GROUP(1) PROJECT – ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

TOPIC: Debris Flow in Wet Tropical Region, Kuching Sarawak

Group Members:

Abdulrahman Hosameldin CE01082741

Karrar Al-Mohammed CE01082998
Abdullah Hussein CE01083274
Kishyal Nathan
Vigknesh Ramanan CE01082822
Mohammed Ossama

There are 7 sections in this report that fully explains the case studies of the chosen area,
Kuching, Sarawak.
- Introduction (Karrar)
- Problem Statement (Vigknesh)
- Site Area (Abdelrahman)
- Geomorphology and Topology ()
- Surrounding Area (Abdullah)
- The Problems & Mitigation Solutions (Kishyal)
- Conclusions & Recommendations (Mohammed)

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INDEX PAGES

 Introduction - 3-4
 Problem Statements - 5
 Site Area - 6-8
 Geomorphology & Topology - 9 - 13
 Surrounding Area - 13
 The Problems & Mitigation Solutions - 18 - 20
 Conclusions & Recommendations - 21
 References - 22

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INTRODUCTION

The Cameron Highlands region in the state of Perak, Malaysia, is

renowned for its scenic beauty and biodiversity. However, the region is
also characterized by a complex geological history and dynamic
geomorphology. Geomorphological mapping of the Cameron Highlands
region can help us better understand the region's geological history,
landforms, and potential geological hazards.

The study of the earth's surface and the processes that shape it,
such as erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity, is known as
geomorphology. Geomorphological mapping include collecting,
analysing, and interpreting data on a region's landforms, surface
materials, and geological formations. Geomorphological mapping in
Cameron Highlands will entail the identification and mapping of various
landforms and geological characteristics, such as rock types, faults, folds,
and other structural features.

The Cameron Highlands region is in the Titiwangsa Mountains, which are

part of the Tenasserim-South China Block. The region has a rich
geological history that extends back to the Palaeozoic era, around five
hundred million years ago. Several tectonic events shaped the region's
geological history, including the collision of the Gondwana and Laurasia
supercontinents, the opening and closing of the Tethys Ocean, and the
collision of the Australian and Eurasian plates.

The Cameron Highlands region's complicated geological history has

resulted in the production of a wide variety of rock types, including
granite, gneiss, schist, and limestone. The region also has a variety of
landforms, such as hills, valleys, ridges, and plateaus. The region's
geomorphological mapping will aid in identifying and mapping these
landforms and geological characteristics, giving useful information for
land use planning and environmental management.

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High-resolution photographs of the region will be obtained using remote
sensing techniques, which will be utilised to detect and map
various landforms and geological features. Geographic information
systems (GIS) will be used to combine and analyse data received
from diverse sources, including topographic maps, geological maps, and
remote sensing photos.

Fieldwork will also be carried out to collect data on the ground, such as
slope measures, rock kinds, and other physical aspects. This
data will be used to check the correctness of remote sensing and GIS data
and to offer further information on the terrain's
characteristics. Fieldwork will also include sample collecting, which will
be analysed in the laboratory to establish rock kinds and ages.

The interpretation of collected data is a fundamental part of

geomorphological mapping. Accurate interpretation necessitates
knowledge of several disciplines, including geology, geography, and
environmental science. As a result, to assure the accuracy and
completeness of the data acquired, a multidisciplinary team comprised of
specialists from many sectors will be involved in the mapping
project. Furthermore, the geomorphological mapping of Cameron
Highlands will help scientists better understand the earth's processes.
The map will provide a detailed visual representation of the region's
landscape and geological elements, which will be important in future
geology and geomancy study.

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Problem Statement

• The Cameron Highland region in Pahang, Malaysia, is well known

for its distinctive terrain, landlord, and wildlife. It is a place of great
geological and environmental interest.

• Understanding the geological history of this area, identifying

potential dangers, and influencing land use planning and management
decisions all depend on geomorphological mapping of the area.

• At the same time geomorphological mapping of the Cameron

Highland in Pahang is not any difficulties. These include the area’s
intricate and varied topography, its thick forest, and the dearth of high
quality data and information.

• Therefore, the area is vulnerable towards the nature disasters such

as landslides and flash floods, which could seriously endanger
infrastructure and habitations.

• Therefore, geomorphological mapping that is precise and in depth

is essential for establishing risk reduction and catastrophe management
strategies.

• These difficulties, the geomorphological mapping of Cameron

Highland in Pahang, Malaysia, problem statement is to create a thorough
and accurate map of the region’s topography, landforms and geological
features, taking into account the challenging terrain, dense vegetation
and potential hazards.

• This map should be based on reliable data and information and

serve as a solid foundation for planning land use, hazard reduction and
disaster management strategies.

