MODULE 1 WEEK NO.

1-3

TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM

LING1: Introduction to Linguistics
First Semester of A.Y. 2023-2024

Rationale

Welcome to the exciting world of language study! In this comprehensive learning module, we
will embark on a journey exploring the fascinating realm of linguistics and language-related
concepts. Get ready to delve into the intricate structure of language, its diverse forms, and its
impact on human communication. From understanding the fundamental principles of language
to delving into theories, macro skills, and the components of grammar, this module will equip
you with valuable insights into the fascinating realm of language and communication. Get ready
to unlock the mysteries of language and embark on an exciting linguistic journey. Let's dive in
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and explore the vast and captivating world of language study together!

Specific Learning Outcomes

SLO 1: discuss the scientific study of language in relevance to language teaching, learning, and
benefits to community and society;
SLO 2: differentiate the views on language study to explain further possible language origins and
language teaching methods;
SLO 3: define, compare and contrast the components of grammar; and
SLO 4: share arguments and contentions on the incidence of various Englishes, NESTs and non-NESTs
and standard English.

Activating Content
Topic 1: Linguistics as the Science of Language

Linguistics is the scientific study of

language. It delves into the intricacies of
human language, examining its structure,
sounds, meanings, and usage patterns. As a
discipline, linguistics seeks to uncover the
fundamental principles underlying all
human languages, exploring their
similarities and unique features. By applying
systematic and empirical methods, linguists
aim to gain insights into the nature of
language and its role in human
communication and cognition.

Language is a complex and dynamic system that enables humans to express their thoughts,
ideas, and emotions through a structured set of symbols. It serves as a means of communication,
allowing individuals to interact, share information, and convey meaning. Language encompasses
various components, including phonetics (the study of speech sounds), phonology (the study of

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
sound patterns), morphology (the study of word formation and structure), syntax (the study of
sentence structure), semantics (the study of meaning), and pragmatics (the study of language use in
context).

Key Goals of Linguistics

Describing Language: Linguists aim to describe languages in detail, analyzing their structural
properties and documenting the patterns and rules that govern them. By examining the
phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic aspects of languages, linguists create
comprehensive descriptions that provide insights into how languages are structured and how
they function.

Explaining Language: Linguists seek to uncover the underlying principles and mechanisms
that explain how languages work. They investigate the cognitive processes involved in
language production and comprehension. They explore how sounds combine to form words,
how words combine to form meaningful sentences, and how meaning is conveyed through
linguistic units.

Predicting Language: Through their research, linguists aim to develop models and theories to
accurately predict and account for linguistic phenomena. These predictions may pertain to
language acquisition, language change over time, or the interpretation of linguistic data. By
understanding the regularities and patterns of language, linguists can make informed
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predictions about language-related behaviors and outcomes.

Approaches in Linguistics
Linguistics encompasses various approaches and subfields that focus on different aspects of
language. Some prominent branches of linguistics include:

Phonetics and Phonology: Phonetics examines the physical properties of speech sounds,
while phonology studies the abstract sound patterns and rules that govern language.

Morphology: Morphology investigates the internal structure of words, exploring how words
are formed and how they can be modified through processes such as affixation or
compounding.

Syntax: Syntax examines the structure of sentences and how words combine to form
grammatically correct phrases and clauses. It investigates the rules that govern word order,
sentence structure, and grammatical relations.

Semantics: Semantics focuses on the study of meaning in language, exploring how words,
phrases, and sentences convey information and how speakers interpret meaning.

Sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language and society,

investigating how language varies and changes across different social groups, regions, and
contexts.

Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics explores the cognitive processes involved in language

production and comprehension, investigating how language is processed, stored, and
acquired in the human brain.

Linguistics plays a crucial role in unraveling the mysteries of human language. As the scientific study of language,
linguistics provides a systematic framework for understanding languages' structure, function, and usage across
different cultures and contexts. By analyzing the intricate interplay of sounds, words, and meaning, linguists contribute
to our broader understanding of human cognition, communication, and cultural diversity. Through the study of
linguistics, we gain valuable insights into the complex nature of language and its profound impact on our lives.

