3.mobilize,prohibit,inhabit,aid
4.substance,circumstance,instance,assistance
5.manifesting,fading,shaping,resolving
How can you get your business to reduce waste and help the environment, yet at
the same time reduce costs and increase customer (Answer: satisfaction)? It
sounds like a dream, but it's undoubtedly possible through joining the circular
economy in both discrete and process manufacturing. The circular economy is a
system that looks to (Answer: eliminate) waste and the continual use of
resources. As opposed to a traditional linear economy in which we make, consume,
and throw away, moving circular is all about creating a circle where we design out
waste and pollution by keeping products and materials in use for as long as
possible and finding ways to create new resources from what we (Answer:
discard). With the circular economy, we're extracting the maximum value from
products while in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the
end of each service life. The circular economy puts a big focus on services,
maintenance, and (Answer: refurbishment) of assets. However, as resources
become more and more scarce, manufacturers and distributors in the circular
economy are introducing additional value-added services.
1.reflection,satisfaction,confection,construction
2.subordinate,eliminate,disseminate,pomegranate
3.disconcert,displace,dispossess,discard
4.embarrassment,enlightenment,establishment,refurbishment
Do you want to know roughly how much longer you might live if you permanently
(Answer: adopted) a healthier diet? The "Food for healthy life" website can give you
an idea - and if you're under 60 and eat a typical Western diet, the answer could
be around a decade or more on average. The website is based on data from
hundreds of studies. "The estimated life (Answer: extension) is mainly due to a
reduction in the risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer," says Lars Fadnes at
the University of Bergen in Norway. His team started with recent meta-analyses
of the effect of eating various amounts of particular food types, such as fruits.
These findings were combined with data on global mortality and what people
currently eat to estimate the impact of a permanent change in diet. The highest
estimates of lifespan extension are based on a diet designed to (Answer:
maximize) the health benefits. This optimized diet involves eating no red or
(Answer: processed) meat, drinking no sugar-sweetened beverages, reducing dairy
and egg consumption, and eating more legumes, whole grains and nuts.
1.accepted,scripted,adapted,adopted
2.insurance,policy,extension,style
3.maximize,compromise,idolize,franchise
4.assessed,recessed,accessed,processed
Eco-anxiety is already causing people to lose sleep over climate change. Now, a
global study has found that a warming planet is also affecting how long people
sleep, and the problem will get significantly worse this century even if humanity
manages to (Answer: rein) in its carbon emissions. Our measurements of the
impact of above-average night temperatures on sleep have previously been limited
by being (Answer: confined) to single countries, lab studies or notoriously
unreliable self-reporting of sleep. To glean a better real-world picture, Kelton
Minor at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, took data from sleep-tracking
wristbands used by 48,000 people in 68 countries between 2015 and 2017. He
and his colleagues then (Answer: paired) the sleep data with local weather data,
revealing that unusually hot nights are causing people to fall asleep later, rise
earlier and sleep less.
1.join,rein,gain,vein
2.decided,expected,required,confined
3.contained,controlled,paired,accessed
When pain lasts for three months or longer, it is classified as chronic, a condition
that affects more than 30 per cent of the world's population. Chronic pain was
long believed to be a stubborn version of (Answer: acute) pain - which passes in
less than three months once the damage is healed - and it was treated in much
the same way. Yet an increasing body of research has led doctors to believe that
chronic pain should be treated as a disease in its own right, rather than an
(Answer: enduring) symptom of tissue damage or physical trauma. This could have
major (Answer: implications) for the treatment of lasting pain, together with the
way we prescribe addictive opioids. Recent research has revealed that in some
people, chronic pain is a problem with the brain. An injury can lead to pain that
(Answer persists) after the tissue has recovered because the brain has rewired
itself and learned to send pain signals, despite there no longer being a reason.
Known as central sensitization, it is as if the volume has been turned up on pain.
1.accurate,acumen,acute,prosecute
2.endurance,endurable,endured,enduring
3.improvisations,importations,implications,supplications
4.demands,persists,perceives,tastes
"Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter." This
(Answer: nugget) of wisdom, often attributed to Mark Twain, has been turned into
many an (Answer: inspirational) internet meme over the years. As a 51-year-old
who is starting to feel the gathering momentum of the inevitable slide, it strikes
me as little more than a platitude that makes people feel better about getting old.
But according to a growing body of research, there is more to it than that.
Subjective age - how old we feel - has a very real impact on health and (Answer:
longevity). People who feel younger than their years often actually are, in terms of
how long they have left to live. The question of what controls our subjective age,
and whether we can change it, has always been tricky to (Answer: address)
scientifically.
1.repository,pile,nugget,lumber
2.inspirational,invalid,unconventional,instrumental
3.subjectivity,sensitivity,longevity,objectivity
4.test,produce,address,measure
A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have (Answer:
interpreted) discussions with scientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a
(Answer: series) of striking images which imagine alternative futures and explain
some of the technology (Answer: involved) and how it might be put into practice.
Options-
involved, distinguished, discriminated, interpreted, forsook, serial, series
Because the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of
the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is (Answer: applicable) to all
situations. Each instructor is (Answer: responsible) for making clear to the class
at the beginning of the semester his or her (Answer: policies) and procedures in
(Answer: regard) to class attendance and the reasons for them.
Options-
1.applicable, exceptional, ubiquitous, exempt
2.respectful, sensitive, responsible, negligible
3.stereotypes, policies, features, tempers
4.addition, regard, proportion, correspondence
The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At sea
level on a 'standard day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is approximately
761 mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and speed of sound
(Answer: both) decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the temperature
(Answer: remains) steady until about 60,000 feet. Within that 36,000-60,000
foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the x (Answer: variation), it is
possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude to be slower than a
subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier') extends from
(Answer: around) Mach 0.8- when the first supersonic shock waves (Answer: form
on) the wing- to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
Options-
1.not, yet, none, both
2.opposes, remains, plots, mutates
3.variety, variation, ventilation, vibration
4.less, around, in, afar
5.diverge from, add to, prevent from, form on
New technologies are helping cities replace failing water infrastructure. Piping
systems allow polymer-based materials to be inserted into old pipes to repair
faults and (Answer: reduce) leaks without having to dig up and lay new pipes. When
it comes to managing waste water, new systems are (Answer: emerging), such as
Advanced Immobilized Cell Reactor technology, which uses a system based on the
immobilization of bacteria, reducing the power and land area needed for
conventional waste water treatment systems. And companies have realized that
much can be achieved by re-examining their products at the (Answer:
development) stage. By designing items that can be more easily picked apart and
that use fewer different materials in their construction, companies can increase
the (Answer: recyclable) content of what they produce, waste and generating
cost-savings by being able to re-use parts and materials.
Options-
1.contain, stabilize, deposit, reduce
2.ongoing, adjourning, upbringing, emerging
3.envision, showcase, profile, development
4.dense, recyclable, crumpled, clumsy
A creature may have fine physical defenses such as hard armor or sharp spines. It
may have powerful chemical defenses such as an (Answer: appalling) smell or a foul
taste but none of these defenses is much used (Answer: struggle) for survival
unless the animal also has the right behavior to go with it. Evolution shapes a
living creature's size and color, and it also in the (Answer: shapes) an animal's
actions and behavioral patterns. The most (Answer: automatic) behaviors are
instinctive or in-built. In other words, the creatures can perform the actions
without having to learn what to do it by (Answer: trial) and error.
Options-
1.agreeable, enchanting, ordinary, appalling
2.struggle, march, game, campaign
3.shapes, pieces, features, aspects
4.dangerous, automatic, difficult, ascetic
5.attempt, doing, trial, tasting
Research demonstrates that facial appearance affects social perceptions. The

current research investigates the (Answer: reverse) possibility: Can social
perceptions influence facial appearance? We examine a social tag that is
associated with us early in life our given name. The hypothesis is that name
stereotypes can be manifested in facial appearance, producing a face-name
matching effect, (Answer: whereby) both a social perceiver and a computer are
able to accurately match a person's name to his or her face. In 8 studies we
demonstrate the (Answer: existence) of this effect, as participants examining an
unfamiliar face accurately select the person's true name from a list of several
names, significantly above chance level. We replicate the effect in 2 countries and
find that it extends (Answer: beyond) the limits of socioeconomic cues. We also
find the effect using a computer-based paradigm and 94,000 faces. In our
exploration of the underlying mechanism, we show that existing name stereotypes
produce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-dependent. A self-fulfilling
(Answer: prophecy) seems to be at work, as initial evidence shows that facial
appearance regions that are controlled by the individual (e.g., hairstyle) are
sufficient to produce the effect, and socially using one's given name is necessary
to generate the effect. Together, these studies suggest that facial appearance
represents social expectations of how a person with a specific name should look.
In this way a social tag may influence one's facial appearance.
Options-
1.negligible, reverse, positive, sheer
2.notwithstanding, ever, whereby, despite
3.indolence, evanescence, existence, transience
4.into, beyond, within, by
5.prophecy, observation, preference, stipulation
A fascination with the fate of those who show great early talent remained with
me. Then in 1981, I happened upon a radio documentary (Answer: commemorating)
Hephzibah, who died earlier that year. Produced and narrated for the Australian
Broadcasting Commission's The Coming Out Show by the influential feminist
commentator and academic Eva Cox - who was, learnt for the first time,
Hephzibah's stepdaughter-it (Answer: featured) interviews with Hephzibah and
with those who had (Answer: known) her. I heard her light, precise voice with its
slightly Germanic vowels and (Answer: drawl) as she spoke about things that were
important to her, hint of an American and I was drawn to her warmth,
thoughtfulness and humor.
Options-
prescribing, known, mourned, drawl, commemorating, displaced, abase, featured
While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial and records

across the business world, finance uses this same information to (Answer:
project) future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company
(Answer: reports) announce finances. By studying this major you get to have a
better insight on the market, with the right (Answer: knowledge) and skills
acquired you should be able then when you graduate to advise others in making
strong investments. This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting and
(Answer: analyzing) the potential for profit and growth, assessing monetary
resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also looking externally
for future funding options.
Options-
editorials, knowledge, analyzing, announce, project, using, content, reports
AI
After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (Al) seems (Answer:
poised) to make a comeback. Al was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s.
It re-entered public of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has (Answer:
consciousness) with the release (Answer: ignited) public debate about Al, but the
term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers,
executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or
(Answer: inverted) commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied,
with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally
developed by Al researchers. Admittedly, the (Answer: rehabilitation) of the term
has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact
that others are starting to use it again suggests that Al has moved on from being
seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.
Options- incarnation, inverted, image, consciousness, divided, rehabilitation,
constructed, poised, ignited, invented
Lyrebirds
Lyrebirds, a common bird in rainforest areas of Australia, have an incredible
repertoire of sounds that they are able to (Answer: mimic) from their environment,
including over 20 other bird calls as well as sophisticated mechanical sounds. They
have been known to (Answer: replicate) the sounds of chainsaws and pneumatic
drills. The male lyrebird sings a medley of mimicry to impress females - and the
more detailed and varied his (Answer: repertoire) is, the more interesting it seems
to potential mates. Like females of other bird species, female lyrebirds do not take
place in the imitating, but simply judge the competing males' symphonies. Once
learned, it seems a lyrebird rarely forgets a call, and the sounds are passed down
through the (Answer: generations). There are some lyrebirds in Australia, that still
recreate the sounds of axes, saws and old-fashioned cameras which have not been
used in the area for years
Options- prevent, legends, reservoir, repertoire, document, mimic, replicate,
generations
- Art and Life

The connection between art and life is a complex one. It creates new and complex
actions depending on the (Answer: aesthetic) form of the work of art, which has th
e (Answer: pedagogical) potential to influence and educate people in the long (Answ
er: run) . Art releases (Answer: emotions) that may not be expressed in everyday li
fe, and is an important tool in communication among different cultures.
Options- emotions,run,interests,aesthetic,distance,pedagogical,limited
Online Therapy
Online therapy always replace traditional face-to-
face counseling, but it has been shown to be an effective (Answer: alternative) ,es
pecially for treating commonplace mental health issues like (Answer: depression) a
nd anxiety. If (Answer: cost) is an issue, online therapy is usually more affordable a
nd costeffective than traditional therapy, starting with the fact that therapists w
orking online can save on overhead (Answer: expenses) like rent and travel, passing
those savings onto their patients.
Options- infection,cost,expenses,spending,alternative,depression,age

- Tornadoes
As the climate (Answer: warms), it's putting more heat into the atmosphere and c
reating more energy that can (Answer: feed) tornadoes. Large December tornadoe
s are rare because December tends to be cool but the U.S. is experiencing unu
sual warmth this year, including over the Gulf of Mexico, where the heat that fuels
tornado-forming thunderstorms
(Answer: originates).
Options- gather,disseminates,feed,originates,warms,worsens
- African Refugees
Conflict driven large-
scale displacement (both internal and external) is among the main challenges
(Answer: facing) sub-
Saharan Africa today. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Ref
ugees, more than 2.3 million South Sudanese (Answer: uprooted) from their home
s have (Answer: fled) to neighboring countries, with 82% of them being women or
children. These refugees face (Answer: tremendous) social, health, and livelihood c
hallenges.
Options- faced,uprooted,enough,tremendous,facing,fled,deserted
- Financial Program
President Arling has put his long-awaited economic (Answer: restructuring)
program before the Congress. It provides a (Answer: coordinated) program of inve
stment credits, research grants, education reforms, and changes designed to ma
ke American industry more competitive. This is necessary to (Answer: reverse) eco
nomic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have (Answ
er: plagued) the economy for the past six years.
Options-
restructuring,constructing,integrated,coordinated,overturn,plagued,reverse
- Meaning of Life
The suspicion that life is constantly painful and anxious is one that we largely have
to (Answer: bear) in a very lonely way in the philosophies of the West. In those of t
he East, pessimism is ennobled and (Answer: takes) centre stage: we are (Answer
: permitted) to feel weary and amply (Answer: dissatisfied) every once in a while.
Options- forbidden,carry,forms,bear,takes,dissatisfied,permitted
- Energy Market
With the aim of liberalizing and de-
monopolizing the energy market, and the natural gas market along with it, special
companies (Answer: dealing) with energy were introduced. These companies (Answ
er: perform) the job of traders and suppliers of individual market categories with t
he usage of the aforementioned technological infrastructure. In such conditions, it
is necessary to (Answer: define) special rules of behavior for all the (Answer: parti
cipants) in the energy sector.
Options- participants,define,dealing,confine,perform,tackling,reform

Emotional Intelligence
High emotional intelligence can help a manager (Answer: improve) workplace
communication skills, employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. If a
manager has high (Answer: empathy), a key component of emotional intelligence,
he or she will be able to (Answer: listen) to the concerns of employees and will be
more understanding of their needs, wants and concerns. This will most likely
translate into (Answer: increased) motivation and satisfaction of employees and
ultimately will have a (Answer: positive) effect on the effectiveness of the
business.
Options- attach, improve, employed, empathy, positive, bland, listen, determiner,
increased
Montego Bay
Montego Bay is the second largest city in Jamaica by area and the third by
population. It is a lively and (Answer: bustling) beach resort and attracts a lot of
tourists from many different countries with its (Answer: sandy) beaches and
(Answer: peaceful) relaxing atmosphere. Many Americans and Europeans, as well
as Jamaicans, have summer homes in Montego Bay, so it is a (Answer:
cosmopolitan) city and becomes more (Answer: crowded) during the holiday
seasons. It is most famous for Doctor's Cave beach, which has clear, turquoise
waters.
Options- hospital, bustling, peaceful, cosmopolitan, sandy, crowded, polluted,
facilities
Making Choices
Making choices can be (Answer: overwhelming) for some students. Providing clear,
direct language about options helps to (Answer: clarify) instruction. For example,
when my students were focusing on learning vocabulary related to weather, I gave
them this choice: "You can write a weather report or create vocabulary flash
cards." Both assignments would (Answer: set ) the goal of mastering unfamiliar
vocabulary while (Answer: allowing) students to choose a task that suited their
learning interests.
Options- set, classify, allowing, overwhelming, defending, clarify, accomplish,
declaring
Road Taken
The poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is about the (Answer: choices)
that one makes in life. It tells about a man who (Answer: fork) in the road he is
traveling upon. He feels comes to a (Answer: sorry) that he cannot travel (Answer:
both) paths as he must choose one. Frost uses this divergence in the road to
represent a point in the man's life where he has to choose the (Answer: direction)
he wishes to take in life.
Options- direction, choices, both, foresee, each, fork, trail, patches, pleasant,
sorry
- Greenland

Greenland was first (Answer: colonized) by Vikings in by a group of settlers in 14
ships led by Erik the Red, who had been (Answer: banished) from neighboring Icelan
d for manslaughter. Erik and his followers settled across southern Greenland, whe
re they and their (Answer: descendants) hunted for seals, grazed livestock, built c
hurches and traded walrus ivory with European mainlanders.
Options- ancestors,defeated,colonized,descendants,banished,dispelled
- Shyness
A lack of confidence is often (Answer: put down) to something we call shyness. But
beneath shyness, there may lie something more surprising, (Answer: pernicious) a
nd poignant. We suffer from a suspicion of ourselves that gives us a sense that ot
her people will always have (Answer: sufficient) reasons to dislike us, to think ill of
us, to (Answer: question) our motives and to mock us.
Options- pernicious,question,tremendous,pulledup,despise,sufficient,putdown
- Blockchain System
Integration of blockchain systems into industrial applications show promise in incre
asing security, trust, and (Answer: transparency) along the value-
chain during product and process tracking. However, current solutions suffer perf
ormance (Answer: deficiencies), or often disregard legacy devices still in operation.
We (Answer: propose) a blockchain system built upon an IoT architecture that is s
ecure, modular, easily scalable, and deployable for fast certification of manufacturi
ng data, (Answer: compatible) with current industrial landscapes.
Options-
accountable,awareness,transparency,deficiencies,compatible,propose,affirm
- Human Irrationality
The test is designed to winkle out a pervasive and intractable source of human irra
tionality, the bias. It (Answer: expresses) the tribal thinking that evolutio
n has (Answer: gifted) us: a tendency to seek and accept evidence that supports
what we already believe. You direct your (Answer: reasoning) to end up with a conc
lusion that is already a sacred belief or a shibboleth in your side, your team, your (
Answer: coalition), your party, your posse.
Options- gifted,expresses,reasoning,endowed,coalition,combination,verdict
- Serpentine
Case studies on the deformation of serpentinite tunnels are not hit in the Web of
Science database, (Answer: although) severe deformation has been (Answer: exper
ienced) at soft rock tunnels worldwide, and many papers have been published. The l
ack of publication may indicate that tunnel excavation in serpentinite is difficult, an
d thus excavation without professional guidance should be (Answer: avoided).
Options- avoided,although,experienced,experimented,despite,escaped
- Acid Mine Drainage

Mineral resources are the (Answer: lifeblood) of human society and national econo
mic development. At (Answer: present), more than kinds of mineral resources hav
e been discovered in the world, mainly in Russia, China and other countries, among
which coal, oil and natural gas are (Answer: equivalent) to trillion tons of standar
d coal. Acid mine drainage is produced in the process of mining and seriously (Ans
wer: endangers) the health of plants, animals and human.
Options- lifeblood,endangers,presence,similar,equivalent,impedes,present
- Tunnel Excavation
Due to the lack of living space and the increase in population, there has been a con
struction (Answer: boom) in the underground space to improve the quality of huma
n life. In recent decades, (Answer: mechanized) tunnelling techniques, particularly t
unnel boring machines, have been extensively (Answer: applied) to tunnel construct
ion due to their high excavation (Answer: rate) and low total cost for the excavatio
n of long tunnels.
Options- ratio,rate,prosperity,mechanized,applied,boom,expected
Organic Culture
A charge often leveled against organic agriculture is that it is more philosophy tha
n science. There's some truth to this indictment, if that is what it is, though why
organic farmers should feel (Answer: defensive) about it is itself a mystery, a relic,
perhaps, of our fetishism of science as the only (Answer: credible) tool with which
to approach nature. The philosophy of (Answer: mimicking) natural processes prec
edes the science of understanding them.
Options- mimicking, logic, supportive, defensive, credible, repeating
Enlightenments
Of course there were many different Enlightenments, and scholars still argue abou
t which was the real torch-
bearer. However, despite their quarrelsome diversity, most Enlightenment thinker
s shared certain intellectual traits - a / an (Answer: insistence) on intellectual aut
onomy, a (Answer: rejection) of tradition and authority as the infallible sources of t
ruth, a (Answer: dislike) of bigotry and persecution, a (Answer: commitment) to fre
e enquiry, a (Answer: belief) that (in Francis Bacon's words) knowledge is power.
Options- conclusion, proposal, commitment, dislike, belief, insistence, rejection,
though
Program
Our program will develop your (Answer: theoretical) knowledge of Computer Scienc
e and your problem-
solving and (Answer: analytical) skills, while enabling you to achieve the (Answer: ul
timaequalification for the IT professional. The program structure is extremely (Ans
wer: flexible), enabling you to personalize your MSc through a wide range of electiv
es.
Options- utmost, theoretical, uprising, ultimate, analogous, analytical, flexible

SUMMARIZE SPOKEN
TEXT

To start with, we need to understand why we age in the first place.
Aside from the existential dread it may cause, aging is a complex
process whereby there is a progressive loss of the body's ability to
maintain itself. Your body runs on finely tuned chemical machinery,
proteins, and the cell's instruction manual - DNA. Like all machinery,
proteins break, malfunction, and accumulate errors over time. Highly
reactive chemicals called free radicals are produced by metabolism, and
through exposure to the environment, such as UV rays, they can
damage proteins and DNA. To prevent this, cells constantly maintain
order and cleanliness. The cell's maintenance mechanisms repair
damaged DNA, discard old proteins, and signal the cell to make new
proteins. Eventually, the cell becomes too damaged and cannot work
anymore. The body makes more cells to replace these old ones. However,
cells have an internal limit - defined by their DNA - on how many times
they can divide, meaning that we can't keep creating new cells forever.
Overtime, with fewer new cells to replace old ones and with the damage
piling up, it becomes difficult to maintain our youth. This is part of what
leads to the physical manifestations of old age, as well as some common
diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. So, logically, if we could have
more young cells and maintain our existing cells better, we wouldn't get
as sick and broken down when we're older.
Nostalgia actually has a pretty wild history. The term was coined in
1688 by a Swiss medical student who was working on his dissertation.
And at that time, what he'd noticed was there were these soldiers that
were coming down from the Swiss Alps to fight wars in the plains of
Europe who were feeling very anxious and distressed. And so he coined
the term 'nostalgia' to represent this pain associated with people's
longing for their homeland - and he saw it very much as a disease. If you
fast forward to the present day, you would discover that nostalgia is
actually considered a psychological resource. It's actually very helpful for
our health and well-being.
And what we discovered through careful experimentation using tools of

modern behavioral science, is that it's actually not the case that
nostalgia makes people miserable. It's when people are miserable that
they turn to nostalgia and nostalgia doesn't reinforce that misery, it
actually comforts them. And then even more recently, we've discovered
that it actually motivates and mobilizes us to improve our lives, and to
pursue the goals that are meaningful to us.

If you think that cancer is only found in humans, or that it's a modern
disease, think again. Scientists have not only found cancer in many other
animals, they have found it in dinosaurs that lived more than sixty-five
million years ago. Wondering if fossils could tell us something about
ancient cancer, scientists traveling with a portable x-ray machine
scanned ten-thousand dinosaur vertebrae of over seven-hundred
museum specimens. These included many popular dinosaurs such as
Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and Tyrannosaurus. Much to their surprise,
they found that only one group suffered from cancer - the hadrosaurs,
- .
Twenty-nine benign tumors were found in the tail bones of ninety-seven

animals. These were mostly hemangiomas or tumors of the blood
vessels. Doctors find the same type of tumors in humans today. One
Edmontosaurus also had a malignant tumor. Why did duck-billed
dinosaurs have cancer and not the others? Scientists aren't sure. They
thought that if hadrosaurs were long-lived, they would have a greater
chance of developing cancer, but they lived relatively short lives. These
twenty-five-foot-long herbivores needed plenty to eat, so diet was
another thing scientists considered. Maybe conifers were to blame.
Hadrosaurs ate plenty of them and they did contain known carcinogens.
The trouble is, other conifer eaters didn't exhibit the same cancer. The
cause of hadrosaur cancer remains a mystery today, but dinosaur fossils
are helping unlock secrets of diseases millions of years old. Who knows
what else they'll reveal.
Try telling someone who has just fallen on a patch of ice that ice is not
slippery, and they'll think you're crazy. But, in fact, ice itself isn't slippery
because it is a solid. One quality of solids is that when two solids are
together, there is friction between them and that will keep them from
slipping. So how can your shoes slip on ice?
The answer lies in two peculiar properties of ice. The first is that as
water freezes, its molecules move farther apart. The molecules of most
substances move closer together as they freeze, making them shrink at
lower temperatures. But water molecules move farther apart at
temperatures below 39 degrees Fahrenheit, making water expand as it
freezes. That is why frozen water pipes burst, and a tray of ice cubes
will freeze over its top if you fill it too full.
The second peculiar property of ice is directly linked to its first

peculiarity. When subjected to pressure, ice melts. Remember that the
molecules in ice are farther apart than the molecules in water;
therefore, ice molecules are vulnerable to pressure which pushes them
closer together, causing the ice to change into water. So when you step
on a patch of ice, you exert pressure on the ice, which causes its
molecules to move closer together. That makes them revert to their
more dense state, which is water. If you slip on a patch of ice, then, you
in fact are slipping on a thin layer of water that the pressure from your
weight has created. And, unlike solid ice, water, as a liquid, is quite
slippery.
Just like humans, plants also have internal biological clocks referred to
as a circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm of a human being creates
several physiological and chemical changes within the body. Similarly, the
circadian rhythm of a plant allows it to respond to changes in roughly
24-hour cycles. So how does the sunflower circadian rhythm play a role
in sun-tracking behavior?
Before the break of dawn, a young sunflower faces east, towards the
direction of the sunrise. As the sun moves from East to West, the
flower turns westward as well. When the sun sets, the flower reverts to
its original position, facing East to begin the cycle again the next day.
According to an article published in the journal Science in 2016,

researchers believe that sunflowers demonstrate this type of
Heliotropism due to their stems elongating at different rates at
different times of day. This is what researchers observed during their
study. When the sun starts moving from East to West in the sky, the
east side of the stem of a sunflower plant grows more rapidly than the
West side. Due to this unequal growth on either side, the flower tends
to bend in the direction of the sun. Similarly, when the sun finally sets,
the growth on the West side of the stem is greater than the growth on
the East. As a result of this, the stem bends east, that is, in the
direction where the sun would rise again the next morning.
The world today feels like it's a constant VUCA environment - volatile,
uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. The shifting landscape, the
bombarding of information towards us, and always having to work in sort
of a 24/7 environment. This is problematic because we feel like we're all
in a collective crisis of attention. So it's very important that we, as
citizens of the world, understand what is true and what is false.

A question on my mind these days is what is the role of attention in
minimizing truth bias. The truth bias is a bias built into the brain, and it's
this notion that comprehending something is equivalent to believing it.
That may seem strange, but it ends up that comprehension or ability to
understand things is an outgrowth of perception. And just like seeing is
believing, comprehending and believing co-occur. So why am I interested
in this topic of the truth bias? Because this truth bias may be driving
the proliferation of many false narratives. False narratives abound, not
just in the United States where I live but around the world, and people
are believing them.
This time we'll look at how the size and altitude of a plane influence the
intensity and duration of the sonic boom. The sonic boom is a direct
result of a change in the air-flow pattern around a plane's edges. The
moment a plane hits speeds faster than about 768 miles per hour, or
the speed of sound, it creates shockwaves that travel in all directions.
When these shockwaves hit the ground, we hear a sonic boom.
As a general rule, the bigger the aircraft, the larger the shockwaves and
the longer the duration of the sonic boom. The smallest aircraft capable
of traveling faster than the speed of sound generates a boom that lasts
one-twentieth of a second. The largest supersonic aircraft creates a
boom that lasts ten times longer, or half a second. However, two
aircraft the same size flying at different altitudes will create sonic
booms of different intensities. A craft flying higher will create a less
intense sonic boom at ground level because the shockwaves have farther
to travel before hitting the ground, and therefore have more time to
dissipate. The sonic boom created by this high-flying plane will be heard
by a larger geographic area than the boom created by a low-flying plane
because as the shockwaves travel to the ground, they spread out and
increase the radius they affect. Luckily, even the most intense sonic
booms can't hurt people, but they have been known to damage plaster
walls and break windows.
Some clouds appear light and fluffy. Others dark and menacing. But are
all clouds made of bacteria? Clouds contain dust and ice crystals and
other atmospheric debris. But they also contain bacteria and other
microscopic organisms. Scientists have done lab experiments showing
that microbes can act as ice nuclei. And for a while, scientists have
suspected that microorganisms swept into the atmosphere end up as
parts of clouds. Now, thanks to an airborne mass spectrometer an
instrument that identifies the presence of elements and molecules
scientists know that clouds contain bacteria. In fact, they found that
clouds are about a third biological material. Does this mean that clouds
are somehow alive? Not necessarily, because it's not yet clear if the
microbes in clouds are living or dead. What scientists do know is that
the discovery will help develop new climate models. The more we know
about how clouds form and what's in them, the better we can
understand their effect on climate and weather patterns. Clouds radiate
sunlight back into space and also trap heat on Earth. And, of course,
clouds produce rain. Knowing that clouds harbor biological material adds
another piece to the puzzle of how clouds work and how they affect life
on Earth.
But what exactly is evolution and how does it work? Evolution "is the net
change in organisms or a population over the span of many generations."
We can break this definition into two parts - the net change in
organisms or a population, and one that occurs over the span of many
generations. The first part reveals what and where these "changes"
happen - the mechanisms of evolution like natural selection. The second
part tells us two things - the time it takes for organisms to change,
and, less obviously, that the process involves reproduction, DNA,
heritability, and change. The core of evolution is the change in
organisms, and the first place to investigate this change is in the DNA.
DNA is the blueprint of all life. Its sequence is composed of four letters
that bond in specific ways: A to T and C to G. Small sections of the DNA
sequence, called genes, code for certain traits like eye color or blood
group. Genes can come in a variety of "flavors," meaning that the gene
for eye color can code for blue eyes, or brown eyes, or even green eyes!
Each of us possesses a unique combination of these genes, giving some
of us brown eyes with blond hair, or blue eyes with brown hair.
The reason why the Gobi and other deserts are expanding is partly due
to changing climate cycles affecting the rainfall, but human-driven global
warming is also fueling this process. Some 3000 kilometers from the
Gobi, in the deserts of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea is
drying up, mainly because of industrial farming. This, but also extreme
droughts, deforestation, and overgrazing have severely degraded once-
fertile soils. This man-made destruction is called desertification. And it's
happening on a global scale. By the middle of the century, 25% of the
world's soils will be affected. "If we don't have a solid base upon which
people's livelihoods can depend on, everything else becomes precarious."
This is Dr. Barron Joseph Orr, Lead Scientist for the United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification. His job is to find solutions to help
the half a billion people whose livelihoods are already hard hit by
desertification - and the other half a billion who are at risk. Most live in
Southeast Asia, the Middle East, the Sahara region, and North Africa.
The good news is, the situation is not hopeless.
You notice your tears most after a good cry or while slicing an onion, but
actually, your eyes are constantly moistened by a thin film of tears. This
film has three distinct layers: an outer, oily layer to prevent evaporation;
a middle layer of lacrimal fluid, the main ingredient of tears; and an inner,
mucous layer. This three-layer film is replenished every time you blink,
and it provides essential protection for your eyes. Most of your body is
protected by skin, of course, and your outer layer of skin is made of dead
cells and keratin, an opaque, protective substance. Your eyes need to be
transparent, however; they can't be covered by a layer of dead cells and
keratin. One of the main functions of tears, therefore, is to keep these
cells alive. Tears are loaded with electrolytes, salts, chemicals that are
also found deep inside your body. These salts make your outer eye cells
feel like they're inside your body, preventing them from turning into cells
similar to skin cells. Tears help your eyes in other ways too. When a
speck of dust gets in your eye, it's coated with mucus from glands in the
white of your eye, then washed out with extra fluid from the lacrimal
glands, the main tear-producing glands above the eye. To protect your
eyes from germs, tears also contain bacteria-fighting enzymes. What's
more, tears provide a good optical surface. They smooth out the
microscopically uneven cells of your cornea. Without tears, tiny
irregularities in your eye would give you constantly fuzzy vision. Although
they're most apparent during a good cry, tears are actually an essential
part of everyday life.
By the early 1950s, it was becoming apparent that a growing number of

elderly Americans had no economic protection from the increasing cost
of healthcare. Most people over 65 had very low incomes and few owned
private health insurance of any kind. Congress began a years-long debate
on this issue of national health insurance for the elderly. Critics in
Congress feared Medicare would lead to substandard and overpriced
care, and felt that it should serve only the indigent. They also predicted
that, with growing numbers participating, it would eventually bankrupt
the federal Treasury.
The legislative compromise that became the final Medicare Act - officially
known as the "Social Security Amendments of 1965" - was part of
President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program. Today it protects
more than 40 million Americans from the high cost of hospital care.
Much of the program's costs are covered by payroll taxes paid by
workers. Yet costs quickly started to exceed expectations, and as
Americans' life expectancy increased over the years, the Medicare
program became even more expensive.
It has become a matter of national debate and a financial issue for every
Congress and Presidents since. Today, it is still one of the fastest-
growing items in the federal budget. Nonetheless, Medicare remains a
popular program and a well-established part of the federal government's
role in our society.
So, what's so special about dance and music? The answer is a long
evolutionary link of life with music, though why such a link developed in
the first place remains unclear. Some hypothesize that music began in
the form of small rhythmic beats, like tapping one's foot. Our ancestors
soon learned to coordinate with others to create more complex
rhythms.
One reason, some scientists think, that we began synchronizing with

other people is because it allowed us to create social bonds. Several
archaeological sites have found musical instruments dating back as far
as 4,000 to 6,000 years ago. This long history suggests that it is
beneficial to have neural connections that help us sync up with our
groupmates, which might have been an advantage to scare away
predators as a group.
This might help explain why we break out into our very own air guitar solo
while listening to rock. Our brains think we're all part of the same
orchestra. This mental coordination, at some point, resulted in dance.
This propensity to dance and make music in groups has led scientists to
propose that this might be one reason why humanity has managed to
form and remain in large groups of societies. Almost every society has a
dance that is unique to its culture, and evidence has been found that
humans have been dancing since we could first paint on walls.
In today's lecture, I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since
the middle of the last century and what has created these changes. So,
um by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick black
fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main
source of this pollution was from factories, and it caused severe health
problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952
caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously, something had to be done,
and in 1956, a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed
the pollution from factories and the smogs soon disappeared.
However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The
main difference between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it - it's
invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and lorries,
and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a
significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this
type of pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-
dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains and planes than in
the 1950s, and this is now the main source of air pollution around the
world.
Bird brains are tiny - the common pigeon's is about the size of a peanut.
But having smaller noggins doesn't mean birds are unintelligent. One way
scientists estimate brainpower is through the number of neurons
present. Some birds have upwards of 1-2 billion neurons, similar to
monkeys. The intelligence of birds - from New Zealand parrots that
understand probability, to ravens that can plan for the future - isn't a
surprise to researchers who have long seen their capabilities. Early
models proposed that only a small region of bird brains was responsible
for complex behaviors, but this has been revised in recent years. Still,
the detailed, internal organization of bird brains hadn't been explored
until now.
Two new studies in Science dig into their structure and function,
revealing even greater similarities to mammalian brains. Researchers
shined different angles of light into extremely thin slices of the pallium,
the area of bird brains with a similar function to the neocortex of
mammals. This allowed them to see a 3D view of the fibers that connect
neurons. The fibers of owls and pigeons were organized much like those
of mammals: parallel fibers along the pallium were crosscut by
perpendicular fibers between layers, forming columns of connection.
These microcircuits could explain how birds are capable of complex
behaviors.
Soil...it's one of the most underrated and little-understood wonders on

our fragile planet. Here's why. Far from being lifeless dirt, it's estimated
that in a single gram of soil, there could be as many as 50,000 species
of microscopic organisms, or microorganisms. And in one teaspoon of
soil, there are more microorganisms than there are people on Earth. But
much of what lies beneath, in this hidden and deep universe, is still alien
to us. Despite being literally under our feet, humans have so far only
identified a tiny fraction of the extraordinary life teeming underground.
But these animals and microorganisms provide an invaluable role. Millions
of years of evolutionary competition have led the microorganisms to
produce antibiotic compounds to fight their neighbors. And these
compounds form the basis of many of the antibiotics used by us humans.
We literally make medicine from our soil. No one knows how many new
treatments could be lying under our feet, waiting to be discovered.
Host: Family doctors are usually called GPs, or general practitioners.
Speaker: My name is Louis Brassy. I'm a so-called general practitioner

doctor in the center of London. I'm one of two doctors working in our
clinic and between us, we have, let's say, 3,500 patients. England still
has a system which it's had, really, since the Second World War, where
theoretically every patient in England is registered with one family
doctor, almost always near where they live. If they're ever sick, if any of
the family are sick, they go directly, initially to the family doctor, unless
it's an emergency, who, in most cases, I think 80% of cases, he can sort
out by himself. And about 20% of cases, if they need to see a specialist,
he will send them on to whichever specialty is most appropriate. Rather
than approaching a specialist directly, anybody who is sick under normal
circumstances will go and see his general practitioner, who is qualified
at a basic level in all sorts of different illnesses and can provide primary
care.
First of all, people tend to be registered with their GPs for a long period
of time, so after a few years, you tend to know the whole family, you
tend to know each patient and the context in which they are turning up.
You tend to have all the records to hand, you tend to know what
illnesses they've had, what it's likely to be, and what's in the family
generally, which sometimes helps you, rather than somebody who would
just turn up to a doctor they've never seen before. No money is
exchanged when you go to see a doctor in this country. We never ask for
money for general medical services. The government pays us to look
after patients using a kind of complex formula, a lot of which depends on
how many people are registered with us.
If you put extended pressure on your arm, by leaning or sleeping on it, it

might go numb and then give you a tingling feeling. Your arm falls asleep
like this because prolonged pressure on a nerve, or on a nerve's blood
supply, can temporarily damage it.
Nerves allow you to sense feeling by sending messages to the brain

describing sensory input. If you touch a hot burner, you pull your hand
back because the nerves in your hand have sent the message to your
brain that your hand is in pain. When a nerve is compressed or when the
blood supply to a nerve is compromised, the normal messages nerves
send to the brain are stopped or altered. At this point, when the nerve
is no longer functioning appropriately, numbness occurs.
When the nerve begins to recover, you may feel a tingling sensation. This
feeling of pins and needles is due to the fact that at the early stages of
the nerves' recovery, it functions inappropriately, giving your brain
misinformation.
To understand why nerves work this way, we need to think about the
anatomy of a nerve. Each nerve is filled with thousands of nerve fibers,
each carrying specific information to the brain. Some of these fibers are
large, others are small, and all recover at different rates. Because the
thousands of fibers that make up a damaged nerve recover at different
speeds, the message they collectively send the brain as they are
recovering is inaccurate. So though your arm isn't actually tingling at all,
the way it would if you received a mild electric shock, your brain believes
that it's tingling because the brain always believes messages that
nerves send whether those messages are accurate or not.
We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved in running a big

city like, say, Melbourne, keeping the road and rail systems running,
policing, providing food and housing, and so on. In another lecture, I'm
going to deal with what is this now called, megalopolis-cities with
populations of ten million or more. However, first I want to go back in
history to when the population of cities could be numbered in the
thousands rather than millions. One of the earliest theorists of the city
was, of course, Plato, who created an ideal city in his text, The Republic.
The population of this city would be around twenty-five to thirty
thousand at most. Oddly enough, the same figures were chosen by
Leonardo da Vinci for his ideal cities.
Now, of these twenty-five to thirty thousand inhabitants, only about five
thousand would be citizens. A reason for this might be that it is the
largest number that could be addressed publicly at one time and by one
person, and makes a voting system much easier to manage. Also,
perhaps the numbers are kept deliberately low because a large
population would be harder to control, or because, in practical terms,
fewer inhabitants are easier to feed from local supplies without having to
depend on outside sources.
Beers
Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage in the world, a standing that
has been boosted by the drink's relative affordability compared to
cocktails or wine at a bar. But everyone from multinational brewers to
small craft beer companies to pub chains has been warning about the
beverage's inevitable price increase. In the United Kingdom, for instance,
the average cost of a pint of beer has soared by 70 percent since the
global financial crisis.
The mean price for 568 millilitres of brew has gone from £2.30 in 2008
to £3.95 in 2022. The cheapest pint was found in a pub in Lancashire, in
the northwest of England, at £1.79. The most expensive? London, of
course, where one unnamed pub was charging a whopping £8.06 on
average.
But London is far from the priciest place to buy a beer. It's the seventh
most expensive capital, according to one beer index, which analyzed the
price of brew from local supermarkets and hotel lobbies. Tokyo, Bern,
Paris, Beijing, Amman and Doha top the list of most expensive places to
buy beer, with a pint costing nearly $20 in Qatar's capital. Why? The
short answer is inflation. The long answer extends from the cost of raw
materials to the wages of the bar staff pouring your pint.
Automated Construction
The rise of technology is a huge opportunity for the construction
industry, enabling it to overcome many of its challenges while broadening
its appeal to young talent. While automation has already entered
construction in a number of ways, taking it much further could be truly
transformational - filling the gaps where skilled labour cannot be found,
freeing-up others to focus on more important work and improving
efficiency while raising quality.
At the design stage, architects and engineers are already using

modelling tools that automate work which would traditionally have been
done manually. Some are now using "predictive design" software - where
artificial intelligence (AI) designs buildings and infrastructure compliant
with regulations and best practice.
While the cultural importance of architecture means that the design

process is unlikely to ever be fully automated, Al could soon play a major
role in optimizing designs drawing in best practice from learning across
thousands of projects. By simply entering details about site conditions
and our desired outcomes, machines could design the best possible
house, hospital or school for that scenario, fully compliant with
regulations.
Aquaculture
The last salmon filet you had probably never swam freely in the sea.
Chances are it was born and raised in a net pen on a fish farm in
Northern Europe, Chile or Canada. Aquaculture-raising marine species in
environments controlled by humans brings in a lot of cash, especially for
popular delicacies like salmon. And since the United Nation's Food and
Agriculture Organization predicts that by the year 2040, there will be no
more fish in the oceans, aquaculture may be the wave of the future.
But environmentalists argue that aquaculture is a major source of

pollution. Farmed salmon are raised in small net pens in the ocean. To
control diseases and parasites, producers use antibiotics and chemicals
which pollute ocean waters. The salmon farming industry is working hard
to develop environmentally friendly technologies such as closed-
containment systems that would separate the ocean's ecosystem from
the polluted waters of salmon farms.
Evolution
Desertification
The reason why Gobi and other deserts are expanding is partly due to
changing climate cycles affecting the rainfall, but human-driven global
warming is also fueling this process.
Some 3000 kilometers from the Gobi, in the deserts of Kazakhstan and
Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea is drying up, mainly because of industrial
farming. This, but also extreme droughts, deforestation and overgrazing
have severely degraded once-fertile soils. This man-made destruction is
called desertification. And it's happening on a global scale.
By the middle of the century, 25% of the world's soils will be affected. "If
we don't have a solid base upon which people's livelihoods can depend on.
everything else becomes precarious." This is Dr. Barron Joseph Orr,
Lead Scientist for the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification. His job is to find solutions to help the half a billion people
whose livelihoods are already hard hit by desertification - and the other
half a billion who are at risk. Most live in South East Asia, the Middle
East, the Sahara region and North Africa. The good news, the situation
is not hopeless.
.Sunflower
Just like humans, plants also have internal biological clocks, referred to
as a circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm of a human being creates
several physiological and chemical changes within the body. Similarly, the
circadian rhythm of a plant allows it to respond to changes in roughly
24-hour cycles. So how does the sunflower circadian rhythm play a role
in sun tracking behavior?
Before the break of dawn, a young sunflower faces east, towards the
direction of the sunrise. As the sun moves from East to West, the
flower turns westward as well. When the sun sets, the flower reverts to
its original position, facing East to begin the cycle again the next day.
According an article published in the journal Science in 2016,

researchers believe that sunflowers demonstrate this type of
Heliotropism due to their stems elongating at different rates at
different times of day.
This is what researchers observed during their study. When the sun
starts moving from East to West in the sky, the east side of the stem
of a sunflower plant grows more rapidly than the West side. Due to this
unequal growth on either side, the flower tends to bend in the direction
of the sun. Similarly, when the sun finally sets, the growth on the West
side of the stem is greater than the growth on the East. As a result of
this, the stem bends east, that is, in the direction where the sun would
rise again the next morning.
Believing
The world today feels like it's a constant VUCA environment, volatile,
uncertain, complex and ambiguous. The shifting landscape, the
bombarding of information toward us, and always having to work in sort
of a 24/7 environment. This is problematic because we feel like we're all
in a collective crisis of attention. So, it's very important that we, as
citizens of the world, understand what is true, and what is false.
A question on my mind these days is what is the role of attention in