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Site Area

Cameron Highlands is a mountainous region located in the state of

Pahang, Malaysia. The geology of Cameron Highlands is complex and
diverse, with a variety of different rock types present in the region.

The underlying bedrock in Cameron Highlands consists primarily of

metamorphic and igneous rocks, with some sedimentary rocks also
present. The metamorphic rocks in the region are mainly composed of
schist, gneiss, and quartzite, while the igneous rocks include granite and
diorite.

In addition to these primary rock types, there are also several geological
formations present in Cameron Highlands, including alluvial deposits,
colluvial deposits, and residual soils. These formations are generally
composed of a mixture of different rock types and are often subject to
erosion and instability due to their loose, unconsolidated nature.

Overall, the geology of Cameron Highlands is complex and varied, with a

mix of metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks present in the
region, as well as various geological formations and soil types. This
complexity can pose challenges for engineering and construction projects
in the area, particularly regarding slope stability and erosion control.

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Some of the specific rock types present in the region are:

Metamorphic rocks: Cameron Highlands is primarily composed of

metamorphic rocks, including schist, gneiss, and quartzite. These rocks
have undergone significant changes in their mineralogy and texture due
to heat and pressure, resulting in their distinct characteristics.
Igneous rocks: There are also significant outcrops of igneous rocks in
Cameron Highlands, including granite and diorite. These rocks are formed
from the cooling and solidification of molten magma and have a
crystalline texture.

Sedimentary rocks: While not as common as metamorphic and igneous

rocks, there are also some sedimentary rocks present in Cameron
Highlands. These rocks, such as sandstone and shale, are formed from
the accumulation and compaction of sediment over time.

Alluvial deposits: Cameron Highlands also contains alluvial deposits,

which are sedimentary deposits that are transported and deposited by
rivers and streams. These deposits are often composed of a mixture of
rock fragments and soil.

Colluvial deposits: Colluvial deposits are another type of sedimentary

deposit that is formed by the accumulation of soil and rock fragments at
the base of slopes due to erosion and gravity.

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Overall, the geology of Cameron Highlands is complex and
diverse, with a variety of rock types and geological
formations present in the region. This complexity can
present challenges for construction and engineering
projects in the area, particularly regarding slope stability
and erosion control.

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Topology of Cameron Highlands
Malaysia's Cameron Highlands, located in the state of Perak, are famous
for their magnificent vistas and temperate weather. The topography of this
highland area is distinctive and alluring, with undulating hills, lush
valleys, breathtaking mountains, flowing waterfalls, and meandering
rivers. The various elements that contribute to the captivating topology of
the Cameron Highlands will be discussed in this article.

1. Elevation and Mountainous Majesty

The Cameron Highlands is a popular tourist destination located in

Malaysia. Situated at an elevation between 1,100 and 2,031 meters
above sea level, it offers a temperate climate due to its high altitude.
This cooler weather provides a refreshing break from the typically
hot and humid tropical conditions in Malaysia’s lowlands.

Mount Brinchang, standing at 2,031 meters, is the highest mountain

in the Cameron Highlands. Climbing this majestic peak offers
visitors breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding mist-
covered valleys and lush greenery. The ascent to the top of Mount
Brinchang allows for an immersive experience in the Highlands'
scenic beauty.

The misty valleys that can be observed from Mount Brinchang add
an ethereal and mystical quality to the landscape. As we venture
higher up the mountain, we will witness the gradual transformation
of the terrain, with the lower areas giving way to dense forests and
rolling hills.

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 The verdant vegetation of the Cameron Highlands is one of its main
attractions. The high altitude and cooler temperatures create an ideal
environment for the growth of various plant species, including tea
plantations, strawberry farms, and colorful flower gardens. Visitors
can explore these lush plantations and gardens, and even participate
in activities such as tea tasting and strawberry picking.

Overall, the Cameron Highlands offers a serene and picturesque

setting with its temperate climate, misty valleys, and abundant
greenery. Whether we're seeking a peaceful retreat or an adventure
in nature, the area's natural beauty and stunning views make it a
delightful destination to explore.

2. Rolling Hills and Serene Valleys

The rolling hills and serene valleys are a prominent feature of the
Cameron Highlands, adding to its charm and allure. The undulating
landscape creates a captivating visual spectacle as we explore the
region.

The hills of the Cameron Highlands are adorned with various

agricultural ventures, including vast tea plantations, vegetable farms,
and strawberry fields. These plantations take advantage of the fertile
land and cool climate to cultivate their crops. The tea plantations, in
particular, are a signature sight of the highlands, with neat rows of
tea bushes stretching across the hillsides. The vibrant shades of
green, ranging from deep emerald to lighter hues, create a beautiful
tapestry against the backdrop of the rolling terrain.