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
Topic 2: Definitions of Language according to Famous Linguists/Theorists

Throughout the history of linguistics, prominent linguists and theorists have put forth various
definitions of language, reflecting different perspectives and approaches to understanding this
complex phenomenon. These definitions highlight the multifaceted nature of language and its role in
human communication and cognition. In this discussion, we will explore the definitions of language
provided by some famous linguists and theorists.

Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, is widely regarded as one of the founders of
modern linguistics. According to Saussure, language is a system of signs. He
emphasized the structural aspect of language, focusing on the relationships and
interdependencies between linguistic elements. Saussure's definition emphasizes
that language is a social construct with arbitrary signs and that meaning is derived
from the differences and distinctions within the system.

Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky, an influential linguist, introduced the concept of generative grammar
and transformational-generative linguistics. For Chomsky, language is a mental
faculty or a cognitive system innate to humans. He argued that language is not solely
a product of external stimuli but also a result of the brain's internal mechanisms.
Chomsky's definition highlights language's creative and rule-governed nature,
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emphasizing its universal and biological basis.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf proposed the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity. They argued that
language shapes our perception of the world and influences our thought
processes. According to their perspective, language is not merely a tool
for communication but also a determinant of our cognitive and cultural
experiences. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis emphasizes the role of
language in shaping our worldview and understanding of reality.

Michael Halliday
Michael Halliday, a British linguist, developed Systemic Functional Linguistics
(SFL). According to Halliday, language is a semiotic system that serves three
broad functions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational function
refers to the expression of ideas and experiences, the interpersonal function
focuses on social interactions and relationships, and the textual function pertains
to the organization and coherence of language in written or spoken discourse.
Halliday's definition emphasizes the communicative and functional aspects of
language.

Roman Jakobson
Roman Jakobson, a prominent linguist and semiotician, proposed a
communicative language model. According to Jakobson, language serves six
functions: referential (conveying information about the world), expressive
(expressing the speaker's emotions and attitudes), conative (influencing the
listener's behavior), phatic (establishing and maintaining social relationships),
metalingual (talking about language itself), and poetic (focusing on the aesthetic
and artistic aspects of language). Jakobson's model highlights the diverse
functions of language in human communication.

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3

The definitions of language put forth by famous linguists and theorists offer valuable insights into the
complex nature of this fundamental aspect of human communication. From Saussure's emphasis on
language as a structural system of signs to Chomsky's focus on its innate cognitive basis, these
perspectives contribute to our understanding of language's role in shaping our perception, thought
processes, and social interactions. The definitions provided by Sapir and Whorf, Halliday, and
Jakobson shed light on the communicative, functional, and cultural dimensions of language,
showcasing its multifaceted nature. By exploring these definitions, linguistics students gain a deeper
appreciation of the rich and dynamic nature of language as a subject of scientific inquiry.

Topic 3: Macro Skills of Language

Language proficiency involves the mastery of various skills that enable effective
communication. These skills, often called macro skills, encompass the major components of language
use. This discussion will explore the five primary macro skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing,
and viewing. Understanding and developing these skills are essential for successful communication
and language acquisition.

Listening
Listening is the skill of
comprehending and understanding
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spoken language. It involves actively

processing auditory input and
making meaning from it. Effective
listening requires attention,
concentration, and interpreting
verbal and non-verbal cues.
Listening skills involve
understanding vocabulary,
grammar, and the overall message
conveyed by the speaker. Proficient
listening is crucial for effective
communication, forming the
foundation for other language skills.

Speaking
Speaking is the skill of producing and expressing language orally. It involves articulating
sounds, words, and sentences while conveying meaning and maintaining coherent and fluent
speech. Speaking skills encompass pronunciation, vocabulary selection, grammar usage, and
the ability to effectively engage in conversations and express ideas, opinions, and emotions.
Proficient speaking involves linguistic competence and social and cultural awareness to adapt
speech to different contexts.