minimizing truth bias. The truth bias is a bias built into the brain, and it's
this notion that comprehending something is equivalent to believing it.
That may seem strange, but it ends up that comprehension or ability to
understand things is an outgrowth of perception. And just like seeing is
believing, comprehending and believing co-occur. So why am I interested
in this topic of the truth bias? Because this truth bias may be driving
the proliferation of many false narratives. False narratives abound, not
just in the United States where I live but around the world, and people
are believing them.
Subprime Crises
The drastic slowdown in the real estate market in the United States is
being felt around the world. At the heart of this economic downturn is
the subprime crisis facing many American home owners. The subprime
crisis refers to the recent avalanche of homeowners defaulting on their
home loans. When someone defaults on a loan, they essentially stop
repaying the loan and give up trying to meet the initial repayment plan.
Many of these home owners had subprime loans. These are loans that
require little money up front and often start off with affordable
payments. However, these subprime loans often have adjustable interest
rates, which mean that over time, the interest rate for the loans can
drastically go up. Higher interest rates mean higher monthly payments.
As a result, homeowners with subprime loans found themselves with
rising home payments they could not afford. In many cases, the home
loan payments became so large that the homeowners could not meet
the monthly payments, and as a result, they had to turn their home over
to the bank they borrowed money from.
The subprime home loan collapse has not only hit home owners. Many
investment banks that had invested in these loans by financing the loan
market have been hit hard as well, as they have not been able to collect
on their initial investment.
MTV
MTV unquestionably revolutionized the music industry. The network
debuted in 1981 to a few thousand households on a single cable system.
It finished the year with nearly 21 million subscribers. In addition to its
music programming, MTV has a long history of promoting social, political,
and environmental activism. In doing so, it has come under fire from both
liberal and conservative media watchdogs, as well as religious groups
over such issues as censorship, political correctness, and perceived
negative moral influence on young people.
MTV became the first to run TV spots promoting safe sex and AIDS
awareness; issues considered far too controversial for major broadcast
networks. It also addressed the problem of substance abuse with a
series of "Just Say No" anti-drug spots and a "Rock Against Drugs"
campaign. MTV entered the political arena when it launched the "Choose
or Lose" campaign to get students politically involved by increasing voter
registration. "Fight for your Rights" championed the causes of anti
violence and anti-discrimination. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
and MTV teamed up to form "Think: Education", encouraging Students to
graduate from high school and be prepared for the responsibilities of
college and work.
The channel also aired a series of pro-conservation ads called "Break the
Addiction" advocating reduced energy consumption. MTV continues to
address current political issues. "Think MTV", the network's vehicle for
social activism, invites young people to choose the issues that resonate
most and take action to make a positive change.
Types of Market
So, in the seller's market, what marketing tends to be is what we call
product-focused market. You have the product. If the customers want
it, they're going to come to you. In that case, you should develop that
product to the best of your ability. You should innovate in that product;
you should try to reduce cost and you should really focus on the product.
Your business objective in a product-focused market is to sell as much
as you can, and profitability from a product-focused market is going to
come from volume. Selling as much as you can. In the past when we've
studied product focus market, we've shown that profitability is tied to
market share. So, market share becomes your business objective. And
why does market share increase profitability? Because the bigger your
market share, the more your revenues. And the bigger your market
share, and your volume, the lower the product cost and hint profitability.
Higher revenues, lower cost, more profit. That's really the goal of a
product-focused market and when you're product-focused, where do you
get growth? Will you develop new products based on your product
experience or you go to new markets? That's product-focused marketing
Core Competency
The term core competence gets thrown around a lot, but it has a
specific meaning, one that's especially important for strategists and
companies with multiple business units or product lines. CK Prahalad
and Gary Hamel, who introduced the concept, described the diversified
corporation as a large tree. The care products are the trunk and major
limbs. The business units are smaller branches, and the end products
are the leaves. The core competence is the root system that provides
nourishment and stability. It's essentially what your organization knows
about coordinating production and technology. If you only compare end
products, you'll miss the real strength of your company. To figure that
out, start by identifying specific core competencies, the five or six
things at most that your company does better than anyone else. These
meet three requirements. First, they provide access to a wide variety of
markets. Consider what Honda knows about engines. It gives them a
distinctive advantage in cars, lawnmowers and generators. Second, core
competencies contribute to the benefits of the product as perceived by
the customer. Clearly Honda's expertise in engines fits the bill here too.
Finally, core competencies are hard for competitors to imitate. It's been
tough for Honda's competitors to match their engine design and
development skills even with bigger R&D budgets.
Capitalist Automation
In a capitalist society of widespread automation and computerization,
three classes naturally emerge. At the top sit the rich and powerful:
those who own the machines. Below them, those who still have non-
computerized jobs, and who will naturally be mainly providing services to
the wealthy. And underneath them, the jobless masses: the majority of
humanity. Things look pretty grim in this future. The first consequence is
predictably extreme inequality. Under our current means tested,
insufficient, work-conditional methods of welfare distribution, and the
total absence of a capital wealth accumulation, existing trends will only
continue to drive larger and larger gaps between the rich and the poor.
The effects of inequality we see today will only become more extreme.
And with even less recourse to organized power. That leads to the
second dramatic consequence of highly automated capitalist society:
corporate totalitarianism. A capitalist monopoly on robots virtually
guarantees an even more dangerous monopoly on violence. If the ruling
elite are no longer reliant on the working class to flourish, workers will
be regarded as useless. And if they tried to fight back for a better
society that benefits the majority, the capitalist state and corporate
elite can use their monopoly on technology to crush resistance in even
more frightening ways.
Pomodoro Technique
The main problem we have isn't an issue of actually doing the work. It's
just starting. Starting is the hardest part. So how do we make it
easier? Take your large task and break it into something small. Once you
think you've made it small, make it even smaller than that. Do the same
with your time commitment. It's great that you blocked out the next
three hours to do work, but guess what, studying for three hours is
incredibly daunting. You do not want to do that. You want to watch Med
School Insiders YouTube videos instead. Here's how you get past that
you're not studying for three hours anymore. Instead, you're studying for
only 25 minutes, which is a lot easier than 3 hours. After those 25
minutes are done, you're getting a break, guaranteed. Seems simple
enough. This is the Pomodoro technique in action, and it is one of my
favorite study hacks. Early on in the day, I generally like to knock out the
difficult tasks first, since it makes the rest of the day a breeze. But I
don't always get the luxury of doing that. There are instances where
starting is so difficult, that there's no way I would be able to tackle the
most daunting task first. In those instances, I start with something
easy. That can be something as simple as doing my laundry or washing
dishes. Once I've built the momentum of getting something small done,
having a small victory, it becomes much easier to step it up to
something a little bigger.
Blue Ocean
Red oceans represent existing industries and markets where industry
boundaries and the rules of competition are well-defined. Companies
strive to outperform rivals and grab a bigger share of existing demand.
As the space gets crowded, fierce competition turns the water bloody.
Competitive or market competing strategy is about how to occupy red
oceans. By contrast, blue ocean, or market creating strategy, is about
how to create and capture unknown markets where demand is created
rather than fought over. In some cases, this spawns entirely new
industries, but most blue oceans emerge when a company alters the
boundaries of an existing industry. The simultaneous pursuit of value and
cost is the logic of Blue Ocean strategy. Companies that can create blue
oceans usually reap the benefits for 10 to 15 years, because they are
hard for rivals to copy. To realize blue ocean potential, companies should
chart a strategic course, past traditional industry boundaries to create
new market space.
Those people who had type O actually would get sick, but wouldn't die,
and had an opportunity to reproduce, and that's how the gene goes
forward. And then, if you look at a map of where malaria is now and
where the different peoples are, you can see that the type O was
followed, there is where there's malaria, A and B has gone to colder
climates where malaria wasn't a problem, and then AB was just, you
know, combination of the races."
Why does altitude cause headache? Since the air is thinner, there is less
oxygen in the blood, so blood flow to the brain increases. The extra blood
can cause blood vessels to swell and tissues to press on the sensitive
membrane that surrounds the brain, resulting in a headache. But not
everyone develops a headache at moderately high altitudes, partly
because the low oxygen content of the air causes the climber to breath
more often, forcing carbon dioxide out of the blood. The body reacts to
the lowered carbon dioxide content of the blood by decreasing blood flow
to the brain. An individual's susceptibility to altitude-induced headache,
as well as the severity of the headache, depends on whether the overall
blood flow to the brain increases or decreases. At high altitudes, usually
over 10,000 feet, an unrelated condition known as high-altitude cerebral

edema, or HACE, can develop. HACE occurs when parts of the brain
become waterlogged. Unlike altitude-induced headache, which occurs in
over ninety percent of the people who ascend to 11,000 feet, HACE is a
rare disorder. Characterized by mental confusion, hallucinations, and a
drunken stagger, HACE is almost always fatal if descent is not
immediate.
A sea breeze is an onshore breeze which develops around the coastlines

of sea and even large lakes on warm days. In mid-latitudes, it commonly
occurs during the spring and summer. This is when there is a large
temperature difference between the sea and adjacent land areas. A sea
breeze is a thermally driven circulation, forming due to the fact that the
land heats up more quickly than the sea. Water has a higher specific
heat capacity and so requires more energy to raise the temperature. As
the sun radiates energy at more or less a constant rate, it will take
longer for the water to heat up. This means that peak sea surface
temperatures aren't reached until early autumn. This differential heating
of adjacent land and sea surfaces is the main factor in the formation of
sea breezes. A temperature difference of around 3 degrees Celsius is
required for sea breeze to start to develop. Other factors that are
required for sea breezes to form are light offshore winds at around
3000 feet. This aids the higher-level flow out to sea to get the process
started.
The word solstice means 'sun standing' in Latin. It marks the point when
the sun stops at its most northerly or southerly point, relative to the
equator. Before reversing direction, the summer solstice, the sun would
appear at its highest point in the sky, and is the day with the longest
period of daylight. It happens twice a year, once in both the northern and
southern hemispheres. The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere
occurs around the 21st of June, but it does not always occur on this
day. As it all depends on when the sun reaches its northernmost point
from the celestial equator, it can happen between the 20th to the 22nd
of June. Around this time in areas north of the arctic circle, it is
possible to witness the sun not set at all, so a dubbed land of the
midnight sun for this very reason. This occurs because the earth's
rotational axis is tilted. The earth rotates around an axis inclined at an
angle of 23.5 degrees in relation to its orbital plane around the sun. It is
this tilt that gives us our seasons. Summer occurs in the hemisphere
that is tilted towards the sun, whilst winter falls on the hemisphere
that is tilted away from the sun.
There are 118 species of weaver birds, and most live in sub-Saharan
Africa. While some species live on the open savannah and eat mostly
seeds, others live in forests and prefer feasting on insects. Researchers
looked at studies done on different species of weaver birds to examine
the relationships between their diets, habits, and social behavior. They
found that seed-eating birds living in the open savannah tended to forage
in groups, nest in large colonies, and have multiple mates per breeding
season. The insect-eating, forest-dwelling birds, on the other hand, were
more likely to forage and nest alone, and have a single mate per season.
These divergent social behaviors are likely influenced by their different

diets and habitats. Working together makes it easier for birds that eat
seeds out on the savannah to find spots with a large supply of seeds.
There's also safety in numbers out on the open savannah, further
incentivizing flocking. Their polygamous breeding may be a result of the
smaller number of nesting sites in the savannah. By contrast, working
together to find food wouldn't help forest-dwelling, insect-eating weaver
birds as much, since insects tend to be more widely dispersed. There
are a lot more suitable nesting sites in the forest, so these birds don't
need to live in colonies, and monogamy makes sense for birds with more
solitary lives. It seems that birds that eat bugs don't like to be bugged.
"Blood types are inherited, just like you inherit your eye color, or your
hair texture, so you get a gene from each parent, and that determines
what the child's blood type is gonna be."
"There's sort for blood types?"

"There is, there is A, type A, type B, type AB, and type O. The only
difference is what sugar molecule is added to that point. There are some
studies that show that the reason that A, B, O and AB have been
distributed the way they were was because of forces that they think of
primarily connected to the organism that causes malaria. It turned out
to be that people who had type O were actually able to survive an attack
of malaria. It appeared that malaria organism was more readily able to
attach to red cells that were type A or type B, and actually kill those
patients before they have a chance to reproduce.
Electricity is the physical flow of electrons referred to as an electrical

current. Electricity is an energy carrier that efficiently delivers the
energy found in primary sources to end-users, who in turn convert it
into energy services. Electricity can be created in three main ways. The
most common is through electromagnetic conversion, where electricity
is generated by moving an electric conductor, like wires, inside magnetic
field. The most practical example of this is a generator connected to a
turbine. The turbine provides the motion required to move the conductor
in the generator. This energy for motion can come from various
technologies. For example, wind turbines, hydro, or the steam created
from heat produced a nuclear fission or coal combustion. Electricity can
also be created through a chemical reaction. An example of this is a
battery or fuel cell. Finally, electricity can be created through solid-state
conversion, where electricity is generated using the structure and
properties of a solid. A specially constructed solid consists of different
molecules packed closely together to create an electric current when
stimulated. An example of a technology that utilizes solid-state
conversion is a solar PV cell. It is important to note that electricity is
the same regardless of how it is produced. So, the electricity generated
from an electromagnetic generator is the same as that from a battery.
When human females are pregnant, they're advised to stay away from
alcohol, for fear of harming the foetus. And most parents refrain from
giving their infants bottles full of whiskey or beer, for obvious reasons.
But if you're a fruit fly, literally dousing your offspring in alcohol is
apparently one of the best ways to protect them from danger,
particularly from certain types of wasps. How and why? Let's back up a
bit. First, certain types of wasps prey on fruit flies by injecting eggs
inside fruit fly larvae. Unless an infected larva kills the wasp egg, it
hatches and the wasp larva eats its way out from inside the fruit fly
larva, killing it. One way for fruit fly moms to protect against this
gruesome fate is to lay their eggs in an alcohol-soaked environment,
such as fermenting fruit, when they see that parasitic wasps are
around. Although alcohol is toxic to fruit flies, it's even more toxic to
wasps, which, unlike fruit flies, have not evolved a high level of alcohol
tolerance. So, if the larvae eat enough alcohol rich food, it can kill the
wasp egg and keep it from hatching. Apparently, fruit flies are not the
only fly species to use alcohol to protect their young. In fact, it seems
that most flies that eat rotting fruit use the alcohol defence against
wasps. So, fruit flies are not unique in this regard, but they're still
mighty impressive.
Minimum Tax
On the face of things, it seems both absurd and (unfair) that large
American companies regularly whittle down their tax bills, taking
advantage of every loophole on (offer). One study found that at least 55
big companies incurred no federal taxes at all on their profits in 0, A
(proposal) being discussed as The Economist went to press, and as the
Democratic Party scrambled to fund its social-spending package, seems
to offer a popular solution: a minimum tax on (corporate) earnings as
reported to shareholders, rather than as massaged down when reported
to tax (collectors).
Birth Rate
Since its founding, America has enjoyed population growth famously
fueled by high immigration rates. But Americans have historically had
large families compared to other countries, as well. But times are
changing. Birth rates today have fallen to their lowest point in history.
And while birth rates have historically been connected to economic
cycles, the present decline is happening during good economic times. The
causes of the decline will be familiar for many viewers, high housing
costs, less dating and marriage, economic and social uncertainties. And
even though surveys show Americans still want big families, there are no
cheap, easy solutions to fix this problem. And unfortunately, the problem
is self-reinforcing. Fewer children means that future generations will
have fewer workers serving more people, who themselves will have less
time to bear and care for children, or retirees for that matter. Even if
Americans reform housing policy, or offer greater financial support for
families, our birth rates will continue to decline, and the fast economic
growth that made America so strong in the 20th century could vanish in
the 21st.
Silence
So, what's so great about silence? Well in the course of researching my
book, I came across several studies into the impact that silence can
have on both the body and the brain.
In one study involving mice, silence was shown to promote the growth of
brain cells in the part of the brain responsible for memory related to the
senses. Scientists played mice a selection of sounds, including baby
mouse cries, white noise, and silence, and observed that during silence,
there was cell growth in the hippocampus.
Another study looked at the impact of listening to music on the body,

and the researchers found that if silence was inserted into a track of
music, the blood pressure dropped, the heart rate reduced and the
subject relaxed much more than when listening to a relaxing piece of
music. This only happened when the silence was inserted in the middle of
the tune itself. It didn't work for silence at the beginning or end of the
experiment. So, there's something about silence that comes in the
middle of noise that's particularly beneficial.
So, silence can actually also enable people to actually say things that
they've never been able to say before. looked into the formation of the
Samaritans, a support service for people that are feeling despairing or
suicidal. The service was set up in the 50s by a vicar, and he started it
because he had to conduct the funeral of a young girl who had taken her
own life. The reason she took her own life is that she'd started her
periods and thought she'd contracted some terrible disease and was
dying. She was deeply ashamed of what was happening to her and had no
one to talk to about it. It was this that inspired the vicar, Chad Varah,
to set up the Samaritans as he didn't want people to feel that there

were things that they couldn't talk about, particularly things that they
were ashamed of.
Success Sequence
More than 20 years ago, Ron Haskins and Isabel Sawhill at the
Brookings Institution sifted the social science data and found that
anyone who finishes high school, works full-time, and marries before
having children almost never experiences poverty. They called this the
"success sequence". What the sequence misses is that each of these
steps is enormously complex. It takes a lot of parental attention,
energy, and love before a child crosses the stage at a high school
graduation. Social networks are critical to finding a full-time job. Having
marriage just arguably the most complex challenge of all. Looked at this
way it's not so much a sequence as a decades-long dialogue between the
individual, their family and friends, and the community. Education, work,
and marriage are the marks of a successful life as it unfolds. We owe
Haskins & Sawhill a profound thanks for bringing us the success
sequence. The job now is developing the strategies for strengthening
families and communities so that more people find the path and stay on
it.
Internet Privacy
Successful economies and cultures are built on trust. But a number of
high-profile data breaches and privacy intrusions have caused anxiety for
consumers and gotten the attention of Washington. New legislation may
be needed to bolster confidence in the digital marketplace. But we've got
to be thoughtful about it. So, we don't strangle the golden goose that
we call the Internet. Three points. Explosive growth of digital services
shows that the benefits of data flows far outweigh the costs. Slow
productivity growth in many industries stems from a lack of information
intensity-too little data. Policies should thus encourage the use of more
data. while putting consumers in control of sensitive information. A new
national privacy law would consolidate existing industry specific laws
prevent a patchwork of conflicting state laws and clarify the FTC's
enforcement strategy for the digital age. But regulations cannot solve
every problem. Evolving social norms, more robust institutions and new
privacy-promoting technologies will actually do most of the heavy lifting
of protecting our privacy and promoting data flows.
Peaceful Power Transition

The Democratic Republic of the Congo will hold an election in December,
hopefully leading to a peaceful (democratic) transfer of power for the
first time in the country's history.

Sitting President Joseph Kabila came to power in 1, having (succeeded)
his father, Laurent Désiré Kabila, after his assassination. Joseph Kabila
was elected as President in 6 for a five-year term, and re-elected in 1.
Though his second (term) ended in 6 and the DRC constitution prevents
him from (seeking) a third term, elections were not held and Kabila
(remained) in power.
Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (released) the first part
of its latest assessment report. The Earth is warming. Even with a
drastic (reduction) in greenhouse-gas emissions temperatures will
(probably) be 1.5 degrees Celsius above their late-19th century levels by
0. Climate change is under way, the report laments, with all the
environmental (consequences) that brings. The extent of the damage
depends on the cumulative build-up of emissions and can be (limited) if
the world strives for net-zero carbon emissions.
Robot Software
It might sound (obvious) that if you want to improve a robot's software,
you should improve its software. Agrim Gupta of Stanford University,
however, begs to (differ). He thinks you can also improve a robot's
software by improving its hardware-that is, by letting the hardware
(adapt) itself to the software's capabilities. As they (describe) in Nature
Communications, he and his colleagues have devised a way of testing
this idea. In doing so, they have brought to robotics the (principles) of
evolution by natural selection. They also cast the spotlight on an
evolutionary idea that dates from the 0s, but which has hitherto proved
hard to demonstrate.
European Market
European market is a tough terrain for food (delivery) firms. Delivery
Hero has had a good (run) in the past couple of years. In August 0 it
ascended to the Dax, the stock market index of Germany's most
(valuable) listed firms. It is present in 50 countries on four continents.
Revenue for the third quarter was 1.8bn euros ($2bn), a jump of 89%
(compared) with the same period in 0. "We grew % before Corona, %
during Corona and we will grow % after Corona," says Niklas Ostberg,
the Berlin-based firm's Swedish chief (executive). By number of orders
Delivery Hero is more than twice as big as DoorDash, its large American
rival.
Truth of Evil
Evil is a consequence of injury. The big person did not start off evil. Their
difficult sides were not hard wired from the start. They grew towards
malice on account of some form of wound waiting to be discovered. It is
work of extraordinary patience and humanity it is the work of love-to go
in search of what these wounds might be. To search is morally
frightening, because we too easily imagine that it might require us to
wind up thinking well of behavior, we know is abhorrent: it doesn't at all,
we can remain appalled while simultaneously tracing a path back to the
true catalytic factors. The work can also be practically frightening
because we imagine that it might require us to leave someone at liberty
to cause us or others more pain: but again, we can keep the wrong doer
safely behind very high bars, even as we sensitively explore the origins of
their violations. Once the full stories of our trespassers become known,
our perspective may swiftly rework itself.
Body Keeps the Score

The Body Keeps the Score is the beautiful and suggestive title of a book
published in 4 by a Dutch professor of psychiatry at Boston University
called Bessel van der Kolk. The book has proved immensely significant
because it emphasizes an idea that has for too long escapes
psychiatrists and psychotherapists. Van der Kolk stresses that people
who are suffering emotionally are unlikely to do so just in their minds.
Crucially, their symptoms almost always show up in their bodies and the
way they sit or breathe. And how they hold their shoulders in their sleep
patterns, in their digestion process, in the way they treat their spots,
and in their attitude to exercise. Taking the body more seriously opens
up new avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of emotional
unwellness, instead of simply seeing a person as a disembodied mind
which must talk its way to a cure. A therapist is advised to see the body
as a kind of score sheet of the emotional experiences that its owner has
been through. A score sheet that should be read and attended to as
carefully as many mental accounts.
Blood
Space inside our arteries is fully utilized. At every heartbeat, a higher
blood pressure literally compacts millions of red blood cells into massive
trains of oxygen that quickly flow throughout our body. And the tiny
space inside our red blood cells is not wasted, either. In healthy
conditions, more than 95 percent of their oxygen capacity is utilized. The
reason blood is so incredibly efficient is that our red blood cells are not
dedicated to specific organs or tissues; otherwise, we would probably
have traffic jams in our veins. No, they're shared. They're shared by all
the cells of our body. And because our network is so extensive, each one
of our 37 trillion cells gets its own deliveries of oxygen precisely when it
needs them. Blood is both a collective and individual form of
transportation.so place our needs where these should always have been:
at the center of our considerations.

Understanding Childhood
Without a proper understanding of childhood, it won't matter how many
fortunes we have made, how stellar our reputation, or outwardly
cheerful our families, we will be doomed to founder on the rocks of our
own psychological complexities; we will probably be sunk by anxiety, a
lack of trust, some kind of dread, paranoia, rage and self-loathing, those
widespread legacies of misunderstood childhoods. Well-meaning people
sometimes wonder, with considerable hope, if Sigmund Freud has not
after all by now been proved 'wrong. The tricky and humiliating answer is
that no, he never actually will be in the substance of his insight. Freud's
eternal contribution has been to alert us to the many ways in which
adult emotional lives sit on top of childhood experiences - and how we
are made sick by not knowing our own histories. In a saner world, we
would be left in no doubt - and even partially alerted while we were living
through them-that our childhoods hold the secrets to our identities. We
would know that the one subject we need to excel at above all is one not
yet flagged up by the school system the subject called 'My Childhood,
and the sign that we have graduated in the topic with honors is when at
last we can know and think non-defensively about how we are (in small
ways and large) a little bit mad, and what exactly in the distant past
might have made us so.
Recycling
The idea behind recycling is simple. By breaking old products down and
converting them into something usable again, we conserve natural
resources. It saves forests, cuts emissions, and means less pollution.
Sadly, it's not that simple. Recycling is deeply entwined with our
economic system, and right now doesn't make much economic sense. It
often costs more to recycle than it does to just throw things away,
which is bad news for the environment. So, is it worth paying for?
Recycling saves serious amounts of energy, which in turn means lower
greenhouse gas emissions. Making cans from recycled aluminum uses
95% less energy than mining and using raw materials. Recycling steel
saves 60%, as does recycling paper. So, it boils down to how quickly
we're able to remake the way we make things. As of 8, we were on track
to generate waste at more than double the rate of population growth
through 0, so we can expect plenty more rubbish to pile up. Some
communities are running out of room to store all their trash and have
stopped collecting plastic, paper and glass. Others are just sending
material to landfills or burning it. Such issues have given
environmentalists cause to suggest more radical approach is needed,
saying we should rethink our relationship with material and be using less
stuff in the first place.
African American Rights

During this period of time, there was a huge surge of activism taking
place to reverse this discrimination and injustice. Activists worked
together and used non-violent protest and specific acts of targeted civil
disobedience, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Greensboro
Woolworth Sit-Ins, in order to bring about change. Much of this
organizing and activism took place in the Southern part of the United
States; however, people from all over the country-of all races and
religions-joined activists to proclaim their support and commitment to
freedom and equality. For example, on August 28, 1963, 250,000
Americans came to Washington, D.C. for the March on Washington for
Jobs and Freedom. They came to have their voices heard and listen to
speeches by many civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr.,
who delivered what would become one of the most influential speeches in
history. In the aftermath of World War II, African American civil rights
efforts were hampered by ideological splits. The Southern system of
white supremacy was accompanied by the expansion of European and
American imperial control over nonwhite people in Africa and Asia as well
as in island countries of the Pacific and Caribbean regions. Like African
Americans, most nonwhite people throughout the world were colonized
or economically exploited and denied basic rights, such as the right to
vote.
Art and Artist

Human beings in the West Savannah need each other in order to survive.
In today's modern society, people need protection from other people too.
Rousseau was the first to acknowledge that. So, if we agree that this is
one of the first fundamental functions of society, we should in fact reject
any human behavior that goes against this theory. So, it's true
Beethoven was a rude and vulgar person, who probably suffered from the
bipolar disorder. Van Gogh lost his mind. Other artists can be labelled as
eccentric, anti-social or even estranged from society. Nevertheless, as
long as they don't cross over the line and breach the basic human
contract, we may savor and rejoice the art and creations. This is why I
am able to enjoy Beethoven's magnificent creations. Yet on the other
hand, as a daughter of holocaust survivor, I am unable to listen to the
music, magnificent as it maybe, of composers who believe, for example,
in the final solutions of the Jews. An artist that breaches this contract,
that endangers the freedom and safety of member of society, regardless
of the religion, fate, believes, or background, by a direct action, and this
is very important, only by a direct action, should lose his place in society,
together with a privilege platform, of which he presents his creativity
and art. And along with this, the power, we attribute to it. Unless he
regrets his action. Yes, apology can be accepted.
Energy Price
It was another roller-coaster week for energy prices. After OPEC and its
allies (resisted) calls to increase output, the price of Brent crude
surpassed $80 per barrel and reached its highest level in three years.
The cartel said it would (stick) to the gradual increases in output it
agreed to over the summer. The energy (shortage) rattled other financial
markets too, as (investors) worried about the fallout. In America and
Europe government bond (yields) climbed. In Britain the yield on ten-year
gilts jumped to its highest since May 9.
Tax Reform Plan

Colombia on Tuesday (adopted) a tax reform plan that was at the root of
violent anti-government protests that left more than 60 people dead
this year, but was (eventually) reconfigured to be kinder to the middle
class and the poor. President Iván Duque signed the so-called "social
investment law," which has as its stated objective to combat poverty in
a country hit hard by the coronavirus epidemic. He says the law will,
quote, "benefit nearly 29 million Colombians in a (vulnerable) situation"
out of a total population of some 50 million. A first version of the law
presented by Duque early this year to combat the economic
(consequences) of the global health crisis would have significantly
increased taxes on an already battered middle class.
Most wanted Man

Colombian military and police have (confirmed) that they have captured
Dairo Antonio usuga, known as Otoniel, Colombia's most sought-after
drug trafficker and leader of the Clan del Golfo. He was captured on
Saturday during an (operation) carried out by the country's armed
forces. Colombia had offered a (reward) of about $, for information
concerning his whereabouts. Italy's right-wing former interior minister,
Matteo Salvini, went on trial Saturday on (charges) of kidnapping for
refusing in 9 to allow a Spanish migrant rescue ship to dock in Sicily,
keeping the people on board at sea for days.
Emergency Condition
UNICEF is warning that schools in Haiti are (increasingly) at the mercy of
gangs, with children becoming (targets) of robbery or ransom. The
agency said Tuesday at least seven schools in the capital of Port-au-
Prince have been forced to pay unidentified gangs in (exchange) for
security in the past two months and that (additional) institutions have
also been threatened. The warning comes days after authorities said
gang members killed a university professor they had recently (abducted).
In addition, U.S. and Haitian authorities are still trying to secure the
release of 17 missionaries from a U.S. religious organization who were
kidnapped on October 16 near the capitol.

Fuel Tanker Explosion
A (massive) tow truck worked Saturday to remove the remains of a
burned-out oil tanker that exploded in a giant fireball (overnight) near the
capital of Sierra Leone. Reuters David Doyle has more. Deputy Health
Minister Amara Jambai said the death toll (currently) stands at 99 with
more than 100 people being treated in hospitals and clinics across the
capital, Freetown. In a video from the scene shared online, the head of
the National Disaster Management Agency, Brima Bureh Sisay, said
"We've got so many casualties, burnt corpses," adding "It's a terrible,
terrible accident." Freetown's mayor said the extent of the damage from
Friday's explosion was not yet known, adding that police and her (deputy)
were at the scene to assist disaster management officials.
Prison Riot
At least five people were killed and several others wounded when
Sudanese (security) forces opened fire on demonstrators in Khartoum
and elsewhere in the country Saturday.
The Sudan Doctors Committee said four people died from gunshots and
one suffocated from (tear) gas in Khartoum and Omdurman on Saturday.
Several other (protesters) were wounded, including from gunshots. The
rallies came two days after military (coup) leader General Abdel Fattah
al-Burhan reappointed himself the head of the Sovereign Council, Sudan's
interim governing
At least Thursday's move angered the pro-democracy alliance and

(frustrated) the United States and other countries that have urged the
military to reverse its coup and to restore civilian rule.
Well-being
Life in the UK 2 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today.
The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be (delivered) by the
Measuring National Well-being program and will be updated and published
annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and
the environment. Information such as the (unemployment) rate or
number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on
people's thoughts and feelings, for example, (satisfaction) with our jobs
or leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how
society is doing is provided.
Vaping Products
President Trump has warned Turkey's President Erdogan that foreign
interference is (complicating) the situation in Libya. It comes after
Turkey MPs approved a bill, allowing the (military) to be deployed to
interfere in Libya's civil war in support of the UN-backed government in
Tripoli. The United States is to ban a number of popular e-cigarette
flavors to (curb) the rising use of vaping products among teenagers.
However, menthol and tobacco flavors will be allowed to remain on the
market and large refillable vaping (devices) are completely exempt from
the ban.
Edible Insects
First it was pets, then fish. Now it's poultry and pigs. The (list) of
animals allowed to feed on insects is growing. A new EU law authorizing
the use of (insect) protein in poultry and pig feed came into force earlier
this month, a (significant) milestone for an industry keen to worm its
way into the animal-feed business. Since a ban on processed animal
protein was (imposed) in 1 in the wake of the "mad cow" crisis, soy and
fish meal have become the bedrock of animal feed in Europe.
Hormone
A hormone called relaxin helps loosen up (pregnant) women's hips.
Without it, the pain of delivery would be unbearable. Its job done,
however, relaxing lingers in female bodies for up to a year, when softer
ligaments make new mothers more prone to (injury), as Jessica Ennis-
Hill, an Olympic champion heptathlete, (discovered) in training after
giving birth in 4. Five years later Dame Jessica started Jennies, a
fitness app to help other women (perform) safe post-natal workouts. It
now lets users (optimize) workouts for the different phases of their
menstrual cycles, and has just concluded a successful funding round.
Voice Change
For adolescent boys, a changing voice that cracks in the middle of a
sentence can be a great embarrassment. Though embarrassing, a
cracking voice is a natural part of adolescent development.
As a boy goes through adolescence, his secondary sex characteristics

develop. One of these characteristics is the rapid growth of the larynx
and vocal cords. A boy's voice deepens as his larynx develops because
the bigger the vocal cords, the deeper the voice.
In fact, vocal cords are similar to other musical instruments in this

regard. The longer the harp string, for instance, the lower the note it
plays. Similarly, if you are blowing into a bottle to create a certain pitch,
the larger the bottle, the lower the pitch. When it comes to voices, the
bigger the vocal cords, the lower they resonate, and the deeper the
voice will be.
But why does a boy's changing voice break and crack? For the same
reason, growing adolescents are often gangly and awkward, Because the
brain is becoming accustomed to working with bigger body parts. Even
for an adult, a consistent and even voice depends on the brain's ability to
constantly monitor the sounds that come from the voice.
The brain can do this quite easily under normal circumstances. But,
when a boy's vocal cords enlarge, the brain must relearn how to monitor
and control the voice. A cracking voice is proof that an adolescent boy's
brain hasn't become completely proficient at coordinating its careful
monitoring of the sounds coming from the vocal cords.
Bike Lane
The 'less space = more traffic theory, known as level of service, was
once the established rule of traffic engineering, but it has long been
discredited. To show how traffic really works, we need to look at a
different supply and demand concept, called induced demand, which
simply means the more you increase the supply of something, in this
instance roads, the more people use it.
This is because when you expand a road, travelling by car becomes

quicker and easier in the short term. And this makes travelling by car
more attractive, and so more people are more likely to use their cars
than usual. More car trips = more cars on the road, and all that extra
space quickly disappears.
Now there is a limit to all of this. If you make a 10-lane motorway into
lanes, you could travel without seeing another car for miles. But we're
not talking about a mathematical principal, we're talking about human
behavior, which is often influenced by a whole host of different factors.
Something which the level of service argument cannot account for.
So, what impact does the introduction of new bike lanes have? Well, the
induced demand effect also works in reverse, which means when you
reduce road capacity, by introducing new bike lanes for instance, again
there is an immediate impact, but this time car travel becomes slower
and more congested in the short term. This then discourages road use
and as a result congestion will largely go back to similar levels as it was
before and, in some cases, go down. It's called traffic evaporation.
Underestimate & Why

Host: If you sum up all of the world's reported covid-19 deaths from all
countries since the beginning of the pandemic, you'll get a number
something like 6.2 million. At least that's the number our world in data
has tallied up, but we've known for quite some time that is a pretty
severe underestimate. For one, not all covid-19 deaths have been
tested, recorded on death certificates and counters.

Speaker: Those numbers should be recorded and, in this day, and age;
it's incredible that we don't have registration systems, so we can't, um,
catalogue the departure.
Host: And then there's a whole host of other indirect impacts of the
pandemic on health and mortality that aren't captured in the covid
figures. That's why the WHO has tried to estimate what's called excess
mortality; put simply, try to work out how many more people have died of
all causes than you'd expect to see in an ordinary non-pandemic here,
and when they did that, they reached an estimate of about 15 million
deaths.
Some countries have recorded far more excess deaths than others
through the pandemic. Peru is one example; another is India. Both
countries that fared far worse on pandemic outcomes than the official
death toll numbers might suggest.
Lyrics
The lives of (distinguished) people often take a lot of telling. Yet even
devotees might (raise) an eyebrow at the heft of Sir Paul McCartney's
memoir: two volumes totaling 960 pages, Casual Beatles fans may be
(surprised) by the title, too. Though most would consider Sir Paul the
band's best (musician) (with an honorable mention for George Harrison),
John Lennon (typically) gets the plaudits for writing. In a poll by the BBC
in 1 to rank the greatest lyricists. Lennon received more than twice as
many votes as McCartney.
Food Rules
Like every farmer Courtney Hammond, who grows blueberries and
cranberries in Washington County, Maine, has a lot of (worries). He
frets about weather, invasive species, failed (crops) and global prices. To
abide by federal food-safety laws, he has had to do training, maintain
meticulous records, have insect- and rodent-control plans and document
daily the sanitation of his (processing) equipment. It is a tremendous
(amount) of work but it means, he says, "I don't have to worry about
anybody getting sick from eating anything that leaves my farm." Now he
is worried that a new law may put his hard work in jeopardy. Earlier this
month 61% of voters opted to change the state (constitution) to ensure
that all Mainers had a "right to food", the first law of its kind in America.
Reverse Innovation
General Electric developed several medical devices in emerging markets
that were a little simpler and a lot less expensive. In China, they
developed a compact portable ultrasound machine from scratch. It cost
just $15, compared with over $, for their high-end model. Although it
didn't have all the bells and whistles, it was a hit in China's rural clinics.
That's when G.E. realized that American doctors could use it too. Not to
compete with the more expensive product, but for new uses. In
situations where portability was important or space was tight. This is
what Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble call reverse innovation. Not
only does it result in products that address market needs in emerging
economies, it also creates new sales opportunities in developed ones.
Reverse innovation can be tough to pull off but there are two reasons to
try. First, because emerging markets have larger populations and lower
per capita GDP's, they're especially sensitive to many of the forces
affecting competition in global markets today. Products built for
emerging markets are more likely to be well suited to issues that
ultimately affect every market. Second, as emerging market companies
grow, they'll be looking to export their own products often at much lower
prices, which incumbent firms will find tough to beat. Practicing reverse
innovation today will help protect incumbent firms from being disrupted
by low-cost competitors tomorrow.
Increasing Rents
Speaker it's pretty much universally true rents are going up all around
the country, but it's even more severe in migration destinations, like the
sun belt of the country, Austin, Phoenix, Florida, a lot of people are
moving there and there's just more demand for rents.
Host: Daryl Fairweather is the chief economist at Redfin, a nationwide

real estate brokerage firm that pulls together real-time statistics on
both the sales and rental markets. For example, their numbers show
that rents increased 31 percent in Jacksonville last year, 40% in Austin,
Texas.
Host: What's causing this?
Speaker: We are not building enough housing for everybody who needs a
place to live. We built fewer homes in the 0s than in any decade going
back to the 0s, and at the same time, millennials are the biggest
generation, and they're entering into home buying age. Millennials aren't
living in thei
roommates. They want a place of their own, and we didn't build any
housing for them in the last decade because we are still so traumatized
by the last housing crisis. We didn't put any investment into housing.
Host: In the economic crisis of 8 and 9, construction of new housing

came to a grinding halt, but even when the economy recovered, home
construction didn't.

Why Body Float
Don: I was reading this mystery novel last night, and in it this guy goes
missing and then --lo and behold a week later they find his body floating
in a nearby lake. I don't get it-- have a hard enough time staying afloat
for ten minutes and I'm alive. It's a mystery how corpses do it. Y: Well,
let's see if we can figure this mystery out. The first clue is that the
density of the human body is similar to the density of water, and what
keeps us
floating other than the dog paddle is the air in our lungs.
D: Okay, so you'd think a corpse would sink as the air in its lungs is
replaced by water.
Y: Well, they do at least initially. But when any organism dies, it goes
through putrefaction, the series of chemical, physical, and biological
changes that end up returning the body to the food chain. That's your
second clue.
D: Hmm! still don't get it
Y: Okay, so here's your third clue: when a body dies, the bacteria that
normally live in the digestive system continue to feed on the proteins and
sugar in the body's soft tissues, and to excrete gasses including carbon
dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, and methane.
D: I give up. What does that have to do with floating?
Y: Well, these gasses accumulate in the body's cavities, and--if it's

submerged in water eventually cause it to start rising.
D: Gross. So why do the villains always drown their victims?
Y: Well, decomposition happens more slowly in water, and even more

slowly in cold water.
D. So the mystery's solved.
Y: Took you long enough!
Biking Room
Bicycling in the United States has been increasing over the last decade
or two in certain cities and places, like Minneapolis, San Francisco,
Portland, Washington D.C. Bicycling has gotten an additional boost by a

very unfortunate event which is the COVID crisis. Many people found
themselves at home and in the need for physical activity and they were
flocking to bikes, often for recreational purposes. We have people who
still go to work or have to make a trip but are not comfortable making it
on a public transport anymore. And they are switching to the bicycle to
make that trip. So, they are using the bike for a utilitarian trip purpose
or as a substitute for public transport. Many European countries have
had higher cycling levels historically as the United States, but even from
those levels now, they have made efforts for putting in bike lanes,
putting in cycle tracks, doing intersection modifications to accommodate
bicyclists. They've seen a big growth in cycling. A big part of the
population, according to research, between 50 and 60 percent, are not
willing to ride with fast moving traffic and a lot of traffic in the streets.
So, what they need are separate facilities.
Great Retirement
HOST: You have heard plenty, especially from employers who can't find
workers, about the Great Resignation. But here's what's also happening,
the Great Retirement. Since February 0, some 2.6 million more
Americans than expected retired.
HOST: So, why? Well, a few main reasons. One, workers leaving in-
person jobs to avoid catching COVID-19; HOST: Donna Booth retired
from her job managing a home for the developmentally disabled at age
74. DONNA BOOTH, Retiree: was frightened. And I did have nightmares.
And it was it was just affecting everything about my life in terms of like,
don't want to die for this.
HOST: Yes, COVID hastened her exit, but not just because of the
danger. The job had morphed into more than she could bear.
DONNA BOOTH: I became a first responder, and had a lot of vulnerable

people and staff members working for me and the paperwork increased.
The demands increased. And so, it became a very, very different job.
HOST: For some, care-giving needs drove them to retire. Helping her
daughter drew 63-year-old Norma Jasso from her 17-year job at San
Diego Gas and Electric.
NORMA JASSO: I was thinking, I have lived two-thirds of my life. I have

one-third to go. What do I really want to do with that time? And taking
care of the baby, helping my daughter is critical.
Golden Gate Bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge has been called one of the world's most beautiful
bridges. It is also one of the most visited places in the world. Experts
say about 9 million people visit the bridge each year. They say more than
1, million vehicles have used the bridge since it opened almost 70 years
ago. The bridge has always been painted the color called "International
Orange". The color was chosen because it went well with the natural
surroundings. It is also easier to see in the heavy fog that often covers
the area.
But the Golden Gate Bridge was not named for its orange color. It was
named for the body of water that it crosses, the Golden Gate Strait.
The Golden Gate Strait is the entrance to the San Francisco Bay from
the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate Bridge links the city of San Francisco
with Marin County, California. Planning for the bridge began in the 0s
when the area around San Francisco was growing.
Caffeine
There's a very interesting body of research that suggests that caffeine
does improve focus and memory and the ability to learn. So, it seems to
help us lock in memories. As for focus, it increases our ability to
concentrate on a task, it's incredibly important for modern work.
And of course, caffeine also gives us a burst of energy, but how exactly?
Coffee has less than five calories.
Caffeine seemed to be in violation of the laws of thermodynamics.

Essentially, caffeine borrows energy from your future and gives it to you
in the present. Caffeine occupies a receptor that normally is occupied by
a chemical called adenosine, and this is the chemical that, over the
course of the day, builds up and makes you feel tired and prepares the
brain for sleep. Caffeine gets in there and blocks that receptor so you
never feel that tiredness.
Right, and that's the catch. Caffeine messes with your sleep because
four to six hours after you drink it, half of it is still swirling around in
your body.
But even if you cut it out earlier in the day, the quality of your sleep may
suffer. Not the quantity, necessarily, but the quality. By which, I mean
your deep sleep, your slow wave sleep, a kind of sleep that's dreamless
and very deep and is very important to kind of brain hygiene. That's
where your brain kind of takes out the garbage every night and cleans up
the desktop. And that kind of sleep suffers.
Blame for Overconsumption

The blame for overconsumption should not and cannot be placed solely on
individuals. Companies and corporations have a vested interest in making
you buy more stuff because if they don't, they go bankrupt. Which is why
they slap green labels onto their products and advertise everywhere.
Indeed, the whole idea of a personal carbon footprint is a propaganda
campaign created by the fossil fuel giant BP. The move allowed them to
lock-in decades of fossil fuel use by turning the attention away from their
complicity in climate change, and instead blaming the individual for not
living a low carbon lifestyle or not buying the right thing. The natural
conclusion in a system riddled with ads and cultural norms imploring all
your senses to buy more, is that your dollar is your vote. An idea which
stands in stark contrast to the democratic ideal of one person, one
vote. We are led to believe that growing the economy, which for the
individual means buying more, whether it be supporting new green tech,
or wearing sustainably-made clothing, is how we stop climate change.
But the reality is that this capitalist growth model counteracts the
work being done to decrease emissions.
Making Intelligent Choices

For as long as society has existed, we've understood the role of
surrounding influences on our decision-making. With idioms like "It takes
a village to raise a child" and "You are the product of your environment,
we understand that to a great extent our upbringing, our parents, the
society we grew up in, all of this influence our decision-making process. If
someone is born religious, it's not crazy to think that they'll be religious
throughout their lives. Taking it a step further, things like genetics also
play a huge role in our choices. Charles Darwin and the theory of
evolution brought forward the idea that, if species do indeed evolve, then
things like intelligence must be hereditary. Intelligence is a trait that
helps us make better decisions. And while you can study hard to know
more than the average person, for the most part, how intelligent you
are is not entirely up to you. So, some people cannot make certain
intelligent choices. Not because they don't want to, but because their
genes are limited. In that instance, would you say the person has the
freedom to make those intelligent choices? Because in reality, they do
not. Their fates are predetermined by their genes. How can we all truly
have the freedom to decide our fate when we're not dealt equal cards
from the start? And it's not just the cards we're dealt, it's also the
ability to play those cards. Some are simply born better bluffers than
others. When you look at the concept of free will critically, the whole
ideas seem to crumble pretty quickly.
Effect of Workout
A single workout that you do will immediately increase levels of
neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline. That is
going to increase your mood right after that workout, exactly what I was
feeling. My lab showed that a single workout can improve your ability to
shift and focus attention, and that focus improvement will last for at
least two hours. And finally, studies have shown that a single workout
will improve your reaction times which basically means that you are going
to be faster at catching that cup of Starbucks that falls off the counter,
which is very, very important. But these immediate effects are
transient, they help you right after. What you have to do is do what I
did, that is change your exercise regime, increase your cardiorespiratory
function, to get the long-lasting effects. And these effects are long-
lasting because exercise actually changes the brain's anatomy.
physiology and function. Let's start with my favorite brain area, the
hippocampus. The hippocampus - or exercise actually produces brand
new brain cells, new brain cells in the hippocampus, that actually
increase its volume, as well as improve your long-term memory, OK? And
that including in you and me.
Company Culture
So, imagine like a group of software engineers that all sit together in the
same room and play ping pong in after-hours and know one another.
Those type of groups can really tolerate the non-conformist weirdo. And
that might actually be a very good thing for the organization because
that weirdo so to speak right to this person who is not behaving in the
appropriate way. It's probably also a reflection of the fact that that
person is bringing new ideas and new sensitivities and has different ways
of thinking of problems. And that might be really important for the
organization's success especially if this organization needs some
innovation and new thoughts in order to be successful with its product
offerings. we find that there's this trade-off between your ability or
tendency to behave in a compliant way. But also, this security or lack
thereof that you gain from the extent to which you are part of a tight-
knit group or not. And really being in the right kind sweet spot leads to
bring greatest success in the organizations.
Silent Meetings
Research has shown that in certain situations silent meetings actually
work better. Specifically, if the goal of a meeting is to brainstorm or
solve a problem, silent meetings have been shown to generate better
ideas. But why? Solutions to a problem will often be a novel idea and
novel ideas challenge convention. They can rock the boat and make people
feel uncomfortable. But when participants gather around a table and
generate written solutions in silence, a safe space is created. Novel
ideas can emerge and people are less afraid of feeling embarrassed.
Silent meetings also circumvent negative effects of something called
production blocking. In a conventional meeting, only one person at a time
can speak. As you wait your turn, the conversation may shift and you
may lose your opportunity to raise an idea. Silent meetings allow for
everyone to express ideas simultaneously. So how do you create a silent
brainstorming meeting? Have people write down their ideas
independently then sort them into clusters, discuss, and vote on the
ideas that people like. The key is to let the initial ideation phase happen
independently and in silence so we can separate egos from ideas. Silence
is just one alternative. Since meetings have different goals, there's no
reason they all have to look or sound the same.
Apology Question
Here you're making an apology, there are three questions that you want
to be able to answer. The first is, do we tell the truth? People want the
company to tell the truth for two reasons. One is it gives them
confidence that they know what went wrong. And so that means that
they will presumably know what to fix. The other is that they want the
company to be a truth-telling company so it can uncover the truth. The
second is, on whose behalf are we acting? Is it clear that people
understand that we understand that? And the third is, how do our
actions benefit those people who trust us? So, what is it that we're
going to do in the future that's actually going to make people believe that
we're going to fix the problem we created? And this is where all those
facts matter, because if you've laid that out pretty clearly, then there is
in fact a path to describe what it is that you're going to do. And so that
action planning part is part of the apology, too, because that gives you
confidence that the company actually knows how to get from the
current state to the future state, where this kind of thing is not going
to happen.
And I am the professor of children's literature at Newcastle University

and I want to write a very short introduction to children's literature
because although here in Britain one of the longest and most
distinguished traditions of creating books for children, perhaps the
longest and most distinguished in the world. We often take them for
granted and we don't pay enough attention to what a remarkable cultural
resource they are for adults and kind of cultural work they do for
children and the way that they have served writers and illustrators as a
cultural space for creativity subversion and opportunities to experiment
with new ideas. So, what kind of cultural work the children's books do?
Well, at the level of individual child, this is one of the places where
children learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences, and see
the images of the world that help them think about how the world works
and where they fit into it, because children's books are first places that
children encounter these things they are often very direct, as a source
of information about what a particular period thinks including what it
thinks a child is, what a child needs to know, what childhood looks like,
sometimes when we are looking at children's books from the past, it is
very important to notice these kinds of children who aren't there, for
instance. So that is one of the things that we have in children's books.
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality

of global climate change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly
growing emission of so-called "greenhouse gases" - primarily carbon
dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly
more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned
individuals and national governments have been gripped by amounts of
mass panic and what to do about it.
To many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 appears

about to explode in the world's face in an indirect version of his
millenarian vision of population growth which outpaces agricultural
production capacity - with predictably catastrophic results for humanity.
And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present:
a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that
limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from
many quarters, and much of what he predicted did not come about.
Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that the climate
scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone's interest to apply the
Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their
predictions now, rather than at some future time? As the Chairman of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri,
has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since
instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve years,
while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.
People forget to take their cards after taking the money from the ATM.
Occasionally, this is the common reason, because they get the money
and walk away. In the UK it becomes less common, because people take
their cards before getting the money. In the past, people made error by
forgetting to get their card after they got their money. UK has
restructured the new atm. You have to get your card before you get
your cash. Although you would forget to get your money, it is more
catastrophic to lose your card because it can access to your bank
account.
When this dog approaches some food, another dog's playful snarls are
played back. The dog seems curious, but the sound doesn't stop it from
taking the bone. Here a dog hears the growls of a dog being approached
by a stranger, but these don't deter it from grabbing the bone either. In
another scenario the sound of a dog protecting its food is played back.
This time the dog backs off. These experiments suggest the dogs can
distinguish between different types of growls.
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items

giving us an overall look. In fashion terms, they are classes of
accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or watches. But in
healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many
languages, other than English, they are often described as a prosthesis,
an artificial part of the body, part of you, making you who you are and
choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision. Increasingly,
people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the day
and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle
dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear
one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite other at leisure or on
the beach.
We all know that there are some factors for species and animals to
survive and reproduce, including environmental conditions, temperature,
tolerance range, body size, weight, diets, seasonal and daily activity,
behavior, and the altitude they live. Animals migrate to find a new
habitat because the change of environment and only species that have
the tolerance for the new environment could survive and reproduce.
Human beings are the only organism that makes extensive use of
technology to extend the limits of its natural tolerance range.
How Dogs Eat