As we traverse through the highlands, the hills' rhythmic pattern

unfolds before us. The gentle slopes rise and fall, forming a
symphony of curves and contours. The harmony of the landscape is
accentuated by the interplay of light and shadow, which changes
with the movement of the sun, casting fascinating patterns on the
hills.
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 The valleys nestled between the hills contribute to the serene
ambiance of the Cameron Highlands. These valleys are often
blanketed in a mystical layer of mist, creating an enchanting
atmosphere. The mist adds an ethereal quality to the landscape,
veiling the valleys and creating an ever-changing vista.

Visitors to the Cameron Highlands can immerse themselves in the

beauty of these rolling hills and serene valleys by taking leisurely
drives or embarking on scenic hikes. Whether we're capturing
stunning photographs, enjoying a picnic amidst nature, or simply
reveling in the tranquility, the picturesque hills and valleys of the
highlands offer a truly captivating experience.

3. Waterfalls: Nature's Cascading Splendor

the Cameron Highlands is blessed with a collection of beautiful

waterfalls that enhance the natural beauty of the region. These
cascading water bodies offer a delightful retreat and provide a serene
and refreshing atmosphere for visitors to enjoy.

One of the notable waterfalls in the Cameron Highlands is the Parit

Waterfall. Situated amidst lush greenery, this waterfall features a
series of gentle cascades that create a soothing ambiance. The clear
and cool waters flowing down the rocky slopes invite visitors to take
a refreshing dip or simply relax by the water's edge.

Robinson Falls is another popular waterfall in the Cameron

Highlands. Named after the British geologist William Robinson, this
waterfall is known for its picturesque setting and the tranquility it
offers. The waterfall cascades down from a height, creating a
mesmerizing display as the water tumbles over the rocks. The
surrounding vegetation adds to the charm, making it a perfect spot
for picnics and enjoying the natural beauty of the area.

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 Lata Iskandar is yet another noteworthy waterfall in the region.
Located along the way to the Cameron Highlands, it serves as a
picturesque stopover for visitors. The waterfall boasts a more
powerful and dramatic flow, with water cascading down from a
significant height. The sight and sound of the rushing water against
the rocky backdrop create a captivating ambiance that appeals to
nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike.

These waterfalls not only offer a visual spectacle but also serve as a
testament to the abundant water resources in the Cameron
Highlands. They contribute to the region's ecosystem and play a
crucial role in sustaining the surrounding flora and fauna

4. Rivers and Streams: Lifelines of the Highlands:

The rivers and streams in the Cameron Highlands play a vital role in
sustaining the region's ecosystem and agriculture. These water
bodies, originating from the mountains, flow through the valleys,
nourishing the land and contributing to the overall beauty and
productivity of the highlands.

One notable river in the Cameron Highlands is Sungai Bertam. It

winds its way through the valleys, providing a constant water supply
to the surrounding agricultural areas. The river's clear waters and
picturesque surroundings add to the region's natural allure. The
presence of Sungai Bertam ensures a steady irrigation source for the
tea plantations, vegetable farms, and other agricultural ventures,
enabling the lush growth of crops in the highlands.

Sungai Palas is another significant river in the region. It meanders

through the valleys, serving as a lifeline for the tea plantations in its
vicinity. The river's waters not only support the growth of tea bushes
but also contribute to the overall health and sustainability of the
surrounding ecosystem. The presence of Sungai Palas enhances the
scenic beauty of the area, with the river's gentle flow reflecting the
surrounding greenery.
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 These rivers and streams provide more than just irrigation for
agriculture; they also offer opportunities for exploration and
appreciation of nature. Visitors can enjoy leisurely walks along the
riverbanks, appreciating the serene atmosphere and the sights and
sounds of flowing water. The rivers also create natural habitats for
various aquatic species, adding to the biodiversity of the Cameron
Highlands.

River exploration activities such as fishing, river trekking, or simply

observing the wildlife that thrives in these water bodies can be
enjoyed by nature enthusiasts. The presence of the rivers and streams
adds an element of tranquility and natural charm to the Cameron
Highlands, making it an ideal destination for those seeking a closer
connection with nature.

In conclusion, the rivers and streams of the Cameron Highlands

serve as the lifelines of the region, nurturing the agricultural lands
and enhancing its natural beauty. They provide irrigation for the tea
plantations and farms while offering opportunities for river
exploration and nature appreciation. The presence of these water
bodies contributes to the overall allure and vitality of the Cameron
Highlands

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the topology of Cameron Highlands is a sight to behold.
From the majestic mountains and rolling hills to the serene valleys and
cascading waterfalls, every aspect of its landscape is a testament to the
natural beauty and diversity of the region. The high altitude, coupled with
the lush greenery and abundant water resources, creates an enchanting
environment that enthralls visitors from around the world. Cameron
Highlands stands as a testament to the extraordinary wonders that nature
has to offer, inviting all to experience its captivating topology firsthand.

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