Reading
Reading is the skill of understanding written language. It involves decoding written symbols
(letters, words, sentences) and extracting meaning from written texts. Effective reading
encompasses comprehension, vocabulary recognition, and understanding text structures and
conventions. It also involves critical thinking skills to evaluate and analyze written
information. Reading skills contribute to language acquisition, knowledge expansion, and
cognitive development.

Writing

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
Writing is the skill of producing written language. It involves expressing thoughts, ideas, and
information through written text. Proficient writing requires knowledge of grammar,
vocabulary, and syntax, as well as an understanding of the written piece's purpose, audience,
and organization. Writing skills involve clarity, coherence, cohesion, and the ability to convey
information effectively. Writing serves various purposes, such as informative, persuasive, or
creative expression.

Viewing
Viewing is the skill of understanding and interpreting visual information, including images,
videos, and other visual media. It involves actively observing and analyzing visual stimuli to
extract meaning and comprehend the intended message. Effective viewing skills encompass
visual literacy, the ability to interpret and evaluate visual content, and the understanding of
visual conventions and symbolism. Viewing skills are particularly important in today's
multimedia-rich world, where visual communication plays a significant role.

The five macro skills of language—listening, speaking, reading, writing, and viewing—are
interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Proficiency in one skill often supports the development of
others. For instance, effective listening skills enhance speaking abilities by providing exposure to
correct pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structures. Reading extensively contributes to
vocabulary expansion, grammar acquisition, and improved writing skills. Writing aids in
consolidating knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and coherent expression, which enhances
speaking, reading, and viewing abilities. Viewing, on the other hand, complements other skills by
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providing visual context and supporting the understanding of non-verbal cues in communication.

Language learners typically engage in activities that target the development of each macro
skill. Communicative language teaching approaches prioritize integrating listening, speaking,
reading, writing, and viewing in meaningful contexts to promote authentic language use. Learners
can practice and refine their macro skills through interactive activities, such as group discussions,
role-plays, reading comprehension exercises, writing tasks, and analyzing visual media. Integrating
all five skills facilitates well-rounded language acquisition and enhances overall proficiency.

The macro skills of language—listening, speaking, reading, writing, and viewing—are

fundamental components of language proficiency. Developing these skills enables
individuals to effectively communicate, comprehend, and express themselves in different
contexts. Proficiency in one skill often supports the development of others, as they are
interconnected and mutually reinforcing. Language learners should engage in diverse
activities that target the development of each macro skill, including the often-overlooked skill
of viewing, to achieve well-rounded language competence. By focusing on developing these
skills, students can enhance their overall language proficiency and become effective
communicators in their target language.

Topic 4: Views and Overview of Theories in Language Study

Language study involves various theoretical perspectives that seek to explain language’s
nature, acquisition, and use. In this discussion, we will provide an overview of four prominent
theories in language study: Behaviorist, Innatist/Nativist, Cognitivist, and Interactionist. Each theory
offers unique insights into different aspects of language and contributes to our understanding of how
language is learned and used.

Behaviorist Theory
The Behaviorist theory, associated with psychologists such as B.F. Skinner emphasizes the
role of environmental stimuli and reinforcement in language acquisition. According to this
view, language is learned through a process of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement.
Behaviorists propose that children acquire language by imitating the speech of those around

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
them and receiving positive reinforcement for correct language use. This theory emphasizes
the importance of observable behaviors and conditioning processes in language learning.

Innatist/Nativist Theory
The Innatist/Nativist theory, primarily associated with linguist Noam Chomsky, posits that
humans are born with an innate capacity for language acquisition. Chomsky's theory argues
that the human brain is biologically predisposed to a "Language Acquisition Device" (LAD), a
mental structure that allows children to acquire language rapidly and effortlessly. Innatists
argue that universal grammar principles underlie all languages and guide language
acquisition. This theory emphasizes the role of innate linguistic knowledge and the
universality of language acquisition processes.