If you've ever watched a dog eat you've probably marveled at how quickly
it gulps down its food. You might even wonder why, no matter how
hungry a dog is, it will often eat as much food as you put in front of it.
Dog owners may be concerned about this behavior, but it poses no

problems for the dog. People chew their food and try to teach their
children to eat slowly because digestion for humans begins in the mouth.
Our saliva mixes with food and prepares that food to be broken down
into its primary nutrients once it enters the stomach. A dog's digestion,
on the other hand, doesn't begin until the food reaches the stomach so
they do not need to take time chewing their dinners.
Most dogs probably eat so quickly because in the days before they were
domesticated, they had to survive by eating their prey before another
dog or scavenger animal stole it. The evolutionary programming of dogs
dictates that they eat and keep moving. As a species in the wild, they
didn't have the luxury of hanging around and eating at their leisure.
Even their teeth aren't designed for them to savor their food. While
most of the teeth in a human's mouth are flat and designed to facilitate

chewing, most of the teeth in a dog's mouth are pointed, and designed
to allow a dog to grab its food and swallow it whole
Hundreds of years of domestication hasn't changed most dogs' eating

habits very much, even if a dog has been given regular, dependable meals
every day, it will still gulp those meals down in a flash, ensuring that no
scavenger will take its food away.
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have
known for a while that flower's color can be a signal. Color in short hand
that says to a bee: hey, I get some good quality nectar here, want to
stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also use color to get
clues about a flower's temperature. And according to a study from a
British research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot.
Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In fact,
they can't even fly if they are too cold. So, if one flower is warmer than
another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower while
it's doing its pollinating business. And it turns out that bumble bees
consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the
two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar. Some
plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because
the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to
getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.
Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible-and

then suddenly there it is: that elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well, it
turns out those smiles aren't spontaneous-they're
strategic.Researchers have found that when babies smile, it's for a
reason. They want whoever they're interacting with-typically a parent-to
smile back. And they time it just so, a smile here and a smile there. The
researchers call it sophisticated timing. The study is in the journal PLOS
ONE.
The researchers enlisted real mothers and infants and quantified their
interactions, which fell into four categories. One: babies wanted to
maximize the amount of time smiling at their mothers. Two: they wanted
to maximize the time the mothers smiled at them. Three: they wanted
to experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling at all.
By studying when smiles happened and what the subsequent effect was,
the investigators were able to figure out that for mothers the goal 70
percent of the time was to be smiling simultaneously-while for babies 80
percent of the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them. So,
mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at.
So your baby may not be able to feed itself, talk or even turn over yet.
But when it comes to smiles, babies seem to know exactly what they're
up to.
Well, the Voynich manuscript does have many different theories

proposed for it. Some people think that it's a complete hoax. It's now
been carbon dated from the 15th century. So it's most likely if it is
hopes to have been a 15th-century hoax which I personally don't believe.
But some people think it's just gobbledygook. It's just an invention to
make money. Somebody made it to fool people and make money. Other
people think it's probably a code. In other words, someone encoded lots
of secrets in it, hoping that no one would find out. And if so, that's been
very successful because no one has corrected it so far. But, in my
opinion, it is actually a genuine script. Obviously, a human devised script
but masking behind it a genuine human language. In a language, it seems
to me to have more if you like Near Eastern, maybe Caucasian Asian
aspects, to it rather than European because of some of the words that
I've decoded. So I would imagine that once we've actually managed to
decode the script, we'll find that the language underneath is a natural
human language probably from that part of the world.
Hello, it's Megan. This week I'm going to talk about the difference
between translators and interpreters. It's a common misconception that
translators and interpreters do the same thing. So I just like to highlight
a few similarities and differences between the two. Firstly, translation
refers to written communication whereas interpreting refers to verbal
communication. So, for example, a translator will not attend a court
hearing to verbally translate between the parties involved, but will
translate the written evidence used in the case. Secondly, both jobs
require different skills. I translate to require the ability to write well and
comprehensively into a target language. This means that they need to
have an excellent command of their native language. For example,
although I can speak French to a good standard. I cannot translate from
English to French although I could translate from French to English,
which means I'm only halfway there to being an international player. An
interpreter needs to be able to speak both languages proficiently.
Thirdly, the qualifications and experience required to become either a
professional translator or interpreter do differ. Both roles acquire years
of training, the resulting qualification. But what they can learn from the
training will be completely different. So just to be clear, translators will
translate written texts and interpreters will translate a verbal
communication.
But in the face of this sense of dis-empowerment, there is surprisingly

is no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth
and opportunities, protect one another's rights and work towards the
common good. According to the United Nations, civil society groups have
grown 40-fold since the turn of last century.
Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, and
there are 700,000 such organizations in Australia alone. The UN
recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the
globe, and gave 3,500 accreditation to the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development.
This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from

outside the realm of governments and officialdom reflects a profound
growth in NGO's third sector", as some call it. As Robert Putnam
discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best predictor of
governmental success was the strength and density of a region's civic
associations.
The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a
form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a
situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly
when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second
World War and my hometown is, for example when I asked my mother
about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when
you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the
shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response
I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.
I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically

acceptable for now, Europe should at least open up a legal route for
people from developing countries to come work here. Over time,
hopefully, we can move to a position where borders are completely open.
Persuading sceptics won't be easy. That's why I think the argument for
free migration has to be made at several levels. In principled case, it
increases freedom and reduces injustice. In humanitarian case, it helps
people much poorer than ourselves. In economic case, it makes us
richer. In pragmatic case, it is inevitable, so it is in everyone's interests
to make the best of it. Freedom of movement is not just a matter of
human rights and international solidarity. It is in our self-interest.
Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once, did
abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for people's
right to move freely is a noble cause for our time.
Air pollution
In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since
the middle of the last century and what has created these changes.
So, um- by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick
black fogs known as 'smog' in many large cities around the world. The
main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe
health problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London in
1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously, something had to be
done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This
addressed the pollution from factories and the smog soon disappeared.
Symptoms and Strategies

Since this covid-19 strain is new, that's why they call it a novel Corona
virus, researchers are constantly learning new things.
The most common symptoms of an infection are fever, a dry cough and
shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms are very similar to the
common cold, the seasonal flu and seasonal allergies, but others, like a
runny nose or sneezing, are not.
Covid-19 can survive for a while outside your body, floating in the air,
sitting on a surface. The latest research shows active virus can live in
tiny airborne droplets for up to 3h, up to 24h on things like cardboard, in
two to three days, on harder surfaces, like plastic or stainless steel.
There are lots of variables to this, things like temperature, humidity,
even sunlight, can play a role in how long the virus can survive on the
outside.
There is no vaccine yet for covid-19. Initial trials have just begun, but it
may take a year to 18 months before one is available. In the meantime,
one of the best defenses is nothing new. Wash your hands. Scrub them
with soap and water, front and back, for 20s. And it doesn't matter how
hot the water is. Hand sanitizer with a minimum 60% alcohol is your 2nd
best option after washing. And don't forget to cover your coughs and
sneezes. Use a tissue or cough into your bent elbow, not your hand, and
avoid touching your face. The virus gets into your body through your
eyes, nose or mouth.
China and Electric Vehicles

Host: The global electric vehicle market is heating up, and China wants
to dominate.
Speaker 2: Increasingly more and more analysts expect China to be a

leader in EV production, partly because it has the largest automobile
market in the world, and then it has all these government policies to
support consumers to buy EVs.
Host: The Chinese government has invested at least $60 billion to

support the EV industry, and it's pushing an ambitious plan to transition
to all electric or hybrid cars by 5.
Speaker 2: They have an all-of-society approach to winning and

dominating the electric vehicle market globally. Host: In twenty, EV sales

in the U.S. were far below Europe and China. Out of the three points
twenty-four million electric car sold, only three hundred and twenty-eight
thousand were in the U.S., one point thirty-three million were sold in
China, and one point thirty-nine million were sold in Europe.
Speaker 2: And as we go to twenty-five, China will pull away from
everyone else, accounting for at least half of total global vehicle sales.
Information Freedom
Information is an important part of our society. People depend on it to
guide them through a complex world.
The invention of movable type in 15th century Europe revolutionized the

communication of ideas. This invention made it possible to print and
publish information to masses of people. This free flow of information
eventually led to a free press in many parts of the world.
But because information is so powerful, many world leaders have tried to

stop it. French leader Napoleon Bonaparte once said he feared four
newspapers more than 1, bayonets. The Chinese emperor who oversaw
the building of the Great Wall famously used his power to stop published
information. Qin Shi Huang ordered the burning of thousands of books on
subjects he wanted to keep from the people. He even had hundreds of
scholars executed for refusing to give up their book collections,
But when true information is allowed to reach the people, good results
can follow. Information has fueled successful revolutions in many nations.
Government atrocities have been identified and world leaders have been
forced to be held accountable for their actions.
Advances in media technology have made words and images more

powerful and widespread than ever. Smart phones and social media have
become quick and easy tools to receive and share news and information.
These tools have even made it possible for anyone with a device to
gather and publish news.
Amazon Rainforest
The Amazon Rainforest is a large tropical rainforest found in South
America in the Amazon Basin. The forest covers over five million square
kilometers, covering land in nine countries. The forest can be found in
Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname
and French Guiana. Most of the forest, about 60% of its mass, exists in
Brazil.
The rainforest contains an enormous diversity of plant life, with some

experts estimating that in just one square kilometer of rainforest,

biologists can examine over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000
examples of higher plants. One square kilometer can also hold over
90,000 tons of plant life, which is the largest collection of living plants
on earth.
Naturally, with all its abundance of plant life, the Amazon Rainforest also
holds the largest collection of animal species on earth. There are over
3,000 species of recognized fish that reside in the Amazon River. The
number of recognized fish is still growing and some experts put the
figures at 5,000.
Inland, the rainforest is host to thousands of other species as well. The

region is home to over two million insects and thousands of birds and
mammals. At last count, the list of recognized species contained 1,294
birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians and 378 reptiles. It is estimated
that about one-third of all species on earth reside in the Amazon, making
it, along with its plant life, the richest source of bio-diversity in the
world.
Telescopes and Eyes

Telescopes and eyes are both tools for collecting and detecting light. In
fact, telescopes can be thought of as bigger, more powerful eyes. The
type of lenses and mirrors and their arrangement determine some of the
features of the telescope. The resolution of the telescope is a measure
of how sharply defined the details of the image can be. The telescope's
primary mirror may have a fraction. As a result, starlight is not brought
to a focus at the same point, resulting in blurry images. The name
'telescope' covers a wide range of instruments. There are major
differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light in
different frequency bands. The telescope is widely used in the astronomy
field because it is a digital detector, 100 times more efficient than our
eyes. Now physicists have begun to develop a various quantum
mechanism.
Rain Forecasts
There are two main ways that rain forms, and while we're really good at
forecasting one kind, we're really bad at predicting the other. The first
kind, which makes up about 40% of the rain we experience, is the long-
lasting, gray-skies-all-day kind of rain. This comes from giant air masses
called fronts, which move around the planet; when a cold one runs into a
warm one, the warm one which is less dense gets lifted up. As it rises,
it quickly cools off, which causes tons of water vapor in it to condense
right where the two air masses meet, and then fall as rain...or snow or
sleet. Since the fronts themselves are large and easy to track with
radar systems, not only can meteorologists tell pretty much exactly
where this type of rain will fall, they can also measure the size and
temperature of the two air masses and use that to accurately predict
how intense the rain will be and how long it will last.
But the majority of the rain we experience comes from a process called
convection. This type of rain happens when heat from the ground warms
up a small mass of air, which then rises and cools, causing the water
vapor in it to condense and fall to the ground. That process of rising,
cooling and condensing is very similar to what happens with frontal rain.
But because convective rain is triggered by heat from a small patch of
ground, rather than the temperature difference between two large
masses of air, it's much more complicated. It's hard to know how warm
various parts of the ground will be at a particular time, whether that
heat will be enough to lift a particular mass of air to a particular height,
how much water vapor that particular mass of air holds, and how long
that particular mass of air will stay over that particular patch of warm
ground.
Amazing Soil
Soil...it's one the most underrated, and little-understood, wonders on
our fragile planet. Here's why.
Far from being lifeless dirt, it's estimated that in a single gram of soil,
there could be as many as 50,000 species of microscopic organisms, or
microorganisms. And in one teaspoon of soil, there are more
microorganisms than there are people on the Earth. But much of what
lies beneath, in this hidden and deep universe, is still alien to us. Despite
being literally under our feet, humans have so far only identified a tiny
fraction of the extraordinary life teeming underground. But these
animals and microorganisms provide an invaluable role.
Millions of years of evolutionary competition have led the microorganisms

to produce antibiotic compounds to fight their neighbors. And these
compounds form the basis of many of the antibiotics used by us humans.
We literally make medicine from our soil. No-one knows how many new
treatments could be lying under our feet, waiting to be discovered.
Why does burning a food item provide information about its value as a
food? The nutritional value of food can be measured on many different
scales. The most basic measurement scale is the free energy content of
the food. In other words, how much energy is released when chemical
bonds within the food are broken? The energy content of food is
measured in calories, the amount of kinetic energy required to raise the
temperature of one ml of water, one degree. Food is burned under
controlled conditions, breaking chemical bonds and releasing free energy.
The burning is chemically similar to the breakdown of food in cellular
respiration although the process occurs much more quickly and in a less
controlled fashion during ignition. Calorimeter can measure the energy in
food, but cannot measure the digested energy of what we have.
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in

competition for the best students, all of whom have choices they can
exercise, and many of them choices which run across national and
continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic
job market is one of the most global 25 there is. And in the 21st
century English is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking
countries are exposed to more intensive competition than those
elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding, through the
assessment of research quality. We are in competition for research
contracts, from public and private sector sources, and indeed we are in
competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors were at
more than one university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests
alongside those of other charities to which they are committed. That is
a competitive environment which is particularly visible to a vice-
Chancellor.
They call it the marshmallow test. A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone

in a room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: "If
you don't eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a
second one. Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating
the marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been
correlated with higher general competency later in life.
Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn't strictly innate-
it also highly influenced by environment. Researchers gave five-year-old
used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group
was promised a new set of art supplies for the project-but then never
received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better
stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The
children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes
before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised
materials resisted an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers
note that experience factors into a child's ability to delay gratification.
When previous promises have been hollow, why believe the next one?
This is talk about visualizing life without fossil fuels, we have an addiction
to fossil fuels and it's not sustainable. When I say we, I'm talking about
the so-called developed world. The developed world gets 80 or 90% of all
its energy from fossil fuels and living on fossil fuels for energy. In this
way, it's not sustainable for three fairly obvious reasons. First, on the
left, easily-accessible fossil fuels are a finite resource and so some point
that resource will be exploited and humanity will have to do something
else. Second, setting fire to fossil fuels puts carbon dioxide upstairs.
So, we have the climate motivation, the clear consensus of the climate
science community is with substantial aerobars still on exactly what
might happen. Their advice is, this is a geoengineering experiment that
was well advised to stop as soon as possible. And third, even if you don't
believe in climate change and even if global fossil fuels aren't running out.
Today it might be the case that your fossil fuels, our fossil fuels in a
particular country or state have run out and you might depend on other
countries or states for fossil fuels in the future. So, you have a security
of supply motivation for saying let's look into really getting off fossil fuels
in a serious way. I find all three of these motivations are equally
compelling and I'm just going to take it as given now that we are
interested in discussing life after fossil fuels.
This simulation shows what you might see. If you are orbiting a black
hole. The light and position of background stars around the hole are
distorted by its gravity and they seem to spin around. On the right the
constellation Orion appears to approach the event horizon the boundary
from which nothing can escape. Orion stars look like they become
separated and get spun around. Once the hole has passed by Orion
reappears on the left and looks normal again. Users can also experiment
with different scenarios. This is what you might see if you were traveling
towards a black hole with rocket engines slowing your descent. Another
simulation mimics free fall into a hole. In the middle the light of the
entire universe appears to be concentrated in a bright ring.
This is Hans Krebs, who in 1937 published a paper showing the

sequence of chemical reactions, by which energy is released in individual
cells. It is called the Krebs cycle, which some of you may remember from
your chemistry course in your high school. Krebs is a wonderful example
to me of how a scientist who is determined can overcome all kinds of
human obstacles. Krebs's father constantly discouraged him and told
him that he had just mediocre intelligence whenever to anything
important in his life, as a teenager. What Krebs remembers in his
memoir, his father said to him "you can't make a silk purse at a sow's
ear". And later on, when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto
Warburg, Warburg also told him the same thing. Not the same quote
but that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great
scientist. And we all hear about how important it is for parents to
encourage their children, but sometimes the children will go on to do
great things no matter what we say to them.
A depression in a child dates back as far as the 16th century when the
first concept of children's depression was discovered. A research was
taken at that time to find out what happened to children who suffer from
depression. The study revealed that a dramatic increase in children's
depression can increase the risk of life. For example, long-term illness
such as diabetes and heart disease are caused by depression. One of
the studies shows children with depression behave differently and
respond differently to medical treatment. This is why many specialists
respond differently to medical treatment. This is why many specialists
have tried bringing a cure but no one found a perfect medicine. It is quite
rare that children suffer from depression but in the recent study the
number has dramatically increased. Nowadays no one doubt about
children's depression. It has become a common sickness in a child.
Children's depression is still a puzzle for scientists and specialists that
needs to be resolved sooner than later.
Refrigerator
Everyone knows you should put spinach and berries in the refrigerator,
but exactly how do cooler temperatures keep most fruits and vegetables
from spoiling rapidly? Spoilage is inevitable, but refrigeration slows it
down in two ways.
First, cold temperatures interfere with the growth of microorganisms

that harm food, such as bacteria, mold, and yeast. In order to grow, any
microorganism that could damage fruits or vegetables needs food, a
favorable moisture content, and a favorable temperature. Obviously, it is
impossible to eliminate a food source for these microorganisms, so
other factors that facilitate their growth must be eliminated. We
refrigerate food to keep bacteria, yeasts, and molds from the favorable
temperature they need to grow. The moisture-control available in many
refrigerators also helps slow the deterioration of foods, so that two of
the three favorable situations for microorganism growth are eliminated.
Though the microorganism growth is slowed down at low temperatures,
it still can occur at the 38 degrees of an ordinary refrigerator. Hence,
the mold that grows on forgotten leftovers in the back of a refrigerator.
The second benefit of refrigeration is that it slows down the food's own
natural processes that lead to ripening and eventual decay. For fruits
and vegetables, the very chemical processes that cause plants to grow
and ripen also cause them to rot. In effect, refrigeration helps save the
plant tissue from itself. Keeping these foods at low temperatures
dramatically slows this aging process.
Water
Water doesn't follow the normal rules of chemistry. For a start, it
shouldn't really be a liquid on our planet. A water molecule is made from
two very light atoms. Hydrogen and oxygen. And at the temperatures
and pressures on the surface of the Earth, rules of chemistry say that
water should be a gas. And, unlike any other chemical, when water

freezes it expands. And so, ice floats on water. Now you see this every
day, but take a moment to think about how weird that is.
Over time, this odd behavior has been very useful. By insulating the
water underneath, floating ice has enabled complex life to survive and
evolve on our planet, despite the many ice ages that have frozen the
Earth's surface solid.
And the strangeness just goes on and on. Did you know that hot water
freezes faster than cold? Yes, really. No-one knows why. Water
molecules can float upwards, against the force of gravity. That's because
they love to stick to each other. They're so good at it that they can
actually pull each other up through tiny channels, such as the tiny blood
vessels in your body. That's how oxygen and nutrients reach the edges of
your brain. The same process, called capillary action, allows plants to
move water from deep below the ground to nourish the leaves and
branches that grow in the sunshine.
Just in Time
In the last 50 years, the way we make and store goods to meet demand
has turned on its head. Largely thanks to this man, Toyota executive,
Taiichi Ono. Traditionally, companies stored enough stock to meet
current demand but also kept an extra amount in case there was a
problem or a sudden increase in demand for their product. This was
called Just in Case.
But in the 0s Ono realized that storing excess parts and components
cost Toyota money. So, he devised a system where instead of storing
parts, the company only ordered what was needed, making sure that
parts arrived Just in Time' the moment they were required. And so 'Just
in Time' was born.
The results were spectacular. Just in time increased Toyota's profits

and freed up enormous amounts of capital that had been tied up in
expensive warehousing. This enabled Toyota to reinvest, expand and stay
ahead of the competition.
Today Just in Time systems are everywhere from supermarkets to our

health services, and from airplanes to motor vehicles as almost every
area of business have gone in search of the spectacular efficiencies that
Just in Time systems promise
Dog Ages
How old is your four-legged best friend? Common wisdom says that a
dog ages seven years for every human year. But Tina Wang, a graduate

student at the University of California, San Diego, wanted a more
accurate assessment. Her quest started five years ago, when she
rescued a dog from a shelter. "I kind of just wanted to ask how old she
was 'cause I felt like they were giving me an age that was very sensible,
but wasn't sure she was actually that old. So that kind of started this
whole project."
Wang worked in Trey Ideker's lab, where they study changing patterns of
DNA methylation in humans. Small chemical entities, called methyl
groups, attach to stretches of DNA, which affects what sequences are
active. As we age, some stretches of DNA get more methylated, and
others less. The pattern is so consistent over the course of most
people's lives that it can be used as an aging "clock." The same process
happens in dogs - and published reports existed from other labs about
methylation patterns in dogs changing over time.
Oil Price
Pernis, near Rotterdam, Europe's biggest refinery, owned by Europe's
biggest energy company, never in its -year history has Shell made more
money than it did in the first three months of this year.
Shell made underlying profits of 7.2 billion pounds in the first three
months of this year alone. That's triple the amount they made in the
same period last year. How come? Well, the global price of oil, already
high at the end of last year as the world economy emerged from its
coveted slumber, surged again on concerns that the conflict in Ukraine
could see Russian oil supplies disrupted or boycotted. Similar story for
gas. The price smashed records earlier this year. Remember, Russia is
the world's biggest exporter of gas, and Europe is its biggest customer.
Those global prices have been reflected on UK four courts and in UK
energy bills. So, what is Shell going to do with all that money? Well, in
the first three months of the year, it gave over four billion pounds to its
shareholders, which, remember, include millions of UK pension savers,
but it's also promised to invest up to 25 billion pounds in the UK over
the next decade mainly on renewables and low carbon technology but
some new oil and gas to help improve the UK's future energy security.
The government has so far resisted calls from opposition parties for a
windfall tax on oil and gas profits.
Vaccine
Host: Let's say you get vaccinated, but you still end up getting sick a
few days later. Why does that happen?
Speaker: Let's say you get on the first dose of the vaccine, um, well,
after your first dose, you somewhere in like the 50 range in terms of
your protection, so you could still get, get the, um, and get the
infection, so that in itself is still possible.
Um, let's say you got the second dose and then right after it, you get
sick. It's very likely that you hadn't yet built up your, your full immunity.
Remember, after you get your second dose, you're gonna need about,
you know, a few weeks, like two weeks or so to really be at that full
immunity state. Um, so that's another thing to keep in mind. Remember
that this vaccine, no vaccine to date is %, effective. So, there is still
some small chance that someone could get sick, but the likelihood that
they will get very sick, meaning sick enough to require hospitalization, is
almost zero.
Railway Stones
The crushed stones that line railroad tracks are collectively called track
ballast. More specifically, the track ballast constitutes the track bed
upon which sleepers or railroad ties are laid. As you may have seen,
these stones are packed below, between and around the railroad ties.
The thickness of the track ballast usually ranges between 25-30 cm, and
varies depending on certain conditions pertaining to the geographical
location of the railway track.
Track ballast usually consists of crushed rocks or stone, but in some

cases, less suitable alternatives, like burnt clay, are also used. However,
it's important to understand that you can't just throw a bunch of rocks
on a railroad and be done with it. As mentioned, the stones in the track
ballast have a characteristic shape, size and texture. Their surface is
not smooth and their edges are jagged, and for good reason. These
rocks interlock with each other and therefore stay in place. If you
replace them with circular or smooth rocks, they would slide over each
other and compromise the strength of the track ballast. As you might
imagine, this can have catastrophic results.
Railway tracks are made of steel and other metallic parts that are prone
to corrosion and rusting, as they are constantly exposed to the forces
of nature, including extreme heat from the sun, rain, vegetation and
general wear and tear. The primary reason behind the existence of track
ballast is to protect the railway track.
Shark Attacks
Millions of television viewers watching the surfing championships in
South Africa witnessed a spectacle that seemed straight out of a
horror film. While sitting on his surfboard, waiting to compete, surfer
Nick Fanning was seemingly attacked by a great white shark on live
television. Or was he? In plain sight, viewers saw the shark slowly

emerge from the water and gnaw at his surfboard. Fanning naturally
started flailing in the water to get away from the shark, but as rescuers
rushed to the scene, the shark simply swam away.
Further review of the footage suggests that perhaps the shark was not
aggressive at all, and more likely just curious. Scientists now think that
sharks use their teeth similarly to the way humans use their fingers or
cats use their paws to poke or prod an unknown object. What is unclear
to researchers is the nature of most shark encounters. Are the sharks
being aggressive or just curious? Data shows that when a shark bites a
human, it is more likely to swim away than continue the attack. Most
shark "attacks"do not end in a fatality.
Still, sharks are ferocious creatures and can be deadly. The most
aggressive sharks are bull sharks and mako sharks, although attacks are
incredibly rare. These sharks are thought to be aggressive because
humans are roughly the same size as seals, one of their main prey in the
water. Other sharks, such as the hammerhead shark or nurse shark,
usually only attack when provoked. Still, other sharks, like the whale
shark, a gentle giant, are no threat to humans.
City and Climate

The battle for climate change will be won or lost in cities. Cities play an
outsized role in climate change, consuming around 75% of the world's
energy and producing more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions. But
they can also be part of the solution: creating meaningful impact while
being small and nimble enough to avoid the bureaucracy of global politics.
In fact, many have already started work.
2022 marked some of the most extreme weather events on record, with
wildfires and droughts ravaging parts of Europe, the U.S. and Africa,
while Asia battled disastrous flooding and monsoon rains. And experts
warn it's just the beginning.
'What we calculated and what we knew as, say, one-in-10-year events is

now becoming one-in-five-years. So, the frequency is increasing. Our
cities are at the forefront of those shifts. Today, more than half of the
world's population live in urban areas, a figure that's set to rise to 68%
by 2050. This migration pattern is driven partly by the climate crisis,
which, in turn, creates new risks and stress for urban infrastructures
News and Social Media

Today anyone with a smartphone or a laptop can spread information and
video around the world immediately.

This new-found power can play a vital role in our understanding of events
in places that have been cut off from traditional journalism. As in Syria,
where the effects of the violent civil war are captured by citizens who
are often trapped behind the firing line. In this digital age, it is nearly
impossible for tyrants to mask their cruelty and anyone can speak about
oppression to a global audience.
But digitalization has a dark side. Social media, like Twitter and
Facebook, often release information to the public that has not been
verified, or long before a legitimate news organization would release it.
So, it is possible for erroneous information to spread quickly. Take the
case of Veerender Jubbal. Several European news outlets named the
Canadian Sikh as a possible suspect for the November 5 Paris terror
attack. They even published a photo of him wearing a suicide bomber
vest. But Mr. Jubbal was completely innocent. Someone had manipulated
a photo on his Facebook page and posted it on social media as a joke. It
quickly spread, causing Mr. Jubbal to suffer extreme damage to his
reputation and a lot of emotional distress.
This is a dramatic example but think about it. How many times have you
fallen for click bait- those deceptive ads that lure you to click with gossip
or untrue information? For example, those ads that imply a famous
celebrity has died or suffered a terrible tragedy?
Ignored Inventions
When you think about inventions that have radically changed human
existence, what comes to mind? Probably the wheel, the printing press,
maybe the refrigerator and definitely personal computers. Then there
are those more mundane things that we rarely think about, but without
which we'd be much worse off. Like eyeglasses, for example. Imagine a
world without glasses - many of us would walk around bumping into
things and driving our cars up onto the sidewalk. So, who invented
glasses, and how were they first made? The truth is that nobody knows
who invented eyeglasses.
At some point in Italy between 8 and 9 someone came up with the idea,
but the actual inventor remains anonymous. What we do know is that
the earliest lenses were made from quartz and were usually set into
bone, metal, or leather. As soon as early opticians figured out how to
make glass without bubbles and other obstructions, they started making
lenses out of glass. Although glasses spread quickly throughout Europe
and Asia, there was one major problem: keeping them on the wearer's
face. 4

Early glasses acted a bit like scissors, pinched onto the bridge of the
nose. Ouch. It took nearly four hundred years before opticians figured
out that rigid sidepieces resting on top of the ears might do the trick.
Happiness & Antifragility

There is a very important concept that was introduced by Nassim Taleb.
And that is antifragility. Antifragility is essentially resilience 2.0.
Resilience 1.0 is when we put pressure on a system. After the pressure
is lifted, that system goes back to its original form. Antifragility takes
this idea a step further. You put pressure on a system. It actually grows
bigger, stronger. We see antifragile systems all around us and within us.
For example, our muscular system, we go to the gym and we lift
weights. We're putting pressure on our muscles. What happens as a
result, we actually grow stronger? We're an antifragile system. On the
psychological level, you know what that's called? PTG, post traumatic
growth. So where post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is about
breaking down post traumatic growth is about growing stronger as a
result of pressure of stress. It's antifragility.
Child Care
Cat Wise: According to one study, a typical family in Mississippi with an
infant and a 4-year-old has to spend about 20 percent of their income
on child care. But there are federal programs to help low-income
parents, Head Start and child care subsidies in the form of vouchers.
And neither program is universal. Carol Burnett is director of the
nonprofit Mississippi Low-Income Child Care Initiative.
Carol Burnett: We do a lot of work trying to help parents navigate the

mine field of applying for a child care voucher. And it's not just the
funding. It's the application process that's incredibly burdensome, the
multiple obstacles that stand in the way.
Cat Wise: Nationally, only one in seven children who are eligible for child
care subsidies under federal rules actually receive them. Lea Austin: It is
a critical part of our infrastructure.
Cat Wise: Child care as a safety net program is just not working,
according to U.C. Berkeley's Lea Austin. She's the director of the Center
for the Study of Child Care Employment.
Lea Austin: There is not enough of those child care subsidies today to
make sure everybody who needs it gets access to it. And so those that
just has a domino effect, right? If you can't- we know, if you can't access
child care, the impact that has on your ability to work. You may not work
at all. You may have to reduce your earnings.

Cheaper Rail Tickets
Women in Germany will be able to enjoy cheaper rail travel on Monday.
They will be given a 21 per cent reduction in fares as part of Germany's
Equal Pay Day events.
Equal Pay Day is dedicated to raising awareness of the gender pay gap.
It symbolizes the number of additional days a woman must work in a year
to earn what men earn. The exact day differs in each country, depending
on pay disparity. It is enthusiastically celebrated in Germany, where
women are paid 21 percent less compared to men in terms of average
gross hourly earnings.
Berlin's public transport company is reducing the cost of its day travel
ticket by 21 percent, charging 5.50 instead of the usual 7.00. Berlin's
metro system was wholeheartedly backing its Equal Pay Day initiative. It
is advertising it with an online ad that vows to actually close the gender
pay gap. It says: " Gender-specific wage gap. Sounds stupid. Is stupid.
We'll close it. Critics of the cheaper day pass say it won't necessarily
help women as most workers in the city buy monthly travel passes.
Sun
Although we talk of the Sun rising in the east and setting in the west,
that's not quite true. It just seems that way to us. The Sun stays in the
same place. It's the Earth that rotates on its axis. This movement of the
Sun is deeply embedded in our biology.
When sunlight enters the eye, it sends signals to a master clock in our
brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus. This internal clock regulates
everything. from when we sleep to how we digest a meal. Messing with
this finely tuned machine, when we work night shifts or fly across the
world, can make us feel pretty rough. Even the bluish light from a mobile
phone late at night is enough to disrupt and confuse our internal body
clock.
Being out of step with the Sun affects our mood and our ability to think
clearly. And there's evidence that this kind of disruption can lead to
higher rates of obesity, heart disease, diabetes and even cancer. We're
living out of step with the Sun and some scientists say this could be
causing a public health crisis.
Types of Eclipses
There are four types of solar eclipses. The first and most spectacular is
a total eclipse, when the moon completely covers the sun's surface. A
total eclipse can only be seen if you're standing within the umbral

shadow. That's why the imaginary line created by this shadow as it races
across Earth is known as the path of totality.
People within the penumbral shadow see only a partial eclipse, the
second type. From this view, outside the path of totality, the moon
passes in front of the sun off-centre, never fully covering its surface.
Third, an annular eclipse, occurs when the moon passes directly in front
of the sun. However, unlike a total eclipse, the moon appears too small
to fully cover the sun. The moon's orbit is elliptical, so sometimes it's
closer to Earth and sometimes it's farther away.
Last, a hybrid eclipse, is when the moon's position between the Earth
and sun is so finely balanced that the curvature of the Earth plays a
role. The moon will be farther away from some parts of Earth along the
eclipse's path, resulting in an annular eclipse. In other parts, the moon
will be just close enough to fully cover the sun, resulting in a total
eclipse.
Dandelion
They're a home owner's nemesis and a young kid's delight. Whether
they're yellow flowers dotting an otherwise perfect lawn or white puffs
ready to be blown away by a sudden gust, dandelions are either hated or
loved by just about everybody.
What looks like a single yellow flower growing in your lawn is actually
many flowers grouped together. Each section of the flower that looks
like a petal is actually an individual flower in its own right. A dandelion is
an aggregate of many small flowers and each individual flower has its
own stamens and pistil, and therefore can reproduce without
fertilization.
After a dandelion has bloomed, each of the individual flowers within a

single dandelion forms a seed. The seed is attached to fluffy white
threads, which allow the seed to fly to a place where, if it meets
favorable conditions, it can germinate to create another dandelion. Even
if you hate this common weed, you've got to respect its tenacious spirit.
Dandelions are native to six continents, and are found throughout the
world except in the tropics. Their impressive roots, which can be up to a
foot long. allow them to thrive in inhospitable environments, like big
cities, where most flowers and weeds can't even survive. Cut off a
dandelion at the surface and the root will grow another plant.

But dandelions aren't just annoying weeds; they've been used throughout
history in a variety of ways. Dandelion leaves have been eaten as salad
greens and dried to make dandelion tea; and dandelion flowers have been
used to make wine and schnapps. In addition, the milky juice of one kind
of dandelion has been used to make a natural rubber.
Quiet Leadership
Great leaders are often seen as classic confident, extroverts who can
speak without thinking, react rapidly and change tack pretty frequently.
It's what best-selling author Susan Cain calls "The Extrovert Ideal". But
is this really what we need right now? I'd argue that the crises of our
time need a more considered approach. A quieter one.
Let's look at the status quo. Extroverts are over-represented in senior

leadership positions. One study found an incredible 98% of top
executives scoring very high" or "above average" on the extrovert scale.
But people aren't on the whole satisfied with their leaders. Could there
be a connection between the two?
There are lots of examples through history of successful leaders who

have taken that quieter approach. For example, Rosa Parks, Mahatma
Gandhi, or Bill Gates. Research shows that introverts often bring a
great deal to the table. They're more likely to listen and process the
ideas of their team, and consider those ideas deeply before acting on
them. They may be humble and more likely to credit their team for ideas
and performance. And because their motivation generally comes from
within, they're less likely to compromise themselves, chasing rewards
like money or power.
Feeling Unproductive
In trying times like these, here's what you can do to feel more
productive.
So, redefine what productivity looks like. And you know, despite your
best efforts, it might be really tough to feel productive these days.
Living and working in this coronavirus environment means finding new
ways of defining, redefining productivity and measuring your success.
That might mean that you get through zoom call without your dog
interrupting you, or that you successfully reconnect with your team
members, just to check in and see how they're doing.
Take a break to get a perspective. Research tells us that we do need to
step away and can't be constantly working. When we can press the
reset button by pulling away and pausing, that allows us to access the
one thing that we can control, which is our perspective.

Remember to cut yourself in your brain some slack. So, during periods of
ongoing stress, our brain is actually wired to kind of shut down that
logical thought process, and move into reactive mode, which is never a
great idea. So just be kind to yourself. Remember it's your neurobiology.
Be kind yourself and give yourself a break
.
Business
High staff churn is here to stay. Retention (strategies) require a
rethink. In the not-so-distant past, bosses did not have to worry as
much about their (workforces). Newcomers could absorb the corporate
culture osmotically. Workers' families were (invisible), not constantly
interrupting Zoom calls. Employees had a job, not a voice. Now firms
have to "be (intentional)" (management-speak for thinking) about
everything from the point of the office to how staff (communicate) with
each other. Retention is the latest area to require attention. The spike
in staff departures known as the Great Resignation is centered on
America: a record 3% of the workforce there quit their jobs in
September.
Collective Illusion
In almost everything that matters in our society, there is a good chance
there's a 'collective illusion' at the heart of our values. Collective illusion
is a situation where most people in a group go along with an idea that
they don't actually agree with, simply because they incorrectly believe
that most people in the group agree with it. Why we're so afraid to
deviate from our groups is an evolutionary holdover where it is in fact
dangerous to be ostracized from the group.
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism. The idea was built on the classical liberalism of the 18th
Century and a defense of individual liberty, protecting private property
and the freedom of markets from external interference- taxes,
regulations, levies as much as possible:
Neoliberalism argued that the market wasn't just an absence of
interference, it could produce a philosophy or a way of thinking all of its
own. That meant looking at the world and at transactions in daily life
through the eyes of the market. You can glimpse this, for instance,
when say, "I'm in the market for a beer" - showing that we've internalized
the idea of a market for other values.
Nowadays, you probably hear the word neoliberalism used more as a

term of abuse hurled by opponents at economic globalizers, nasty
bankers or governments limiting spending on public works or welfare. The
word neo, or new, has morphed into a way of signaling. don't like this one
bit. It's the nearest thing economic terminology has to a rotten tomato.
But neoliberalism isn't just a dirty word it's an entire mindset of
approaches to the way state and market interact with our aspirations -
emphasizing privatization over state control, as the best way to deliver
public services.
Bear Market
Narrator: Stocks enter a bear market (soft scribbling) when they lose at
least 20% of their value from a recent high. Let's look back at the 0
chart. You can see when the market started to fall in February, it
entered a bear market here just under a month later. The term is a
shorthand way for Wall Street to mark when stocks have taken a
tumble, a sign that investors are anxious about the future and moving
away from risky assets.
Speaker 1: There's a number of things that can make investors more risk
averse. One, they can grow concerned about how stocks are valued and
say, is this stock really worth what think it's worth, or worth the
premium that I'm putting on it? Have valuations run up too far, too fast?
Narrator: This was a factor in a bear market in 1, when a bursting

market bubble drove down stock values.
Speaker 2: believe was asked about the markets today. I'm sorry people
are losing value in their portfolios
Speaker 1: Another really important factor is the economy. Often bear

markets have been affiliated with economic recessions. So that's one
thing that can really put investors on edge.
Narrator: Recessions have accompanied nine of the last 17 bear

markets. And while one doesn't necessarily cause the other, problems in
the economy can be a major factor in bringing stocks down. High
inflation contributed to one of the longest bear markets in history in the
0s.
Useful Appendix
Don: I used to think that the appendix is useless, but now I'm hearing
that the appendix actually does serve a purpose. So, which is it?
Y: Great question. It's true that for a long-time scientists thought that
the appendix didn't really serve a purpose. But a few years ago, a study
showed that the appendix in fact plays an important role. It's a sort of
hangout for useful bacteria needed to help us digest food. After a bad
case of diarrhea, when most of the bacteria in our guts is washed out,
the appendix sends a fresh batch in to take over.