Cognitivist Theory
The Cognitivist theory, influenced by cognitive psychology, focuses on the mental processes
involved in language learning and use. Cognitive theorists propose that language acquisition
is not solely dependent on external stimuli or innate structures but also on cognitive abilities
such as memory, attention, and problem-solving. This theory emphasizes the role of
information processing, cognitive schemas, and the interaction between language and other
cognitive processes. Cognitivism emphasizes the importance of cognitive development and
individual cognitive differences in language learning.

Interactionist Theory
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The Interactionist theory, also known as the Sociocultural theory, emphasizes the role of
social interaction and cultural context in language acquisition. Associated with psychologist
Lev Vygotsky, this theory proposes that language learning occurs through social interactions,
collaboration, and exposure to meaningful communicative experiences. The Interactionist
theory emphasizes the importance of social interaction, scaffolding, and the role of cultural
and contextual factors in language development. It suggests that language learning is a socio-
culturally mediated process.

These four theories offer different perspectives on language acquisition and use, highlighting
various factors that contribute to the development of language skills. While the Behaviorist theory
focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement, the Innatist/Nativist theory emphasizes innate
linguistic knowledge. The Cognitivist theory explores the cognitive processes involved in language
learning, and the Interactionist theory underscores the role of social interaction and cultural context.

It is important to note that these theories are not mutually exclusive, and contemporary
research often integrates multiple perspectives. Many researchers acknowledge that language
acquisition is a complex and multifaceted process influenced by a combination of innate factors,
environmental input, cognitive processes, and social interactions. Integrating insights from different
theories allows for a more comprehensive understanding of language acquisition and use.

The Behaviorist, Innatist/Nativist, Cognitivist, and Interactionist theories offer valuable

insights into the nature of language acquisition and use. Each theory provides a unique
perspective on how language is learned and the factors influencing language
development. By examining these theories, language scholars gain a deeper
understanding of language's complex and dynamic nature and the various factors
contributing to its acquisition, development, and use.

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3

Topic 5: Hymes' Framework of Language Use: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and

Strategic

Dell Hymes, an American sociolinguist, developed a framework known as the SPEAKING

model to analyze and understand language use in social contexts. This model consists of six
components, four of which will be discussed in this topic: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and
Strategic. These components provide a comprehensive perspective on language use and the social
factors influencing communication.

Linguistic Competence
Linguistic competence refers to the
knowledge of the rules and structures of a
particular language. It encompasses
understanding grammar, vocabulary,
phonetics, and syntax. Linguistic competence
allows individuals to produce and
understand grammatically correct sentences
and effectively convey their intended
messages. It forms the foundation for
effective communication, providing the
necessary tools to express thoughts and
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ideas.

Sociolinguistic Competence
Sociolinguistic competence focuses on the
social and cultural aspects of language use. It
involves understanding and appropriately
using language in different social contexts,
considering factors such as social norms,
cultural values, and power dynamics.
Sociolinguistic competence enables
individuals to adapt their language use based
on the situation, including dialect, register,
and formality variations. It recognizes that
social interactions shape language and reflect
social identities and relationships.

Discourse Competence
Discourse competence refers to the ability to
understand and produce coherent and
meaningful stretches of language beyond
individual sentences. It involves
understanding how language functions in
different genres, contexts, and
communicative purposes. Discourse
competence includes knowledge of discourse
markers, cohesive devices, narrative
structures, and rhetorical strategies. It
enables individuals to organize and convey
information effectively, maintain
conversational coherence, and engage in
extended conversations or written texts.

Strategic Competence

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
Strategic competence employs communication strategies to overcome challenges and achieve
effective communication. It involves making conscious decisions and employing techniques
to compensate for linguistic or sociolinguistic knowledge gaps. Strategic competence includes
skills such as clarification strategies, repair strategies, negotiation of meaning, and non-
verbal communication. It allows individuals to navigate communication breakdowns, express
themselves creatively, and achieve their communicative goals in challenging situations.