D: Right. And not only that, but a more recent study has found that the
appendix has a long and storied history. It's been around in animals
including kangaroos, rodents and apes for at least eighty million years. In
other words, it's fairly common in nature.
Y: Now, it's true that in developed countries with modern sanitation, the
human appendix has less to do than it once did. In those places, where
diarrhea isn't a major problem, the appendix isn't called upon all the time
to do its thing. That's why when people in the United States and other
developed countries have their appendix removed, they don't seem to
miss it.
D: But in places where drinking water and sanitation aren't as safe, the
appendix plays a larger role in keeping people healthy.
Money Changers
Ever wonder how a money changer machine knows if you've given it a one,
a five or a ten-dollar bill? When a bill is inserted into a money changer
machine, it disrupts a light beam from within the machine. This action
triggers the motor to pull the bill into the money changer.
The machine then begins a process by which it first makes sure the bill
is actual currency and then determines the denomination of the bill. With
a computer chip and measuring devices, the money changer checks the
length, width and thickness of the bill. If the bill is not the exact length
and thickness it should be, the changer will reject it and refuse to give
you any change. The sensors that evaluate the bill are so sensitive that
even an old, wrinkled bill usually will not pass this authenticity test
because it will not measure precisely the same as a crisp, new bill.
After the machine measures the bill's width, length and thickness, it
optically scans the bill to determine if it is a one-, five-, or ten-dollar bill.
The machine makes this decision by "reading how much ink is in different
places on the bill. The U.S. treasury department uses specially
manufactured ink that has unique magnetic properties. The machine's
optical scanner measures this magnetic ink. And because a one-dollar bill
has a different ink pattern than a five- or ten-dollar bill, the computer
inside the machine is able to differentiate between these denominations
with a quick scan.
Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time,
but he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the
nineteenth century. During his eleven years writing for the New York
Tribune (their collaboration began in 1852), Marx tackled an abundance
of topics, from issues of class and the state to world affairs.
Lions are the only cats that live in large social groups called prides. A
pride can have 3 to 30 lions and is made up of lionesses, mothers,
sisters, cousins, and their cubs, along with a few unrelated adult males.
The pride has a close bond, and it's not likely to accept a stranger.
Lions and lionesses play different roles in the life of the pride. The
lionesses work together to hunt and help rear the cubs. This allows
them to get the most from their hard work, keeping them healthier and
safer. Being smaller and lighter than males, lionesses are more agile and
faster. While it may look like the lionesses do all the work in the pride,
the males play an important role. While they eat more than the lionesses
and bring in far less food, males patrol, mark, and guard the pride's
territory. Males also guard the cubs while the lionesses are hunting, and
they make sure the cubs get enough food. When a new male tries to join
a pride, he has to fight the males already there. The new male is either
driven off or succeeds in pushing out the existing males.
We may have been designed to sleep in a biphasic pattern, meaning one

longer bout of sleep at night and then a short afternoon nap during the
day, very much like the siesta cultures around the world. But is napping
always a good thing? Well, not necessarily. Although we and other
scientists have discovered that naps can have benefits for both the
brain and for the body, naps can be a double-edged sword. Long naps in
the afternoon or in the early evening can just take the edge off your
sleepiness. It's a little bit like snacking before your main meal. So, if you
are struggling with sleep at night, the best advice is not to nap during
the day. Instead, build up all of that healthy sleepiness so that you give
yourself the best chance of falling asleep easily and then staying asleep
soundly across the night. But if you're not struggling with sleep and you
can nap regularly during the day, then naps of around 20 minutes taken
early in the day can be just fine.
For noble and very understandable reasons, we've come to associate

broad and generous truth can be in danger of missing out on an
important caveat: that health and maturity may also require, at points,
a subtle capacity to give up on one or two people. Not always and
indefinitely to keep giving them the benefit of the doubt, not invariably to
forgive them one more time, not relentlessly to imagine the nice things
they might really, really have meant beneath the thoughtless and unkind
things they actually did and said. We might need occasionally to despair
of someone as the price to pay for keeping faith with ourselves. We need
to hear that surprisingly; some people aren't entirely good and we aren't
necessarily the problem. We need to learn to blame and get annoyed
with someone other than ourselves. We need to do something very
strange: walk away. This is no sign of cowardice or weakness of
character. It's a sign that we have (finally) learned to love ourselves and
so place our needs where these should always have been: at the center
of our considerations.
Heat Waves
It's the start of the summer, and India is experiencing heat waves. This
year record temperatures come amid soaring inflation and rising prices,
and the hot weather is already hurting farmers.
Because of the heat wave, our crops have suffered due to the sudden
rise in temperature. The water table has dropped. The great heat has
decimated our crop yield by half. That is why new Delhi has banned wheat
exports. It wants to put India's own food security first amid frequent
supply chain disruptions and rising food prices, but the government has
stopped short of an outright ban.
India plans to honor shipment agreements inked before the ban, and they
will continue to export to food deficit countries, including Egypt and
Bangladesh. But that doesn't supply much relief for major wheat
importers.
On Monday, wheat prices soared to a record high following the Indian

government's announcement. And while neighboring countries like
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka can continue to count on India for now, the
question for their governments and others across the world is how they
can feed their populations if food prices continue to rise.
Political Violence
On August 4, (explosives) aboard two drones flying near Venezuelan
President Nicolás Maduro as he spoke in Caracas were detonated.
Seven people were injured. Maduro has used the (incident) as a pretext
to crack down on Venezuela's opposition by unleashing the regime's
secret police. State Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert said,
"The United States (condemns) the political violence that occurred on
August 4 and urges the Maduro regime to respect the rule of law,
exercise restraint, and safeguard the presumption of innocence for all
(accused)."
Even if the distribution of women's (occupations) matched that of men-"if

women were the doctors and men were the nurses" she (calculates) that
at most a third of the pay gap would disappear. The most important
cause is that women curtail their (careers) as a part of a rational
household response to labor markets, which generously (reward) anyone,
male or female, who is willing to hold down what Ms. Goldin calls a
"greedy job". These are roles, such as those in law, accountancy and
finance, that demand long and (unpredictable) hours. Parents need
somebody to be on-call at home in case a child falls ill and needs picking
up from school, or needs cheering on at a concert or football match.
For as important as conformity is to us as human beings, it turns out

we're actually not terribly good at estimating group consensus. Your
brain assumes that the loudest voices repeated the most often are the
majority. And so, we can get duped by a vocal fringe into believing that
that is the majority. And as soon as that happens, our conformity bias
can be weaponized into leading us to adopt beliefs that the majority
never actually held. And as a result, we get these collective illusions that
become reality.
Leader Demonstration
Leaders must demonstrate their empathy through intentional words,
actions, behaviors, and decisions. Here are four ways how.
Number one: practice putting others first. Asking your team members is
everything okay is a great start, but also make it a priority to get to
know them as people, not just employees
Number two: create a safe space for sharing. People may be reluctant
to open up if they feel they'll be judged or criticized. So, give an employee
the space to share.
Number three: don't assume others know how you feel. Regularly remind
your team members that you care about them, understand their
challenges, and want to help.
Number four: listen more and talk less. When listening to someone,
resist the urge to multitask or interrupt: instead, give others your full
and undivided attention, so you can truly listen to what matters most to
them, and ask follow-up questions to make sure you understand.
By choosing to lead with empathy, you'll foster a more productive,

innovative, and inclusive environment where people feel valued.
Right Job
Here are four ways to decide if a job is right for you.
Number one: prioritize meaning and purpose. Now more than ever before
people are focused on work that is fulfilling, meaningful. They want to find
a company that they could share the same values and social causes. Do
you find purpose in your work? Do you feel excited when you wake up in
the morning and go to the office or work remotely?
Number two: seek challenging work. Feeling challenged at the office or
working remotely is essential to learning and growing, you have to ask
your boss, is there a path forward? What plans do they have in mind for
you? Depending on the answers, you may decide it's time to leave.
Number three: an inclusive culture and environment is more important

than ever before. If the company takes care of you and values you, you're
going to feel happy. Are your managers open and honest in their
conversations? Are they transparent? Are you encouraged to learn and
grow? Are you given feedback? Do they provide mentors or coaches and
upskilling? These are questions you want to ask yourself to stay or go to
another company.
Number four: work balance is more important than ever before. Do

companies care about your mental health, your emotional well-being?
And are they concerned if you're getting burnt out by working too hard?
You also want to know, do have a path forward and can I grow and build
and advance within my job right now?
Why would the banks disrupt themselves by introducing a digital

currency that would make it easier for consumers and businesses to
disintermediate the banks? Well, the banks may not be the innovators. It
may be that they are the reactors, that they will react when others
innovate. And I'm sure that they've considered the trade-offs involved in
whether to disrupt themselves by introducing digital currencies, or
whether to wait and react when others introduce digital currencies.
Right now, digital currency sounds very edgy and kind of alternative
lifestyle, but it's becoming mainstream. And so, the largest banks in
particular are very aware of this, they're investing in the technology, and
they will provide this service as soon as it's profitable enough, after
considering the cost to them of losing some of their current business
that they're going to disrupt. Banks will eventually either be leading or
following, but they'll be involved. They can't avoid it.
Does this sound like your organization? Coworkers see each other not as
colleagues but as cutthroat competitors. Bravado, extreme work hours,
and unreasonable risks are rewarded. And expressing emotion, especially
doubt, is a sign of weakness. If those sound familiar, your workplace
could have what researchers call a masculinity contest culture. And
these contests can be a sign of serious organizational dysfunction. Not
only do they leave women out or force them to play in a rigged system of
ridiculous rules, they also short-circuit teamwork, decrease innovation,
and hurt the bottom line with employee turnover or harassment
lawsuits. Researchers found four masculine norms that correlate
strongly with organizational dysfunction. One, show no weakness.
Swagger and overconfidence suppress vulnerability, uncertainty, and
tenderness. Two, strengthen stamina. Even in white-collar jobs, physical
strength and athleticism are prized, and endurance is proven by working
late into the night. Three, put work first. Commitment to the
organization comes before all else, leaving no room for family, breaks, or
balance. And four, dog-eat-dog, a culture where more masculine winners
defeat losers in a zero-sum game and trust is scarce. Masculinity in
these workplaces is under constant threat. It must be repeatedly
defended, leading to even more toxic behavior.
Here, you're making an apology. There are three questions that you want
to be able to answer. The first is, do we tell the truth? People want the
company to tell the truth for two reasons. One is it gives them
confidence that they know what went wrong. And so that means that
they will presumably know what to fix. The other is that they want the
company to be a truth-telling company so it can uncover the truth. The
second is, on whose behalf are we acting? Is it clear that people
understand that we understand that? And the third is, how do our
actions benefit those people who trust us? So what is it that we're
going to do in the future that's actually going to make people believe that
we're going to fix the problem we created? And this is where all those
facts matter because if you've laid that out pretty clearly, then there is
in fact a path to describe what it is that you're going to do. And so that
action planning part is part of the apology too because that gives you
confidence that the company actually knows how to get from the
current state to the future state, where this kind of thing is not going
to happen.
Profitability is defined by five competitive forces. Let's start with your

buyers or customers, who would always be happier to pay less and get
more. In the airline industry, price competition is fierce because so many
travelers just want the cheapest flight. Then, there are your suppliers,
who ideally would like to be paid more and deliver less. Powerful suppliers
will use their clout to raise prices or insist on other more favorable
terms.
A third source of competition comes from substitute products or

services that meet the same basic need you do. These aren't always
obvious rivals. The toughest competitors may come from different
industries. New entrants can also create tension. For instance,
Southwest Airlines challenged the industry by flying just one kind of
airplane, reducing costs and allowing it to offer better ticket deals. This
pushed other carriers to spend more to retain their customers.
Finally, you still have to fight your existing rivals, and intense competition
reduces everyone's profitability. The major airlines have been in this
position for years, forcing them to defend increasingly narrow profit
margins with fees for exit row upgrades, checked bags, even snacks.
Facebook started out as a way to talk to your friends and then became a
place you shared baby photos with your grandparents. And now, you can
shop on Facebook properties, you can message on Instagram,
WhatsApp. Amazon is the same way. It started out as a big store, and
now they make home speakers, they make original movies and television
shows. So these companies all started off with one thing, and they're
adding more things around it, and finance is kind of the last frontier.
As more people change their banking habits, tech companies say they
can bring something to the table. Google says it will build helpful tools
while relying on partnerships to navigate the financial world. For its part,
Apple promises to eliminate fees for its credit card and give you
cashback instantly. And the Apple Pay app will have charts that help
users track their buying habits.
Some people are already wary of giving tech companies access to their
location and their photos. Financial data is just way more personal. More
concerns over privacy and power will be on display as tech firms get into
finance. The data is valuable, and increasingly, they're in the hands of a
few tech companies.
We just don't have the capacity to process everything at once. This is a

particular problem when we try to multitask. We can switch attention
from one task to another and back again. But when attention is
overloaded, we miss things, and the result is nearly always that we
perform tasks less well than we would doing them one at a time. It's only
truly possible to do two things at once if they require different sets of
cognitive resources. For example, it's totally possible to read a book and
listen to music at the same time, which would suggest that driving while
talking on the phone is not a problem, as long as it's a hands-free phone.
It's not that simple though research has shown that while talking on
the phone, we have a tendency to create mental images, and this uses
the same visual resources needed for driving. And if visual resources
become too stretched, it's perfectly possible for a driver to look directly
at a hazard but fail to see it. Not everything will make it through to
conscious awareness. So multitasking makes us, at best, inefficient, and
at worst, downright dangerous. If you're feeling like you should be doing
17 things at once, remember, that's just not the way your brain is
wired.
Howard believed that all clouds belonged to three distinct groups:

cumulus, stratus, and cirrus. He added a fourth category, nimbus, to
describe a cloud in the act of condensation into rain, hail, or snow. It is
by observing how clouds change color and shape that weather can be
predicted, and as long as the first three types of clouds keep their
normal shape, there won't be any rain.
It is difficult to tell whether the speaker approves of Hemingway's

lifestyle or not. He was famously macho and spent a lot of time hunting
wild animals, going to wars and getting into fights. All these things got
into his books, and the speaker thinks that this is not necessarily a good
thing as it means that too many people prefer reading about his life to
his books.
"The Body Keeps the Score" is the beautiful and suggestive title of a book
published in 2014 by a Dutch professor of psychiatry at Boston
University called Bessel van der Kolk. The book has proved immensely
significant because it emphasizes an idea that has for too long escaped
psychiatrists and psychotherapists. Van der Kolk stresses that people
who are suffering emotionally are unlikely to do so just in their minds.
Crucially, their symptoms almost always show up in their bodies and the
way they sit or breathe. And how they hold their shoulders, their sleep
patterns, their digestion process, the way they treat their spots, and
their attitude to exercise. Taking the body more seriously opens up new
avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of emotional unwellness,
instead of simply seeing a person as a disembodied mind which must talk
its way to a cure. A therapist is advised to see the body as a kind of
scoresheet of the emotional experiences that its owner has been
through. A scoresheet that should be read and attended to as carefully
as many mental account.
The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a

decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help
them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when
they can move to different intensities of particular activities. A useful
thing to take crack at.
Many people believe that employers discriminate against older people

because youths have more energy and creativity. This is not true. The
main reason for hiring younger workers is payroll. In most countries,
your salary is dependent on how many years of work experience you have.
It is far more cost-efficient to hire postgraduates, fresh out of
university, than senior staff with over twenty years of industry
knowledge.
Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation

that AIDS has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In
2001, Botswana had the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With
the help of international donors, it launched an ambitious national
campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to anyone who needed them,
and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate had dropped significantly.
Programming is the art of expressing solutions to problems so that a

computer can execute those solutions. Much of the effort in
programming is spent finding and refining solutions. Often, a problem is
only fully understood through the process of programming a solution for
it.
Most words have experienced several changes in meaning throughout

their history, so that it is impossible to say which stage in their meaning
is the "true" meaning. And if we attempt to go back to "the beginning",
we find it is impossible, for the origins of many words are difficult to
trace back.
Just about everyone on the planet wears at least one article of clothing
made from cotton at some point during the day, inevitably. By-products
of the plant show up as well in something that person is doing. The
source of cotton's power is its nearly terrifying versatility and the
durable creature comforts it provides.
When buying a house, for example, it's best to let our unconscious mull
over the many variables. But when we're picking stocks and shares,
intuition often leads us astray. The trick is to determine when to lean on
which part of the brain. And to do this, we need to think harder and
smarter about how we think.
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday when the International
Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight
planets. Although there had been a passionate debate at the IAU
General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet and
whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision
to exclude it with applause.
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the
productive capacity and the ability of people to consume.
Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war
raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S.
farmers and wage earners.
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gores

studies the same sort of mutualism in microbes. He and his team
demonstrated the first experimental example of that cross-protective
relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of antibiotic-
resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the other to
chloramphenicol.

The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It
guarantees not only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but
also many other advantages. Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford
Motor company is always profitable and beneficial. Moreover, it is
important to mention that Ford Motors provides its employees with
effective and useful services and takes care of their well-being.
Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to

collect, study, exchange, and display plants for research and for the
education and enjoyment of the public. There are major botanic gardens
in each capital city. Zoological parks and aquariums are primarily
engaged in the breeding, preservation, and display of native and exotic
fauna in captivity.
Life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last century. Most

people these days will live for over 70 years. This is more than double the
lifespan of the average human in the seventeenth century. We can
attribute our longevity to advances in medicine and lifestyle. While
everyone agrees that living longer is wonderful, overpopulation is
becoming a serious environmental concern.
Augustus was granted the powers of an absolute monarch, but he

presented himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated
the Senate, or state council, with great respect and was made Consul
year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army
by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their
loyalty.
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least
appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when
humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects,
which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to
study subjects, they lose appetite.
In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including

Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago, and Wharton - have moved
away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite of four years' work
experience and instead have set their sights on recent college
graduates and so-called early career professionals with only a couple
years of work under their belt.
Like other low-impact exercises, yoga reliably improves fitness and

flexibility in healthy populations. The practice has also been shown to be
a potentially powerful therapeutic tool. In studies involving patients with
a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, yoga was more helpful at reducing
pain and improving mobility than other forms of low-impact exercise.
Adding yoga to an existing exercise routine can improve strength and
flexibility for hard-to-treat conditions like chronic lower back pain,
rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.
Yoga's mix of physical exercise and regimented breathing has proven
similarly therapeutic for lung health. Lung diseases like chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma shrink the passageways that carry
oxygen, while weakening the membrane that brings oxygen into the
blood. But breathing exercises like those found in yoga relax the muscles
constricting those passageways and improve oxygen diffusion. Increasing
the blood's oxygen content is especially helpful for those with weak heart
muscles who have difficulty pumping enough oxygen throughout the body.
And for those with healthy hearts, this practice can lower blood
pressure and reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
In a seller's market, the prevailing marketing trend tends to be what we

call a product-focused market. In this market, you have the product, and
if customers want it, they're going to come to you. In this case, you
should develop the product to the best of your ability. You should
innovate in that product, try to reduce costs, and really focus on the
product itself. Your business objective in a product-focused market is to
sell as much as you can, and profitability in such a market comes from
volume - selling as much as possible.
In the past, when we've studied product-focused markets, we've found

that profitability is tied to market share. So market share becomes your
business objective. Why does market share increase profitability?
Because the bigger your market share, the more your revenues
increase. Additionally, with a larger market share and higher volume, you
can lower the product cost, which hints at increased profitability. Higher
revenues, lower costs, more profit - that's the goal of a product-focused
market.
When you're product-focused, where do you find growth? Do you develop
new products based on your product experience, or do you go to new
markets? That's product-focused marketing.
Someone who looks extremely active, whose diary is filled from morning
till night, who is always running to answer messages and meet clients
may appear the opposite of lazy, but secretly, there may be a lot of
avoidance going on beneath the outward frenzy. Busy people can evade a
different order of undertaking. They are practically a hive of activity, yet
th
delay the investigation of their own lives. They are lazy when it comes to
understanding particular emotions. Their busyness may be a subtle but
powerful form of distraction. Our minds are in general a great deal
readier to execute than to reflect. They can be rendered deeply
uncomfortable by so-called large questions: What am I really trying to
do? What do I actually enjoy? Who am I trying to please? By contrast,
the easy bit can be the running around, they never pausing to ask why,
feel sad or searching. Busyness can mask a vicious form of laziness. Our
lives might be a lot more balanced if we learnt to re-allocate prestige,
putting it away from those with a full diary, and towards those wise
enough to allow for some afternoons of reflection. We should think that
there is courage not just in traveling the world, but also in daring to sit
a while, risking encounters with certain
anxiety-inducing or melancholy but also highly necessary ideas.
The reason why I believe it's actually very interesting to study spending
is because it's so ubiquitous, like we all spend and we all actually have a
lot of control over our spending. We are going to spend some of our
money because we have to, and are we really thinking about spending it
in ways that might actually make us happy? And if yes, what can we
learn as researchers to help people? First off, know yourself. Are you an
introvert, an extrovert? How do you want to spend your money? Second,
use your money to build social relationships. And third, put an emphasis
on experiences over things. So if I were to analyze myself for my money,
if I'm getting the best return, I am a person who loves my family and I
love sharing experiences with them around food. So I'm thinking I will
spend that extra budget money, you know, for the purposes of the show,
to take my mom with me to Italy and we have some fantastic meals.
So imagine like a group of software engineers that all sit together in the
same room and play ping pong in after-hours and know one another.
Those types of groups can really tolerate the non-conformist weirdo.
And that might actually be a very good thing for the organization
because that weirdo, so to speak, brings new ideas and new sensitivities
and has different ways of thinking of problems. And that might be really
important for the organization's success, especially if this organization
needs some innovation and new thoughts in order to be successful with
its product offerings. So we find that there's this trade-off between your
ability or tendency to behave in a compliant way, but also this security
or lack thereof that you gain from the extent to which you are part of a
tight-knit group or not. And really being in the right kind of sweet spot
leads to bringing the greatest success in the organizations.
Research has shown that in certain situations, silent meetings actually

work better. Specifically, if the goal of a meeting is to brainstorm or
solve a problem, silent meetings have been shown to generate better
ideas. But why? Solutions to a problem will often be a novel idea, and
novel ideas challenge convention. They can rock the boat and make people
feel uncomfortable. But when participants gather around a table and
generate written solutions in silence, a safe space is created. Novel
ideas can emerge, and people are less afraid of feeling embarrassed.
Silent meetings also circumvent negative effects of something called
production blocking. In a conventional meeting, only one person at a time
can speak. As you wait your turn, the conversation may shift, and you
may lose your opportunity to raise an idea. Silent meetings allow for
everyone to express ideas simultaneously. So how do you create a silent
brainstorming meeting? Have people write down their ideas
independently, then sort them into clusters, discuss, and vote on the
ideas that people like. The key is to let the initial ideation phase happen
independently and in silence so we can separate egos from ideas. Silence
is just one alternative. Since meetings have different goals, there's no
reason they all have to look or sound the same.
We tend to operate with the view that the best way to please people is
not to bother them too much. We keep many of our dilemmas and
confusions away from those we like, for fear of irritating or
inconveniencing them and so spoiling the relationship. But our analysis is
missing a key detail of human psychology: we like to be bothered. Not at
all times and overall things, nor at the expense of our own critical needs,
but fundamentally, we have a powerful urge to feel helpful. We need to be
needed. All of us suffer from a fear of superfluity, which the
requirements of others has a critical capacity to appease.
We can pick this theme up in the realm of work. Work is at its most
gratifying when it affords us a feeling that we have, over the course of
the day, managed to appease the suffering or increase the pleasure of
another person. There are so many stories of being exhausted by the
requests of others; too few of the delight we experience when we turn
around someone else's distress, boredom, or craving. We can't
ultimately feel our valuable sides until we are called upon to exercise
them: we don't have a sense of our strength until someone else needs
us to lift something; we can't feel intelligent until someone asks us to
solve an issue; we can't feel wise until we've been brought into adjudicate
a dispute. We rely on the needs of others to remind us of what we're
capable of.
Today, poems remain an important part of art and culture. We often talk
about the knowledge about the literature in poem. Poetry is probably the
oldest form of literature, and probably predates the origin of writing
itself. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic
poems telling the stories of ancient mythology. The English language in
poems and poetries is difficult to understand, often giving readers a
feeling of frustration and making it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This
is because poems use literary expressions. Poetry was once written
according to fairly strict rules of meter and rhyme, and each culture had
its own rules. Some poems incorporate rhyme schemes, with two or
more lines that end in like-sounding words. We should learn to simply
enjoy it, and to know more about literature knowledge.
The United States is considered the biggest food-wasting country in the

world. Consumers collectively throw away more than all the retailers
together in the US. In total, private US households waste around 43%
of all food. According to "Save the Food," a national public service
campaign, this could translate into an annual financial loss of $1,500 for
a family of four. In fact, over 40 million tons (36 million tonnes) of food
end up in landfills every year, worth more than $161 billion. 60% of food
waste comes from general consumption. There are two main sources of
food waste. The majority of food waste comes from supermarkets,
especially in the used-by section. The other factor is what people
purchase and how they eat, so purchasing all items is not a good idea.
Avoiding food waste efficiently along the supply chain and in all our
households can result in a win-win scenario. Halving food waste could
help meet the demand for nutrition of our growing population, and equally
minimize the negative environmental effects of agriculture.
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive

order, an edict or a fatwa, or a tweet, bypassing a law, barking a
command, or presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues.
e from subtle,
quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force.
Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can
define goals and mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of
example.
We can think of leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and
the power the leader wields. On one end of the spectrum, we have the
most visible: authoritative leaders like the president of the United
States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator such
as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-
key leadership found in countless situations every day around the world,
leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals whose
lives are touched by it.
Over the centuries, the first kind the out-in-front, authoritative
leadership has generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions
of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of
have been quite
visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men) have
provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern
has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for
visible, authoritative leadership.

The ocean provides habitats for 98% fish, the source of protein feeding
4.8 billion of people. But human activities and climate change have left
corals bleached in some oceans. There are many species of fish that are
endangered. The government set up a network, called MPA marine
campaign, in which countries and organizations have been collaborating
with each other to protect the environment for 32 years. A marine
protected area (MPA) is a zone designated and managed to protect
marine habitats and species for the good of the ocean, society,
economy, and culture. Within MPAs, human activities such as fishing,
vessel traffic, and tourism are regulated. MPAs can come in the form of
a fully protected marine reserve, a moderately protected marine park, or
a no-take zone among others. But MPA is faced with lots of challenges,
as some developing countries lack management and resources and feel
being excluded.
Today, this course you are going to take is about what is engineering and
how to work with a complicated system. You guys should know the
answers because all of you guys are from the engineering course.
Especially when you design, build, debug, and develop something new,
during these processes, you are working with the complicated system.
How to program complicated systems and how would you know it
actually works before producing it. Sometimes, the inspirations are from
your daily life, you probably need to consider your personal life
experience. And from the common everyday life to the tiny things that
you cannot see virtually, and the inspirations normally exist in the tiny
levels. A complicated system such as your laptops running Microsoft
systems. That means the system is not able to see, which means you
guys have to virtualize it. Engineering is here to help virtualize by using
systems. Nowadays, the complicated systems are relatively reliable, and
you guys work upon these and need to deliver the new outcomes which
are reliable as well. This is what we do now and we are good at.
Engineering is to help virtualize by using systems. In order to develop
and produce a reliable system, you need to consider more on the risks,
potentials, predictability, and accuracy.
The stock market is where investors connect to buy and sell

investments most commonly, stocks, which are shares of ownership
in a public company. When you need groceries, you go to the
supermarket. When you're ready to buy stocks or mutual funds, you'll
usually buy them online through the stock market, which anyone can
access with a brokerage account or employee retirement plan. The term
"stock market" often refers to one of the major stock market indexes.
However, there are some different uses of the stock market before and
after. In the 18th century, manufacturing companies came into the
market. Traditional companies used stocks to raise money and input
money into companies, while modern companies used stocks to output
money. From the 19th to 20th century, however, modern companies
such as Apple, Google, and Microsoft are big enough to earn money and
use stocks differently. The stock market also inclined to put money into
big companies.
The question today of what makes a luxury brand, a luxury brand, and
how do we distinguish it, is very hard to answer. The standard business
response is to say they are more exclusive. And we get exclusivity by
having high price and relatively small amounts of the product available.
The reality, however, of luxury brands is that they are sold in their
millions and, in some cases, are not priced that much higher than the
standard output. The only way I can really answer your question is to
say, it is all relative. As you said in your introduction, it wasn't that long
ago in Australia that we would have considered two televisions to be a
luxury, or even further back, one color television. And you can make a
strong argument, for example, that Starbucks in China, right now, is a
luxury purchase because of its cost, because of how frequently it is
purchased by many people. So, I think the long answer is a complicated
one, but the answer is, it depends who you talk to. I think in the
business community what we would say is that there is a small cluster
of more expensive brands which have a distinct strategy that we would
identify as being luxury brands. And they start with the Rolls Royce and
the Tiffanys and the Louis Vuittons of the world. And, I think that tends
to be how we see them.
Rejection happens to all of us, and it can be a disappointing experience. I

will now give some advice for young researchers. Many things have
changed today, which can be a troubling issue. The chance of getting a
paper published is becoming smaller and smaller. Although it never is
easy to take, rejection is particularly hard at the beginning of your
career. But rejections will lead to a better result and will be good for the
career path. Use this feedback to improve your paper for submission to
another journal as well as your next, more robust study of the topic.
Usually, several individuals with expertise in the topic have donated
substantial time to provide detailed advice to advance your paper and
future work. Also, remember that publication does not mean funding.
Investors will learn how to attract and engage young researchers at the
same time.
A nuclear family consists of only a mother, a father, and children, which

is the most common family type in western countries. Typically, but not
always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Children in a nuclear
family may be the couple's biological or adopted offspring. In an extended
family, grandparents, parents, and children live together with strong
geographical proximity. If there is an abusive ideology, however, the
extended family can pose as much risk as a buffer to children. Simple
generalizations, therefore, about features of family structure and their
role in child maltreatment cannot be made. An attenuated or tenuous
family has children who do not live with grandparents or parents but
keep in contact with them on a daily basis over the phone or via the
internet. The lower the social class, the higher the incidence of
attenuated families.
We are living through one of the greatest of scientific endeavors the

attempt to understand the most complex object in the universe, the
brain. Scientists are accumulating vast amounts of data about
structure and function in a huge array of brains, from the tiniest to our
own. Tens of thousands of researchers are devoting massive amounts of
time and energy to thinking about what brains do, and astonishing new
technology, including computers and artificial intelligence, is enabling us
to both describe and manipulate that activity.
Humans can tell computers what to do and how to do it by giving them

the meaning of the certain words. Computers can operate as
programmed and develop systems and symbols. Computers work by
analyzing messages into bytes, and this function is similar to human
brains. Both human brains and computers are symbol processors, so
computers have the potential to bring artificial intelligence.
Today, more and more people realize that the global economic and
financial crisis also concerns common ethical values and standards. I am
pretty concerned that the global economy has become unethical and
unfair. Recent experiences have proved that the sustainability of the
market economy is by no means guaranteed. Indeed, one cannot escape
the fact that the emergence of global capitalism has brought with it an
entirely new set of risks. The global economic and financial crisis
concerns common ethical standards. For example, the trade between
Europe and the United States has been unfair, which needs to be
further negotiated. These problems of the global economy should be on
the agenda for the following years. Obviously, all ethical values and
standards are culture-bound, but there are core values and standards
that are universal. I strongly believe that in the long run, the global
market economy will only be accepted in the different regions and
nations if it is socially acceptable.
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present

indigenous people. Whether these first migrations involved one or
several successive waves and distinct peoples is still subject to
academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted
timeframe places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 43,000
years Before Present, while the upper ranges supported by others is
60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration was achieved
during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were
typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended
glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100-150m. The
continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the
Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a
single landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge
across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, and Torres Strait. The
ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and
continued to develop, diversify, and settle through much of the
continent. As sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent
glacial period some 10,000 years ago, the Australian continent once
more became a separated landmass. However, the newly formed 150km
wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for
cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape
York Peninsula.
During the 1970s and 1980s, around 120,000 southern Asian refugees
migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to
adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration Al Grassby termed
"multiculturalism". In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000 new
settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of
immigrants (40,000 in 2004-05) moved to Sydney. The majority of
immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.
Written examinations are a fact of life for most high school and
university students. However, recent studies have shown that this
traditional form of assessment may not be an accurate indicator of
academic performance. Tests have shown that many students
experience anxiety during exam weeks, which leads to poorer results. As
a result, some learning institutions are replacing exams with alternative
assessments such as group work and oral presentations.
Symbiosis
Normally when people talk about symbiosis, they're talking about two
different types of organisms cooperating to help each other survive. For
example, clownfish hide from predators among the tentacles of sea
anemones; in return, they feed the anemone with their own droppings.
Yum yum. The anemone and the clownfish enjoy a symbiotic relationship.
In biology however symbiosis has a broader definition than simple
cooperation. It's classically defined as any long-term living together of
unlike organisms. Let me say that again symbiosis the long-term living
together of unlike organisms.
Mutualistic symbiosis or mutualism is when both partners benefit from

the relationship, like we saw in the clownfish and the anemone. When I
say that both partners benefit from their relationship, what mean is
that both organisms experience a significant increase in evolutionary
fitness. They both end up being better at surviving and reproducing.
Parasitic symbiosis or parasitism is when one benefits while the other is
harmed. Ticks, huh, are a good example of a parasite. They drink your
blood and then sometimes repay you with Lyme disease. Total jerks.
Commenced allistic symbiosis or commensalism is when one organism
benefits, while the other is not dramatically helped or harmed.
Flexibility
Flexibility is the ability to adjust your thoughts, actions and feelings to
the circumstances you find yourself in. Situations change, and so it's
important to be able to adjust and behave in the most functional way to
achieve your goals.
When you're born, your brain is not finished. Infant brains are born under
construction. They're waiting for a set of wiring instructions from the
world. If you expose your children to a lot of varying experiences then
you're basically wiring your child's brain to function in a flexible way and
to learn new things when necessary. If your child's experiences are very
restricted then your child will have less flexibility to adjust their actions
to the situations that they're in.
There's a really well-known demonstration of flexibility called the Stroop

test. A sequence of words, such as red, green, yellow, blue but written
in different colors. When your present people with a whole list of these,
you find that it takes people longer to name the color of the ink, when
the word is written in a color that is different to the actual word. The
idea behind that is in order to be able to name the color requires people
to switch between different pieces of information in their mind. In simple
terms, what happens is that when they scan the word color, the
automatic processes of reading the word interfere with the person's
ability to state the color out loud. The more difficult people find this
generally the less cognitively flexible they are.
Electricity storage systems are the set of methods and technologies

used to store electricity. The need for electricity storage is due to an
imbalance in supply and demand on the electrical grid due primarily to an
increase in renewable energy generation. These supply and demand
discrepancies occur because renewables are intermittent, meaning
electricity isn't produced when the Sun isn't shining or the wind isn't
blowing, even though consumers still require electricity in these
renewable downtimes.
Currently, grids distribute electricity in real time, meaning electricity is

being consistently produced to meet consumer demand. Electricity
storage gives grid operators the flexibility to use electricity that

otherwise would be wasted. This grid flexibility is highly sought after and
has the potential to transform how we produce and consume electricity
and is therefore being widely researched and tested. There are many
different forms of electricity storage. The most common being: battery,
pumped hydro, compressed air, and flywheel. Currently, the largest
challenges in implementing electricity storage at the grid scale are the
cost and the infancy of the technology that's electricity storage.
Carbon
Recurring wildfires, unprecedented flooding, persistent droughts.
Communities everywhere are experiencing the harmful effects of climate
change and more frequent extreme weather events. The science is clear
to stay on a path to net zero, we need an urgent global response. That
means rapidly reducing carbon pollution and deploying carbon dioxide
removal at scale.
Carbon Dioxide Removal, or CDR, can help address emissions from the
hardest to decarbonize sectors and eventually remove the legacy
emissions already warming our planet and affecting our health. CDR
includes technological approaches like Direct Air Capture with Durable
Storage: Separating CO2 from ambient air and then storing the CO2
deep underground in geological reservoirs or in products like concrete.
CDR can also be achieved through nature-based approaches like Soil
Carbon Sequestration. This involves managing land so that soils absorb
and hold
more carbon. Minimizing soil tilling is one way to do this, or planting

carbon sequestering cover crops between harvests.
But as an emerging field, CDR approaches still require significant

research, development, and demonstration to ensure CO2 removal can
be deployed responsibly, effectively, and affordably to meet national and
global net zero goals in the coming decades.
Flow
And 'Flow' is an optimized state of consciousness where we feel our best
and we perform our best. The research says there are three tools you
can reach for.
Gratitude has really precise impacts on the brain and anxiety. I like to
write down 10 things that I'm grateful for, and write down each one
three times. Gratitude is literally you're just pointing out to the brain
things that have already happened, that are good. And it tilts this ratio,
so we're taking in a lot less negative stuff. This, by the way, lets more
novel stuff come through. Gratitude can work as a 'flow trigger that way.

The second one is mindfulness - 11 minutes a day of mindfulness
practice. You know, follow your breath, focus meditation basically, is
enough to really calm down your nervous system, make you less
emotional-reactive.
Your third option is exercise -

enough. And if you're exercising for mental hygiene, right, for cognition,
and wanna get into flow, you wanna exercise until basically the voice in
your head gets really quiet and your lungs open up. Both things happen
because there's a global release of nitric oxide, it's a gaseous, signaling
molecule that's sort of everywhere in the body. One of the things it does
is it flushes stress hormones out of your system. It'll reset the nervous
system, sort of back to baseline, back to zero.
This is a new memory-learning memory. It is a good thing for you to get

enough sleep, and a bad thing for you if not. People need to sleep before
learning, and people also need to sleep after learning. When you are
asleep, the memory can consolidate all the information into your brain.
From this point, it may only get worse. Not only will I tell you about the
wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep, but the
alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't get enough, both for
your brain and your body. Let me start with the brain and the functions
of learning and memory, because what we've discovered over the past 10
or so years is that you need sleep after learning to essentially hit the
save button on those new memories so that you don't forget. But
recently, we discovered that you also need sleep before learning and now
to actually prepare your brain almost like a dry sponge, ready to initially
soak up new information. And without sleep, the memory circuits of the
brain essentially become waterlogged, as it were. And you can't absorb
new memories.
So, I am gonna talk a little bit briefly about different systems of memory,
umm, and in fact, much of the memory that influences and guides our
everyday life actually kind of hides in the background. You actually don't
know that when you are using the bulk of your memory. And this is called
implicit or procedural memory. This includes things like cultural and
social norms, so kind of understanding how you are supposed to behave
in a classroom or expecting a certain thing to happen when you walk into
a restaurant. These are all things that we have learned and acquired
over our years but it's not necessarily something that we think about.
Language, also, in many aspects, is something that is fairly automatic
and we've acquired and used very naturally, and other learned skills such
as reading or driving. These are things that might have been effortful at
one time, but now they just come very easily and automatically to us.
And in fact, if you actually try to describe to somebody how you drive or
how to drive, it actually kind of messes you up. So these are in a lot of,
well, in a lot of cases, consciousness kind of gets in the way of a lot of
these aspects of implicit memory.
Now when we're talking about our memory, so for instance, people tell
me a lot that their memories are bad, when people are saying, when they
talk about their memory, they're usually talking about explicit or episodic
memory, and these are very different from implicit memories. These are
memories that have a very specific tag or space and time. These are
highly personal memories usually, so this could be everything from
remembering what you ate for breakfast to what you did on your last
vacation or remembering a significant birthday that you had several
years ago or in the past, or just an answer to a multiple-choice question
on a test.
There are two main categories of memory. Implicit memory, which is also
called procedural memory, cannot be consciously recalled. It is an
experiential or functional form of memory, informed by cultural and social
background. With implicit memory, behaviors are automatic. We recall
implicit memories naturally, so we are not aware when we are using
them. Examples of implicit memory include using languages naturally,
driving automatically, reading, and writing. When people try to
consciously describe how to drive, they may misrepresent how they
actually drive.
What we often describe as 'bad memory' is an explicit memory. Explicit
memory is also known as episodic memory, which is totally different from
implicit memory. It's more about time and space and is often related to
personal life experiences. Some examples of explicit memory include
remembering birthdays from many years ago or answering multiple-
choice questions in a test.
Honeybees do a waggle dance to direct other bees to sources of nectar,
but dancing bees like this one can be halted by a headbutt from another
bee. Now, researchers have found that this headbutt is actually a
warning signal. A feeding station was set up in the lab to mimic a source
of nectar. Then, foraging bees were introduced to dangers at the
station, such as competition from rival colonies. When foragers returned
to the hive, they stopped bees dancing. Scientists think the behavior
warns dancers of a dangerous source of nectar.
Social skills are vital in enabling an individual to have and maintain

positive interactions with others. Many of these skills are crucial in
making and sustaining friendships. Social interactions do not always run
smoothly, and an individual needs to be able to implement appropriate
strategies, such as conflict resolution, when difficulties in interactions
arise. It is also important for individuals to have 'empathy' as it allows
them to respond in an understanding and caring way to how others are
feeling. Children are facing social difficulties with particular risks. Young
people who do not have strong relationships with the adults in their
family are even more at risk. In an experiment in a high school, which
lasted for 8 to 12 weeks, the students were told to be a movie director
and to choose their own story structure. The students worked with
each other, which involved lots of different skills, and social interactivity.
The movies they had made were actually cool. Then, the researchers
tested the intervention effect, finding this can improve their self-
regulation, and they found this can improve their self-regulation and
critical thinking skills.
Metaverse
The tech industry loves a buzzword. And right now, everyone is talking
about the metaverse. Broadly speaking, the metaverse can be defined as
a virtual world where we can live, work, travel and play. But it doesn't
actually exist yet, and just like Gaudi's cathedral, the Sagrada Familia, it
may take a while to complete.
But that hasn't stopped businesses of all shapes and sizes from trying
to get involved. J.P. Morgan, HSBC, Gucci and Coca-Cola are among a
few of the firms that have dabbled with the metaverse so far. And of
course, there's Meta, the company formerly known as Facebook.
While the metaverse is mostly science fiction at this stage, there are
some early versions of it out there that show us what might be possible.
Here at
Barcelona's Mobile World Congress, many of them are on display.
Many in the tech industry claim that the metaverse is the next phase of
the internet. Companies like Meta are hailing it as this sort of utopia
that will make the time we spend online more interactive and fun. They
also say it will present businesses with new ways to make money. A lot
of money.
Urban Development
Urban development is one of the main ways that human beings impact
the earth. From the structures that we call home, to our schools,
hospitals, workplaces and the infrastructure that we travel on, our built
world now accounts for a significant portion of all greenhouse gas
emissions produced worldwide. From initiatives to make entire cities
carbon-neutral to innovations in concrete manufacture and even smog-
eating buildings, the construction industry is beginning to recognize its
role and respond, but much more needs to be done and at a faster rate.
To make a real difference we must reach beyond the construction sector
and enable each and every one of us to better understand how our
buildings are impacting the planet.

Technology can play a key role here, particularly in the form of the digital
twin systems that have supported other sectors for many years.
Creating a digital replica of a physical building that actually behaves like
the real structure and provides crucial information on real life
performance can enable us to better understand how our buildings are
performing and simulate how they may perform in the future under a
range of scenarios. Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine
learning, these so-called digital twins can improve energy resilience,
reduce operating costs, increase resource efficiency, and help to de-
carbonize our buildings.
Pumped-Storage Hydropower
Water; it's the most important substance on earth. Without it, we
wouldn't survive. it's also helped power our lives for more than a century.
More than 6 percent of our nation's electricity comes from hydropower.
And as wind and solar power continue to grow, water can also play an
important role in bringing more renewable resources on to the power
grid.
One way is by storing energy through a technology known as pumped-

storage hydropower. Think of it as a big battery, flexible enough to
respond to various power demands. When the sun is shining and the
wind is blowing, electricity is in high supply, so water is pumped up to
higher elevation reservoirs during this time. When the sun goes down or
the wind stops blowing, water is released back to lower reservoirs,
basically filling in the gaps during peak demand and generating the
needed electricity.
Pumped-storage is the most dominant form of energy storage on the
already installed in the United States, with future opportunities to more

than double that, keeping the grid reliable and ready to add more
renewable electricity to the mix at low operating costs.
Skyscrapers Ban
On 27 April 2020, China's Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural
Development issued a Notice that introduced measures to in its own
words "further strengthen the management of urban and architectural
features". The document, which we've translated from its original
Chinese, restricts the "blind planning and construction of super high-rise
skyscrapers" and states that "new buildings over 500 metres in height
are not allowed to be built."
The Notice also heavily restricts the construction of any buildings over
250 metres in height - except where absolutely necessary - and, where

permission is granted, those towers will be subject to intense reviews
by the firefighting, earthquake and energy-saving authorities.
In addition, local governments are now required to tighten the approval

process for towers taller than 100 metres, protect natural areas and
historic buildings, and appoint chief architects to ensure that any new
architecture better represents Chinese culture.
The policy also bans plagiarized or "copycat" architecture a controversial

and head-turning trend which has seen a number of world's most famous
buildings replicated across China in recent years.
No Mega-tall Skyscrapers
New York's lack of mega-tall skyscrapers actually has nothing to do with
engineering. It's entirely feasible to build over 600-metres high in the
city thanks to solid bedrock and an incredible amount of expertise in the
local area. If you wanted to build a mega-tall then you could but that's
the problem. Hardly anyone wants to build a skyscraper that high in this
city for a whole host of reasons.
Firstly, there just isn't the demand. Manhattan's office market - which
drove construction of the Empire State, World Trade Center and One
Vanderbilt had become saturated before the pandemic and will likely take
some time to recover afterwards. The luxury real estate market, which
drove the construction of several super slender towers from small
parcels of land along Billionaires Row in recent years, has also been
cooling off. Those structures only really became financially viable because
of the prices they were able to command for their location and park
views. You couldn't let commercial space for anywhere near the same
rate.
Past mega-tall skyscrapers have cost well over a billion US dollars to

construct, so any developer would need to recoup a pretty considerable
sum from office or residential lets to make a profit. But past mega-tall
skyscrapers were not constructed in New York - a market that
frequently tops the list of the world's most expensive cities to build in.
Project's here cost several hundred dollars more per square foot to build
than in the Middle East or Asia.
Fascinating Black Holes

Black holes are among the most fascinating objects in our universe, and
also the most mysterious. A black hole is a region in space where the
force of gravity is so strong, not even light, the fastest known entity in
our universe, can escape. The boundary of a black hole is called the event
horizon, a point of no return, beyond which we truly cannot see. When
something crosses the event horizon, it collapses into the black hole's
singularity, an infinitely small, infinitely dense point where space, time,
and the laws of physics no longer apply.
Scientists have theorized several different types of black holes, with

stellar and supermassive black holes being the most common. Stellar
black holes form when massive stars die and collapse. They're roughly 10
to 20 times the mass of our sun, and scattered throughout the
universe. There could be millions of these stellar black holes in the Milky
Way alone. Supermassive black holes are giants by comparison,
measuring millions, even billions of times, more massive than our sun.
Scientists can only guess how they form, but we do know they exist at
the center of just about every large galaxy, including our own.
Dogs are noted for their extreme friendliness towards humans. They
crave human company and gaze intently at their human companions. The
partnership between dogs and humans stretches back tens of
thousands of years into prehistoric times. It has worked out surprisingly
abundant land carnivore.

Dogs evolved from wolves through a process of domestication by
humans. Even when they are hand-raised by humans, modern wolves
seldom show the degree of devotion to humans that dogs do. This has
led scientists to suspect that the hypersociality of dogs towards
humans is more than just a learned trait, and has to do with evolved
genetic differences between dogs and wolves.
In 2022, a team of American geneticists published findings identifying
genetic differences between dogs and wolves that may be responsible
for the special canine attachment to humans. On chromosome number
six of the dog genome, the researchers identified several genes
associated with dog hypersociality. Interestingly, these genes
correspond to parts of the human genome that are also involved in social
behavior. Specifically, mutations in the corresponding part of the human
genome can lead to a rare condition called Williams-Beuren syndrome.
People with this syndrome have hypersocial behavior like that of dogs,
along with certain cognitive deficits. Researchers have found evidence
that dogs may have cognitive deficits like those of people with this
syndrome.
The findings might tell us about far more than just how social devotion to
humans evolved in dogs. Given the genetic similarities, they may tell us
much about how social behavior evolved in humans.
When something angers us, humans have rapid cognitions that motivate
us to improve our mood. But anger itself can inhibit our ability to reach
equilibrium: we see this in how angry people ruminate on how bad they
feel, or how they try to vent their anger and end up prompting
aggression. So, there must be a better way to regulate emotion aside
from ruminating and venting that help keep aggression at bay. And it
turns out, that has a lot to do with how much a person is aware of and
able to classify their emotions. This is called emotion differentiation.
For example, if people lack the capacity to describe and classify what
they are feeling at a given time, they will find it difficult to discern more
detail about their emotions beyond the fact that they feel "bad." Low
emotion differentiators are more distracted and less engaged during
times of stress, and also less capable of thinking carefully about their
options for how to behave under stress. High emotion differentiators
spend less time on counterproductive practices, such as ruminating and
venting.
When people are better at differentiating their negative emotions, they
have better emotional control, which means they have more ways of
kely to turn to aggression in the
first place. Feeling angry is a part of life. But being aware of what kind of
herd. Research suggests that over thousands of years, some dogs got
bigger due to the nature of their job: as important managers of
livestock, early canines doubled in size to protect their flocks from
predators. A study of ancient canine bone fragments and teeth in
Croatia determined that 8,000 years ago, Neolithic farmers immigrated
to the area with their furry friends in tow. This early breed weighed a
little over 30 pounds. Two millennia later, at the start of the Bronze
Age, dogs averaged about 40 pounds. By the Roman period, 2,000 years
ago, dogs clocked in at more than 50 pounds. In other words, dogs went
Villages were becoming bigger, needing more land to grow crops. This
meant livestock were pastured further from villages, often in the
had to travel long distances, they had to scare off hungry bears and
wolves. Farmers, wanting the best guardians for their herds, selectively
bred their dogs to be larger.
climate. The climate crisis has widespread ramifications. Ecologists are

worried that many species will become extinct, because they might not
oles, or towards higher

elevations, to avoid the heat. Since ecosystems are varied and complex,
ecologists can only find out by studying many specific cases. A team of
American ecologists explored this possibility for a species of
hummingbirds native to No
-slope into the

cooler mountains during the summer. If climate warming continues, the
team hypothesized, the birds might adapt by migrating farther up. To
test whether this was really possible, the researchers studied the
altitude. They captured the birds from across their normal range in the
Sierra Nevada, and moved them to a research station near a mountain
peak, four thousand feet higher than the birds normally venture. They
found that the hummingbirds had big difficulties adapting to the lower air
pressure and oxygen levels, which caused a drop in their metabolic rate
and flight efficiency. Although the researchers still want to study the
effects of longer exposure, their tentative conclusion was that it would
be hard for the birds to adapt. Their results remind us how complicated
Fish are important because they help maintain the health of marine
ecosystems and provide support to other marine life. They are an
important part of the food web because they are predators to smaller
organisms and prey to marine mammals and seabirds globally. They also
support humans. About 80 million tons of fish are harvested annually.
This volume is enough to feed all Filipinos with their annual fish
consumption for 20 years. And there are currently about 60 million
people working in the fishing industry globally.
But on a global scale, 33 percent of fisheries are overfished, meaning
too many fish are being harvested. This may cause fish populations to
become depleted and not able to recover. 67 percent are fully exploited,
meaning additional fishing effort could lead to the fisheries' collapse. Only
10 percent have room to grow, with just 10 percent of the fisheries
having a room to grow. We might experience a global fishing crisis.
David Olivia Garcia is a co-host of New Mexico in Focus and is also the
managing editor for the New Mexico Independent, which is an online
news site. He says that the Internet has some great benefits for
journalism. The Internet is this new, amazing medium. Not so new: it's
been around quite some time now. But it's maturing as, among other
things, a place for journalism. In a sense, the Internet allows you to tell
stories better than in a newspaper or on television. For this reason, you
can do it all online: you can have the written word, you can have still
photographs, you can have video. You can link and kind of connect to the
other journalism that has been done on a given topic. So it's not like
you're in a vacuum. The Internet has had a negative impact on these
papers. However, John Fleck, who is a columnist for the Albuquerque
Journal and also has his own blog, says that he doesn't think that's
entirely the case. It really makes me more efficient as a journalist in
terms of information gathering, confirmation, helping me get the
background necessary to write a story. So it's really good for that.
New Home Future

Homes are usually the largest purchase of a lifetime. So, every home
should stand the test of time. Zero Energy Ready Homes to the rescue.
They are designed, constructed, and certified to the federal
government's most rigorous guidelines for efficient, healthy,
comfortable, and durable homes. This is accomplished with three proven
innovations that help every homebuyer get the most from their new
home.
Innovation number one is Maximum Protection Construction. This

includes industry-leading best practices for roof, wall, window, and
foundation assemblies that protect against heat, cold, drafts, and
moisture. Innovation number two is Advanced Technologies. A
comprehensive technology package helps your home work and last. High-
performance heating and cooling deliver total comfort. ENERGY STAR®
labeled products save money while exceeding performance expectations
And solar-ready construction allows a solar electric system to be added
in the future with no cost penalty or disruption. And finally, Innovation
number three is Certified Performance. Each home is independently
verified to meet all the requirements for three national high-performance
home programs. ENERGY STAR Certified Home ensures a strong
foundation of above-code efficiency, comfort, and water protection.
Indoor airPlus certification ensures a comprehensive package of health
measures that help you breathe better. And Zero Energy Ready Home
certification optimizes performance and efficiency so annual energy
consumption can be offset with renewable energy.
Evolution is a scientific theory used by biologists. It explains how living
things change over a long time and how they have come to be the way
they are. The Earth has been around for a very long time. By doing
research on the layers of rock, we can find out about its past. That kind
of research is called historical geology. We know that living things have
changed over time because we can see their remains in the rocks. These
remains are called fossils. So we know that the animals and plants of
today are different from those of long ago, and the further we go back,
the more different the fossils are.
How has this come about? That evolution has taken place is a fact
because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence. At the
same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by
biologists. Comparison of DNA sequences allows organisms to be
grouped by how similar their sequences are. In 2010, an analysis
compared sequences to phylogenetic trees and supported the idea of
common descent. There is now strong quantitative support for a formal

test for the unity of life. The theory of evolution is the basis of modern
biology. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.
A UFO, unidentified flying object, is any object flying in the sky which
cannot be identified by the person who sees it. Sometimes, the object is
investigated. If people can still not figure out what the object is after an
investigation, it's called a UFO. If they figure out what the object is, it
can no longer be called a UFO because it has been identified. Even
though UFOs can be anything, people often use the word UFO when
they're talking about alien spacecraft. Flying saucer is another word that
is often used to describe an unidentified flying object.
Studies estimate that fifty to ninety percent of all reported UFO
sightings are identified later; usually 10 to 20 percent are never
identified. Studies also show that very few UFO sightings are hoaxes:
people trying to trick other people. Most UFOs are actually natural or
man-made objects that look strange. 80 to 90 percent of UFOs are
identified as one of three different things: astronomical causes, for
example, planets, stars, or meteors, aircraft, balloons, including
weather balloons; 10 to 20 percent of UFOs are other causes, such as
birds, clouds, mirages, searchlights, etc.
Let's look at the size of rain, and how raindrops fall. First, we'll need the
Sun. When the Sun shines on water on the Earth's surface, the heat of
the Sun warms the water, turning it into an invisible gas called water
vapor. This process, the changing of water into a gas, is called
evaporation. Because gases are lighter than liquids, water vapor rises
up into the sky, and the further you move up and away from the Earth's
surface, the colder the temperature gets. So in the sky, the water
vapor cools and changes back into tiny water droplets. This change is
called condensation, and is the opposite of evaporation.
Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets. So when condensation
occurs in the sky, clouds form and grow. Let's take a closer look. When
water droplets bump into one another, they stick together and grow in
size. They continue to grow until they are too heavy and fall as rain. They
even grow as they bump into one another on their journey from the cloud
to the ground, and every single raindrop that reaches the ground is
made up of 1 million of the original tiny water droplets. Raindrops fall
onto the ground surface, or the Sun can shine on them, and the whole
process happens again. This is called the water cycle and keeps water
moving from the ground to the sky, providing the water needed for
plants, animals, and people to survive.
What is precipitation? Clouds hold millions of tiny water droplets. Over

time, a cloud can hold more and more tiny droplets of water and pieces
of ice. Wind and hot temperature make the droplets and pieces bump
into each other. They then group together; they get bigger and heavier
until they are too heavy to stay in the cloud. They fall to the ground as
something called precipitation.
Precipitation can include rain, snow, hail, or sleet. Precipitation can form
into different types. This is because the differences in temperatures. If
the air between the cloud and the ground is warm, the precipitation will
fall as rain. If the rain freezes between the cloud and the ground, it
becomes sleet. If the air is in the cloud and it blows very cold, the
precipitation will fall as snow. Hail forms when ice crystals get blown
upward inside of a cloud over and over. The ice will get bigger and bigger
each time until it finally falls from the sky. Sleet is smaller than hail.
Sleet falls in cold weather. Precipitation comes from storms.
Thunderstorms are the most common type of storm. They are caused
when warm, wet air hits cold, dry air. The warm, wet air rises fast to
form huge clouds.
Humans are pretty lucky with the way we can communicate. Unlike
animals, we have the perfect length necks and excellent control of our
breaths. Both of these characteristics allow us to form words. Although
animals can't talk like us, they still have special ways to communicate.
For example, dolphins have one of the most sophisticated forms of
communication. They make distinct whistling sounds that help identify
themselves. Dolphins may also squeak or Yelp depending on the
situation. Nevertheless, each sound releases meaningful information.
You have probably heard some birds say words just like us, but they are
merely repeating what they hear. Most birds communicate through
songs and squawks that can be beautiful for us to listen to. Other
animals communicate without making a sound. Elephants show affection
by wrapping their trunks around each other; whales leap out of the
water to send messages to their friends; bees perform a special dance
when they have located nectar in a tree. Even if it's just our pet dog
wagging his tail or a pet cat purring, all animals have their own way to
convey information to us and each other.
There are 118 species of weaverbirds, and most live in sub-Saharan

Africa. While some species live on the open savannah and eat mostly
seeds, others live in forests and prefer feasting on insects. Researchers
looked at studies done on different species of weaverbirds to examine
the relationships between their diets, habits, and social behavior.
They found that seed-eating birds living in the open savannah tended to
forage in groups, nest in large colonies, and have multiple mates per
breeding season. The insect-eating, forest-dwelling birds, on the other
hand, were more likely to forage and nest alone, and have a single mate
per season.
These divergent social behaviors are likely influenced by their different
diets and habitats. Working together makes it easier for birds that eat
seeds out on the savannah to find spots with a large supply of seeds.
There's also safety in numbers out on the open savannah, further
incentivizing flocking. Their polygamous breeding may be a result of the
smaller number of nesting sites in the savannah.
By contrast, working together to find food wouldn't help forest-dwelling,
insect-eating weaverbirds as much, since insects tend to be more widely
dispersed. There are a lot more suitable nesting sites in the forest, so
for birds with more solitary lives. It seems that birds that eat bugs
The word "solstice" means 'sun standing' in Latin. It marks the point
when the sun stops at its most northerly or southerly point, relative to
the equator. Before reversing direction, the summer solstice, the sun
would appear at its highest point in the sky, and it is the day with the
longest period of daylight. It happens twice a year, once in both the
northern and southern hemispheres. The summer solstice in the
northern hemisphere occurs around the 21st of June, but it does not
always occur on this day. As it all depends on when the sun reaches its
northernmost point from the celestial equator, it can happen between
the 20th to the 22nd of June.
Around this time in areas north of the Arctic Circle, it is possible to
witness the sun not set at all, so it is dubbed the land of the midnight
sun for this very reason. This occurs because the Earth's rotational axis
is tilted. The Earth rotates around an axis inclined at an angle of 23.5
degrees in relation to its orbital plane around the sun. It is this tilt that
gives us our seasons. Summer occurs in the hemisphere that is tilted
towards the sun, while winter falls on the hemisphere that is tilted away
from the sun.
A sea breeze is an onshore breeze that develops around the coastlines

of the sea and even large lakes on warm days. In mid-latitudes, it
commonly occurs during the spring and summer when there is a large
temperature difference between the sea and adjacent land areas. A sea
breeze is a thermally driven circulation, forming due to the fact that the
land heats up more quickly than the sea. Water has a higher specific
heat capacity and so requires more energy to raise its temperature. As
the sun radiates energy at more or less a constant rate, it will take
longer for the water to heat up. This means that peak sea surface
temperatures aren't reached until early autumn.
This differential heating of adjacent land and sea surfaces is the main
factor in the formation of sea breezes. A temperature difference of
around 3 degrees Celsius is required for sea breezes to start to
develop. Other factors that are required for sea breezes to form are
light offshore winds at around 3000 feet. This aids the higher-level flow
out to sea to get the process started.