The four components of Hymes' framework—Linguistic, Sociolinguistic, Discourse, and

Strategic—work together to facilitate effective language use and communication. Linguistic
competence provides the foundational knowledge of language rules, while sociolinguistic
competence ensures appropriate language use in different social contexts. Discourse competence
enables individuals to convey meaning coherently, and strategic competence allows for effective
communication strategies when faced with challenges.

By understanding and integrating these components, individuals can become more proficient
communicators, capable of adapting their language use to diverse social situations, organizing their
ideas effectively, and compensating for linguistic or sociolinguistic limitations. This framework
highlights the importance of considering grammatical correctness and the social, cultural, and
contextual dimensions of language use in real-world communication.

Topic 6: Components of Grammar – An Introduction

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Grammar is the framework that governs a language's structure, organization, and usage. It
encompasses various components that work together to form a coherent system of linguistic rules.
In this discussion, we will introduce the five key components of grammar: Phonetics and Phonology,
Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics. Understanding these components is crucial for
understanding how language is structured and used.

Phonetics and Phonology

Phonetics focuses on the physical properties of speech sounds. It examines the articulation
and perception of sounds, including their production, acoustic properties, and physical
characteristics. Phonetics analyzes the range of sounds used in languages worldwide,
classifying them based on their distinctive features.
Phonology, on the other hand, investigates the abstract sound patterns and rules that govern
language. It examines how sounds function within a specific language, studying phonemes
(distinctive units of sound) and phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and
sound shifts.

Morphology
Morphology deals with the internal structure and formation of words. It examines
morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units in a language. Morphemes can be free,
standing alone as independent words, or bound, attached to other morphemes to create new
words or modify their meanings. Morphology also explores affixation, compounding, and
derivation that contribute to word formation.

Syntax
Syntax focuses on the structure of sentences and the rules governing how words combine to
form grammatically correct phrases and clauses. It investigates the relationships between
different elements in a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and modifiers. Syntax
analyzes sentence structures, word order, grammatical functions, and syntactic rules that
define the grammaticality of a language.

Semantics
Semantics is concerned with the study of meaning in language. It explores how words,
phrases, and sentences convey information and how meaning is interpreted by speakers.

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
Semantics delves into the relationships between words, examining concepts like lexical
semantics (meaning of individual words), compositional semantics (meaning derived from
word combinations), and pragmatics (meaning derived from context). Semantics also deals
with semantic roles, semantic features, and the relationships between words and their
referents.

Pragmatics
Pragmatics investigates how language is used in context and the social and cultural aspects
that influence communication. It focuses on the study of language in action, including speech
acts, conversational implicatures, and the interpretation of meaning beyond the literal level.
Pragmatics examines how speakers adjust their language use based on their communicative
intentions, social roles, and the expectations of their interlocutors. It also explores cultural
norms, politeness, and the effect of context on meaning.

These grammar components are interconnected and work together to create a

comprehensive system for language structure and usage. Phonetics and Phonology provide the
foundation for the sounds of a language, while morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
contribute to the organization, meaning, and social aspects of language.

Understanding these components is essential for language learners and linguists alike.
Proficiency in grammar enables effective communication, comprehension of linguistic structures, and
the ability to convey ideas accurately. The study of grammar also sheds light on the underlying
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principles and patterns that govern a language, facilitating language acquisition, translation, language
teaching, and linguistic analysis.

Topic 6: World Englishes – An Introduction

World Englishes is a field of study that examines the diverse forms and variations of English
spoken worldwide. English has become a global language used by millions of people in different
countries and contexts. This discussion will introduce World Englishes, focusing on the distinction
between World Englishes, Philippine English, and Standard English, as well as categorizing English
language teachers as NESTs (Native English-Speaking Teachers) and non-NESTs.

World Englishes
World Englishes refers to the different varieties and forms of English used globally. It
recognizes that English is no longer solely tied to its origins in the UK or the US. It has evolved into
distinct regional or national varieties influenced by local languages, cultures, and sociolinguistic
contexts. World Englishes acknowledges English's linguistic diversity and evolution as it adapts and
develops in different regions worldwide.