After World War II, European countries increased their efforts to live
peacefully together on their small continent. To improve business and
trade, six countries - Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and
the Netherlands - came together in 1958 to create a common economy
and currency. These countries agreed not to use trade barriers like
tariffs, embargoes, or quotas with each other. This led to a more
prosperous economy in these countries. As the years went on, more
European countries joined this group called The European Union, or EU
for short. There are currently 21 countries in the EU after the United
Kingdom left. And there are other countries like Turkey that hope to join
the EU.
The EU worked to help create jobs in poor parts of Europe and pass laws
to protect the environment. The group or Union focused on the idea that
all goods, services, people, and money should be able to move freely
through the EU countries. Europeans no longer had to carry their
passports when traveling between the EU countries. They could instead
travel from country to country much like the people in the United States
travel from state to state.
Sweetened condensed milk is a good ingredient for sweet recipes

because of all the added sugar--about 25% by weight. But when
sweetened condensed milk was invented in the 1800s, the original
reason for adding sugar to the milk was not for flavor, but for protection
against spoilage. And it works--even after you open the can, sweetened
condensed milk keeps longer than fresh milk. That added sugar kills
bacteria that would otherwise digest the milk and spoil it. The sugar kills
not by poisoning the bacteria, but by a more direct physical process. It
draws water out of the bacteria so the bacterial cells shrivel and die.
Each bacterial cell has a sort of skin--technically, a membrane. Water
can pass through this membrane pretty easily, but substances dissolved
in the water can't. Water has a natural tendency to move toward any
region where there's a high concentration of dissolved substances. A
bacterial cell in a can of sweetened condensed milk finds itself immersed
in an extremely concentrated solution of sugar. Water inside the cell
will, therefore, pass out through the cell membrane into the sugary
solution. The bacterial cell dehydrates and dies in a sea of sugary water.
Sugar added to fruit has the same effect--that's the idea behind fruit
preserves. Other foods are preserved with salt, exploiting the same
principle.
Fahrenheit. Believe it or not, steam is invisible--you can see right

through it! If you look closely at the end of your kettle's spout, you'll
notice that the white stuff doesn't start right away. It begins billowing
about half an inch away from the nozzle, with clear gas in between. This
clear gas is the actual steam. The billowy white stuff is what the steam
turns into when it hits the drier, cooler air of your kitchen. Those white
billows are, in fact, clouds, not steam. In many ways, they are identical
to the clouds you can see in the sky. The white color comes from tiny
liquid water droplets that have condensed from the steam. More
These can form when two separate air masses--with different

temperatures and different amounts of water in them--mix together. In
the case of your kettle, the hot, steamy gas cools rapidly in the kitchen
air, and this sudden coolness is what makes some of the vapor
condense. Mixing clouds are pretty common, and they don't need to
a cold winter day
mixing with air that's cooler and drier.
Why does altitude cause a headache? Since the air is thinner at higher
altitudes, there is less oxygen in the blood, so blood flow to the brain
increases. The extra blood can cause blood vessels to swell, and tissues
to press on the sensitive membrane that surrounds the brain, resulting
in a headache. But not everyone develops a headache at moderately high
altitudes, partly because the low oxygen content of the air causes the
climber to breathe more often, forcing carbon dioxide out of the blood.
The body reacts to the lowered carbon dioxide content of the blood by
decreasing blood flow to the brai
altitude-induced headache, as well as the severity of the headache,
depends on whether the overall blood flow to the brain increases or
decreases.
At high altitudes, usually over 10,000 feet, an unrelated condition known
as high-altitude cerebral edema, or HACE, can develop. HACE occurs
when parts of the brain become waterlogged. Unlike altitude-induced
headache, which occurs in over ninety percent of the people who ascend
to 11,000 feet, HACE is a rare disorder. Characterized by mental
confusion, hallucinations, and a drunken stagger, HACE is almost always
fatal if descent is not immediate.

LISTENING FILL IN THE
BLANKS

There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the
country with just over 300 million people. And most of those vehicles, of
course, are gas (Answer: powered) . This poses a huge challenge given
the limited supplies of oil and the growing (Answer: urgency) of the global
warming crisis. But there is good news, according to our guests today.
And that is we have the know-how and the technology to build (Answer:
sleek) , fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These vehicles of
tomorrow are powered by (Answer: hydrogen) , electricity, bio-fuels, and
digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from
putting them on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
.The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In

Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to (Answer:
criticisms) of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating
that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include
preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of
resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based
assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative (Answer: element)
and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages
stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design (Answer:
innovators) . The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well
as details about 'having, growing, and proving' ideas. (Answer: Colloquial)
judgments are evident in terms such as 'wow' and 'yawn' and reward the
quality and quantity of ideas with the term, 'sparkiness', which fittingly is
a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In
addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or
(Answer: complexity) control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful
criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for
qualities such as 'technical' and 'aesthetic' pertaining to users, are too
narrow and ill-defined. The author provides (Answer: examples) of the
project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments,
and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in
the Appendix.

This year marks the 400th anniversary of the first (Answer: permanent)
English settlement in America. A group of Englishmen, including John
Smith, who
(Answer: later) was befriended by Pocahontas, built a (Answer: fort) at

Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, 13 years before the Pilgrims crossed the
(Answer: Atlantic) on the Mayflower. And for the past 14 years, Bill
Kelso has been working to (Answer: uncover) the secrets of Jamestown.
Social harm originates out of a series of (Answer: debates) within

criminology about the narrowness of the definition of crime, that
essentially, focuses on individual acts of harm, things like inter-personal
violence, theft, so on and so forth. So the idea of social harm (Answer:
originally) was to expand that notion of harm to encompass the harms
that organisations and nation states cause. But latterly the idea of
social harm really now transcends criminology so there are a group of
(Answer: writers) who think that and I would include myself there that
actually there's something to social harm that could be very useful in
terms of trying to understand the harms that
(Answer: occur) within society, to produce an objective and well-rounded

analyses of harm.
Candace Galen is based at the University of Missouri, in Columbia. And,

being a biologist, she thought, why not use this astronomical (Answer:
phenomenon) to study a biological one? Specifically: as the skies
(Answer: darkened) , would daytime pollinators, like bumblebees and
honeybees, call it (Answer: quits) ? "What better activity during an
eclipse than to go out with a recorder and record the bees?" "So Galen
asked 400 citizen scientists--including young students--to place audio
recorders in 16 flower patches along the path of totality, in Oregon,
Idaho and Missouri. When they analyzed the audio, they found that
during (Answer: partial) eclipse, bee buzzing continued. But when totality
hit, the bees went silent and only the conversational buzz of human
observers could be heard. Then, as the moon passed and the sun again
lit up the sky, the bees (Answer: regained) their buzz.
Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop (Answer:

technologies) which allow chemistry to be practiced with minimal damage
to the environment, or in an environmentally (Answer: compatible) way,
and it's meant to cover both chemical processes and chemical (Answer:
products) . The center was set up about seven or eight years ago. And
the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered
(Answer: fundamental) research work, international collaboration, but

also educational development on public (Answer: understanding) of the
project as well, and also networking so we network out to well over
1000 people around the globe.
What I'm trying to understand, and what other (Answer: colleagues) of

mine are trying to understand, is how we moved from that cold climate
condition to the warm climate condition that we enjoy today. We know
from ice core research that the
(Answer: transition) from these cold (Answer: conditions) to warm

conditions wasn't smooth, as you might predict from the slow increase
in solar radiation. And we know this from ice cores, because if you drill
down into ice, you find annual bands of ice, and you can see this in the
iceberg. You can see those blue-white layers. Gases are
(Answer: trapped) in the ice cores, so we can measure CO2 that's why
we know CO2 was lower in the past and the chemistry of the ice also
tells us about
(Answer: temperature) in the polar regions.

The way I look back in the past is by using the fossilized remains of
(Answer: deep-water) corals. You can see an image of one of these
corals behind me. It was collected from close to (Answer: Antarctica) ,
thousands of meters below the sea, so, very different than the kinds of
corals you may have been (Answer: lucky) enough to see if you've had a
tropical holiday. So I'm hoping that this talk will give you a four-
dimensional view of the (Answer: ocean) . Two dimensions, such as this
beautiful two-dimensional image of the sea surface (Answer:
temperature) . This was taken using satellite, so it's got (Answer:
tremendous) spatial resolution. The overall features are (Answer:
extremely) easy to understand. The equatorial regions are warm
because there's more sunlight. The polar regions are cold because
there's less sunlight. And that allows big (Answer: ice-caps) to build up
on Antarctica and up in the Northern Hemisphere.
You know, without getting into the details of (Answer: exactly) how that
happened or how she got it out, let's just say it was a bad situation. And
she panicked because, like for many of us, her phone is one of the most
used and (Answer: essential) tools in her life. But, on the other hand, she
had no idea how to fix it, because it's a completely (Answer: mysterious)
black box. So, think about it: what would you do? What do you really
understand about how your phone works? What are you willing to test or
fix? For most people, the answer is, nothing. In fact, one survey found
that almost 80 percent of smartphone users in this country have never
even replaced their phone (Answer: batteries) , and 25 percent didn't
even know this was (Answer: possible) .
Perhaps you've seen pictures of the (Answer: large) array of, you know,
those radio telescopes in New Mexico, scanning the skies for (Answer:
intelligent) life in the movie contact Well radiant astronomers have
caused to (Answer: celebrate) the first phase of a giant new Radio
Telescope Array went (Answer: operational) in Northern California, it's
going to help astronomers study things like black holes and dark
(Answer: galaxies) . All the while scanning the stars for, who knows,
radio
(Answer: signals) coming from somewhere else in the universe. Maybe ET

is phoning home.
The Earth is warning. Almost all the Arctic (Answer: summer) ice may
have melted by the end of the century, claims the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change the IPCC. The upside. (Answer: Access) to an
estimated quarter of the world's oil and gas resources and the (Answer:
opening) of the fabled Northwest Passage. The downside. The Arctic
wilderness is lost as (Answer: neighboring) countries, Denmark and
Greenland, Russia, Canada, Norway, and the United States all race to
(Answer: share) in the bounty.

Interesting sound. I would have guessed a Wild West performer was
(Answer: practicing) with a bullwhip while also vacuuming. But no. That
sound is apparently produced by the aurora borealis, the northern lights.
Since 2,000 researchers at Finland's Aalto University have been
(Answer: collecting) audio, as part of what's called the Auroral Acoustics
project. Folk tales have long held that the lights also produce odd
sounds, but the claims were hard to prove. And some researchers
thought that any noises produced by the (Answer: energetic) particles,
that cause the light show would be far too high in the sky to be heard on
the ground. But the latest results indicate that at least some sounds
are produced very close to the ground. A setup of three ground-based
(Answer: microphones) allowed researchers to estimate that the
sounds occur perhaps just 70 meters up. The results were just
presented at the International Congress on Sound and Vibration in
Vilnius, Lithuania. More information about the sounds of the northern
lights could lead to a more complete understanding of the (Answer:
phenomenon) . So if you see an aurora, keep your ears open.
Have you ever wanted to turn down the volume at a deafening (Answer:
concert) or noisy bar? Envy the whale: a new study finds that toothed
whales can reduce their own auditory sensitivity when they expect a loud
sound. The work is presented at this week's Acoustics 2012 meeting.
Whales and dolphins rely on their responsive hearing to interpret
returning echolocation clicks. Previous research suggested that these
marine mammals could dull their hearing before uttering outgoing
echolocation (Answer: clicks) , which are very loud. Could they use the
same coping mechanism for (Answer: external) noises? To find out,
researchers trained a false killer whale that a loud noise would always
follow a brief warning (Answer: signal) . Then, they attached suction cup
sensors to the outside of the whale's head and played the signal. The
sensors (Answer: measured) brainwaves that indicated the whale did
reduce its hearing sensitivity in expectation of a clamour. The
researchers hope to test other species as well. Loud noises from ships
can disturb whales. To accommodate (Answer: marine) life, perhaps
vessels could emit signals before making a ruckus, warning whales to
tune us out.
Environment problems caused by hard rock mining involve water pollution

by metals themselves, chemicals used in processing, acid (Answer:

drainage) and sediment. Metals and metal-like elements in the ore are
(Answer: toxic) and prone to cause trouble by ending up in nearby
(Answer: streams) and water tables as a result of mining operations.
the finest of several (Answer: depictions) of the thick-stemmed, nodding

blooms that Van Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles.
The first is now in the collection of the National Gallery in London, and
the second is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Van Gogh
referred to this work as a (Answer: repetition) of the London painting.
But art historians and curators have long been (Answer: curious) to
considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An

(Answer: extensive) research project conducted over the past three
years by conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van
as an exact copy of the (Answer: original) endriks, a

professor of conservation and restoration at the University of
Amsterdam, who was the lead researcher on the project.
Working together, they figured out that if the government was going to
(Answer: propose) some kinds of significant tax increases, which is a

good
(Answer: strategy) require me to at least lie something like (Answer:

getting) something for those big tax brackets, not seeing any results.
So the result of that was in the (Answer: package) of legislation that
included the tax increases. There was awesome information to have
significant (Answer: expansion) of coverage families where they can buy
into their private (Answer: insurance) .
Rebuilding carbon-rich agriculture soils is the only real productive,

(Answer: permanent) solution to taking excess carbon dioxide from the
(Answer: frustrated)
opportunities she sees. This year Australia will (Answer: emit) just over
600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million tonnes of

carbon by (Answer: increasing) soil carbon by half a percent on only 2%
of the farms. If we increased it on all of the farms, we would sequester
the (Answer: whole)
Well, Alex, the National Association of Realtors is at least putting the

champagne on ice. The industry group says the (Answer: slight) rise in
sales for previously owned homes shows the housing market is finally
stabilizing, which is the first sign of a recovery. Now, that of course is
an interpretation of the (Answer: numbers)
from an organization known for being somewhat of a cheerleader for the
losing a lot of money in the slump. Now, for a more (Answer: sober) view,
I talked to Wellesley housing economist Karl Case, and he says the slight
uptick in sales hardly (Answer: offsets) the fact that numbers are down
20 percent from the year before.
Early Chocolate
The earlier chocolate was quite unpalatable. They used to add things to
it to make it more palatable, so for the early chocolate, they didn't know
how to extract all the (cocoa) fat from it, so it was, or could be quite
(greasy) and if you made it as a drink, you'd have this sort of scum on the
top. So, they used to try and add things to it, like (starch) and things, to
make it a more palatable product. So, there were a lot of or (scandals)
around the kind of things they were adding to chocolate in the
nineteenth century. So, by the sort of 1870s, 1880s, there are people
like Cadbury's saying, 'Our chocolate is absolutely pure'. We have this
new process, the Van Houten process which now extracts all this
(horrible) fat that we can use to make eating chocolate. Now we have a
pure product.
Seminal Difference
One seminal difference in policy remains; the (coalition) has not matched
what is Labor's most important innovation promise. That is to bring
together responsibilities for innovation, industry, science and research
under one single federal minister. Innovation responsibilities (currently)
lie within the powerful Department of Education and Science, and while
there is a (separate) industry department, it has little influence within
Cabinet. This has (hampered) policy development and given Australia's
innovation policies a distinct science and research (bias). It is the
scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in innovation
policy in Canberra, so it's no surprise our policies are all about boosting
government funded research and later (commercializing) their results.
Most wanted Man

Colombian military and police have (confirmed) that they have captured
Dairo Antonio usuga, known as Otoniel, Colombia's most sought-after
drug trafficker and leader of the Clan del Golfo. He was captured on
Saturday during an (operation) carried out by the country's armed
forces. Colombia had offered a (reward) of about $800,000 for
information concerning his whereabouts. Italy's right-wing former
interior minister, Matteo Salvini, went on trial Saturday on (charges) of
kidnapping for refusing in 2019 to allow a Spanish migrant rescue ship
to dock in Sicily, keeping the people on board at sea for days.
Minimum Tax
On the face of things, it seems both absurd and (unfair) that large
American companies regularly whittle down their tax bills, taking
advantage of every loophole on (offer). One study found that at least 55
big companies incurred no federal taxes at all on their profits in 2020, A
(proposal) being discussed as The Economist went to press, and as the
Democratic Party scrambled to fund its social-spending package, seems
to offer a popular solution: a minimum tax on (corporate) earnings as
reported to shareholders, rather than as massaged down when reported
to tax (collectors).
Peaceful Power Transition

The Democratic Republic of the Congo will hold an election in December,
hopefully leading to a peaceful (democratic) transfer of power for the
first time in the country's history.
Sitting President Joseph Kabila came to power in 2001, having

(succeeded) his father, Laurent Désiré Kabila, after his assassination.
Joseph Kabila was elected as President in 2006 for a five-year term, and
re-elected in 2011. Though his second (term) ended in 2016 and the
DRC constitution prevents him from (seeking) a third term, elections
were not held and Kabila (remained) in power.
Climate Change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (released) the first part
of its latest assessment report. The Earth is warming. Even with a
drastic (reduction) in greenhouse-gas emissions temperatures will
(probably) be 1.5 degrees Celsius above their late-19th century levels
by 2050. Climate change is under way, the report laments, with all the
environmental (consequences) that brings. The extent of the damage
depends on the cumulative build-up of emissions and can be (limited) if
the world strives for net-zero carbon emissions.
Robot Software
It might sound (obvious) that if you want to improve a robot's software,
you should improve its software. Agrim Gupta of Stanford University,
however, begs to (differ). He thinks you can also improve a robot's
software by improving its hardware-that is, by letting the hardware
(adapt) itself to the software's capabilities. As they (describe) in Nature
Communications, he and his colleagues have devised a way of testing
this idea. In doing so, they have brought to robotics the (principles) of
evolution by natural selection. They also cast the spotlight on an
evolutionary idea that dates from the 1890s, but which has hitherto
proved hard to demonstrate.
Lead-in Time
Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business
placing an order with a supplier for more stock or raw (materials) and
the delivery of the goods to the business. Businesses want the lead-
time to be as short as possible, so that they can meet their customer
orders and (minimize) the time between paying for the stock and
receiving the (feedback) from the customer. However, this may not
happen due to a number of (factors), such as delays in the supplier
receiving the order, or the breakdown o the suppliers' lorries (delivering)
the stock to the business.
Superiority
As with all human behavior, there are (numerous) reasons for it. But
often it's caused by someone who feels the need to show their
(superiority) over someone else, in order to feel that they aren't at the
lowest level in (hierarchy) or a group of people. In some cases, one
person simply dislikes the other, on the (basis) that the personality of
one is in some way (incompatible) with that of the other persTwo
horrifying crimes have exposed serious (weaknesses) in Connecticut's
criminal justice system. But a "three strikes and you're out" law
(proposed) by Gov. M. Jodi Rell and Republicans in the Legislature would
do more harm than good. Last July two recently paroled men broke into
a home in Cheshire and tortured and (murdered) three people. Last
month a man who served more than eight years for assaulting a 5-year-
old and had been out on ( probation) for less than a month broke
into a New Britain home. He accosted two women, wounding one and
killing the other. Republicans, led by Ms. Rell, have responded by calling
for a "three strikes" law. Democrats have rightly resisted. The proposed
law, which would mandate life in prison for anyone (convicted) of three
violent felonies, is a bumper-sticker solution that would create
(injustices) by barring judges' discretion in sentencing. It would also not
deter the many crimes (committed) by people who have not committed
three violent felonies. Governor Rell and the Democrats do agree on the
need for other (urgent) reforms, including more re-entry programs and
jobs training and better monitoring after prisoners are released on
probation and parole. Connecticut has 2,500 parolees, but a
( staggering) 55,000 people on probation. Probation officers handle an
average of 107 cases each far too many. Connecticut's system for
sharing crime information, which could keep some of the most dangerous
offenders off the streets, is antiquated. It has neither inpatient
treatment for sex offenders nor housing for them once they are
released. Hundreds of ( former) inmates are on a waiting list for
inpatient drug treatment. The suspect arrested in the New Britain case
had been staying in a homeless ( shelter) at night but roaming freely
during the day while waiting to begin ( outpatient) sex offender
treatment. Returning released inmates to society with so little support
makes no sense.
Most observers tend to extrapolate current ( trends) and assume that

what we see now will continue moving in the same direction ever-
larger cities, etc. I don t see it that way. The global energy predicament
now gathering around us will synergize with climate change to produce a
very different outcome. I think we'll eventually see a reversal of the 200-
year-long cycle of people (moving) from farms and small towns to big
cities. Food production is going to be a big problem when oil-and-gas-
based agriculture is no longer possible, and we will have to reestablish a
more (meaningful) relationship between urban places and a more
productive agricultural hinterland. Our mega-cities will contract
(substantially) . The fortunate ones will densify around their old cores
and waterfronts though sea level rise may affect many ( harbor)
cities. This process of contraction is likely to be problematic and
( disorderly) . In America, there is certainly the potential for ethnic
conflict. Categorically, our colossal metroplexes problematic and will not
be ( sustainable) in a post-oil future and despite the wishes and
yearnings of many people, the truth is that no combination of alternative
( fuels) will permit us to continue living at this scale. Some of our cities
will not make it. Phoenix, Tucson, and other Sunbelt cities will dry up and
blow ( away) . In Las Vegas, the excitement will be over. Other mega-
cities will have to downscale or face extreme dysfunction. One thing that
almost nobody is paying attention to: the skyscraper will not be a viable
building type in our (energy-scarce) future. Six or seven stories must be
the practical limit in a new age when electric (supply) is not necessarily
as reliable as it has been in our time. Cities ( overburdened) with mega-
structures will have a severe liability.
Green chemistry is a concept designed to develop ( technologies) which

allow chemistry to be practiced with minimal damage to the environment
or in an environmentally ( compatible) way. And it's meant to cover both
chemical processes and chemical ( products) . The center, if you would,
set up about seven or eight years ago, and the idea was to provide a hub
of activities that covered ( fundamental) research work, industrial
collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work with
schools and on public projects as well, and also networking. So we
network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
Two horrifying crimes have exposed serious ( weaknesses) in

Connecticut's criminal justice system. But a "three strikes and you're
out" law ( proposed) by Gov. M. Jodi Rell and Republicans in the
Legislature would do more harm than good. Last July two recently
paroled men broke into a home in Cheshire and tortured and ( murdered)
three people. Last month a man who served more than eight years for
assaulting a 5-year-old and had been out on ( probation) for less than
a month broke into a New Britain home. He accosted two women,
wounding one and killing the other. Republicans, led by Ms. Rell, have
responded by calling for a "three strikes" law. Democrats have rightly
resisted. The proposed law, which would mandate life in prison for anyone
( convicted) of three violent felonies, is a bumper-sticker solution that
would create ( injustices) by barring judges' discretion in sentencing. It
would also not deter the many crimes ( committed) by people who have
not committed three violent felonies. Governor Rell and the Democrats
do agree on the need for other ( urgent) reforms, including more re-entry
programs and jobs training and better monitoring after prisoners are
released on probation and parole. Connecticut has 2,500 parolees, but a
( staggering) 55,000 people on probation. Probation officers handle an
average of 107 cases each far too many. Connecticut's system for
sharing crime information, which could keep some of the most dangerous
offenders off the streets, is antiquated. It has neither inpatient
treatment for sex offenders nor housing for them once they are
released. Hundreds of ( former) inmates are on a waiting list for
inpatient drug treatment. The suspect arrested in the New Britain case
had been staying in a homeless ( shelter) at night but roaming freely
during the day while waiting to begin ( outpatient) sex offender
treatment. Returning released inmates to society with so little support
makes no sense.
The headlines tell us that the world is now more urban than rural. Surely
this fact ought to have (profound) consequences that call for new
attitudes and public policies. However, as is often the case with
profound change, what actually is happening and how we should view
these changes is extremely murky. From one point of view, the (vast)
migration of people from the countryside to the city is simply the latest
chapter in a story that has played ( out) worldwide over the last several
centuries. First in the most (affluent) nations of the West, and now in
the developing world, as more efficient agriculture has reduced the
number of people needed in the fields, the rise of new urban economies
has drawn them to cities. Every time this push-pull phenomenon has
shifted into high (gear) , whether in London in the Nineteenth century or
in Mumbai today, there have been wrenching dislocations followed by
attempts on the part of public authorities to stop or slow the Process.
These efforts have rarely been (effective) in the long run, and have often
backfired because they have tried to control (behavior) rather than plan
for it. In the long run, however, the policies were probably less important
than the eventual result an equally massive move from the cities back
into the countryside. In virtually every affluent nation on earth, the old
Nineteenth-century industrial cities have ( exploded) outward, allowing
densities to plummet at the core as residents move further and further
out into ( low-density) suburbia and a very low-density exurban
penumbra around that. The city of Paris today has a third fewer
( residents) than it did a century ago, and the suburban and exurban
territory around it leapfrogs more or less from the English Channel to
Burgundy. In this process, the very ( distinction) between urban and
rural has all but (disappeared) as citizens in almost every part of affluent
societies are able to participate in what is essentially an urban culture.
There are few among us that did not wonder in (awe) about what it
would be like to be an (astronaut) . Space exploration will forever peak
humanity's interest and curiosity. The prestige of visiting outer space
belongs to a proud few, but as technology (develops) , more and more
people will have the opportunity. The Federation Aeronautique
Internationale states that a man or woman officially becomes an
astronaut upon reaching an ( altitude) of over 100 miles. As of March
30, 2006, 443 people have crossed this imaginary line. Efforts to learn
more about space are widespread. Since the astronaut Yuri Gagarin
made his (pioneering) exit out of our atmosphere, men and women from
35 countries have joined his (notoriety) . During the race to space in the
early 1960s, The United States began Project Apollo, a campaign
(launched) to compete with the efforts of Russian scientists and
( future) cosmonauts. With resources going into the Apollo spacecraft,
Saturn Launch Vehicle, and details like mission-specific astronaut suits,
the U.S. was finally successful when the Apollo astronauts reached the
moon and ( safely) returned in July of 1969. Since the infancy of human
presence in space, 18 astronauts have died on missions, and 10 more
from ( launches) . Despite this, our interests remain strong and our
minds stay ( determined) . Find out more about astronauts, and space-
related news in our archive of astronaut pictures, articles and
( interactive) features below.
Historically, reasons for the ( migration) of Asians to the United States

were similar in some ways to those for the Atlantic migration of
Europeans to escape from poverty and civil war and to find
employment opportunity and freedom. Chinese laborers were ( recruited)
to build the transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century and
provide (domestic) services in cities such as San Francisco. They were
followed by the Japanese and Filipinos in the early 20th century who
labored in Hawaiian (plantations) , California farms, and Alaskan
canneries. Of these early Asian Americans, only the Japanese were
allowed to immigrate as families at the ( insistence) of the Japanese
government. For these early generations, Asians in America were largely
(bachelor) communities of temporary ( sojourners) , with male to female
ratios as high as 10-to-1. Asian-American children in those early years
were rare. Since 1970, the ( demography) of this of this population has
changed tremendously. In 2002, Asian Americans were ( slightly) more
than 4 percent of the US population. The growth of the Asian-American
population since 1970 is due in great part to the (elimination) of
exclusionary immigration policies that existed before 1965,
implementation of new ( refugee) statutes directly flowing from the
Vietnam War, and the rise of second and (subsequent) US -born
generations. In 1970, there were 1.5 million Asian Americans. This
amounts to an eightfold to ninefold increase in little more than 30 years.
Fighting in Afghanistan and Pakistan meant that polio (eradication) did
not go well in those countries in 2007, a World Health Organization
report said last week. They are two of the last four nations that have
not (eliminated) the disease. In Afghanistan, most cases were in
( southern) provinces under Taliban control. In Pakistan, many were in
the remote tribal border areas where Osama bin Laden is still being
pursued and local ( militants) are battling the government. Polio experts
see the territory differently: as one "epidemiological block" with two
transmission corridors, one in the mountainous north, where cases of
the polio (strain) known as Type 1 are common, and one in the flatter
south, where Type 3 prevails. Tribes migrate east-west across the
borders, following harvests, (trade) routes and jobs. Polio went as far
southeast as Karachi, where there is no fighting, but immunization
drives "remain weak," the report said. Crowded ( slums) and petty
corruption disrupt efforts, an expert said. The report spoke of a
( breakthrough) in August when the Taliban started letting vaccinators
work in their territory. "We dialogue with NATO and tell them, 'These are
the days of our campaigns, these are our people don't ( bomb) them!'"
said Dr. Bruce Aylward, the campaign's director. Eradication requires
mustering thousands of health workers every few months to visit homes
and give (vaccine) drops to every child under 5. Both countries tried to
vaccinate their whole ( populations) four times in 2007, and each held
seven regional drives.
Modern wealth has been created mainly through the action of market
forces, which now ( dominate) the whole of the industrial world. It is
based on the (false) premise that we all start at an equal point. Of
course nobody starts at the same point. Market forces help a few to
become very wealthy at the (expense) of the many who become poorer.
This is taking place all over the world. There is an increasing number of
hungry and ( desperate) people living in utter poverty. Yet there are
millionaires of all nationalities throughout the developed world. Market
forces are ( inevitably) acting to divide our world because they
(separate) one section of society from another. Strangely enough, to
create a society based on the free play of market forces, there must be
a very strict control over the economy to ensure business efficiency.
This is the poison of ( commercialization) . It imposes restrictions on the
natural needs of society. When the politicians are not meeting the needs
of society, the people (revolt) . When the people's voice is not heard,
there will inevitably be a (revolution) . Part of that revolution is the
growing crime rate and the (violent) street protests which are the
result of the ( imbalance) of our society too great wealth side by side
with too great poverty.
Spring wedding season has arrived, ushering in hefty costs for guests
and especially for members of the wedding party. But it can be hard
for twenty somethings to fit ( extra) costs into scant budgets,
especially if you have multiple weddings to attend. So be sure to
determine what you are ( signing) up for before committing to be part of
the ceremony or a guest at a destination wedding and look for ways
to ( trim) costs. If you are asked to be part of a ceremony, don't
( hesitate) to ask the bride and groom upfront for details including the
event's location and other ( functions) they may expect you to attend. In
return, be honest with them about your ( financial) situation. Colleen
Bayus, 24, attended four weddings last year, traveling from Washington
to Boston, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia a total of seven times for dress
fittings, bachelorette parties and the ceremonies. "It really ( added)
up ... I had to tell my friend in Boston that I didn't have the money to
attend her bachelorette party in Manhattan," she says. If you know you
can't afford to fly to a ( destination) wedding in the Caribbean plus a
weekend bridal party in Miami, speak up from the beginning, says Susan
RoAnne, a networking and ( etiquette) expert in San Francisco. "It's fair
to say 'I love you, but I don't want to shortchange you if I can't afford to
( participate) in every aspect,'" she says.
Three basic ingredients are required for a thunderstorm to form:

moisture, rising unstable air, and a lifting (mechanism) . The sun heats
the surface of the earth, which warms the air above it. If this warm
surface air is ( forced) to rise, it will continue to rise as long as it weighs
less and stays warmer than the air around it. As the air rises, it
(transfers) heat from the surface of the earth to the upper levels of the
atmosphere. The water vapor it contains begins to cool, releasing the
heat, and it ( condenses) into a cloud. The cloud eventually grows upward
into areas where the temperature is below ( freezing) . Some of the
water vapor turns to ice and some of it turns into water droplets. Both
have electrical charges. Ice particles usually have ( positive) charges,
and rain droplets usually have negative charges. When the charges build
up enough, they are discharged in a bolt of ( lightning) , which causes
the sound waves we hear as thunder. On the 7th February, 2008,
thunderstorms ( ripped) through the eastern parts of Australia. Winds
gusting over 90 km/hr brought down trees on houses, power lines and
roads. The city of Perth, Western Australia had its (wettest) February
since 1992 when more than 40 mm of heavy rain fell and caused a 50
day ( drought) to end.
China will become the world's safest and largest ( investment) economy
in times to come given the following factors: huge market ( potential) ,
rich labor resources, comparative advantage in labor cost, sound
corporate governance and ( stable) government and society. All these
factors will further attract the inflow of foreign (capital) into China. In
short, China's economy will grow even faster in the future. In the next
15 years, China's economy will still increase at a rate 7%-8%. In year
2020, should price index remain the same as today, GDP will ( amount)
to US $4.8 trillion, GDP per capita per capita will reach US $3,300.
However, the level of GDP per capita is still very low in China at the
moment, GDP per capita's growth is still at a slow rate. GDP per capita
will have to be ( further) increased in order to raise China's standard of
living so as to bridge the present income gap between the rich and the
poor. Satisfaction of consumers' needs can be the main driver in raising
China's living standards. Domestic ( demand) will increase as the
economy grows. Therefore extensive production of goods and services
can further push and ( sustain) the economy's growth. Moreover, there
are ( abundant) human resources in China, and labor cost in China is
much lower than the other (industrialized) countries. China's education
system is also being fast developed, thus more people will achieve higher
level of education than in the past. With ( comparative) advantage in
cheap labor cost and increase of human capital brought about by
education, future for China's economy can be only even brighter.
Most patients with Type 2 diabetes should start taking statins, the
cholesterol-fighting drugs, as a ( preventative) measure against heart
disease, whether or not they have high cholesterol levels, according to
new guidelines released yesterday. The recommendations, from the
American College of Physicians, call for moderate doses of statins by
people with diabetes who are older than 55, and for younger ( patients)
who have any other risk factor for heart disease, like high blood pressure
or a history of ( smoking) . The new guidelines are outlined in April 20
issue of The Annals of Internal Medicine, in an article that noted that
about 16 million Americans have Type 2 diabetes and that 800,000 new
cases are ( diagnosed) every year. The lead author of an article
accompanying the guidelines, Dr. Sandeep Vijan of the University of
Michigan, said that "almost everyone with Type 2 diabetes should be on a
statin." The (average) age at diagnosis is 48, and even many patients
under 55 have high blood pressure as well as diabetes, he said.
Traditionally, diabetes treatment has ( focused) on regulating blood
sugar levels by careful control of ( diet) or through insulin injections. But
researchers have come to understand that control sugar really protects
only against the destruction of small blood (vessels) , which can lead to
blindness or loss of fingers, toes or limbs. Heart disease is, in fact, the
more serious threat. Up to 80 percent of diabetes patients will develop
heart problems or die of them, the article said. And Dr. Vijan emphasized
that controlling hypertension remained the highest priority. He ranked
control of lipids, the fats in the blood (stream) that can affect coronary
health, second, ahead of glucose ( regulation) .
The Internet revolution is yet to happen in India, like the way it has
happened with cell phones and ( cable) TV. While it's common to see
everyone from auto drivers to senior (citizens) with cell phones, you will
rarely find an auto driver who visits a cyber cafe to check his email. This
has to do with opportunity cost involved in spending time in cyber cafes
and most importantly the lack of services to ( target) a large part of
India. The Internet too largely uses American Standard Code for
Information Interchange. This ( alienates) many communities from the
boon of computers and Internet. The fact remains that most of India's
billion people are ( denied) access to the Internet and not only
because they don't have a connection or a computer. The ( digital)
revolution is leaving them behind because they don't speak English, the
( dominant) language of the Web. Even if there is room for further
growth among English-language users in India, far greater growth could
be ( unleashed) . Hindi is the world's third or fourth most widely spoken
language. Yet it is not even in the top 10 languages on the Internet. A
recent trend of regional content is (preferred) by more and more
Internet users. It is recognized that the (content) has to be in a
language that is understood by many users. In the Internet space, this
is highly unbalanced currently. 12 out of 6,000 popular languages spoken
globally account for 98% of web content, with English most ( prominent)
among them.
In its short life, the Internet has become an agent of ( revolutionary)

change and is one of the fastest tools to promote and defend freedom
and to facilitate ( democratic) access to information and knowledge. It
has emerged as one of today's greatest instruments of progress and
has gradually become a part of the vital ( infrastructure) of global social,
economic, cultural and political life. The Internet's effect on our lives is
( pervasive) . Over the past decade, the use of email, the web and blogs
have become part of the daily routine of more than a billion Internet
users. Today the Internet access touch points have (outgrown) the
traditional PC based Internet browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox) to
desktop applications, mobile phones and satellite navigational devices in
vehicles and living rooms. More and more people are buying movie
tickets, air tickets, travel pacakages, railway tickets and paying bills
( online) . Online gaming is projected to increase by 141% by 2011 in
the Asia Pacific Region and mobile gaming to ( increase) by 119% by a
leading gaming industry. Very soon we will see the dawn of the video age
when video will be used for buying, communicating, learning and
socializing. Online chat and ( blogs) are reducing the gap between private
and public life of the present generation. Cyber cafes have taken over
pubs and ( bars) for socializing in spite of the opposing forces of regional
borders, ( copyright) , censorship, network blocking, etc.
The proportion of greenhouse gases has increased significantly since the