Philippine English
Philippine English refers to the variety of English spoken in the Philippines. It has unique
characteristics shaped by the country's historical, cultural, and sociolinguistic factors. Philippine
English reflects the influence of Philippine languages, such as Tagalog, and incorporates local
vocabulary, grammar patterns, and pronunciation. It is recognized as a distinct variety of English
spoken by Filipinos.

Standard English
Standard English refers to a standardized form of the English language that is widely accepted
as the norm in educational, governmental, and formal settings. It is often associated with native
English-speaking countries like the UK and the US and serves as a benchmark for linguistic
correctness. Standard English is characterized by specific grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation
conventions and is taught as the ideal form of English in many language education contexts.

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
NESTs vs. Non-NESTs:
NESTs (Native English-Speaking Teachers) and non-NESTs are categories used to distinguish
between English language teachers based on their native or non-native speaker status. NESTs are
those who grew up speaking English as their first language and typically come from countries where
English is the primary language. Non-NESTs are English language teachers who acquired English as
a second language and may come from diverse linguistic backgrounds.

It is important to note that the terms NESTs and non-NESTs are controversial and have
received criticism due to their potential implications of linguistic superiority or inferiority. Many
argue that language teaching expertise should be based on qualifications, training, and proficiency
rather than native speaker status.

Topic 7: Kachru's Concentric Circles

Kachru's Concentric
Circles is a model developed by
linguist Braj Kachru to
categorize and describe the
global spread and use of
English. The model
conceptualizes English as a
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global language with three

distinct circles representing
different varieties and functions
of English worldwide. In this
discussion, we will explore
Kachru's Concentric Circles
model and the three circles it
comprises.

Inner Circle
The Inner Circle represents the traditional native English-speaking countries where English
is the primary language. This includes countries like the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand. English is the first language for most of the population in these countries,
and it serves as the official language in various domains, such as government, education, and media.
In the Inner Circle, English is used as a native language and is associated with linguistic norms and
standards.

Outer Circle
The Outer Circle represents countries where English has been introduced as a second
language during the period of colonial rule or through significant historical contact with English-
speaking nations. These countries include former British colonies like India, Singapore, Malaysia,
Nigeria, and South Africa. English in the Outer Circle is used as an official language alongside other
local language. It serves various government, education, business, and cultural functions. In the Outer
Circle, English functions as a second language for a significant portion of the population and often
displays unique linguistic features influenced by local languages and cultures.

Expanding Circle:
The Expanding Circle includes countries where English is learned and used as a foreign
language, primarily for practical purposes such as international communication, business, tourism,

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor
 MODULE 1 WEEK NO. 1-3
or education. These countries, which often include non-native English-speaking countries in Europe,
Asia, and Latin America, do not have a historical connection to English as a colonial language. English
in the Expanding Circle is used as a lingua franca, facilitating communication between speakers of
different native languages. English proficiency in the Expanding Circle focuses on receptive skills
(reading and listening) rather than productive skills (speaking and writing).

Kachru's Concentric Circles model provides a framework for understanding English’s global
spread and functions beyond the traditional native English-speaking countries. It recognizes the
diverse ways in which English is used and highlights the emergence of new varieties and non-native
English-speaking contexts.

However, the model has received criticism for its oversimplification and limited
representation of English language variations. Some argue that it reinforces a hierarchy that places
native speakers in the Inner Circle at the top. In contrast, non-native speakers in the Outer and
Expanding Circles are viewed as less proficient or legitimate users of English. Critics emphasize the
need to embrace linguistic diversity and recognize the legitimacy of all English language users
regardless of their geographical location or native language.

Setting Application
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1. Reflection paper on Linguistic Study, Communicative Competence vis-à-vis Language

Components and implications to teaching, learning, and benefits to community and
society.

Personal Reflection 30pts

Organization 20pts
Discussion of Linguistic Concepts 30pts
Language Use/ Writing Style 15pts
Timely Submission 5pts
TOTAL 100points

Establishing Feedback

Resources and Additional Resources

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Mary Ann Charmaine O. Tapulayan-Dumana
Instructor