Industrial Revolution. Humans began burning fossil fuels, particularly
( coal) , in a big way, to drive steam engines for industry, and generate
electricity. In addition to escalating coal use after the Industrial
Revolution, there came the ( widespread) use of another fossil fuel,
petroleum for transport. At the beginning of the 20th century, annual
global oil output was about 150 million barrels of oil; now, that amount
is ( extracted) globally in just two days. Fossil fuels are classed as non-
renewable sources of energy, formed from ( decayed) plants and animals
over hundreds of millions of years. Burning fossil fuels ( releases) billions
of tons of carbon dioxide that has been locked away away in the Earth
for millions of years. Humans are (adding) billions of tons of carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere each year. And guess what? Carbon dioxide is
a greenhouse gas. The ( rate) at which the planet is warming is possibly
the biggest challenge to ever face humanity. The (impacts) are likely to
be devastating, we need to act ( decisively) , and act now. A single web
page cannot fully answer the question of what global warming is.
Following the links on this page will allow you to see how complex and
serious the (issue) of global warming is. So what is global warming? It is
a disaster of our own making.
Randi considers the YMCA her lifeline, especially the pool. Randi weighs
more than 300 pounds and has borderline diabetes, but she controls her
blood sugar and keeps her bright (outlook) on life by swimming every day
for about 45 minutes. Randi overcame any ( self-consciousness) about
her weight for the sake of her health, and those who swim with her and
share the open locker room are proud of her. If only the millions of
others beset with (chronic) health problems recognized the inestimable
value to their physical and emotional well-being of regular ( physical)
exercise. "The single thing that comes close to a magic bullet, in terms
of its strong and universal benefits, is exercise," Frank Hu,
epidemiologist at the Harvard School of Public Health, said in the
Harvard Magazine. I have written often about the ( protective) roles of
exercise. It can lower the risk of heart attack, stroke, hypertension,
diabetes, obesity, depression, dementia, osteoporosis, gallstones,
diverticulitis, falls, erectile dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and
12 kinds of cancer. But what if you already have one of these conditions?
Or an (ailment) like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's
disease, congestive heart failure or osteoarthritis? How can you
exercise if you're always tired or in (pain) or have trouble breathing? Can
exercise really help? You bet it can. Marilyn Moffat, a professor of
physical therapy at New York University and co-author with Carole B.
Lewis of "Age-Defying Fitness", conducts (workshops) for physical
therapists around the country and abroad, (demonstrating) how people

with chronic health problems can improve their health and (quality) of life
by learning how to exercise safely.
Political Violence
On August 4, (explosives) aboard two drones flying near Venezuelan
President Nicolás Maduro as he spoke in Caracas were detonated.
Seven people were injured. Maduro has used the (incident) as a pretext
to crack down on Venezuela's opposition by unleashing the regime's
secret police. State Department Spokesperson Heather Nauert said,
"The United States (condemns) the political violence that occurred on
August 4 and urges the Maduro regime to respect the rule of law,
exercise restraint, and safeguard the presumption of innocence for all
(accused)."
Even if the distribution of women's (occupations) matched that of men-"if

women were the doctors and men were the nurses" she (calculates) that
at most a third of the pay gap would disappear. The most important
cause is that women curtail their (careers) as a part of a rational
household response to labor markets, which generously (reward) anyone,
male or female, who is willing to hold down what Ms. Goldin calls a
"greedy job". These are roles, such as those in law, accountancy and
finance, that demand long and (unpredictable) hours. Parents need
somebody to be on-call at home in case a child falls ill and needs picking
up from school, or needs cheering on at a concert or football match.
In years past, doctors were afraid to let heart (patients) exercise. When
my father had a heart attack in 1968, he was kept ( sedentary) for six
weeks. Now, heart attack patients are in bed barely half a day before
they are up and moving, Dr. Moffat said. The core of cardiac rehab is a
( progressive) exercise program to increase the ability of the heart to
pump oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood more effectively throughout the
body. The outcome is better ( endurance) , greater ability to enjoy life
and decreased mortality. The same goes for patients with congestive
heart (failure) . "Heart failure patients as old as 91 can increase their
( oxygen) consumption significantly," Dr. Moffat said. Aerobic exercise
lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension, and it improves
peripheral (circulation) in people who develop cramping leg pains when
they walk a condition called intermittent claudication. The treatment
for it, in fact, is to walk a little farther each day. In people who have had
transient ischemic (attacks) , or ministrokes, "gradually increasing
exercise improves blood flow to the brain and may diminish the risk of a
full-blown stroke," Dr. Moffat said. And ( aerobic) and strength exercises
have been shown to improve endurance, walking speed and the ability to
perform tasks of daily living up to six years after a stroke. As Randi
knows, ( moderate) exercise cuts the risk of developing diabetes. And for
those with ( diabetes) , exercise improves glucose tolerance less
medication is needed to control blood sugar and reduces the (risk) of
life-threatening complications.
It is a remarkable reversal in (attitudes) from just a few months ago,

when the broader economy seemed relatively healthy but Wall Street
was traumatized by billions of dollars in ( mortgage) - related losses.
Now, bankers and investors appear ready to look past the crisis to more
(profitable) times, while consumers find themselves in a more precarious
position as the job market weakens and banks make it harder to borrow
money. It is, of course, not (uncommon) for Wall Street to run ahead of
the broader economy. Investors, after all, make money by anticipating
the future. The job market, by (contrast) , improves more slowly than
other aspects of the economy. But specialists say the two sides will
eventually converge. Either the markets will give up their recent (gains)
or, if the optimists are right, the broader economy will show greater
strength as tax rebate checks and lower interest rates ( stimulate) the
economy. There have been false dawns before. Last spring, after several
mortgage companies ( collapsed) , Mr. Paulson and the chairman of the
Federal Reserve, Ben S. Bernanke, said the problems appeared to be
"contained." In early October, just two months after credit markets
( froze) up, the stock market climbed to an all-time high. The optimists
believe it is different this time. The catalyst for the change, they say,
was the Fed-arranged deal that sold a troubled ( investment) bank, Bear
Stearns, to JPMorgan Chase in mid-March. The central bank further
(restored) order in the markets by lending directly to investment banks,
assuring that big (securities) firms could not be undone by a crisis of
confidence.
European Market
European market is a tough terrain for food (delivery) firms. Delivery
Hero has had a good (run) in the past couple of years. In August 2020 it
ascended to the Dax, the stock market index of Germany's most
(valuable) listed firms. It is present in 50 countries on four continents.
Revenue for the third quarter was 1.8bn euros ($2bn), a jump of 89%
(compared) with the same period in 2020. "We grew 100% before
Corona, 100% during Corona and we will grow 100% after Corona," says
Niklas Ostberg, the Berlin-based firm's Swedish chief (executive). By

number of orders Delivery Hero is more than twice as big as DoorDash,
its large American rival.
Lyrics
The lives of (distinguished) people often take a lot of telling. Yet even
devotees might (raise) an eyebrow at the heft of Sir Paul McCartney's
memoir: two volumes totaling 960 pages, Casual Beatles fans may be
(surprised) by the title, too. Though most would consider Sir Paul the
band's best (musician) (with an honorable mention for George Harrison),
John Lennon (typically) gets the plaudits for writing. In a poll by the BBC
in 2001 to rank the greatest lyricists. Lennon received more than twice
as many votes as McCartney.
Food Rules
Like every farmer Courtney Hammond, who grows blueberries and
cranberries in Washington County, Maine, has a lot of (worries). He
frets about weather, invasive species, failed (crops) and global prices. To
abide by federal food-safety laws, he has had to do training, maintain
meticulous records, have insect- and rodent-control plans and document
daily the sanitation of his (processing) equipment. It is a tremendous
(amount) of work but it means, he says, "I don't have to worry about
anybody getting sick from eating anything that leaves my farm." Now he
is worried that a new law may put his hard work in jeopardy. Earlier this
month 61% of voters opted to change the state (constitution) to ensure
that all Mainers had a "right to food", the first law of its kind in America.
Palm Oil
So, palm oil is the most widely produced oil crop currently. It's used in a
wide range of (industries), including food for bio-fuels and in soaps and
shampoo. However, though sector's growing fast, and unfortunately
palm oil grows in exactly the same (environment) as tropical rain forest.
So, the use and the (development) of palm oil, the growth in the sector,
is leading to wide-scale deforestation. What we are hoping to do is if we
can come up an (alternative) we can slow the growth of the sector and
therefore stop the wide-scale (deforestation) in south Asia.
Business
High staff churn is here to stay. Retention (strategies) require a rethink.
In the not-so-distant past, bosses did not have to worry as much about
their (workforces). Newcomers could absorb the corporate culture
osmotically. Workers' families were (invisible), not constantly
interrupting Zoom calls. Employees had a job, not a voice. Now firms
have to "be (intentional)" (management-speak for thinking) about
everything from the point of the office to how staff (communicate) with
each other. Retention is the latest area to require attention. The spike
in staff departures known as the Great Resignation is centered on
America: a record 3% of the workforce there quit their jobs in
September.
I think its really important for young people not to feel (Answer:
restricted) in their choices and also to be aware of the choices that are
available to them and obviously the media has an (Answer: incredibly)
important role to play in that. I think we (Answer: tend) to talk about
science as this big kind of monolith but of course actually it's this
beautiful multifaceted thing. You know, there's almost something for
everybody there. And there are so many different (Answer: aspects) of it.
You know, somebody that's going to be attracted to working in biology
might be a very different person from somebody who's attracted to
engineering. I suppose it's about knowing the breadth of (Answer:
opportunities) that are out there and so anything that universities and
broadcast media can do to make sure that those opportunities are
visible.
Why do we need more entrepreneurs right now? The entrepreneurs who

create and run our businesses, who play by the rules, are in fact critical
to our (Answer: success) as a nation. We need them especially today.
Business, not government, will end this (Answer: recession). Government
must help by creating fair rules, (Answer: sound) monetary policy, and by
protecting our fellow citizens in periods when they are jobless. We have
to make way for the new entrepreneurial firms that will push us to
(Answer: frontiers) of innovation.
An economist sees the world basically through a typical micro-economic

toolkit. That involves things like thinking at the (Answer: margin),
rationality, opportunity cost, trade-offs. Economists like any other
(Answer: discipline) rules, and its own way of seeing the world. So
basically economics, or economists in general tend to (Answer: apply)
micro-economic concepts like that to explain the way humans (Answer:
behave) and to make predictions about the future.
Loose Theme
We've decided to adopt, just as a loose theme for the course, a
(biological) theme so that you can see the connections between
chemistry and biology and the things you might consider doing in the
future. We want you to think about the (molecules) that are relevant to
your body, the processes that occur in your body, the chemistry that's

going on and how (energy) plays a role. And we've divided the course into
four sections and after each section there will be a mid-term. The first
one is about (matter).
Medical Care
So, two decades later, what's changed? It's now widely recognized that
just 20 percent of health (outcomes) are tied to medical care, whereas
up to 70 percent are tied to healthy behaviors and what's called the
social (determinants) of health-basically, everything that happens to us
for that vast (majority) of time when we're not in the doctor's office or
the hospital. Health care (executives) now routinely remind us that our
zip code matters more than our genetic code. And one health care
publication even recently had the (audacity) to describe the social
determinants of health as "the feel-good buzzword of the year".
Technology and Business

Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. My theme for this (session) is
convergence Technology Change and Business Practice. This is
somewhat dear to my heart, in that I have spent much of the last fifteen
years involved in various (aspects) of technology and their impact on
business, across a broad (spectrum), from applications of signal
processing in manufacture right through to the use of utilization data
and diary applications, to improve the time utilization of the (sales) force.
Age
What was interesting and revealing about younger and middle-aged views
on old age was how (relative) these were to the individual's own age.
Those in their teens regarded 40 as old whereas those in their 40s
thought 70 or 80 was old. For many, health was seen as a (determining)
factor in deciding who is old, and many young participants commented on
how fit and active their grandparents are, while others thought ill-health
and (dependence) were an inevitable part of aging. The (majority) of
participants, however, regarded old age as something negative, and
many expressed fears of (growing) old.
Coca-Cola has bucked the trend for celebrity-fronted advertising by
choosing a (Answer: virtually) unknown British artist to front one of its
biggest UK campaigns. While arch-rival Pepsi features the likes of David
Beckham and Beyonce Knowles in its campaigns, Coca-Cola has hired the
Basement Jaxx vocalist Sharlene Hector to star in its first ever UK
branding campaign for Coca-Cola Classic. The (Answer: advert) breaks
tomorrow and features Hector singing the Nina Simone Classic I Wish as
she walks through the streets distributing bottles of Coca-Cola. It is the
latest in the company's new "Real" (Answer: campaign), which took over
from the "Always Coca-Cola" adverts and is aimed at giving the brand a
more irreverent image the actress Penelope Cruz has (Answer:
appeared) belching after drinking Coke in adverts in the US. The new
advertising is the first campaign to be created by the quirky British
advertising agency Mother, which won the Coca-Cola business last year
after (Answer: pitching) against the company's pitching US agency,
McCann-Erickson. The agency had already created campaign for Coca-
Cola owned (Answer: created) Lilt, Oasis and Schweppes, and was
charged with coming up with a specifically British (Answer: approach) to
the world's best-known brand. The (Answer: strategy) is part of the
Coca-Cola chairman and chief executive Douglas Daft's so-called "Think
local, act local" (Answer: philosophy) , inspired by the realization that
what works for American philosophy will not necessarily succeed
elsewhere.
Crime in the United States (Answer: accounts) for more death, injuries
and loss of property then all Natural Disasters combined. The Disaster
Center is pleased to be able to provide you with access to the statistics
of crime (Answer: compiled) by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
When you experience a crime it can make you respond in ways that you
might not understand. In that (Answer: crisis) situation you may react in
ways that conflict with the (Answer: assumptions) you have created
about your self. At the time of the crime you may feel a (Answer: sense)
of helplessness, fear and anger. Afterward you may have a hard time
relating the experience to the (Answer: context) of the assumptions of
your life. A conflict often develops between your idea of the world before
the crime and your idea of the world after the disaster. On top of this
the (Answer: victims) and their relatives often experience financial
problems, and time is often lost from work to handle the legal, insurance
and personal problems associated with being a victim. The (Answer:
trauma) associated with any crime often makes it hard for victims to
cope with normal daily routines. And the victims of crime are frequently
(Answer: blamed) by their friends for not being more careful. The trauma
continues as victims of crime often find themselves ignored by law
(Answer: enforcement), and confused by the court system.
A 25-year-old man who told the police he was tired of life went on a
killing rampage in a popular shopping street in central Tokyo on Sunday,
plowing his truck into a crowd of pedestrians before (Answer: stabbing)
passers-by with a survival knife. Seven people died and 11 were (Answer:
injured). The attack took place shortly after noon on a street that had
been closed to vehicles for the day in Akihabara, the main district for
(Answer: electronics) in Tokyo and a magnet for fans of Japanese anime
and manga comics. The killings (Answer: stunned) a country that has
long enjoyed low crime rates but where a series of random stabbings
have recently occurred. The police (Answer: identified) the attacker as
Tomohiro Kato, who was living by himself in a small (Answer: apartment)
in Shizuoka, just west of Tokyo. According to reports in the Japanese
news media, Mr. Kato told the police that he had grown tired of life,
"hated the world," and had gone to Akihabara to kill people. "Anyone was
OK," he told the police, according to the reports. Japanese television
showed the police holding Mr. Kato on the ground after the (Answer:
attack). He was dressed in a black T-shirt, off-white trousers and jacket,
and was wearing sneakers. The police said the attack began around 12:
30 p.m., when Mr. Kato drove a white, two-ton rental truck into the
street in a zigzag pattern, hitting several people. He then got out of the
truck and began (Answer: yelling) and stabbing passers-by, including a
police officer. Japanese television, displaying images captured on
cellphones by witnesses, showed bodies (Answer: scattered) in the area.
The authorities were seen trying to revive several (Answer: victims) . Six
men and one woman, ranging in age from 19 to 74, died, the authorities
said.
Cities and towns are not only growing in size and number. They are also
gaining new influence. The urban (Answer: transition) offers significant
opportunities to improve the quality of life, but whether this potential is
realized depends (Answer: critically) on how cities are managed and on
the national and local policies affecting their development. The
development of urban areas is also closely (Answer: linked) to the rural
economy through the exchange of labor, goods, services, information and
technology. (Answer: Neglecting) urban issues leads to significant social
and environmental costs, however. In the two most (Answer: urbanized)
regions that the World Bank serves, Latin America and Europe/Central
Asia, over half of the poor already live in urban areas. By 2025, two-
thirds of the poor in these regions, and one-third of the poor in East and
South Asia, will reside in cities or towns. The nature of urban (Answer:
poverty) is more than an income or employment issue, and is also
characterized by (Answer: squalid) living conditions; risks to life and
health from poor (Answer: sanitation) , air pollution, crime and violence,
traffic accidents, and natural disasters, and the breakdown of traditional
familial and (Answer: communal) safety nets. Urban populations are also
particularly hard hit by macro-financial shocks, such as the recent crises
in East Asia and Russia. Urban environmental (Answer: degradation) has
the most immediate effects on poor urban residents but also has
serious national and global impacts.
Historically, reasons for the (Answer: migration) of Asians to the United
States were similar in some ways to those for the Atlantic migration of
Europeans to escape from poverty and civil war and to find
employment opportunity and freedom. Chinese laborers were (Answer:
recruited) to build the transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century
and provide (Answer: domestic) services in cities such as San Francisco.
They were followed by the Japanese and Filipinos in the early 20th
century who labored in Hawaiian (Answer: plantations), California farms,
and Alaskan canneries. Of these early Asian Americans, only the
Japanese were allowed to immigrate as families at the (Answer:
insistence) of the Japanese government. For these early generations,
Asians in America were largely (Answer: bachelor) communities of
temporary (Answer: sojourners), with male to female ratios as high as
10-to-1. Asian-American children in those early years were rare. Since
1970, the (Answer: demography) of this of this population has changed
tremendously. In 2002, Asian Americans were (Answer: slightly) more
than 4 percent of the US population. The growth of the Asian-American
population since 1970 is due in great part to the (Answer: elimination)
of exclusionary immigration policies that existed before 1965,
implementation of new (Answer: refugee) statutes directly flowing from
the Vietnam War, and the rise of second and (Answer: subsequent) US -
born generations. In 1970, there were 1.5 million Asian Americans. This
amounts to an eightfold to ninefold increase in little more than 30 years.
So between 4,000 and 3,000 BC the Mesopotamian Samarian cultures
do not (Answer: practice) any kind of burial. And then, about 3,000, in
the early Dynastic Period, these burials start to reappear, and they
reappear with a certain amount of (Answer: conspicuous) consumption,
and this is the context for the royal burials at Ur. OK, so, the royal
(Answer: cemetery) consists of quite a number of pits, so these are the
(Answer: excavation) workers who are coming down into the pits. So you
get some sense of how really deep and how really difficult it was to
construct these (Answer: chambers).
Green chemistry is a is a concept designed to develop (Answer:

technologies) which allow chemistry to be practiced with minimal
damage to the environment or in an environmentally (Answer:
compatible) way. And it's meant to cover both chemical processes and
chemical (Answer: products). The center, if you would, set up about
seven or eight years ago, and the idea was to provide a hub of activities
that covered (Answer: fundamental) research work, industrial
collaboration, but also educational developments. So we work with
schools and on public projects as well, and also networking. So we
network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
The thing that makes it difficult is because even if life had evolved on
Mars, the chances of being preserved are very small. If we use Earth as
a (Answer: reference) and our planet is teeming with life, yet it rarely
preserves evidence of life of the fossil record. And the focus now is on
exploring for (Answer: habitable) environments. If you're looking for
water, a (Answer: source) of energy, either solar energy or thermal
energy or chemical energy, and then (Answer: organic) carbon, assuming
life as we know it on Earth based on carbon. So those are sort of the
three things that we're looking for in the course of our mission.
In this tutorial, we will show you how to find specific journal articles
using the library catalog. The university (Answer: subscribes) to over
18,000 journals across a variety of subjects, most of which are available
(Answer: electronically) to find a specific journal article using a library
catalog. We need to (Answer: search) by the journal name as individual
article titles are not (Answer: listed) in the catalog.
Belief is the human capacity to imagine, to be creative, to hope and

dream, to infuse the world with meanings, and to cast our aspirations
far and wide. Limited neither by personal experience nor (Answer:
material) reality. Believing is a (Answer: commitment), an investment, a
devotion to possibilities. Beliefs (Answer: permeate) neurobiologies,
bodies and ecologies acting as dynamic agents in evolutionary
processes. The human capacity for belief, the (Answer: specifics) of
belief, and I, and our diverse belief systems shape, structure and alter
our daily lives, our societies, and the world around us.
Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this

complex life cycle. That means that if you're going to (Answer: eliminate)
it, you have to be able to target cute parasites and humans. You have to
be able to target parasites in the mosquitoes, that mosquito (Answer:
population). And so that requires a lot of resources. It requires really
good planning and a health system across all these different (Answer:
levels). And so I think the political capital that you need for that, the
educational (Answer: infrastructure) you need for that, the economic
resources you need for that are quite a (Answer: challenge).
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In
Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to (Answer:
criticisms) of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating
that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is
equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include
preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of
resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based
assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a
structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative (Answer: element)
and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages
stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design (Answer:
innovators) . The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well
as details about 'having, growing, and proving' ideas. (Answer: Colloquial)
judgments are evident in terms such as 'wow' and 'yawn' and reward the
quality and quantity of ideas with the term, 'sparkiness', which fittingly is
a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In
addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or
(Answer: complexity) control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful
criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for
qualities such as 'technical' and 'aesthetic' pertaining to users, are too
narrow and ill-defined. The author provides (Answer: examples) of the
project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments,
and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in
the Appendix.
Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop

(Answer: technologies) which allow chemistry to be practiced with
minimal damage to the environment, or in an environmentally
(Answer: compatible) way, and it's meant to cover both chemical
processes and chemical
(Answer: products) . The center was set up about seven or eight years
ago. And the idea was to provide a hub of activities that covered
(Answer: fundamental) research work, international collaboration, but
also educational development on public
(Answer: understanding) of the project as well, and also networking so
we network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every

spring at the prospect of the annual influx of (Answer: tourists) . From
May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of
vividly painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young
travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers (Answer: honed) their
skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house
boats (Answer: initiated) by the British Raj provided unusual
accommodation. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy
attacked and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri
business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade,
the lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing
there risked their (Answer: lives) , proved in 1995 when five young
Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.

HIGHLIGHT INCORRECT
WORDS

You've probably heard that the world's honeybees have comfort (Answer:
suffered) stinging losses lately. That's a big story for us, too-up to twelve billion
dollars in crops rely on the fuzzy flyers for pollination. Of the 2.4 million honeybee
bibliographies (Answer: colonies) in the U.S., about one million died off this past
winter. Big declines have also been seen in Europe and Asia. The die-off has been
dubbed colony collapse transpolar (Answer: disorder) and the vanishing bee
syndrome. A couple of species of mites that attack bees were practical
(Answer: responsible) for similar dieoffs in the winters of '95-'96 and 2000-
2001. And the mites may be partly to blame for the most recent honeybee
losses. But a quarter of the current carnage seems unrelated to mites or any
other pests. Other resembled (Answer: suggested) causes of the bee decline
include genetically modified foods, parasites, pesticides, and cell phone radiation.
But bee expert Nicholas Calderone of Cornell University said last week that a
definitive cause remains elusive. He will spend this summer investigating
honeybee colonies throughout the northeast trying to solve the case of the dead
bees. Here's hoping he buzzes in with an answer.
America's problem with obesity is well known. And more and more cats and dogs
are also suffering from obesity. Now veterinarians have found that another
favorite animal is in danger of serious health problems due to being just too fat:
horses. Horses in Virginia were found being experiencing a big thieves (Answer:
increase) in cases of laminitis, a television (Answer: condition) where the
attentive (Answer: connective) tissue between the hoof and bone falls apart. It's
what got the racehorse Barbaro. cheeseburgers (Answer: Researchers) at the
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine theorized that the
leeches (Answer: laminitis) increase might be related to an epidemic of obesity,
which could bring about chronic inflammation and other deleterious conditions.
So they examined 300 horses randomly chosen from over a hundred farms
during the summer of 2006. And they found that just over half, 51percent, were
either overweight or obese. And for the same reasons as people too many
calories and too little exercise. The horses may not be overeating, though.
Modern pasture plant materials were themselves bred to help foraging animals,
like cattle, pack the weight on faster. Looks like horses may have been cowed
into becoming fat.
When you think of someone who's trusting, you may assume that they're gullible.
But that's not necessarily true a fact that your Pollyanna pal might be in a good
condition (Answer: position) to point out. Because people who have faith in their
fellow human beings are actually good at finding is described in the journal Social
Psychological and videotaped a cadre of second-year MBA thrusting (Answer:
spotting) lies. The discursively (Answer: Personality) Science. Researchers
doodahs (Answer: students) as they pretended to interview for a job. Half the
interviewees were entirely truthful, and half told at least three whoppers, lies
they thought would make them more attractive candidates for the fake job. The
scientists then showed these videos to a second set of subjects and asked
them to rate the honesty of the interviewees and say which ones they'd hire. The
results: subjects who said they think that most people are basically honest,
good-natured, and kind were better at spotting the liars than the self-described
cynics. farces (Answer: Subjects) who were more suspicious were, ironically,
more likely to hire the liars and less likely to detect their fabrications. So trust
may lend itself to better interpersonal intuition. And if you don't believe that,
well, maybe you're just not being honest with yourself.
The floor of arithmetically (Answer: Yosemite) Valley is littered with piles of rocks
that crumbled off the park's iconic cliffs. These rockfalls happen all the time,
because Yosemite's granite walls are riddled with cracks produced by geologic
stress. Scientists know the rockfalls can be triggered by things like
earthquakes, rainfall, and freezing and thawing ice. But many falls occur without
an obvious cause. Now steelworkers (Answer: researchers) think that heat may
be the culprit. "We noticed that there had been a bunch of rockfalls that were
happening in the summertime, on particularly hot days. Brian Collins, a research
civil engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey. "And we noticed when we looked at
the timing that they were happening in the afternoon, when we thought the
temperatures were at their hottest Collins and Greg Stock, Yosemite's park
geologist, wanted to know it small rock movements, induced by changing
temperatures, might weaken cracks and contribute to rockfalls. So the
researchers-who are both climbers-found a suitable coauthor (Answer: fracture)
near the base of a 500-meter-tall cliff and installed instruments called
crackmeters, which monitored the width of the crack over time. The devices
misread (Answer: revealed) that the crack grew almost a centimeter wider
during the warmest part of the day. It shrank again when temperatures cooled
off, for instance, at night and during the winter. But overall, the scientists found
that the average width of the fracture grew over the course of a summer and
over the entire three and a half-year study period, bringing the crack closer to
breaking. "We think that what happened was that every cycle as the rock goes
back and forth and back and forth you're getting to a part that we call
subcritical crack growth. And that means that the crack where the rock is
attached to the cliff is actually fracturing at a microscopic level. And so if you do
that over the course of a year, then eventually you're gonna do some permanent
damage to those points of attachment: The study is in the journal Nature
Geoscience. The slab of rock the scientists studied hasn't fallen yet, and Collins
doesn't know how many cycles it will take before this or any other fracture finally
breaks. When it does, the trigger might be a particularly sweltering day, when
the partially start (Answer: detached) slab is farthest away from the cliff. Or it
could be another process, helped along by the fact that temperature changes
already weakened the crack. Either way, the results will help researchers
assess the rockfall hazard in steep, rugged terrain. Because now they know
when the mercury goes up, rocks are more likely to come down.
There are hot peppers, like the jalapeno. And then there are incendiary peppers
like the legendary Habanero. Now there's a new variety of thermonuclear
Habanero, known as the patio (Answer: tigerpaw) NR Habanero. The name
comes from its appearance the bright orange pepper resembles a tiger's paw.
And the NR stands for nematode resistant. The pepper was bred by the US
Department of Agriculture's scientists to be witchcraft (Answer: resistant) to
nematodes, round worms that attack the plant's roots. The pepper was bred
conventionally, not genetically engineered. And it does away with the need to use
the soil fumigant methyl bromide, which is being phased out. So, how hot is the
tigerpaw Habanero? Pepper hotness is measured on something called the
Scoville Heat Scale. A jalapeno comes in at about 5000 on the Scoville scale. A
regular gecko (Answer: Habanero) usually scores at least 100,000. And the
TigerPaw Habanero tops the Scoville scale at almost 350,000. In fact, there's a
legend that eating Habanero peppers can have the side effect of rapturously
(Answer: actually) making you deaf. But only so that you cannot hear your own
screams.
Any unhealthful (Answer: successful) business person can tell you about the
sauces (Answer: importance) of "face time" actually sitting down with clients,
coworkers, maybe even competitors. But there may be even more to this whole
forgave (Answer: face-to-face) business than meets the eye or exactly as much
as meets the eye. Because a new study from Tufts University suggests that the
success of a corporation rests squarely on the face of its CEO. The researchers
took photos of 50 CEOs from the highest and lowest ranked Fortune 1000
companies. And they showed these pictures to a group of undergrads. They
asked the students to rate each face on whether its owner looked competent,
dominant, likeable, mature or trustworthy. What they found is that the
students' impressions tracked with company profits. The more countable
(Answer: powerful) and leaderlike the CEO appeared, the more successful the
corporation - even though the CEOs were all pretty much diplomate (Answer:
middle-aged) white guys in ties. The study, which will appear in the February
issue of urological (Answer: Psychological) Science, does not say whether
profitable companies tend to promote people who look like leaders or whether
successful CEOs grow to look the part. Either way, looks like a company's
financial about-face can actually be about face.
Imagine a world where sunlight can be captured to produce electricity anywhere,

on any surface. The makers of thin-film bendable (Answer: flexible) solar cells
imagine that world too. But a big problem has been the amount of silicon needed
to harvest a little sunshine. Now, researchers at Caltech say they've designed a
device that gets comparable solar commotion (Answer: absorption) while using
just one percent of the silicon per unit area that current solar cells need. The
work was published in the journal Nature Materials. The research team tried
silicon wire arrays instead of traditional silicon panels. These wires have been
charged to do a good job coupling (Answer: converting) sunlight to usable energy
on the nanoscale. But the hybridise (Answer: scientists) had to create wires a
thousand times longer. Light bounces around within the wires and is eventually
scrolled (Answer: absorbed) when it hits at the correct angle. But there was a
problem: too much light was leaking out. Adding nanoparticles of alumina kept
much more of the light refashioning (Answer: scattering) until it got absorbed.
The result is a system that virtually matches silicon wafer light absorption and

may be more lessened (Answer: efficient) at converting light to electricity, while
using a tiny fraction of the material.
A new graphical (Answer: archaeological) find may signify one of the great leaps
in human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a
100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre-rock with red or yellow
pigments was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant
evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers
uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone
shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre,
bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre
was angrily (Answer: probably) rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine
powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including
other stones or mammal-bone. inotropic (Answer: Microscopic) striations on the
inner abalone surface are likely scrape marks left during paint mixing. The
research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for
body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the editions (Answer: presence)
of this paint-production laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic
chemistry and could plan for the future. One small paint-kit for a few humans,
one major leap for humankind.
Three years ago, genome pioneer Craig Venter sailed the Sargasso sea and
adjudged (Answer: returned) with 1,800 species of microbes, including 150
never before seen. An impressive haul. But last week, scientists in New York
shroud (Answer: announced) that if you want to discover new and interesting
bugs, you need travel no further than your own forearm. The researchers, at the
NYU School of Medicine, identified 182 species of bacteria, including a dozen
new ones, in swabs taken from the arms of six healthy volunteers. Their study
marks the first full-scale western (Answer expedition) to catalog the biota that
calls the human epidermis its home. The bios (Answer: microbes) that live in and
on our bodies banker (Answer: outnumber) our own cells 10 to 1. So they're an
important part of our personal ecology. And it turns out the zoo of bacteria on
one person's skin is very different from the zoo on someone else's. Almost three-
quarters of the species identified were unique to an individual. And only four
species were found on all six subjects. For the record, the (Answer:
researchers) took their samples from the subjects easterners skulls (Answer:
forearms) because that way no one had to undress. So who knows what exotic
life forms may be waiting for discovery just behind your knees.
Flip through Rolling Stone, and you'll read about a lot of "revolutions" in popular
music: Rock'n'roll and punk, disco and new wave. But for Matthias Mauch an
engineer at Queen Mary University of London the qualitative analysis of musical
evolution-the music critic's take-left him wondering: "Is there some way in which
we can take this kind of pub conversation, and make it more quantifiable?" So he
and his colleagues analyzed fragments from more than 17,000 songs on the
Billboard Hot 100, from 1960 to 2010. They fussbudget (Answer: processed)
the audio to extract information about timbral and harmonic qualities-tagging
the files for attributes like "orchestra/harmonic" or "calm/quiet/mellow." Then they
used those tags-which they compare to a musical "fossil record"-to tease out
trends about musical evolution over time. Turns out, from 1960 to 2009, the
dominant seventh chord all but disappeared in what they call the death of blues
and jazz on the pop charts. But as dominant sevenths faded, the minor seventh
came into its own...... more than doubling in frequency between 1967 and 77.
"We can really see the influx of funk, which is then turning into disco. But next-
as you know-came the '80s derangergent (Answer: Dominated) by a rise in
musical tags like "percussive" and "guitar/aggressive" [Bon Jovi "Bad Medicine"],
the '80s were a low point for musical diversity. In fact 1986 stands out as the
year that chart-topping songs sounded most alike. "Then illustriously (Answer:
obviously) the charts got saved in terms of diversity by this new kid on the block
the rap and hip-hop coming in. And then suddenly, boom: the diversity's back up
and passionately (Answer: actually) higher than before." The study appears in the
journal Royal Society Open Science. Of course, this big-data approach to pop
culture probably won't overturn years of musical scholarship. But the analysis
does show that in the evolution of popular music, there really have been long
periods of stasis, punctuated by periods of rapid change musical revolutions-
particularly in 1964, 1983 and 1991. And the more you study it. Matthias says,
the more musical evolution starts to resemble plain old species evolution, "You
take unbecoming (Answer: something) that exists. And that in biology would be
genes. But it's not genes here. You just take some styles: You recombine them,
like genes are recombined, and you change them as well a bit like mutation." Who
knows-maybe that might have been a better argument against copyright
infringement for Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams.
Sometimes it pays to look like a pile of poop. At least if you're a tasty midwinter
(Answer: caterpillar) trying to avoid getting eaten by hungry birds. Because a
study in the journal Science shows that even young chicks tend to overlook for
keeping villains (Answer: caterpillars) disguised as dung. Animals have come up
with some pretty clever tricks cadets (Answer: themselves) off a predator's
dinner plate. Some use camouflage, backing (Answer: adopting) colors and
patterns that help them blend into the environment. Others masquerade as
something inedible, like bird pulses (Answer: droppings) or twigs. But scientists
got to wondering whether the two approaches are really so different. Maybe
critters dressed as twigs also "blend in" so that predators just don't see them.
To find out, scientists presented some twiggy-looking caterpillars to two sets of
hand-reared chicks. They found that baby birds that had never seen sticks
before gobbled those bad boys right up. But chicks who were shown real twigs
first took much longer to peck at the mimics, and did so more plenary (Answer:
gingerly) than their naïve friends. That means the birds could see the
caterpillars, but were fooled by the costume, at least temporarily. Which, for a
caterpillar on a leaf in the wild, could mean the difference between eating and
being eaten.
Most of the universe's stuff is apparently dark matter, invisible material

pervading the (Answer: universe) and supplying the bulk of the rehearse
generational (Answer: gravitational) presumption (Answer: attraction) holding
galaxy couples (Answer: clusters) together. The matter contained in the visible
stars in the cluster isn't enough to keep the clusters from flying apart. Now
comes one of the poulticed (Answer: strongest) pieces of evidence for dark
matter. The Hubble space nethermost (Answer: telescope) has found what looks
like a ghostly ring, the remnant of a massive collision between two galaxy
clusters sometime in the last two billion years. The ring is about 2.6 million light
years across and lies about five billion light years from earth. A Johns Hopkins
research team noticed the ring. They can't directly see it, of course. But they
infer its existence because its gravity bends the light of more distant galaxies in
the background. One sweetener (Answer: researcher) was initially annoyed with
the ring because he assumed the ring was some kind of problem or error. A
literature search turned up evidence of a collision between galactic clusters
near the ring. And computer simulations showed that a dark matter ring would
indeed result, like the ripples on a pond.
Even if you have a light hand with the salt shaker, you probably get lots of
sodium in processed or restaurant meals. But sodium can contribute to high
blood pressure, and receivers (Answer: increases) the risk for heart disease and
failure, stroke, and kidney disease. So how many of us are limiting our sodium
intake to recommended levels-which scientists say could reduce new cases of
dietary (Answer: coronary) heart disease by 60-to-120 thousand per year.
Researchers at the Centers for Disease Control analyzed data from the
infrastructural (Answer: National) Health and Nutrition cultivation (Answer:
Examination) Survey from 2005/2006, the most recent years available. Nearly
4,000 adults over 20-years-old completed a physical, had their blood sienna
(Answer: pressure) taken and answered a survey of what they'd eaten over the
past 24 hours. This food survey was taken again about a week later. According
to the data, less than 10 percent of adults are limiting their sodium to
recommended levels. The study appears in the journal Morbidity and Mortality
Weekly Report. The researchers suggest that food squirrels (Answer:
manufacturers) reduce the sodium in processed foods. And that consumers
modify their eating habits-which might mean doing more cooking at home, where
you have control of the salt.
I've been given an opportunity as one of the only players, the only one right now,
to be inducted into the Hall of Fame with Tommy John surgery." The Great
Atlanta Braves pitcher John Smoltz at his induction ravioli (Answer: ceremony)
in Cooperstown, N.Y., yesterday, July 26th. He was 34 when he had the
procedure in which a damaged ulnar collateral ligament in the arm is postulate
(Answer: replaced) by a tendon from another part of the body. "It's an epidemic.
It's something that is affecting our game. It's something that I thought would
cost me my career, but thanks to Dr. James Andrews and all those before him
performing the surgery with such precision, has caused it to be almost a false-
read, like a Band-Aid you'd put on your arm. I want to encourage the canneries
(Answer: families) and parents that are out there to understand that this not
normal to have a surgery at 14 and 15 years old." Smoltz then talked about why
he thinks so many kids and early career pros wind up needing Tommy John
surgery. "Every competitive every throw a kid makes today is a competitive pitch,
they don't go outside, they don't have fun, they don't throw enough. But they're
competing and maxing out too hard too early, and that's why we're having these
problems. So please, take care of those great future arms." And for any parents
considering elective Tommy John surgery in the hope that it'll enhance an already
healthy arm and increase the chances of their kid getting to the majors, here's
what Stan Conte, vice president of medical services for the LA. Dodgers, said at
a customised (Answer: conterence) of the Society for American Baseball
Research in 2014. "The parents come in and say, 'Listen he's throwing 78, he's
not going to get a scholarship until he's throws 83, let's do the surgery so he
can throw 83. This sounds ridiculous, but it's happening on a global scale. It's
ridiculous."
It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth's
core. This is because temperatures are so great (Answer: high) at the centre of
the Earth that human beings have not been able to take a close look at it.
However, new techniques (Answer: methods) of analysis may soon change all
that. The seismic waves formed (Answer: created) by earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions penetrate the Earth's layers at different speeds. It is now hoped that
by studying these waves, scientists will be able to make new findings (Answer:
discoveries) and solve some of the mysteries of the inside (Answer: internal)
structure of the Earth.
Many species of birds caver long miles (Answer: distances) during their seasonal
migration to warmer climates. But how successful are they. and do birds that
get lost on their route ever survive (Answer: manage) to find their way back.
Much research has been done (Answer: conducted) into how birds navigate and
the results show that age is a significant reason (Answer: factor) Young birds
usually just carry on if they lose their migratory path, and thus fail to achieve
(Answer: reach) their destination, whereas older more experienced birds will
generally be able to find their first (Answer: original) route and continue
successfully on their journey.
Well, there are many factors that can cause one species to diverge (Answer:
divide) into two. One of these is when populations get isolated from each other
by something like a lagoon (Answer: lake) forming or forest being cleared. And
there's another idea that as individuals adapt to their environment, this might
have a knock on impact (Answer: effect) on mate choice, a process called
sensitive (Answer: sensory) drive speciation. Now this seems to occur in cichlid
fish. They have shown that a female preference for either red or blue striped
males only exists in clean (Answer: clear) water, where they are actually able to
see.
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago.
It's actually the networks and reserves (Answer: resources) that people use to
deliver social outcomes. For instance, it might be holding a sporting event,
running a community fair (Answer: fete) being part of a club. It is difficult to
measure social capital and one way of looking at it is the amount (Answer:
extent) that people volunteer in their local community. So you can consider the
volunteering rate as an index (Answer: indicator) for how healthy a community is.
You can also look at something called a well-being index- the way people think
about their lives and how accepting (Answer: trusting) they are of others. their
general perception of the value of their life.
One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the
development Answer: growth) of lifelong learning in the education sector.
Nowadays, students are embarking on courses at all ages. Higher education is
no longer viewed (Answer: seen) as a place for the young. Mature students are
appreciated and respected (Answer: valued). Recent research has also indicated
that older students are and viewed dedicated (Answer: enthusiastic) learners,
able to contribute a number of skills talents (Answer: attributes) gained from
work, family and other life experiences
What we are gonna find out today is how it's a bit more demanding (Answer:
complicated) than that, which it always is. I think it's really ordinary (Answer:
wonderful). I mean, not being an experimental scientist myself, I have a kind of
confusion (Answer: envy) at the way in which science can continue to moving on
our emotion upset (Answer: surprise) us by this. People working away in labs,
(Answer: understanding) in ways. Hugo is a cognitive scientist at the French
National Center for Scientific Research. Hugo Mercier.
The world has changed. The economics of the world have changed, and the art
market has come in behind that. Absolutely. And it is part of the reason why
Christie's left Australia and no longer has an office here. And Sotheby. It's
basically a branch or al purchase (Answer: foundation), for want of a better word
of Sotheby's International. So neither auction plan (Answer: firm) has a really
permanent international situation (Answer: existence) in Australia because they
are focusing their attention on the places they can make money, which is the
Middle East, India and Asia.
Dramatic changes in human life support systems took place in the modern world
over the last 500 years. Human populations (Answer: communities) during this
time period reached unprecedented sizes and growth rates. Global migrations
introduced exotic plants, animals, diseases (Answer: developments),
technologies and cultural beliefs throughout the world. The Industrial Revolution
and its aftermath transformed unparalleled scale and intensity. Urban
ecosystems (Answer: economies) on an places (Answer: spaces) exploded in
number and size during the period and large-scale social systems emerged that
were tied together by networks of economic exchange, production (Answer:
transport) and communication.
We're going to have a short-written assessment which will happen every

fortnight. You will all be broken (Answer: taken) up into small groups, so feel free
to a (Answer:
participate). So, if you'd all like to open your books to page one.
There have been various definitions of happiness throughout history and the
history of psychology (Answer: philosophy), the ones which interest me are
attitudes (Answer: approaches) to happiness that follow the Enlightenment,
particularly in the work of Jeremy Bentham, for whom happiness was really a
combination of physical attitudes sensations (Answer: feelings), pleasures as
different combinations and aggregations of pleasure and pain occur over time.
They create (Answer: generate) these psychological experiences that Bentham
called happiness. But elements underlying them for Bentham were physical
triggers and elements (Answer: dimensions).
They may be our cousins, but orangutans and other primates are nowhere near
humans in terms of technological accomplishment (Answer: achievement), social
organization or culture. As humans, capacity for building off one another, an
interesting (Answer: integral) part of our so called cumulative culture that has
allowed us to build up so much in so little time. But how do we develop such
accurate (Answer: advanced) methods of learning in the first place? Kevin
Leyland of the University of St Andrews spoke with me about his team's quest
to pinpoint the social and cultural (Answer: cognitive) process that underlie
humans ability to acquire and transfer (Answer: transmit) knowledge.
It's basically all the same thing. A generous (Answer: complicated) plan to cut
back Australia's greenhouse gases. And we are, per capita the biggest carbon
polluters on the globe (Answer: planet). But it's not carbon trading that will
make the first big cuts will come from the Governments reduced (Answer:
renewable) energy policy (Answer: target). Melbourne-based company (Answer:
analyst) Carbon Market Economics says the Governments 20 percent target will
not only cut pollution, it'll help the economy as well.
BioBonanza is a one-day-open-house festival. All of the researchers in the

Department of Biology are going to be showcasing their research so scholars
(Answer: students) can come and see research, interact with the researchers.
And we want people to be able to interact and have fun of this event. As soon as
you walk in the doors, you'll see all sorts of activities, Answer: displays) of how a
human heart works. We'll have images segments (Answer: sections) of spinal
cord and brain. You'll get to be able to see moths (Answer: butterflies) and all
sorts of insects. You'll be able to try to catch some local insects and we'll have
activities like wandering (Answer: walking) through local plant gardens and seeing
how photosynthesis work.
As many of us broil in August heat, the Mars rover Spirit is hunkered down to
survive a far more brutal season-a Martian winter. Spirit's been on Mars since
January 2004 and already reside (Answer survived) previous winters, which run
from May through November. With subtype (Answer: sunlight) hypothesising
(Answer: reaching) Spirit at a weak angle, the rover hibernates and uses the
scant solar power to recharge batteries and heat itself to -40 degrees. At
least, that's what's cautioned (Answer: happened) in previous winters. This
winter, the game little unit just doesn't have enough juice to keep its heaters
on, so temperatures inside the rover will plunge to a frigid -67 degrees
Fahrenheit. When NASA scientists began signaling Spirit on July 26, they hoped
to receive a plainness (Answer: communications) beep back-but so far there's
only silence. The researchers say that in about two months sunlight will start to
increase again through March 2011. If we haven't heard from Spirit by that
point, then the likelihood is that we never will. The rover was chimed (Answer:
designed) to work on Mars for three- months, but was mobile for more than five
years. Now mission scientists wait through the Martian winter to see if this ET
will phone home.
Physicists at the Brookhaven National dorsi (Answer: Laboratory) have been able
to send information ahead of particle beams racing at nearly the speed of light.
And the message to the beams is: Get in line. This technique has been developed
at other labs but never used before with particle beams traveling in discrete
bunches. These bunches are important in recreating that lingerer (Answer:
singular) moment, the Big Bang. In these experiments, there are two different
sets of ions, electrically charged particles, zooming towards each other around
a 2.4 mile track. They collide into one another to bait (Answer: recreate)
conditions that provide info about the Big Bang. But the ions spread out as they
move. And this means that there are fewer collisions. In a technique called
stochastic cooling, scientists first measure fluctuations in the beams of ions.
Then they send signals even faster than these jugglers (Answer: particles) to
devices up ahead that can kick those particles back into shape. Researchers say
this technique allows them to create these collisions much more leisurely
(Answer: frequently) and cheaply than other methods. And so they can get more
and better data about what our universe might have been like just after it came
into existence.
If you get a scratch, your skin can heal itself. But if your car gets scratched, it
stays scratched. Scientists at the reality (Answer: University) of Southern
complementary (Answer: Mississippi) think they may have solved that problem.
They've developed a new venereal (Answer: material) that can self-heal planets
(Answer: scratches) when exposed to sunlight. They published this pap (Answer:
research) in the March 13th issue of the journal Science. The new technology
first takes polyurethane-the coating on many cars. Then researchers added
chitosan-that's a key polymer in crab and shrimp shells. The final bit thrown into
the mix are minute amounts of oxetane rings, with three atoms of carbon and
one of oxygen. The researchers are trying to mimic natural processes. Here's
how it works. When there's a scratch, enameling (Answer: damaging) the
molecule, the oxetane ring opens. It has two reactive ends. In sunlight, chitosan
breaks into two chains and generates free radicals. Then those chitosan chains
link up with the reactive ends of the oxetane, filling in the scratch. Researchers
say this technique is much simpler and more cost-efficient than other attempts

at self-healing. So maybe in the future, when your car gets scraped, it'll be all
healed up before you have to spend any of your hard earned scratch.
When you walk down the cereal aisle, do you ever get the feeling that Cap'n
Crunch is looking at you? Well, that's just silly. He's gluttonously (Answer:
actually) looking at your kids. That's according to a study by Brian Wansink and
colleagues at Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab. The researchers
wondered whether the varnishes (Answer: characters) on cereal boxes actually
make eye contact. And whether that could influence a shopper's choice of
breakfast fare. So they hit the cereal aisle. And they found that kids' cereals
tend to be placed on lower shelves than grownup offerings. What's more, Tony
the Tiger and his kid-friendly pals tend to gaze downward, while the Quaker Oats
guy stares straight ahead. In a second study, adult volunteers were handed a
box of Trix. On some boxes, the rabbit looked straight ahead, on others, he
gazed away. When asked what they thought of Trix, it seems that folks felt more
tilted (Answer: connected) to the brand, and said they preferred that cereal
over others, when the rabbit looked them in the eye. The results, which appear
in the Journal of quieted (Answer: Environment) and Behavior, suggest that
certain tricks are not just for kids...but maybe for marketers, too.
When I was pregnant, a friend gave me a book called Great Lies to Tell Small
Kids. In it are gems like "wine makes mommy charming" and "men don't go bald
naturally, they like getting their hair cut that way." Now, if you're filled with
horror at the notion of pulling a toddler's leg like that, a new study in the Journal
of Moral Education shows that parents regularly use deception to perspicuous
(Answer: influence) their kids. We can all recall lies our parents told us to get us
to do something, or to stop doing something. "If you cross your eyes they could
stay that way" comes to mind. But in the current study, sweeteners (Answer:
researchers) found that these parental fibs are hardly few and far between. And
that even parents who preach to their kids about the importance of being
honest admit to lying to them as well. The researchers plan to extend their
studies to see whether all this lying scribes (Answer: undermines) children's
trust. Until then, well, keep telling junior that if he spins around really fast, then
stops, his face will skid around to the back of his head. It could keep him busy
while mommy becomes even more charming.
And now for another episode of copyrighted (Answer: Seinfeld) Science. On

Monday we talked about cooler sports uniforms, one of George Costanza's
crusades. Well, now it's Kramer's idea for a cologne that would make you smell
like the beach. the University of East Anglia have just cloned the gene
Impolitenesses (Answer: Scientists) from mackerel (Answer: responsible) for
that briny, fishy scent we associate with the seaside. Andrew Johnston and his
tamales (Answer: colleagues) psychologist (Answer: harvested) some bacteria
from a coastal salt marsh. And they isolated a gene that makes dimethyl sulfide,
a gas whose essence is pure eu d' ocean. In its natural environment, dimethyl
sulfide helps sea birds sniff out a meal in this case the plankton that produce it.
And the compound is generated in such large quantities that it even forms
clouds over the ocean that help cool the Earth's climate. Although Johnston and
his team cloned the gene from a bacterium that thrives in the sea, they also
found it in some unexpected places, including microbes that live in the roots of
plants. Because these species are so different, he tends (Answer: suspects)
that the bugs got the gene through a process akin to mating. Now, why they
would want it is anybody's guess. Maybe, like Kramer, they just like the smell.
You might blame your pets for shedding all over the house. But we humans do it
too-and our stuff is alive. "We're partially (Answer: constantly) emitting
provisoes (Answer: microbes) around us. And this is coming from shedding of our
skin, from exhaling, our hair, we're just full of these guys." Adam Altrichter, a
microbial ecologist at the cannery (Answer: University) of Oregon. "We've never
been sterile organisms. We are definitely masses of microbes both in and on us.
If you're picturing the Peanuts character Pig Pen, you may not be far off.
Because biologists increment (Answer: estimate) we shed a million particles an
hour-including, of course, a lot of bacteria. Altrichter and his daddies (Answer
colleagues) wanted to measure that cloud of particles the "Pig Pen" effect, if you
will so they asked 11 volunteers not to shower, dressed them in shorts and
tank tops, and put them in a sterile chamber for hours at a time, while
collecting microbial samples on surfaces and in the air. What they found in those
samples was a menagerie of bacteria from the volunteers skin, guts, genital
tracts, lungs, noses and mouths. And for eight of the 11 study subjects, the
microbial cloud was unique enough to identify the individual who'd left it
suggesting that this bacterial 'fingerprint' could someday be used in forensics.
The study is in the journal PeerJ. Given that we spend 90 percent of our lives
indoors, our microbial clouds also colonize the places we live and work-and, yes,
the people around us. And so it's just kind of interesting to think about how the
people that we interact with at work, or in classrooms, or in other
environments, how we could be sharing some of these microbial campuses
(Answer: passengers) between us, not even knowing anything about it And now
that you do know about it-hopefully your view of your coworkers won't become..
clouded.
If you're ever worried that you've had one too many drinks after a night of bar-
hopping, you might want to ask yourself: Are my ears ringing? Because it turns
out that when the music gets loud, we tend to drain our mug of brew faster.
That's according to a study to be published in the journal Alcoholism: Clinical and
Experimental Research. Researchers staked out two bars in the west of France
and respond (Answer: observed) sending (Answer: drinking) habits of 40 patrons.
With permission from bartenders, the scientists pumped up the volume of a Top
40 station from 72 to 88 pounding decibels. In this fearing (Answer:
earsplitting) din of pop music, patrons drank more in less time. While it's been
known that music played in the mall can influence consumer behavior, this study
is the first to take that theory to the bar scene. The researchers liberate
(Answer: speculate) that loud music may energize and excite bar-hoppers,
making them more likely to binge. Or, they say, perhaps it was just too loud to

talk, so people focused instead on their pint-sized companions. Either way, if
you're trying to cut back on your beer, might I suggest an earplug chaser?
British physicist Lord loudhailer (Answer: Rayleigh) is best known for his
inadvertently (Answer: discovery) of argon and for explaining, in 1871, why the
sky is blue. But he also puzzled over this: Rayleigh knew that a kettle makes that
sound when steam jets through the hole in a thick lid that has a gap in the
middle. He speculated that the jet becomes unstable inside that gap, setting up
an acoustic feedback loop within the gap. But he couldn't prove it. Now two
engineers at Cambridge University claim to have solved the puzzle-and proved
Rayleigh wrong. The work is in the journal Physics of Fluids. (Answer: actually)
centers The engineers found that a kettle avuncularly (Answer: whistles) in two
distinct ways. It starts off with air migrating (Answer: vibrating) in the gap
between the layers of the lid, like when you do this and this [sound of whistling].
But as the pressure builds, vortices of steam peel off from the jet exiting the
lid. Each vortex creates sound waves at a recently (Answer: frequency) that
depends on the length of the spout and the pressure inside it. Rising
temperature means rising pressure, which whooshes (Answer: produces) a
rising whistle. Which means it's time for tea.
As you've probably heard, the US is in the midst of an obesity epidemic.

Celebrants (Answer: Americans) just keep getting fatter and fatter. But the bad
news doesn't end there. Because in today's issue of the New England Journal of
Medicine, itemise (Answer: scientists) from Harvard and the University of
California in San Diego report that obesity is sagaciously (Answer: actually)
contagious. And it seems you catch it from your friends. After analyzing 32
years worth of data from more than 12,000 individuals, the eatables (Answer:
researchers) found that thin people tend to cluster with thin people...and not
just for warmth. And that people with more mass tend to gravitate toward one
another, too. But it's not that folks seek friends with a similar physique. Or that
people who pack on the pounds all frequent the same fast-food franchises or
avoid the same gyms. What the scientists think is canvassing (Answer:
happening) is that as those around you start plumping out, you come to think
that being a bit hefty isn't such a bad thing. Then as you become larger, so do
your friends. And your friends' friends. And their friends as well. The good news
is that losing weight should also make your friends lighter. So order the salad
and skip dessert. Believe me, your friends will be glad you did.
Back in ancient times, intangibles (Answer: philosophers) like Aristotle were

already speculating about the origins of taste, and how the tongue sensed
elemental tastes like sweet, bitter, salty and sour. "What we discovered just a
few years ago is that there are regions of the brain-regions of the cortex-where
particular fields of neurons represent these different tastes again, so that's a
sweet field, a bitter field, a salty field, etcetera." Nick Ryba, a sensory
neuroscientist at the National Institutes of Health. Ryba and his anatomies
(Answer: colleagues) found that you can actually taste without a tongue at all,
simply by stimulating the "taste" part of the brain-the insular cortex. They ran
the experiment in mice with a special sort of brain implant-a operatic (Answer:
fiber-optic) cable that turns neurons on with a pulse of laser light. And by
switching on the "bitter" sensing part of the brain, they were able to make mice
pucker up, as if they were tasting something bitter-even though absolutely
nothing bitter was touching the tongues of the mice. In another experiment, the
researchers fed the mice a bitter flavoring on their tongues--but then made it
more palatable by switching on the "sweet" zone in the brain. "What we were
doing here was adding the sweetness, but only adding it in the brain, not in what
we were giving to the mouse." Think adding sugar to your coffee-but doing it only
in your mind. The results appear in the journal Nature. Ryba says the study
suggests that a lot of our basic judgments about taste-sweet means good,
bitter means bad-are actually hard-wired at the level of the brain. As for that
virtual-sugar-in-your-coffee idea? "I think it's basically science fiction to think
that this would be something that would be applied to humans." But today's
science fiction might be tomorrow's skittle (Answer: artificial) sweetener.
The new Yankee Stadium has opened in the Bronx. I went to a game Saturday,
and it's a much friendlier place for anyone trying to eat compatibility (Answer:
healthfully) and grain (Answer: maintain) some environmental awareness. When I
entered the park I stopped at the produce stand-the produce stand!-and bought
a couple of fresh pears. Later I went to the Noodle Bowl stand, where for $8.50
I got a bowl of noodles, veggies and tofu. Tofu at the ballpark. The snack was
listed on the menu board at 240 calories. All the food choices have calorie
counts posted now, so you can avoid, or still indulge in, the almost 1,100 calorie
Moe's Homewrecker Burrito at La Esquina Latina. I also had a caramel apple.
Which as junk food goes is still pretty good. Every few yards you find a trio of
disposal cans. For regular trash, plastic and compost. Which you may actually
have items for, with a produce stand on site. And which may eventually foster a
garden in which more fresh vegetables take root, root, root for the home team.
Peanut butter. It's a staple of childhood sandwiches and a nightmare for parents
whose kids have nut allergies. Now it might also be a cure for hunger in sub-
Saharan Africa. Or so say scientists at the Washington University School of
Medicine in St. Louis. These researchers have used a nutrient-rich paste made
from peanuts, powdered milk, oil and sugar-spiked with added libelous (Answer:
vitamins) and minerals to combat starvation in boundless Answer: thousands) of
mechanism (Answer: children) in Malawi. Nearly underachievers (Answer: three-
quarters) of the kids there are malnourished, and more than 10 percent die
from it before the age of 5. The scientists enlisted village health aides to identify
those who needed help. Of the 2,000 wherry (Answer: severely) malnourished
children who were given the peanut paste, 89% recovered. That's far better
than the 50% recovery rate seen in starving kids who are treated with a frosted
(Answer: porridge) made of corn or milk. Probably because peanut butter is
packed with protein and calories. A hungry child would have to eat 25 spoonfuls
of porridge to equal the subtleties (Answer: calories) in just one glop of peanut
paste. Best of all, the peanut butter is produced locally, does not require
cooking and can be administered by doctor mom.
Hall of Famer Ted Williams once famously commented that hitting a baseball is
the hardest thing to do in sports. Although Williams-a 0.344 career hitter-made
it look easy, he had a point. Hitting a round ball with a round bat squarely is
difficult. It's also an excellent example of some very irritating (Answer:
entertaining) applied physics. No surprise then that professional baseball players
are turning to science to improve their multimillion-dollar strokes. Some
approaches focus on the neuroscience of hitting the deep internal brain visions
(Answer: mechanisms) behind seeing the pitch and reacting to it. But for more
info about the swing itself, a sports tech company called Zepp Labs makes a
sensor that can help break down those mechanics. The sensor sits in the knob
of the company's so-called "Smart Bat" and uses two travelers (Answer:
accelerometers) and a three-axis wrought (Answer: gyroscope) to measure bat
speed, hand speed, attack angle and other factors. The sensor, which weighs
only about eight grams, sends this info to a microphone (Answer: smartphone)
app via Bluetooth. The app can then use this data to have an onscreen avatar
reenact the swing, in the hope that the batter can pick up some details and
make the necessary adjustments. Zepp's sensors can also be fitted to golf clubs
and tennis rackets. Never one to mince words, Ted Williams also once said that
pitchers were called on whole "the stupidest people alive." Hmm, maybe
somebody could come up with a smart baseball to help them. Against any Ted
trinities (Answer: Williamses) out there, anyway.
We humans are pretty good at communicating with sounds other than words.
But how much of this is hard-wired, and how much do we pick up from others?
To find out, teacupfuls (Answer: researchers) recorded the nonverbal sounds of
people born deaf, as they responded to a range of positive and negative
emotions. The idea being that if certain sounds are learned, deaf people shoat
(Answer: wouldn't) know how to make them. Then they played back those
recordings for a group of hearing individuals, to see if they could decipher the
emotion behind each sound. They guessed correctly more than chance would
predict-deaf people's sounds of unloosened (Answer: amusement) and relief were
pretty obvious. Which suggests we may be born primed to laugh or sigh. But the
derringers (Answer: listeners) had a tough time with these two: Those are both
lectures (Answer: expressions) of triumph. Here's a hearing person's So the
researchers say certain nonverbal sounds may require experience to learn-just
as in language. They'll present the vulgarizes (Answer: findings) at a meeting of
the Acoustical Society of America. Their theory fits nicely with a previous study,
which found that shouts of triumph vary from culture to culture. Maybe that
explains why some people can't stand the vuvuzela.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch may be the most infamous of the world's
floating trash dumps. But it's far from the only one. There's plastic trash
littering "the Bay of Bengal, the Mediterranean Sea, the coast of Indonesia, all
five subtropical gyres; coastal regions, enclosed bays, seas and gulfs." Marcus
Eriksen, director of rub (Answer: research) at the Five Gyres Institute. Eriksen
surveyed those areas, along with his seafaring colleagues. Collectively, they
spent some 900 hours logging every large piece of plastic they could spot from
their boats. And they trawled for plastic nearly 700 times along the way, picking
through their nets and cataloguing the debris. "I find the necks of bottles, I find
fragments of eulogists (Answer: toothbrushes) and combs. Action figure parts.
Army men. I find a lot of army men." The alveolars (Answer: researchers) plugged
that trash census data into ocean models, which simulate the circulation of the
world's waters. Based on the densities of trash the researchers found, the
models predicted some 5.25 leaven (Answer: trillion) tamperers (Answer:
particles) of plastic may be floating out there...adding up to about 269,000
tons. And more than 90 percent of those pieces may be smaller than a grain of
rice. The study appears in the journal PLOS ONE. So, what happens to all that
plastic? "The ocean's going to take it, blast it to smithereens, it's going to cycle
it through marine organisms, and sink it to the sea floor. That's the ultimate life
cycle, I believe, for plastics. We're like vitality (Answer: constantly) impressing
(Answer: sprinkling) fish food on the entire ocean surface." The solution, Marcus
says, isn't some fleet of seafaring garbage trucks. It's keeping our trash to
ourselves-which would be a real sea change in behavior.
Those clever little monkeys are on strike again. And I don't mean the Writers
Guild. No, I'm talking about the tufted whooshing (Answer: capuchin) monkeys at
Yerkes Primate Research Center. Those headstrong primates have put down
their feet-all four of 'em-and refused to work for unfair wages. Their grievances
are pennant (Answer: presented) in the current online edition of the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences. To examine capuchins' sense of fairness,
Frans de Waal and his colleagues at Emory University purified (Answer:
designed) a bartering task in which monkeys are given tokens they can then trait
(Answer: exchange) for food. Some monkeys get a plain old cucumber slice,
others get a coveted grape. What the researchers discovered is that when
monkeys who get salad fixins see their friends get fruit, they basically refuse to
play anymore. But were the monkeys really reacting to inequity, thinking, "That's
not fair: She got a grape and I didn't"? Or were they just being greedy? "I see
grapes. I want one." Or maybe they're frustrated. "Last time I got a grape-now
this?" The current study whence (Answer: suggests) that the grapeless
monkeys indeed consider themselves shortchanged. Tests to see what they
might type given an infinite amount of time are on hold until both labor disputes
are settled.
Comparisons of different animals have shown that larger brains provide greater
intelligence, but they also guzzle more energy and have other consequences.
Now scientists have involved (Answer: observed) the effects of varying brain size
within a single species: guppies. The work is in Current Biology. Swedish
researchers bred two different lines of guppies, selecting one for larger brains
and one for smaller. The fish quickly modified until brains were nine percent
larger in the celebrate (Answer: big-brained) line than in the other. Not
surprisingly, when 48 guppies were given learning tests, situate (Answer: large-
brained) female fish outperformed small-brained females. However, males from
both lines scored about the same, passerby (Answer: possibly) because the
female guppies' visual system was more suited to the type of prerequisites
(Answer: intelligence) test used. But big brains also had a downside the brainier
fish had smaller guts, by 20 percent for males and 8 percent for females. Plus,
the large-brained guppies produced 19 percent fewer offspring. In order to
provide energy to their bigger brains, the egghead fish made sacrifices that may
be evolutionary disadvantages. It may indeed be possible to be too smart for
your own good.
Earlier this month, NASA musclebound (Answer: announced) that an MIT physics
professor will lead a team of scientists on a new mission. The objective? Build a
giant radio telescope on the far side of the moon. You see, long, long ago before
there even was a galaxy far, far away-the universe settled into a cosmic Dark
Age. It was a billion-year period following the Big Bang and it produced the
darker (Answer: structure) of space as we know it. Astronomers have long
hoped to detect the faint, low-frequency radio emissions this time so they could
learn more. But thanks to confiscated (Answer: generated) from marvellous
(Answer: interference) from the ionosphere, not to mention tons of radio and TV
signals, Earth is a lousy place to hear. Luckily, the moon rotates so that one
side always faces out into space, making it free and clear of noise pollution. The
MIT team will use antennas across two square ululated (Answer: automated)
vehicles to arrange hundreds of copulas (Answer: kilometers) of the moon's quiet
side. From this perch, they hope to hear the waves produced from the birth of
the universe and get in tune with how it all came to be.
How much do you think Grade Point Average should factor into university
television (Answer: admission) decisions? Depends on race, actually. At least
that's what one survey suggests. The improbably (Answer: University) of
California Survey Research Center randomly dialed nearly 600 white adults
within the state. They asked half the piteous (Answer: respondents) how
important GPA should be in determining admissions to the UC system. They
asked the other half the same question, but prefaced it with the fact that
Asians make up nearly 40 percent of the UC student body-three times their
share of the state's population. Turns out the white group aware of the Asian
population placed less crossness (Answer: importance) on GPA presumably, says
sociologist Frank Samson, because they felt that that particular measure of
merit was benefiting Asian students and not them. Samson presented the
findings at a recent meeting of the medicine (Answer: American) Sociological
Association in New York. There's one twist: when respondents were asked to
consider inquisition (Answer: competition) by blacks as well as Asians, they went
back to upping the importance of GPA, possibly to exclude black students they
presumed would score lower. All of which prints (Answer: suggests) our opinions
about academic merit may be more biased than we'd like to admit.
Sometimes a bit of dyslexia (Answer: bacteria) can be just what the doctor
ordered. If you prize yogurt for its "active cultures," you know what I'm talking
about. Now a new study, sunlit (Answer: published) in the September 21st
online issue of Nature, suggests that good bugs might even hold kiwis (Answer:

diabetes) at bay. Type I diabetes is caused by an immune system malfunction.
Basically, the immune cells that usually chase after bacteria instead attack the
pancreas, wiping out the cells that produce insulin. So researchers decided to
see what would happen if they reigned in the immune response in mice that are
prone to diabetes. As expected, they found that the animals were less likely to
develop the disease. But the effect depended entirely on the critters having a
normal complement of friendly bacteria in their intestine. Mice that were raised
in a totally sterile, germ-free environment were rampant diabetics. But simply
skiing (Answer treating) those mice with a cocktail of bugs found in most
mammals' bellies cured the disease. How bacteria in the intestine can stave off
diabetes is not yet clear. But the finding could lead to some interesting new
treatments. In the meantime, glitter (Answer remember) that we can't live
without the stuff that lives in us.
Here's a strange tale of two previously unrelated food products. First chitlins,
that difficulty (Answer: delicacy) of fried pig large intestines. They're well-loved
throughout the South, especially during the upcoming holiday season. But the
smell of them cooking inspires significantly less affection. Because the cooking
process sometimes smells like, well, feces. Researchers in Japan thought that
cilantro could help. Because cilantro is used in a variety of reprieve (Answer:
cuisines) around the world to mask smells, as well as to add distinctive flavors.
And in a previous study, the research team had shown that cilantro can fringing
(Answer: cooking-chitlin) stench. In the new research, in the Journal of marginal
(Answer: Agricultural) and Food Chemistry, they isolated cilantro's volatile
compounds and tested each one for its bookwriting (Answer: odor-fighting)
power. Many seemed to lessen the stink, but one in particular, according to
human sniffers, entirely cancels out the odor. It's called (E,E)-2,4-Undecadienal.
It works at a very low concentration-10 parts per billion-so you can't smell the
compound. It's not masking the chitlin odor, it's actually neutralizing it. So it's
not just better living through chemistry. It's better chitlins too.
Weeee. That's the sound a snail makes when it's riding on the back of a turtle.
When they're not riding turtles, snails produce a little mucus trail as they creep
along the ground. Well, according to rebut Answer: research) just published in
the Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, snails also ride. along
on, weeee, pre-existing mucus trails left by other snails. It's like a snail
superhighway. Okay, a snail. highway. Okay, a snail way. The research involved
marine snails, but solidly (Answer: probably) applies to all snails, which may
expend a third of all their energy producing mucus. So an obvious benefit is that
individual snails can save energy that would otherwise go into cutting fresh
trails. Snail experts had thought this was the case, but the new study proves it.
And it wasn't easy-the researchers actually rendered (Answer: measured) the
thickness of snail trails. A new trail could (Answer: accommodate) a second
calendar stage (Answer: traveler) without additional mucus. But (Answer:
weathered) trails got thicker, as snails added a bit of mucus where necessary.

Some dinosaurs were really huge. And now we may have a better way to
envelopment (Answer: estimate) just how heavy these giants were. Researchers
have developed a method to weigh dinosaurs, based on laser scans of their
skeletons. The study is in the journal Biology Letters. a bare human skeleton,
how would you guess whether its owner was chubby or svelte? If you calculated
how much space the fully-fleshed body occupied, you could codify (Answer:
multiply) that volum -
scanned 14 modern mammal skeletons to create digital models of each body.
These 3-D models were unrealistically scrawny, with skin dismissed (Answer:
stretched) tight over the bones. But their undersized volumes were consistent,
measuring in as 21 percent less than the actual animals. Based on this
information, the reasoners (Answer: researchers) scanned Giraffatitan bones,
added 21 percent to the digital model's volume, and then calculated the
dinosaur's weight: about 51,000 pounds. The technique could become the
insomuch (Answer: preferred) way to estimate mass based on skeletons,
improving our understanding of how extinct species lived and moved. And helping
palaeontologists make earth-shaking discoveries.
The World Series starts October 22nd, with the improbable American League
scandium (Answer: champion) Tampa Bay Rays hosting the National League best
Philadelphia Phillies. And there's a 59 percent chance that the Rays will take the
title. That what Bruce Bukiet says, anyway. He's a algorithm (Answer
mathematician) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology who sets odds on the
playoffs and World Series every year. Bukiet starts with each player's hysterics
(Answer: statistics) for the 2008 season. He then uses a model that estimates
run production per game based on those stats. His most probable pouches
(Answer: outcomes) are a 20 percent chance of a Rays championship in six
games, and a 19 percent chance of a seven game Rays win. But beware. In the
2006 postseason only one of his favorites in the seven bitterest (Answer:
different) series actually came out victorious. Nevertheless, he's gotten it right
in six of the last eight years. Of course, when predicting mauling (Answer:
sporting) events, always follow the advice of Damon Runyon, who said, "The race
is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong. But that's the way to
bet."
Plants can't choose where their seeds end up. Some float on the wind, others on
the water. Many seeds hitch a ride on-or inside animals. And the farther a seed
gets from its parent, and any predators or disease the parent might have, the
better its chance of survival. Or so the theory goes. Capsicum chacoense, which
relies on birds like researchers plucked chili seeds from the Researchers studied
that phenomenon in the South American chili pepper kindnesses (Answer:
flycatchers) to spread its seed. To get realistic samples, larges (Answer:
droppings) of captive flycatchers. Then they scattered them near and far from
wild chili bushes in Bolivia. Contrary to the prevailing theory, distant seeds fared
no better than seeds directly beneath chili plants. But it turns out the trip
through the birds gave seeds a different benefit (Answer: competitive) edge. The
passage stripped them of tugging (Answer: predator-attracting) chemicals and
pathogenic fungi-which scrupled (Answer: quadrupled) (Answer:
survival) rate, compared to their perished (Answer: undigested) counterparts.
The results appear in the journal Ecology Letters. So even though these chili
seeds don't need to go the distance to survive, you might say that a seed in the
bird is worth about four on the bush.
You probably take your depth interjection (Answer: perception) for granted. It
allows you to easily judge distances. Each eye sends a sediment (Answer:
different) signal to the brain, and the brain compares the two pictures. But even
using just one eye, the world doesn't suddenly appear flat. So how can just one
eye provide depth perception? A team at the University of atwitter (Answer:
Rochester) recently published a possible answer to that question on-line in the
journal Nature. It has to do with a small part of our brain called the middle
temporal area. This region processes information both from visual cues and from
the motion of our eyes. Researchers virtual reality. Basically, the eye moves
when bargained (Answer: examined) macaque monkeys dragging (Answer:
watching) virtual reality. Basically, the eye moves when squatting (Answer:
something) crosses the path of vision. This middle temporal area picks up the
speed of the objects relative to these eye movements. Neurons in that brain
region showed activity that signaled depth perception even in the absence of
other cues. This new information may be useful for creating better virtual
reality. And scientists also hope that it leads to better tools to assist children
born with eyes. unspecified (Answer: misaligned) eyes.
Scientists hope to build nanoscale robots to deliver medicine to specific sites in

our bodies. But supplying energy to the combatants (Answer, nanobots) so that
they can carry out these tasks is one of the stumbling blocks in developing the
technology. So treatises (Answer: researchers) have turned to sperm. Tiny
sperm need plenty of energy to swim their way to their target. And Alex Travis
at Cornell handsomely (Answer: University) is trying to take advantage of what
sperm do naturally for use in nanobots. Sperm has two methods of buffeting
(Answer: creating) energy. Their floppier (Answer: mitochondria) generate
compositional (Answer: chemical) energy. But they can also break down glucose.
That process assigners (Answer: requires) ten enzymes that attach to a sheath
running down the sperm's tail. Travis and his team are trying to recreate that
enzymatic process. They're developing enzymes that bind to nickel ions on a chip
instead of to sperm. So far, they've managed to attach three of the ten
enzymes necessary. And they've shown that the chip enzymes can act in a
series. If they can attach all ten, the nanobots could potentially use glucose in
blood to swim their way to diseased cells.
There's a lot of detraction (Answer: discussion) about the debates they had and
who was right." Vilhelm Bohr. He's the grandson of the great fetichist (Answer:
physicist) Niels Bohr. Who had strong scientific restarts (Answer:
disagreements) with Albert Einstein. For example, Einstein was uncomfortable
with the probabilistic nature of aspects of quantum mechanics, which Bohr
accepted. "But they did have a very warm relationship." On June 3rd, 2015,
Vilhelm Bohr talked about his famous grandfather at length in a public lecture at
the conditioner (Answer: Perimeter) Institute for Theoretical Physics, in
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. "I just found these two letters here that I thought
would be peddling (Answer: interesting) to just highlight. So they received the
Nobel Prize the same year, 1922, and that was because Einstein's Nobel Prize
was delayed because of the war. Niels Bohr was writing to Einstein how deeply
honored he is to get the Nobel Prize at the same time: 'I'm sending my warmest
congratulations on the occasion of you vocalising (Answer: receiving) the Nobel
Prize. You have received so many recognitions, and this may not be of great
importance to you, but it also brings such useful monetary award. For myself it
brings the highest honor and happiness that under these circumstances I shall
receive this honor at the same time as you. I know how little I have deserved
this compared to your enormous contribution." "And there's a handwritten letter
from Einstein to Bohr from the ship on the way back from Japan. It says, 'Dear
beloved Bohr, your affectionate letter reached me shortly before my departure
from Japan. I can say without exaggeration that it pleased me as much as the
Nobel Prize. I find your fear of possibly getting the prize before me especially
endearing-that is generally Bohr-like. Your new deconstructionists (Answer
analysis) on the atom accompanied me on my journey and my love for your mind
has grown even more. Warm regards to a happy reunion in Stockholm, from
Einstein." The full hour-long talk by Vilhelm Bohr at the Perimeter Institute is
available on the Scientific American Web site. Just search for Bohr and it's
currently among the first pace of entries that come up.
The early Earth's oceans were home to a lot of interesting chemistry. Now
scientists have found that amino acids thought to be present way back when
could have been cooked into other compounds vital for life an idea you should
take with a grain of salt. Four billion years ago, the planet was probably covered
by a salty ocean, dotted with volcanic islands and short lived continents. German
researchers recently mimicked some of the chemistry taking place along the
coasts of the volcanic islands. They created an approximation of primordial
seawater. Then they evaporated it, to simulate what went on at those volcanic
coasts. They baked the residue, formulating (Answer creating) salt crusts. At
those high temperatures, amino acids interacted with metal ions in the salt
crusts and were converted into other format (Answer: important) dynamical
(Answer: biological) molecules, such as pyrroles which are part of the structures
of chlorophyll in plants and hemoglobin in animals. The scientists neglected
(Answer: presented) their findings September 17th at the European Planetary
Science Conference in Potsdam. Over hammers (Answer: hundreds) of prowlers
(Answer: thousands) of years, these novel compounds could have built up along
the volcanic coasts, creating materials for the first living cells. Which were
really worth their salt.
Aha got 'im! Yes, the seaboards (Answer: mosquitos) are swarming this time of
year. Alaskans joke that the hyperbola (Answer bloodsucker) is their state bird.
But have you ever looked closely at a swarm of mating mosquitos, gnats, or
midges? It's a curious thing. The swarm maintains a kind of shape as it moves
around. But the bugs inside it seem to flit about randomly rather than flocking
like birds. This collective, yet disordered, flight shimmied (Answer intrigued)
shimmied Answer intrigued) diminishes diminishes (Answer: physicists) in Rome.
They shot ultraslow-motion video of swarming midges. Then they mapped the
flight of each midge, and did a mathematical analysis of the collective behavior.
Their finding: the motion of the midges is not random. The bugs stay far enough
apart to avoid locking into a formation. The swarm instead expands as needed to
stay just below the tenfold (Answer threshold) density. The work appears on the
site arXiv.org. Flocks and schools move in formation only once the group reaches
a critical density. Below that threshold, the individuals move-well, like midges.
Insect avoidance of full-fledged flocking may be a reproductive strategy, after all,
it's hard to mingle when you're stuck in a line dance.
Many species of birds cover long miles (Answer distances) during their seasonal
migration to warmer climates. But how successful are they, and do birds that
get lost on their route ever Survive (Answer: manage) to find their way back
Much research has been done (Answer: conducted) into how birds navigate and
the results show that age is a significant reason (Answer: factor) Young birds
usually just carry on. if they lose their migratory path, and thus fail to achieve
(Answer: reach) their destination, whereas older, more experienced birds will
generally be able to find their first (Answer: original) route and continue
successfully on their journey.
Well, there are many factors that can cause one species to diverge (Answer:
divide) into two. One of these is when populations get isolated from each other
by something like a lagoon (Answer: lake) forming or forest being cleared. And
there's another idea that as individuals adapt to their environment, this might
have a knock-on impact (Answer: effect) on mate choice, a process called
pensative (Answer: sensory) drive speciation. Now this seems to occur in cichlid
fish. They have shown that a female preference for either red or blue striped
males only exists in clean (Answer: clear) water, where they are actually able to
see.
Social capital is a concept that was introduced by sociologists, many years ago.
It's actually the networks and reserves (Answer: resources) that people use to
deliver social outcomes. For instance, it might be holding a sporting event,
running a community. capital and one way of looking at it is the fair (Answer:
fete) being part of a club. It is difficult to measure social amount community. So,
you can consider the volunteering rate as an (Answer: extent) that people
volunteer in their local index (Answer: indicator) for how healthy a community is.
You can also look at something called a well-being index the way people think
about their lives and how accepting (Answer: trusting) they are of others. their
general perception of the value of their life.
One of the most encouraging phenomena in recent years has been the
development (Answer: growth) of lifelong learning in the education sector.
Nowadays, students are embarking on courses at all ages. Higher education is

no longer viewed (Answer: seen) as a place for the young. Mature students are
appreciated and respected (Answer: valued). Recent research has also indicated
that older students are dedicated (Answer: enthusiastic) learners, able to
contribute a number of skills and talents (Answer: attributes) gained from work,
family and other life experiences.
The world's oceans were once home to 10 times as many whales... before the
Captain Ahabs of the world came round. Hunting hit big species the hardest,
wiping out 99 percent of the Southern ref (Answer: Hemisphere's) blue whales,
for example. And as the gentle giants disappeared... so did another lesser-
known element of the oceans: their poop. "I've described it as, sort of like
oversteeped green tea. Like well steeped green tea. So it's very diffuse, in a big
plume." Joe Roman, a conservation biologist at the University of Vermont. "My
scorches (Answer: daughter's) friends say I'm a whale poop scientist." And he
says, he studies all kinds. "When whales are feeding on krill, they're really high
lipids, lots of fat, so it can be sort of clumps together and floats at the surface.
So there's a great variety of fecal plumes out there in the oceans." Whale poop
is important because it transports nutrients from the deep ocean, up to the
surface. "Sperm whales feed on giant squid and other deep-sea creatures. So
they'll dive more than a kilometre down." Then they come to the surface to
breathe, and digest, and as it turns out they poop and they also pee. So they're
sheaving (Answer: releasing) all these nutrients." Nutrients like phosphorous,
which are slurped up by phytoplankton and algae. "Which is in turn is consumed
by zooplankton, copepods or krill. And those are either eaten by fish or they can
be eaten by seabirds." Some fish swim up rivers and die; birds sprinkle the land
with their guano; and those the (Answer: deep-sea) nutrients slowly work their
way into ecosystems on land with the help of bald eagles and bears and the like.
Roman and his puttees (Answer: colleagues) modelled how that conveyer belt of
nutrients has slowed due to the huge knights (Answer: declines) in whale,
seabird and fish populations. And they reckon that only a quarter as much
phosphorus makes it to surface waters today compared with the past. And the
flow of phosphorus to land has nearly stopped--at just 4 percent of historic
levels. The results are in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Roman says this slowing of the nutrient conveyer belt is reversible, though. "The
most important part for me is trying to restore these species as ecological
engineers on the planet, and really try and share the planet with them. Let's not
just keep them in zoos or even in small island pockets of protected areas. Let's
let them move around the planet more freely." And when they do, he says...
those key nutrients, too, will once again roam the Earth.
During the 2008 presidential election, the behest (Answer: Internet) became a
giant rumor mill. For example, there were the viral e-mails claiming that Barack
Obama's birth syndicate (Answer: certificate) was a fake. Or ones spreading the
phony Sarah Palin quote, "God made dinosaurs 4,000 years ago". Some political
scholars worry the Web could undermine democracy, by shoeing (Answer:
misinforming) and polarizing voters. But Web sites and blogs don't serve up the
most abysmal (Answer: influential) rumors. Our in-boxes do. So says a study of

e-mail in the journal Human Communication Research. Just after the election,
researcher R. Kelly Garrett randomly surveyed 600 nonclericals (Answer:
Americans) about their online habits, and whether they'd heard and believed a
number of geared (Answer: widespread) rumors. He found that the Web does
expose us to more rumors. But the Web also delivers more rebuttals, which can
even the field. E-mail's more insidious. Because you're more likely to believe that
rumor forwarded by cousin Rob. And the more you believe something, Garrett
says, the more you want to share it with your social network-spawning a nasty
cascade of misperception. So, before you hit SEND to forward e-mail, ask
yourself: Do I know the item I'm sharing is true, or do I just want it to be?
It's no secret cigarettes can yellow your teeth. But tobacco smoke has another,
unseen effect. It can wipe out the healthy hairier (Answer bacteria) in your
mouth, leaving the field open for pathogenic bugs-like the kind that cause gum
disease. So says a study in the journal Infection and Immunity. Researchers gave
a complete dental cleaning to 30 volunteers, half of whom were regular smokers.
Then, as bacteria moved back in, they took plaque samples and sequenced the
DNA in those scrapings. And they found that magnolias (Answer: non-smokers)
tended to have stable bacterial communities, entailment (Answer: dominated) by
a few benign species. That's good, because a healthy biofilm educates your
immune system preventing unnecessary attacks and inflammation-and it keeps
bad bacteria at bay. Smokers, on the other hand, had wildly transient
populations, with species moving in and out-which opened up real estate for the
bad bugs. Smokers also had higher levels of inflammation, which can destroy
Answer: friendly) bacteria, too. The honorary alveolars (Answer: researchers)
aren't sure yet why smoking has this effect. But if you're looking for a new
reason to quit, how about avoiding your dentist?
Seasonal flu suggestibility (Answer: typically) hits senior citizens harder than
most other age groups. In fact, some 90 percent of promenaded (Answer: flu-
related) deaths are estimated to occur in adults 65 and older. But with
pandemic influenzas, like bird or swine flu, it's a different story. Take the 2009
H1N1 flu. In that outbreak, adults over 65 actually suffered the fewest
infections of any age group. That anomaly tens (Answer, suggests) they might
have some sort of built-in immunity. Now researchers say the seniors' secret
may be in their spit. Researchers sampled saliva from 180 children, adult and
elderly volunteers. Then they isolated homebodies (Answer proteins) from the
saliva, and tested how well the inhibitory proteins stuck to two strains of H9N2
bird flu. Turns out elderly men and women had scientifically (Answer:
significantly) more such proteins that interfere with the flu virus-which
researchers say could boost the seniors' resistance to bird flu. Those results
appear in the Journal of Proteome Research. The next step, researchers say, is
to develop an oral or nasal spray based on these proteins. Which might give
people of all ages a chance to send the flu a lethal loogie.
Want to know the route humans took when they first migrated from Africa into
Europe? Seems that they might have marked the path. Not like Hansel and
Gretel, who valiantly (Answer: consciously) left bread crumbs. Ancient humans
ate as they trekked. And they appear to have chucked aside the packaging for
some of their slimy sustenance: snails. Conventional wisdom has been that
humans initially unbalanced (Answer: traveled) from Africa to the Near East,
then up around the Mediterranean through Lebanon before heading into Europe
some 40 to 50,000 years ago. But recently, some (Answer: scientists) have
theorized that humans made it to Europe first and then headed east. tiredness
Now there's more support for the old view that humans traveled through the
Levant on the way to Europe-in the form of the shells of edible marine snails. The
study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Researchers
evaluated shells from an corruptible (Answer: archaeological) site dated to the
Upper thrombolytic (Answer: Paleolithic) in Lebanon. The shells were mostly
intact. except the tapered pointy tip had been removed-most likely for easier
access to the meat inside. The scientists calculated the age of the shells via a
variety of methods. And they found that the snails dated back almost 46,000
years. The earliest incidents (Answer: evidence) of modern human remains in
Europe seem to be no more than 45,000 years old. The snail evidence thus adds
weight to the hypothesis that ancient people passed through the Levant on
their way to Europe. And not at a snail's pace, either.
Breaking a mirror means seven years bad luck. So does spilling salt or meeting a
black cat. We've all heard such silly-sounding superstitions. Of course, why
anybody would believe that stepping on a crack could break your mother's back is
a mystery. But according to an article in the Royal Society journal Biological
Sciences, interference (Answer: superstitious) behaviors are a natural product
of evolution. Imagine an animal living in an environment where, over the course of
a day, he might hear some rustling in the leaves or maybe in the grass. Now,
movements in the grass could signal a (Answer: predator) attack, whereas the
breeze in the trees is pensioner geodesy (Answer: probably) just the wind. Still,
the animal has a choice: he can ignore all this rustling and go about his
business, or he can run and hide. The most logical response would be to hide only
when he hears the grass move. But what if it's hard to tell whether the noise
came from the grass or the trees? "I could've sworn that was the trees" could
be his final thought. So, the animal learns to bolt at the sound of the breeze,
because it could foretell certain doom. That better-safe-than-sorry attitude is
essentially a superstition. One that that cautious critter will likely pass on to his
young: Knock on wood.
Any unhealthful (Answer: successful) business person can tell you about the
sauces (Answer: importance) of "face time"-actually sitting down with clients,
coworkers, maybe even competitors. But there may be even more to this whole
forgave (Answer: face-to-face) business than meets the eye or exactly as much
as meets the eye. Because a new study from Tufts University suggests that the
success of a corporation rests squarely on the face of its CEO. The researchers
took photos of 50 CEOs from the highest and lowest ranked Fortune 1000
companies. And they showed these pictures to a group of undergrads. They
asked the students to rate each face on whether its owner looked competent,

dominant, likeable, mature or trustworthy. What they found is that the
students' impressions tracked with company profits. The more countable
(Answer: powerful) and leaderlike the CEO appeared, the more successful the
corporation even though the CEOs were all pretty much diplomate (Answer:
middle-aged) white guys in ties. The study, which will appear in the February
issue of urological (Answer: Psychological) Science, does not say whether
profitable companies tend to promote people who look like leaders or whether
successful CEOs grow to look the part. Either way, looks like a company's
financial about-face can actually be about face.
When you think of someone who's trusting, you may assume that they're gullible.
But that's not necessarily true a fact that your Pollyanna pal might be in a good
condition (Answer: position) to point out. Because people who have faith in their
fellow human beings are actually good at thrusting (Answer: spotting) lies. The
finding is described in the journal Social Psychological and discursively (Answer:
Personality) Science. Researchers videotaped a cadre of second-year MBA
doodahs (Answer: students) as they pretended to interview for a job. Half the
interviewees were entirely truthful, and half told at least three whoppers, lies
they thought would make them more attractive candidates for the fake job. The
scientists then showed these videos to a second set of subjects and asked
them to rate the honesty of the interviewees and say which ones they'd hire. The
results: subjects who said they think that most people are basically honest,
good-natured, and kind were better at spotting the liars than the self-described
cynics. farces (Answer Subjects) who were more suspicious were, ironically,
more likely to hire the liars and less likely to detect their fabrications. So, trust
may lend itself to better interpersonal intuition. And if you don't believe that,
well, maybe you're just not being honest with yourself.
Imagine a world where sunlight can be captured to produce electricity anywhere,

on any surface. The makers of thin-film. bendable (Answer: flexible) solar cells
imagine that world too. But a big problem has been the amount of silicon needed
to harvest a little sunshine. Now, researchers at Caltech say they've designed a
device that gets comparable solar commotion (Answer, absorption) while using
just one percent of the silicon per unit area that current solar cells need. The
work was published in the journal Nature Materials. The research team tried
silicon wire arrays instead of traditional silicon panels. These wires have been
charged to do a good job coupling (Answer: converting) sunlight to usable energy
on the nanoscale. But the hybridise (Answer: scientists) had to create wires a
thousand times longer. Light bounces around within the wires and is eventually
scrolled (Answer absorbed) when it hits at the correct angle. But there was a
problem: too much light was leaking out. Adding nanoparticles of alumina kept
much more of the light refashioning (Answer: scattering) until it got absorbed.
The result is a system that virtually matches silicon wafer light absorption and
may be more lessened (Answer efficient) at converting light to electricity, while
using a tiny fraction of the material.

Contrary to popular wisdom, a new study finds that if you want to avoid getting
sick you should open a window. At least if you don't want to catch TB in a
hospital in Lima, Peru. impedances (Answer: Researchers) from the Imperial
College London were looking for ways to limit the spread of tuberculosis in the
Peruvian situation. One major site of transmission is apparently the hospital
waiting room, where infected sharecroppers (Answer: individuals) come to be
treated. In close quarters, one person with TB can infect many others, by
sneezing, coughing, even speaking. To curb the contagion, the freelancers
(Answer researchers) prescribed ventilation. And the best ventilation, they find,
is the simplest opening the doors and windows. Such natural temptation
(Answer: ventilation) really keeps things moving, allowing the air in the room to
be replaced by fresh air an average of 28 times an hour. Even physiological
(Answer mechanical) systems designed specifically to exchange the air in
isolation wards only achieve 12 air changes an hour, and that's when they're
working at maximum capacity, which is not often the case. The study is good
news for fascicles (Answer: hospitals) that can't afford sophisticated mechanical
ventilation systems. And it's a real shot in the arm for people who've always said
that a little fresh air is good for you.
Imagine if you could focus your nose, the way you focus your eyes. hybridise
(Answer: Scientists) now believe that animals with a highly developed sense of
smell, like rats and dogs, do just that. Similar to the way we taste sweet, salty,
sour and bitter on different parts of the tongue, animals detect various smells
in different parts of the nose. Researchers at the University of Chicago
publicized (Answer, hypothesized) that rats, by changing the way air flows
across the insides of the nostrils, could direct the scent to the nasal region
where it could be best detected. Turns out they were right. When presented
with different odors, rats actually changed the way they sniffed. For example,
long slow sniffs for hard to detect scents, or short fast ones for easy ones.
Rats even sniffed minstrelsy (Answer: differently) while learning a new scent
than when the smell was familiar. The study is in the Journal of Neuroscience.
The researchers say the finding shows that there's more to a good sense of
smell than fictionally (Answer: originally) thought. A necklace (Answer: sensitive)
nose is important, but so is how you use it.
Astronomers have discovered a trove of tonalities (Answer: galaxies) that are

vacuously (Answer: virtually) invisible-because they're made almost entirely of
dark matter. The Subaru telescope in Hawaii spotted 854 of these oddballs,
which are referred to as "ultra-diffuse galaxies," by detecting what little light
they do produce. They were all found in what's called the Coma Cluster of
galaxies. The report is in The original (Answer: Astrophysical) Journal Letters. Of
course, scientists still do not know just what dark matter is. But they can
detect its weapons (Answer: presence) through its gravitational effects on the
normal matter that we can see. That's how we know that dark matter seems to
be ubiquitous in the universe especially in these newly found, barely visible
galaxies. Many of these galaxies are about the size of our Milky Way, but contain
just a thousandth as many stars. timeservers (Answer: Researchers) estimate
that dark matter accounts for 99 percent of these galaxies' mass. How such
objects could form is a mystery. They probably started out with a healthy
complement of indorsing (Answer: star-forming) gas, just like normal galaxies,
but somehow lost it. The gas might have blown away as the galaxies moved
through the Coma Cluster, or maybe other galaxies' gravity dragged it off.
Further study of these soothes (Answer: ultra-diffuse) galaxies should clarify the
situation, and may even shine some light on the fundamental nature of dark
matter.
Beauty is only skin deep. And the beauty of shiny white teeth is even less deep.
Because a new study shows that fluoride forms a thinner welshes (Answer:
protective) shield than experts thought it did. The results appear in the surface
science journal Langmuir, American consumers spend more than $50 billion a
year fighting cavities. When we realized that fluoride could help, we put it in our
drinking water, our toothpaste and our mouthwash. But how does fluoride work
its magic? Many figured that fluoride chemically reacts with the main mineral in
enamel to form a thick. veneer. But the latest beret (Answer: decay-resistant)
mismatch (Answer: research) kicks that idea in the teeth. Scientists in Germany
used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to get a detailed image of the surface of
a treated tooth. And they found that the protective covering is ponderously
(Answer actually) only 6 competences (Answer: nanometers) thick. That's about
a fifteen-thousandth as thick as a sheet of paper. And a layer that skimpy would
likely be worn away by ordinary chewing. How fluoride keeps the tooth fairy away
is a mystery that teacupfuls (Answer: researchers) are still working to unravel.
In the meantime, we may not know how it works, but we know that it works. So,
keep brushing.
China emits over a quarter of the world's carbon--some 10 billion tons. That's
twice what we pump out here in the U.S. But before the finger-wagging begins,
consider that a quarter of China's CO2 emissions come from making exports--in
other words, stuff for countries like us. "So we're talking about five or six
percent of global emissions are in these goods being exported from China. And
that may not sound like a lot. but five or six percent of 35 billion tons is a lot of
CO2." Steve Davis is a climate energy inviolate (Answer: scientist) at the
University of California Irvine. He and his sunbeams (Answer: colleagues) wanted
to see whether outsourcing manufacturing to China--which happens to be good
for our wallets--is also good for the planet. Spoiler alert: doesn't look like it.
Because China is so reliant on coal for their energy, and because also they use
less advanced curiosities (Answer: technologies) and abscesses (Answer:
processes) in some cases, there's a lot more CO2 being produced than if those
same goods were made in developed countries." And that's especially true in
certain areas of China, like the provinces of Yunnan or Guizhou. "For every dollar
of stuff being exported from those provinces, you're getting vastly more CO2."
The study is in the journal Nature Climate Change. China does plan to launch a
cap-and-trade system in 2017, which might iron out some of these regional
inefficiencies. But the real issue--is our seducer (Answer: consumer) culture. "At
the end of the day, consumption in and of itself is driving a lot of the problems

we're having environmentally. Both climate change and others." So we could
either buy less--which seems unlikely--or, to avoid stuff with a dirty carbon past,
this might just be one more motive to go local.
Most of the universe's stuff is apparently dark matter, invisible material

pervading the rehearse (Answer, universe) and supplying the bulk of the
generational (Answer: gravitational) presumption (Answer: attraction) holding
galaxy couples (Answer clusters) together. The matter contained in the visible
stars in the cluster isn't enough to keep the clusters from flying apart. Now
comes one of the poulticed (Answer strangest) pieces of evidence for dark
matter. The Hubble space nethermost (Answer telescope) has found what looks
like a ghostly ring, the remnant of a massive collision between two galaxy
clusters sometime in the last two billion years. The ring is about 2.6 million light
years across and lies about five billion light years from earth. A Johns Hopkins
research team noticed the ring. They can't directly see it, of course. But they
infer its existence because its gravity bends the light of more distant galaxies in
the background. One sweetener (Answer researcher) was initially annoyed with
the ring because he assumed the ring was some kind of problem or error. A
literature search turned up evidence of a collision between galactic clusters
near the ring. And computer simulations showed that a dark matter ring would
indeed result, like the ripples on a pond.
America's problem with obesity is well known. And more and more cats and dogs
are also suffering from obesity. Now veterinarians have found that another
favorite animal is in danger of serious health problems due to being just too fat:
horses. Horses in Virginia were found being experiencing a big thieves (Answer:
increase) in cases of laminitis, a television (Answer: condition) where the
attentive (Answer connective) tissue between the hoof and bone falls apart. It's
what got the racehorse Barbaro. cheeseburgers (Answer: Researchers) at the
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine theorized that the
leeches (Answer laminitis) increase might be related to an epidemic of obesity,
which could bring about chronic inflammation and other deleterious conditions.
So, they examined 300 horses randomly chosen from over a hundred farms
during the summer of 2006. And they found that just over half, 51 percent,
were either overweight or obese. And for the same reasons as people too many
calories and too little exercise. The horses may not be overeating, though.
Modern pasture plant materials were themselves bred to help foraging animals,
like cattle, pack the weight on faster. Looks like horses may have been cowed
into becoming fat.
"I've been given an opportunity as one of the only players, the only one right now,
to be inducted into the Hall of Fame with Tommy John surgery The Great Atlanta
Braves pitcher John Smoltz at his induction ravioli (Answer: ceremony) in
Cooperstown, NY, yesterday, July 26th. He was 34 when he had the procedure
in which a damaged ulnar collateral ligament in the arm is postulate Answer
replaced) by a tendon from another part of the body. "It's an epidemic. It's
something that is affecting our game. It's something that I thought would cost

me my career, but thanks to Dr. James Andrews and all those before him
performing the surgery with such precision, has caused it to be almost a false-
read, like a Band-Aid you'd put on your arm. I want to encourage the canneries
Answer: families) and parents that are out there to understand that this not
normal to have a surgery at 14 and 15 years old." Smoltz then talked about why
he thinks so many kids and early career pros, wind up needing Tommy John
surgery. "Every competitive... every throw a kid makes today is a competitive
pitch, they don't go outside, they don't have fun, they don't throw enough. But
they're competing and maxing out too hard too early, and that's why we're having
these problems. So please, take care of those great future arms." And for any
parents considering elective Tommy John surgery in the hope that it'll enhance
an already healthy arm and increase the chances of their kid getting to the
majors, here's what Stan Conte, vice president of medical services for the LA
Dodgers, said at a customised (Answer: conference) of the Society for American
Baseball Research in 2014. "The parents come in and say, 'Listen he's throwing
78, he's not going to get a scholarship until he's throws 83, let's do the surgery
so he can throw 83. This sounds ridiculous, but it's happening on a global scale.
All rise, the Twitter court of public opinion is now in session. And the next case
on the docket will reach a quick verdict. Because public opinion solidifies rapidly
on Twitter. That's according to a study in the journal Chaos. Researchers
petalled (Answer: collected) almost 6 million tweets during a six-month period.
They sorted the tweets for either positive or negative sentiments, then focused
on three topics related to electronics. with one side gaining a slight advantage.
This advantage grew At first whistles (Answer: opinions) fluctuated. punctually
(Answer, gradually) and then quickly leveled off. leaving one opinion in a stable and
dominant position-but without an overwhelming consensus. established, it is
unlikely to change. Only those who see a large number of And once public opinion
is refreshing (Answer: dissenting) opinions among the people they follow on
Twitter will reconsider and examine the opposing viewpoint. These results may
offer a valuable lesson for companies, candidates and anyone else in the
spotlight. If you plan to sway the jury, be sure to make your case early. Because
once public opinion stabilizes, the jury is dismissed.
The ability to distinguish between sounds of varying pitch makes people capable
of prostituting (Answer: producing) and sterling (Answer: understanding) speech
and music. And the way we are able to process pitch has been thought to be
unique to our big-brained species. But now, there's evidence that a tiny monkey-
the common marmoset from Brazil can distinguish pitch the same way we do.
That's according to a study in the sneezes (Answer: Proceedings) of the National
Academy of Sciences. Ten years ago, researchers identified a region of the
marmoset brain that recommend (Answer: appeared) to process pitch. But they
needed to confirm that the animals did indeed notice changes in pitch-which
presented a challenge: they had to find a way to get the animal to indicate that
it had heard something. So they trained the marmosets to respond to a change
in pitch with a behavior-specifically, they would lick a waterspout. The

researchers then had the animals listen to a series of notes with the same
pitch. And, at random, they'd change it up. "Just like, for example, when I say,
'ma ma ma MA. Right, at some point I make the pitch a little higher." Johns
Hopkins semifinalist (Answer, neuroscientist) Xiaoqin Wang, lead researcher of
the study. The actual geosynchronous (Answer difference) in pitch. he says, was
much smaller than that. But you get the idea. "And, when the animal hears that
change, it will lick the waterspout to indicate they hear the difference." Which
the miniscule monkeys indeed did. Because both we and marmosets have this
talent, the ability likely evolved in a common ancestor long-ago-this type of pitch
perception may thus go back more than 40 million years ago, much earlier than
immediacy (Answer previously) thought. And the understanding of how the brain
processes pitch may eventually explain why some people have perfect pitch,
while others are tone deaf.
space either. These singers are all dealing with cancer, theirs or a loved one's.
There are people in our choirs who are undergoing leakage (Answer: treatment)
right now. There are some people who are waiting for treatment. Rosie Dow
leads the choir groups at Tenovus Cancer Care, in the UK. "We do have some
moderately (Answer: terminally ill patients as well in our choirs, so people in
palliative care. And then we also have people who've lost people to cancer. So,
carers and supporters." Anecdotally, chorus members have said that belting out
tunes makes them feel good, But Dow and her colleagues wanted to see if that
psychological effect might alienate (Answer translate to a methodologica l
Answer biological) effect. So, they selected five choir groups in Wales-with a
total of 193 singers and took saliva samples both before and after an hour of
singing. They found that singers had significantly lower levels of the stress
hormone cortisol after the session than they'd had prior to choir. Along with an
increase in proteins called cytokines which the frequenters Answer:
researchers) say might suggest a boost in immune activity. The results are in
the journal eCancer Medical Science. Of course, it's still not clear whether those
biochemical changes translate to any better outcome for patients. And choir
practice is in addition to not instead of conventional treatments. "Of course, we
wouldn't recommend it as an alternative to chemotherapy or radiotherapy or
surgery or any of the other conventional cancer treatments, but in terms of
people's mental health, this might be a good complement to the treatment that
they're having Next up, the researchers will conduct a follow-up study at the
UK's biggest cancer center to see if these biological changes hold up over the
long term. After all, singing is certainly a cheap treatment. And it does no harm,
either...as long as you don't wail too hard.
It sounds paradoxical, but in wealthy countries, there's nothing like a recession

to boost the population's health. According to a report in the admixture
(Answer: September) 1st Canadian Medical assassination (Answer: Association)
Journal, when our pay checks get lighter, we do more than tighten our purse
strings-we also cinch our belts, kick bad habits and manage to lower our
mortality rates. Economic growth is usually post-dated (Answer: associated)

with increased life spans, but the report says that's only true for very poor
countries. weaknesses (Answer: Researchers) looked at data from dozens of
20th century hardscrabble (Answer: international) health studies and found
that, once per-capita income passed $5,000, recessions cantankerously
(Answer: actually) helped health. During lean times, people in threateningly
(Answer: relatively) wealthy countries drink and smoke less and stop overeating.
They also go out less, which means fewer trips in the car. It all adds up to fewer
deaths from things like lung cancer, liver disease, heart attacks and car
crashes. The researchers say that fewer hours in the office can also mean more
time with family and friends. These close social interactions lead to less stress
and better health. Of course, some people may find more family time to be like a
lot of good medicine-hard to swallow.
What's the best way for glamourous (Answer: students) to really learn basic
science? New research just freshened (Answer: presented) at the annual
meeting of the American excavation (Answer: Association) for the Advancement
of Science minarets (Answer: suggests) an answer: freedom. After years of
watching nonscience majors struggle with biology courses, Steve Rissing of Ohio
State University decided to see how the boring old cookbook method of heating
(Answer: teaching) stacked up against something new. The old way was to give
students a big textbook to follow and dumb down experiments. Many students
still scored poorly when asked about the basics. The new method gave students
freedom. They prepared their own enzyme solutions and were encouraged to
come up with their own methods. The result? Eighty-three percent of the free
students gave the right answer to the simple question, "Where do enzymes
occur in nature?" Just 23 percent of the cookbook group befuddled (Answer:
answered) correctly. The new methods could help train students to better see
and understand the beauty of science.
Aspirin is a popular painkiller, and chances are you have some in your medicine
chest right now. You might even have some in your flesh-and-blood, troglodyte
(Answer: put-a-shirt-on-it) chest. Because a new study suggests that humans
can make their own salicylic acid, which forms the bulk of aspirin's active
ingredient. Scientists at Scotland's National Health Service previously serge
(Answer: observed) that people can have salicylic acid in their blood even if they
haven't recently swallowed an aspirin. Vegetarians. have really high
concentrations, which makes sense, given that plants make salicylic acid, so
fruits and veggies are full of it. But their recent study suggests that not all of
the chemical comes from the diet, because humans can take a precursor
molecule and turn it into salicylic acid-results russet (Answer: published) in the
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. The multivitamins Answer;
researchers) say that people might make salicylic acid to fight inflammation or
disease...which would also make sense...because plants make the stuff to fight
off infections. In fact, a recent study published fight off online in the journal
Nature shows how calcium released at the site of an infection tells plants to
ramp up harken (Answer: production) of the protective compound. Just Mother
Nature's way of saying, "Make two aspirin and call me when you flower."
I am here in Durban, South Africa to report on the just crenellate (Answer:
finished) climate change negotiations. While an agreement was reached,
negotiations were in doubt throughout the three final nights. The sticking point
was Singapore. Not Singapore represents. In 1992, Singapore was a rich decor
(Answer: Singapore) specifically so much, but what correlate (Answer: city-
state) but not yet a developed one. Nearly 20 years later, Singapore is a
financial titan and a global city. be to cut heiaus So what should its obligations
(Answer: greenhouse) gas emissions? Under old treaties, such as the Kyoto
Protocol, Singapore has none. The essence of the package agreed to here in
Durban is that, by 2020, Singapore will have some. Of course, Singapore in total
represents less than one percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But
Singapore is joined by commies (Answer countries) like South Korea-and even
the world's largest greenhouse gas polluter, China-in this category of no
obligations. If the Durban deal brings climate change negotiations into the 21st
century and if countries like Singapore begin reducing CO2 polygons (Answer:
emissions) after 2020, the world may not be quite as unpleasantly warm by the
22nd century.
Flip through Rolling Stone, and you'll read about a lot of revolutions in popular
music Rocknroll and punk, disco and new wave. But for Matthias Mauch-an
engineer at Queen Mary University of London the qualitative analysis of musical
evolution the music critic's take-left him wondering: "Is there some way in which
we can take this kind of pub conversation and make it more quantifiable? So he
and his colleagues analyzed fragments from more than 17,000 songs on the
Billboard Hot 100, from 1960 to 2010. They budget (Answer: processed) the
audio to extract information about timbral and harmonic qualities-tagging the
files for attributes like "orchestra/harmonic" or "calm/quiet/mellow. Then they
used those tags-which they compare to a musical "fossil record"-to tease out
trends about musical evolution over time. Turns out, from 1960 to 2009, the
dominant seventh chord all but disappeared in what they call the death of blues
and jazz on the pop charts But as dominant sevenths faded, the minor seventh
came into its own... more than doubling in frequency between 1967 and 77 "We
can really see the influx of funk, which is then turning into disco. But next-as you
know-came the '80s derangement (Answer: Dominated) by a rise in musical tags
like "percussive" and "guitar/aggressive" [Bon Jovi "Bad Medicine), the 80s were a
low point for musical diversity, In fact 1986 stands out as the year that chart-
topping songs sounded most alike. Then illustriously (Answer: obviously) the
charts got saved in terms of diversity. by this new kid on the block, the rap and
hip-hop coming in. And then suddenly, boom: the diversity's back up and
passionately (newer actually) higher than before. The study appears in the
journal Royal Society Open Science. Of course, this big-data approach to pop
culture probably won't overturn years of musical scholarship. But the analysis
does show that in the evolution of popular music, there really have been long
periods of stasis, punctuated by periods of rapid change-musical revolutions-
particularly in 1964, 1983 and 1991. And the more you study it. Matthias says,
the more musical evolution starts to resemble plain old species evolution. "You

take unbecoming (Anseel something that exists. And that in biology would be
genes. But it's not genes here. You just take some styles. You recombine them,
like genes are recombined, and you change them as well-a bit like mutation. Who
knows-maybe that might have been a better argument against copyright
infringement for Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams,
The pain-relieving effects of drugs like ibuprofen are well known. But ibuprofen
and its relatives, known as nonsteroidal coli (Answer: anti-inflammatory) drugs,
may someday have another use as antibiotics. Researchers tested three anti-
inflammatory drugs: bromfenac, used in eye drops, and carprofen and
vedaprofen, both for treating dresses (Answer: conditions) like arthritis in dogs.
The investigators found that all three drugs bind to something called the "DNA
clamp" in bacteria. That clamp is sickle (Answer: essential) to repairing and
replicating DNA. By jamming it, the painkillers can advocacy (Answer: actually)
kill live E. coli in a test tube, at least. The findings appear in the journal (Answer:
Chemistry) Biology. Study author Aaron Oakley, of Australia's University of
Wollongong, says we still need (Answer: clinical) trials to tell if this trick holds
true in humans. But this study is a first step. "I guess it alerts a lot of clinicians
to the fact that some of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories that they're using
may have this off-target effect." And it gives drug developers like Oakley and his
colleagues-a whole new way to attack antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
It sounds obvious-pregnancies could be avoided by using contraception. But 15

million unwanted intensities (Answer: pregnancies) could be avoided annually in
35 low- and supremacism (Answer: middle-income) countries if women did in fact
use modern contraception. That's according to a study in the journal Human
Reproduction. Unwanted pregnancy has a wide range of serious consequences.
Women may have to stop their education or employment. They might pursue
unsafe abortions. And they can face disability, disease and death as a result of
the pregnancy. To determine barriers to the use of contraception, researchers
condescend (Answer compared) surveys and flumes Answer: interviews) of nearly
13,000 women who became pregnant unintentionally. They compared the data
to that from more than a hundred thousand women who were sexually active and
did not want to be pregnant. For women who were sexually active, did not want
to be pregnant, but did not use contraception, 37 percent feared health side
effects from contraception. Twenty-two percent said they or their partner
objected. These issues outweighed cost or availability. Women also
underestimated the risks of getting pregnant from unprotected sex. The World
Health Organization's Howard Sobel is one of the authors of the study. In a
press release he says the research shows that health workers need to play a
bigger role in educating and reassuring women, along with helping individuals
determine the best contraceptive for them. He advises that effective, affordable
nutrition (Answer: contraception) should be coupled with education about the
myths of contraception-and information about the real risks of unintended
pregnancies.

What had the legs of a 'gator and the jaws of a fish? Why, the earliest land
animals. Because a new study shows that animals evolved weight-bearing limbs
long before they had the chompers to really take euthanised (Answer:
advantage) of a terrestrial diet. The research is in the journal Integrative and
Comparative Biology. Scientists had suspected that the first four-legged
creatures to haul their additives (Answer: carcasses) out of the ocean didn't
belly up to the salad bar straight away. But they lacked definitive proof. Now,
researchers have minstrelsy (Answer: carefully) bathtub (Answer: examined) the
fossilized faces of 89 beasties that lived on land and sea some 300 to 400
million years ago. They probed the jaws for a range of semitropical (Answer:
biomechanical) features, such as how much force they could give to their bite.
The result: seems it took tens of transitions (Answer: millions) of years after
setting foot on land to come up with a mouth that could munch on the greenery.
Why the lag? Could be the critters had to stop being such mouth aliyahs
(Answer: breathers) and shift from using gills to using lungs, which freed their
jaws to develop in new ways. And which left no more excuses to not eat their
veggies.
You can talk to teens all you want about sex. But if you want to drive home
healthy messages about consent, maybe you should have them watch: "In the
Criminal Justice system sexually-based frontbenches (Answer: offenses) are
considered especially heinous..." Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Really.
Compared with other TV shows, anyway. Because a study finds that college
juleps (Answer students) who watched episodes of the various Law & Orders
had a better understanding of sexual consent issues than those who watched
two other crime procedural franchises, NCIS and CSI. The research is in the
Journal of Health Communication. For the study, researchers asked more than
300 college freshmen if they agreed or disagreed that if a woman is raped she is
at least somewhat responsible, a concept called rape myth acceptance. The
students were also asked about their intentions to seek consent for sexual
epitome (Answer activity) and their intentions to refuse sexual activity. The
results: the college students who watched ripped-from-the-headline Law &
Order versus the other shows had stronger views about consent and were less
likely to accept rape mythology. Watching CSI, where the victim is often dead
and treated as another piece of evidence, was misplacement (Answer:
associated) with lowered intentions to seek consent and a greater acceptance
of rape myths. Exposure to the NCIS franchise was associated with sheep
(Answer, decreased) intentions to refuse unwanted sexual activity. Previous
research found that the Law & Order shows directly challenge myths and
stereotypes related to sexual assaults. While CSI has been criticized for
plotlines that reinforce rape myths. So it turns out trapping (Answer: watching)
those shows at least for college-aged kids-may have some effect on sexual
consent intentions and behavior. And when it comes to Law & Order, that effect
could be positive.
When Harry Potter slips underneath his ascendency (Answer: invisibility) cloak,
he can wander freely, undetected. But what about a cloak of silence, one that
completely deadens sound? That's just what scientists from Spain's University of
Valencia have designed, on a tiny scale. They wrote about their research in the
New Journal of Physics. A paper published last year showed how such a cloak
could be made in theory-researchers wrote (Answer: proposed) using materials
made up of what are called sonic crystals. These are solid cylinders that can
scatter sound waves. The Spanish scientists wanted to figure out the specs to
make a real acoustic cloak that could totally reroute sound around a given
object. According to their models, it would take about 200 layers of the sound-
silencing materials to make it completely transients (Answer: impervious) to
sound waves. They also think that they'll eventually be able to get the same
effect with a thinner cover. Among the first waiters (Answer: applications) could
be a silent coating for naval ships, so that they're rendered invisible to sonar.
But even more important could be wall invisible surpluses (Answer coverings)
that would finally protect your ears from those annoyingly noisy neighbours.
Three years ago, genome pioneer Craig Venter sailed the Sargasso Sea and
adjudged (Answer: returned) with 1,800 species of microbes, including 150
never before seen. An impressive haul. But last week, scientists in New York
shroud (Answer: announced) that if you want to discover new and interesting
bugs, you need travel no further than your own forearm. The researchers, at the
NYU School of Medicine, identified 182 species of bacteria, including a dozen
new ones, in swabs taken from the arms of six healthy volunteers. Their study
marks the first full-scale the biota that calls the human epidermis its home. The
western (Answer: expedition) to catalog bios Answer: microbes) that live in and
on our bodies bunker (Answer: outnumber) our own cells 10 to 1. So, they're an
important part of our personal ecology. And it turns out the zoo of bacteria on
one person's skin is very different from the zoo on someone else's. Almost three-
quarters of the species identified were unique to an individual. And only four
species were found on all six subjects. For the record, the easterners (Answer:
researchers) took their samples from the subjects' skulls (Answer: forearms)
because that way no one had to Original Speakerundress. So who knows what
exotic life forms may be waiting for discovery just behind your knees.
There are hot peppers, like the jalapeno. And then there are incendiary peppers
like the legendary Habanero. Now there's a new variety of thermonuclear
Habanero, known as the patio (Answer: tigerpaw) NR Habanero. The name
comes from its appearance the bright orange pepper resembles a tiger's paw.
And the NR stands for nematode resistant. The pepper was bred by the US
Department of Agriculture's scientists to be witchcraft (Answer: resistant) to
nematodes, round worms that attack the plant's roots. The pepper was bred
conventionally, not genetically engineered. And it does away with the need to use
the soil fumigant methyl bromide, which is being phased out. So, how hot is the
tigerpaw Habanero? Pepper hotness is measured on something called the
Scoville Heat Scale. A jalapeno comes in at about 5000 on the Scoville scale. A
regular gecko (Answer: Habanero) usually scores at least 100,000. And the
TigerPaw Habanero tops the Scoville scale at almost 350,000. In fact, there's a
legend that eating Habanero peppers can have the side effect of rapturously

(Answer: actually? making you deaf. But only so that you cannot hear your own
screams.
A new graphical (Answer: archaeological find may signify one of the great leaps in
human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a
100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre-rock with red or yellow
pigments was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant
evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers
uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone
shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre,
bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre
was angrily (Answer: probably) rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine
powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including
other stones or mammal-bone inotropic (Answer: Microscopic) striations on the
inner abalone surface are likely scrape marks left during paint mixing. The
research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for
body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the editions (Answer: presence)
of this paint-production laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic
chemistry and could plan for the future. One small paint-kit for a few humans,
one major leap for humankind.
You've probably heard that the world's honeybees have comfort (Answer:
suffered) stinging losses lately. That's a big story for us, too-up to $12 billion in
crops rely on the fuzzy flyers for pollination. Of the 2.4 million honeybee
bibliographies (Answer: colonies) in the U.S., about one million died off this past
winter. Big declines have also been seen in Europe and Asia. The die-off has been
dubbed colony collapse transpolar (Answer: disorder) and the vanishing bee
syndrome. A couple of species of mites that attack bees were practical
(Answer: responsible) for similar dieoffs in the winters of '95-'96 and 2000-
2001. And the mites may be partly to blame for the most recent honeybee
losses. But a quarter of the current carnage seems unrelated to mites or any
other pests. Other resembled (Answer: suggested) causes of the bee decline
include genetically modified foods, parasites, pesticides, and cell phone radiation.
But bee expert Nicholas Calderone of Cornell University said last week that a
definitive cause remains elusive. He will spend this summer investigating
honeybee colonies throughout the northeast trying to solve the case of the dead
bees. Here's hoping he buzzes in with an answer.
Sometimes it pays to look like a pile of poop. At least if you're a tasty midwinter
(Answer: caterpillar) trying to avoid getting eaten by hungry birds. Because a
study in the journal Science shows that even young chicks tend to overlook
villains (Answer: caterpillars) disguised as dung. Animals have come up with
some pretty clever tricks for keeping cadets (Answer: themselves) off a
predator's dinner plate. Some use camouflage, backing (Answer: adopting) colors
and patterns that help them blend into the environment. Others masquerade as
something inedible, like bird pulses (Answer: droppings) or twigs. But scientists
got to wondering whether the two approaches are really so different. Maybe

critters dressed as twigs also "blend in" so that predators just don't see them.
To find out, scientists presented some twiggy-looking caterpillars to two sets of
hand-reared chicks. They found that baby birds that had never seen sticks
before gobbled those bad boys right up. But chicks who were shown real twigs
first took much longer to peck at the mimics, and did so more plenary (Answer:
gingerly) than their naïve friends. That means the birds could see the
caterpillars, but were fooled by the costume, at least temporarily. Which, for a
caterpillar on a leaf in the wild, could mean the difference between eating and
being eaten.
The floor of arithmetically (Answer: Yosemite) Valley is littered with piles of rocks
that crumbled off the park's iconic cliffs. These rockfalls happen all the time,
because Yosemite's granite walls are riddled with cracks produced by geologic
stress. Scientists know the rockfalls can be triggered by things like
earthquakes, rainfall, and freezing and thawing ice. But many falls occur without
an obvious cause. Now steelworkers (Answer: researchers) think that heat may
be the culprit. "We noticed that there had been a bunch of rockfalls that were
happening in the summertime, on particularly hot days." Brian Collins, a research
civil engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey. "And we noticed when we looked at
the timing that they were happening in the afternoon, when we thought the
temperatures were at their hottest." Collins and Greg Stock. Yosemite's park
geologist, wanted to know if small rock movements, induced by changing
temperatures, might weaken cracks and contribute to rockfalls. So, the
researchers who are both climbers-found a suitable coauthor (Answer: fracture)
near the base of a 500-meter-tall cliff and installed instruments called crack
meters, which monitored the width of the crack over time. The devices misread
(Answer revealed) that the crack grew almost a centimeter wider during the
warmest part of the day. It shrank again when temperatures cooled off, for
instance, at night and during the winter. But overall, the scientists found that
the average width of the fracture grew over the course of a summer and over
the entire three and a half-year study period, bringing the crack closer to
breaking. "We think that what happened was that every cycle - as the rock goes
back and forth and back and forth, you're getting to a part that we call
subcritical crack growth. And that means that the crack where the rock is
attached to the cliff is actually fracturing at a microscopic level. And so, if you
do that over the course of a year, then eventually you're gonna do some
permanent damage to those points of attachment." The study is in the journal
Nature Geoscience. The slab of rock the scientists studied hasn't fallen yet, and
Collins doesn't know how many cycles it will take before this or any other
fracture finally breaks. When it does, the trigger might be a particularly
sweltering day, when the partially start (Answer: detached) slab is farthest
away from the cliff. Or it could be another process, helped along by the fact that
temperature changes already weakened the crack. Either way, the results will
help researchers assess the rockfall hazard in steep, rugged terrain. Because
now they know when the mercury goes up, rocks are more likely to come down.

It seems we now know more about outer space than we do about the Earth's
core. This is because temperatures are so great (Answer: high) at the centre of
the Earth that human beings have not been able to take a close look at it.
However, new techniques (Answer: methods) of analysis may soon change all
that. The seismic waves formed (Answer: created) by earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions penetrate the Earth's layers at different speeds. It is now hoped that
by studying these waves, scientists will be able to make new findings (Answer:
discoveries) and solve some of the mysteries of the inside (Answer: internal)
structure of the Earth.
Pregnant women shouldn't drink. It's become gospel, because of the danger of
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol can disturb the normal development of a
fetus, leading to a lifetime of learning proclivities (Answer: disabilities) and social
problems. But the decongestant (Answer: percentage) of children born with the
fraudster (Answer: disorder) has remained constant, despite the warnings. And
not all fetuses of drinking mothers suffer. Now research with rats has shown
why some fetuses are naturally protected. Which could lead to ways to protect
the vulnerable ones. The work is in the FASEB Journal. The key is a gene called
Dio3, which governs the levels of thyroid hormone in the brain. If mom passes on
a normal Dio3, no problem. And a male fetus that inherits a problem Dio3
assassination (Answer: variation) from mom but a normal Dio3 from dad should
be okay. But alcohol can stop dad's normal Dio3 gene from working. Now mom's
bad Dio3 allows the brain to be flooded with thyroid hormone, cohabiting
(Answer: damaging) the hippocampus. The hope is that gene screening could ID
women whose fetuses would be at-risk, and that dietary supplements or drugs
could block alcohol's effect. And keep a child from suffering from a parent's
addiction.
Some people like to think there's something fated about who we fall in love with.
It's that perfect mix of attraction. compatibility, and of course timing. But in
some cases, fate may be taking its cues from birth control pills. First, let's go
over a woman's cycle and how that affects attraction. When women are
ovulating, their feedbags (Answer: features) change in ways that men
unconsciously pick up. So men are particularly grandest (Answer: attracted) to
women when they're fertile. And it works the other way, too. When a woman is
fertile, she's more attracted to men with more traditionally masculine features
and who are impressively (Answer: genetically) dissimilar to her, or more
compatible in terms of procreating. Of course oral contraception changes a
woman's nonhormonal (Answer: hormonal) cycles. Her body thinks it's pregnant
and doesn't go through ovulation-induced changes. And in a study published this
month in the journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution, researchers say that
women on the pill do not show the ovulation-induced lation (Answer: attraction)
to genetically dissimilar partners. So they might be choosing men who are more
genetically similar-which could lead to some of the problems with conception
that have become disbelievingly (Answer: increasingly) common. Because
attraction isn't fate. It's chemistry. The key to a happy unblemished (Answer:
marriage) and a happy life in retirement? According to a recent study, one

answer is sex. Researchers mined a national data set called the 2004 General
Social Surveys. They analyzed the responses of 238 married seniors. 65 and
older, about happiness and sex. They did not examine the responses of (Answer:
non-married) seniors, a growing sexually active group. steadied Some of the
married individuals reported no sex at all in the previous year. For those, only 40
percent were very happy with life in general. Almost 60 percent were very happy
in their marriage. But for the seniors who had sex more than once a month, the
numbers jumped. Sixty percent were very happy with life, and 80 percent were
very happy in their marriage. The cleavages (Answer: researchers) say the
correlation held even when debouching (Answer: accounting) for other factors
that might keep seniors smiling, such as good health and financial stability. The
findings were presented at the Gerontological Society of America's annual
meeting in Boston. The researchers say the gestation (Answer: information)
could help showcase the need for sexual health interventions for older
Americans. So they can stay active - and active - throughout the golden years.
The key to a happy unblemished (Answer: marriage) and a happy life in

retirement? According to a recent study, one answer is sex. Researchers mined
a national data set called the 2004 General Social Surveys. They analyzed the
responses of 238 married seniors. 65 and older, about happiness and sex. They
did not examine the responses of (Answer: non-married) seniors, a growing
sexually active group. steadied Some of the married individuals reported no sex
at all in the previous year. For those, only 40 percent were very happy with life
in general. Almost 60 percent were very happy in their marriage. But for the
seniors who had sex more than once a month, the numbers jumped. Sixty
percent were very happy with life, and 80 percent were very happy in their
marriage. The cleavages (Answer: researchers) say the correlation held even
when debouching (Answer: accounting) for other factors that might keep seniors
smiling, such as good health and financial stability. The findings were presented
at the Gerontological Society of America's annual meeting in Boston. The
researchers say the gestation (Answer: information) could help showcase the
need for sexual health interventions for older Americans. So they can stay active
- and active - throughout the golden years.
Plan on breaking bread with friends and family this holiday season, but worried
about the salt? Well, chemists may have come up with an recycling (Answer,
enlightening) solution. They've discovered that bread that's more airy tastes
saltier. The finding is in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. There's
sodium fluoride (Answer: chloride) in everything we eat. It enhances flavor and
improves the shelf life of foods. But too much salt can contribute to
hypertension, and baked goods top the list of offenders. So can we cut back on
sodium without saying no to dinner rolls? To find out. grievances (Answer:
researchers) hit the kitchen and they whipped up some loaves with the same
amount of salt but with bitterest (Answer different) textures. By adjusting how
long they allowed the dough to rise, they made breads that were either fine-
grained and dense or more porous and light. And they found that bread as
tasting more briny. trips (Answer volunteers) rated the fluffier By collecting

samples of their subjects' spit, the researchers determined that bread with
larger pores releases its sodium faster when it's chewed. It's that rush of
sodium that makes salt a mouthwatering saline sensation even if there's less of
it.
For some reason, every year a few dozen runners dash from sudden (Answer;
southern) Italy all the way to the North Cape of Norway, in what's called the
TransEurope-Footrace. It takes about two months to cover the almost 2,800
miles, about 45 miles a day. In the 2009 edition 44 of the 66 surreptitiousness
(Answer: participants) allowed (Answer: themselves) to be examined medically
throughout. The prevents enterprises (Answer: findings) were expectant
(Answer: presented) November 29th at the annual meeting of the Radiological
Society of North America in Chicago. And some of the discoveries may be of use
to the less ambitious among us. Muscle volume of the legs actually went down 7
percent because of the incredible energy consumption of the daily distances.
And some leg injuries were found to be safe to run through. It was okay to keep
going with simple leg muscle inflammation, for example. But other overuse
injuries, like joint inflammation, carried a greater risk of worsening. Runners lost
40 percent of their body fat in the first half of the race and 50 percent
altogether. Beginning runners can likewise expect to see a rapid fat loss at first.
And you get to stop before reaching Norway.
Are smarter people drawn to music, theater and dance? Or does arts raking
(Answer: training) in (Answer: childhood) change the brain in positive ways? In
2004, the philanthropic Dana observation whiteboard (Answer: Foundation)
created a consortium of neuroscientists from seven universities to address
those questions. On March 4, the group refereed (Answer: released) a report,
Learning, Arts, and the Brain, available at dana.org. Some of the findings: An
interest in performing arts helps develop blockade (Answer: sustained) attention
spans, which can improve other areas of cognition. Links exist between training
in music and the ability to manipulate information in both mortem (Answer:
short-term) and long-term memory. Music training also appears to improve kids'
capacity for geometric representation, as well as the acquisition of reading
skills. Acting classes lead to improved memory, via better language skills. Dance
learning is done through observation and mimicry, and that training appears to
improve other cognitive skills. So science says that dance, theater and music
can make life full of sound and glory, signifying something.
Here's an impassioned plea for gun control. Of nail guns, that is. Because
accidents involving nail guns have gone through the renovated roof. In 2005,
almost 15,000 people were treated in US emergency rooms for nail gun injuries.
That's twice the number in 2001 and three times the chesterfields (Answer:
injuries) back in 1991, according to data released in the April 13th issue of
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, put out by the CDC. The rising
minstrelsy (Answer: popularity) of do it yourself seems to be behind the
unfortunate trend. Most injuries are puncture wounds to the hands, followed by
hits to the forearms, legs and feet. Six percent of the wounded wind up being

hospitalized. Although better safety instruction would no doubt help, the
report's authors suggest a systems remould (Answer: approach) to the
problem-they'd like nail guns to be panhandle (Answer: impossible) to fire until
the nose was depressed, which would foolery (Answer presumably) happen only
when the gun was flush up against whatever needed nailing. By the way, 96
percent of the injured were males, which could mean that they're doing most of
the work, or that women read the instructions. Imagine climbing diamond
mountains, or hiking around the graphite shores of a lake of tar. Sound a little
sci-fi? Well a new discovery suggests planets like that might be out there-
planets littered with carbon minerals, instead of the oxygen-rich silicates. like
quartz, that cover the Earth. Because astronomers have found the first
seismologic (Answer: carbon-rich) exoplanet with more carbon than oxygen in its
atmosphere-instead of the 1 to 2 carbon to oxygen ratio found in our solar
system. The exoplanet, called WASP 12 b, is a gas giant, like Jupiter. By taking
the spectrum of heat radiating from the planet, the siestas (Answer:
researchers) found that the planet's gazelle (Answer: atmosphere) was loaded
with carbon, in the form of carbon monoxide and methane. The study appears in
the journal Nature. The finding suggests one commonly leaded (Answer,
accepted) model of planetary formation, where icy chunks glom into a core,
wouldn't work here. Instead the core may have formed from carbon-rich
fragments, like tar. But more than that, this unusual planet is more proof of the
academy (Answer: diversity) of the universe and it makes those dreams of
diamond planets a tiny bit more plausible.

WRITE FROM DICTATION

This book invites readers to discuss future directions in social development.
The officer has urged that these political issues be addressed.
This chapter presents the diversity of the social sciences in the region.
These writing tips on the website contribute to professional writing skills.
This is a brief survey of public support in selected nations.
Her articles have been published in various newspapers and magazines.
All of your writing assignments will be reviewed by another peer.
In Britain, public transport is in fact becoming increasingly expensive.
A basic knowledge of English is a prerequisite for Australian citizenship.
The college has always been willing to accept financial aids.
The development of scientific knowledge is crucial to every field.
College may have an impact on the mental growth of students.
Our mission is to disseminate and apply the new knowledge.
The lecturer spared a few minutes for students to ask questions.
The students should pay more attention to their spelling errors.
You are encouraged to join one of our sports clubs.
The community junior college is a free public educational institution.
Working hard is not necessarily the norm in this university.
Students do need opportunities to practice what they are learning.
Formal course study is a valuable means of professional development.
The professor of computer science is giving a lecture to students.
Any game must be properly elaborated.
Some students would choose to travel overseas during their gap year.
They have been asked to move out of their rented studio.
We have applied special devices in the study of local history.
I will come back as soon as possible.
It took almost three years to build the football stadium.
Each study center would provide information on technology and training.
Extension is only available under special circumstances.
Digital scans of archived materials are provided with a small fee.
Optional tutorials are offered in the final week of a term.
The essay should be clear during the exam.
Students live in the residence hall during the term time.
Calcium's nutritional value enjoys growing popularity every year.
Over the years more and more students are young.
Before choosing your university courses, you should consider your future care
er.
You will acquire many skills during the academic studies.
Many people think they are more talented than others.
The field of social development includes descriptions of social behavior.
People in this kind of job tend to work long hours.
You may be charged for additional art supplies.
Research shows that knowledge and experience are essential to creativity
A good academic essay should have a clear argument.
Average earnings have risen slightly over the decades.
They have come up with a new method of solving the problem.
Graduates have to fight for jobs in the highly competitive market.
The rationale of my research is to present the value of the urban ecosystem.
The music has distracted most of these students from their study.
If you need more help, you can contact local sponsors.
It studies the interaction between elementary school students and teachers.
This program begins in the fall of each school year.
Keeping organized class notes makes study time more efficient.
Living in apartments near campus can be very convenient for students.
Graduates with a doctoral degree are very competitive in the workforce.
The theory had been made up by a prominent scholar.
This manual outlines the operation of the laboratory service
This standard is easily attainable by most of the students.
Your term papers should include current social issues.
The paper must be reviewed thoroughly and appropriately.
Social media has a significant impact on journalism.
Business research has different branches using different research methods.
Consumers are better informed today because of the Internet.
It is essential for companies to reduce the amount of harmful gases
It is necessary to attend the laboratory introduction.
During the examination, electronic devices must be left to the supervisors.
Sociology has become a popular discipline among college students.
You may not arrange your time when reading the text.
Every year, more and more courses become available online.
Our students have participated in exchange programs to widen their
horizons.
Apple is expected to announce several new products this fall.
Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school.
These workbooks are available at many bookstores near our school.
Our teachers use the computer lab to show us the math models.
Several major companies and organizations are supporting this project.
Researchers found that trees can relieve stress and anxiety.
Computer science is taught by an honorable professor in this university.
The new product aims to improve children's communication skills.
His analysis appeared to be based on the fourth premise.
More and more women are now engaging in education career.
Half of middle school students have received special education services.
Students were asked to share their thoughts about this article.
Over the years more and more students are young.
Digital scanners can scan all kinds of materials provided they are in small piec
es.
It is a debate about the value of knowledge.
You may not manage your time well without a reading list.
It took almost three years to build the football stadium.
You may not be allowed to read any books without the reading list.
The university is highly rated for its research accuracy and ability.
She has been assigned to a new project in Spain.
Classrooms make teachers connect with students in a more efficient way.
The introduction of railway greatly contributed to the revolution of train
industry.
The integration of archeologists' studies with community projects is widely
encouraged.
Last summer we rented out our house and went camping.
The instant availability of information has radically changed people's lives.
As a student, she had a reputation for being late.
Students have to study the biology science as an extended major.
Please make an appointment with your tutor about work.
Children need books in their own language with settings that reflect their
lives.
Journalists need to work with a range of technologies.
This physics lab is closed because of some technical issues.
This thesis analyzed the structures and features of modern society.
The studies have been carried out on children who are overweight.
This program examines the scientific technology influencing the food industry.
The council has rejected his proposal to build more office accommodation.
released into the atmosphere.
While some people regard it as care, others regard it as reckless.
Remember to bring calculators to class next week.
Students must clean their hands before attending the engineering workshop.
The students should visit the lecture hall behind the building.
He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert.
The centre that has just been built will serve our community.
A transport plane is carrying food and medical supplies for people.
The guidelines are due to be updated shortly.
Traffic noise is intensified by high buildings.
We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
Please check that your surname has been correctly entered.
All students and staff have the access to printers and scanners.
This job is very challenging and demanding for new graduates.
His lectures tend to range over a number of topics.
The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library.
The new rules will become effective in the next few days.
You may not manage your time well without a reading list.
Before choosing your university courses, you should consider your future
career.
It is very common for college students to live on campus.
Students must present a valid identification to enrol in this course.
Students were asked to share their thoughts about this article.
These young students are grouped by the teachers according to their ages.
As a student, she had a reputation for being late.
If we don't sell more, we have to cut back production.
The manager told us to finish the job within this week.
Overseas students are currently facing difficulties going back to university.
The volunteers have brought lots of books for the children.
The university now faces a serious challenge of finance.
She managed to get another ticket for the concert for her friend.
The company has refused her demand for a pay raise
If we don't sell more, we have to cut back production.
He used to give lectures on American literature in a university.
They are now making plans to form their own separate group.
We encourage students to complete applications before the deadline.
People in this country enjoy a high standard of living.
Calcium's nutritional value enjoys growing popularity every year.
Our professor is now on leave after a busy semester.
Tuition fees will vary according to the fields of study.
Job opportunities are created for a better economy of the future.
All of your arguments must be supported by evidence and relevant
The topic next week on colonialism will be the nuclear disarmament.
Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the
president.
We are considering all candidates' backgrounds and identities.
During that time people had large families as an insurance against some
children loss.
The university now faces a serious challenge of finance.
The curriculum of the school does not include any sports activities.
I will be back in several minutes.
Before writing down your notes, check the accuracy of your data¬.
The management of many new colleges was less than satisfactory.
The results of this research presented a value of the balance of the
ecosystem.
You need student identification to borrow books from the library.
Marketing is a very important activity for many businesses.
The excursion will go ahead on Thursday as planned.
The school has received a grant to renovate its buildings.
theories.
She managed to get another ticket for the concert for her friend.
More choices are available other than studying full time at university.
Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada.
The sports team members often practice on weekdays and play games on
weekends.
This research team has been suffering from lack of funds.
They are most likely to achieve more of these objectives.
Be careful when you use English translators.
Students must present a valid identification to enroll in this course.
You need to be able to concentrate when working or studying.
You must be able to speak French for this job.
One student representative will be selected from each class.
These projects will provide vital links between companies and universities.
This research team has been suffering from lack of funds.
They joined us to spend the rest of the school holiday.
Scientists used an analytical method to solve this issue.
Some of the farmland has been devastated by floods and droughts.
Computer science is taught by an honorable professor in this university.
These workbooks are available at many bookstores near our school.
We employ an expert to advise on the new technology.
Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.
The geography examination will take place in the sports hall.
Digital scanners can scan all kinds of materials provided that they are in
small pieces.
We have discussed this issue for a day without any solution.
Visual aid is really helpful for revising.
This guide is qualified to lead the groups into the mountains.
The university's campaign to hire more teachers has been a success.
The company has not achieved success despite good reputation.
All students can learn, even though they have different speeds.
He went to his office more frequently during the school year.
Even the most motivated students may need help to choose their careers.
It is a debate about the value of knowledge.
These graduate students have been advised to seek other mentors.
All students join art classes in the first term.
It is very common for college students to live on campus.

I can't hand out my dissertation this week.
Please note that the seminar has been cancelled now.
The students can seek help from nationally recognized faculty members.
Each organ of your body is a complex living system.
Universities can also act as a cultural agent in our society.
Students were asked to hand in their essay within a week.
More choices are available other than studying full time at university.
The campaign is intended to educate the public to respect the environment.
Both scientists are arguing over the result of this experiment.
The field of journalism has been seen in decline in the decades.
This lecture will be of special interest to history students.
The instructor started with his lecture notes to show his ideas.
The key to clear writing is clarity of thought.
Children in this village enjoy free education and medical care.
Learning a foreign language takes a lot of effort.
It is not always possible to find patterns in data.
The new lecture theater accommodates a large number of students.
You must wear closed shoes when working in the lab.
It is important to provide a more interactive learning experience.
It's getting more and more difficult to recruit experienced staff.
She's searching for a subject matter for her new book.
Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.
Students of the first year usually live on campus.
During the examination, electronic devices must be left to the supervisor.
Today we have a guest speaker who is visiting from Canada.
Resources and information of the local community are no more available.
They joined us to spend the rest of the school holiday.
We have been seeking to protect the quality of teaching and learning.
The final essay is due at the end of this semester.
There has been no response to his remarks from the government.
An appropriate enterprise strategy is the key to success in business.
These buildings are part of our national heritage and deserve protection.
The department has not made the issue a high priority.
The hospital is trying to raise funds for a new machine.
A computer screen shows arrival and departure times of the trains.
The final exam has imposed an additional strain on her.
There are excellent facilities for sport and recreation in our campus.
You do not need to be encouraged to be a hero.
He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.
You should be careful when searching internet sources.
Many universities have successfully developed online courses over the last
year.
She won a scholarship to study at a famous university.
The election of president is held once every four years.
Parents and children have to work jointly to bridge the gap.
The failure of the company was a result of bad management.
Students live in the residence hall during the term time.
The company has refused her demand for a pay rise.
A treaty deal built between two countries was just announced.
The police officer wrote the details down in his notebook.
The challenges our healthcare sector faces are bigger than ever.
The manager told us to finish the job within this week.
The professor took the students to the new chemistry lab.
We interviewed each individual member of this special community.
Some teachers prefer to talk with students in the hallway.
A lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative
work.
Scientists used an analytical method to solve this issue.
Scientists use new technologies in labs.
The lecturer is here to visit us from Canada.
Only few students do not prefer working with other peers.
Accountancy students need to submit their dissertations this week.
Some of the farmland has been devastated by floods and droughts.
thousands of students are leaving college because of mental health issues.
My time spent in the library had been very productive.
This book offers many teachers a new way to encourage students.
It took three years to make the football stadium.
The library is open only on Mondays and Fridays.
You may not be allowed to read any book without the reading list.
A few journalism students need to read the school newspaper.
Our course topics range widely from social science to engineering.
The university offers a wide range of courses according to your
commitments.
This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research.
The department has been reimbursed for equipment.
He and his wife run their own gift shop in the town.
The volunteers have brought lots of books for the children.
This occupation requires a good demand of Spanish and French.
Current research has been carried out in universities and other institutions.
These young students are grouped by the teachers according to their ages.
Some people argue that science is more important than art.
They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made
There had been many female artists in early modern France.
You may not be allowed to read any book without the reading list.
Each department has their own style of guidelines for assignments.
Few students have received financial support from the local government.
Several fields are now under water after the heavy rain.
Marketing involves many activities including doing researches, developing
products and promoting them.
Please cite several sources in your work.
Working with these kinds of students is not enough.
The facility is used to record the progress of each experiment.
The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the
end of the semester.
She is an expert in the eighteenth-century French literature.
Academic dishonesty is regarded as a serious offense in universities.
There is no ideal debate on this topic.
It is compulsory to attend the laboratory instruction.
Many students are now studying science, technology, engineering and maths
If you need any assistance, please get help from the general office.
The residence hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time at the
end of the semester.
These projects will provide vital links between companies and universities.
The rising temperature has led to lower agricultural output.
A few journalism students need to read the school newspaper.
Our students have attended the summer camp hosted by the university.
Political assumptions are based on voting behaviors.
This text explores market research techniques such as customer visits.
The theme park is very popular among local people and tourists.

Many governments found that it was difficult to reduce poverty in our
society.
All students will be provided adequate opportunities to study here.
The school system is feeling the impact of the budget crisis.
Those laws were primarily intended to impose restrictions on immigration.
Teachers would like to receive feedback on their teaching skills.
Customer experience management has now become more and more
important.
Students will be informed of the services available on this campus.
Academic meetings are held periodically during the school year.
The new tax policy would help keep down education fees.
I went to the school at the bottom of our street.
She has published many books including novels and literary criticism.
By the time you get there the meeting will be over.
The supplies of food and medicine have been delivered by volunteers.
Details of the government report have not yet been made public.
Each unit including the parent company has its own local management.
The festival is heavily dependent on sponsorship for its success.
I have received an encouraging response to my last advertisement.
Tests have shown high levels of pollutants in the water.
The use of new technology is core to our strategy.
The company has many branch offices all over the world.
The campaign is designed to increase public awareness of the issue.
Overseas students are currently facing difficulties going back to university.
Certain films are hard to be classified into one single genre.
Professor Tim Lee invented World Wide Web.
The government will continue to offer financial aids to students.
In the new project, you have to present the different items.
He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
The full list of undergraduate programs can be found on the website.
In computer science degree, there is a new module in artificial intelligence.
You need to work harder to pass the final test.
Job opportunities are created for a better economy of the future.
You can borrow eight books from the library at a time.
It is hard to find a job without advanced skills.
You will find an academic pathway suitable for you here.
The postgraduate education depends entirely on private funding.
Earlier reports suggested that a meeting would take place on Sunday.
This book mainly introduces the history of physics and astronomy The
timetable for next term will be available next week.
The student union hosts a variety of social events.
Mixture is defined as the compound of chemically separate parts.
Tutorials are scheduled in the final week of the term.
Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late.
It is clear that national trading system is a good thing.
Currently the growth of the company is unpredictable.
Computer is a great source of knowledge for the students.
We are moving at a very fast pace.
The timetable will be posted on the website in the morning.
All students do their homework at home.
Road safety measures can reduce accidents.
Tomorrow's lecture has been cancelled due to the power cut.
Extension is only available under special circumstances.
Digital scans of archived materials are provided with a small fee.
Applicants shall meet the following criteria for admission to the program.
In this study area you must stay silent all the time.
Our community has dedicated themselves to delivering public services for
months.
Behind the barn, there is a flat cart drawn by mules.
Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your applicati
on.
Before completing the exercise, you need to read the remaining chapters.
Before attending the lecture, you must register online or by post.
Bad policy decisions led to the financial crisis.
Attracting skilled workers to the city with expensive housing is hard.
Atmosphere is composed of several layers.
Artists, other than politicians, played their own roles as critics of the
culture.
Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
And in that regard, as well as in other regards, it stands as an important
contribution.
An ancient text may hold secrets which were lost centuries ago.
Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable
responsibility.
All writers, consciously or unconsciously, represent their own culture.
All the educational reforms have been inadequately implemented.
All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester.
All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office.
All lectures and learning materials can be found on the internet.
All answers must be examined and supported by relevant theory.
Agenda items should be submitted by the end of the day.
Affordable housing is an important issue for all members of society.


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SEPT - OCT 2023

Throughout history, Stanford Medicine has been home to cutting-edge

Contemporary scholars who study scientific methodology are often

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The term "core competence" described a diversified corporation as a large

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Bolstered by the results of laboratory experiments, researchers dare to say

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Environmental, individual, and social traits of free-ranging raccoons influence

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guiding principle: evolution. It depends on chance and randomness, but

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The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision

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Many people believe that employers discriminate against older people

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Too Much Information

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