Pathways Reading, Writing, and Critical Thinking 2e: Level 3 Unit 7 Test

Name: ________________________________ Class: ____________ Date: _________

1. VOCABULARY 1:

Complete the paragraph with the words in the box. Not all words will be used.

crucial currently exception focus on generated

practical related to shrink vanish worldwide

What are the most (1) __________________ problems that are (2) __________________ affecting the
world? This was the question that 25,000 young people were asked as part of the Global Shapers Annual
Survey. The answers (3) __________________ by the survey were interesting, but probably not
surprising. According to the survey, the number one issue that most people mentioned was (4)
__________________ climate change and the destruction of nature. Young people are concerned that
changing weather patterns could cause crops to fail, sources of fresh water to (5) __________________ or
even disappear, and species to decline or (6) __________________ , among other serious problems. Many
young people also see war as a serious concern. Some worried mainly about small, local conflicts, but for
others, their big concern was that a large, (7) __________________ conflict might happen and affect
people from many nations. Now that the survey has told us the concerns young people have, the world
needs to work together to find (8) __________________ solutions to these problems.

VOCABULARY 2:

Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Not all words will be used.

consume convert cut down on emit exhaust

invest major reduction regulate renewable

2. One way we can ________________________ plastic trash is by bringing our own bags when going
grocery shopping.

3. Most scientists believe that a ________________________ in the amount of carbon dioxide (and other
"greenhouse gases") entering the atmosphere would be good for the planet.

4. People can support "green" efforts by choosing to ________________________ in companies with

environmentally friendly practices.

5. Solar panels absorb energy from sunlight and ________________________ that energy to electricity.

6. People say that electric cars are better for the environment because they ________________________
fewer gases that can have an impact on the climate.
7. Oil spills in the ocean can be disastrous - they are harmful to marine life and require
________________________ effort to clean up.

8. Some governments monitor and ________________________ the amount of pollution factories can
produce.

READING REVIEW:

Review these excerpts from the passages in Unit 7. Then read each statement and decide which
paragraph from the excerpts includes the same information. Write the heading of the paragraph.
For example, you might write "Ice is melting fast" or "Safer production" in the space.

A Need for Change

1. The world is warming

Earth's temperature goes up and down from year to year - but over the past half century it has
gone up a lot. The trend currently looks set to continue: the heat in 2016 broke the historic
record set in 2015, which broke the one from 2014.

2. It's because of us
Carbon dioxide warms the planet, and we've increased the amount in the air by nearly half,
mostly since the 1960s. Events such as El Niño - a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean - also
affect global temperatures. But no natural cause explains the half-century warming trend.

3. We're sure
More than 9 out of 10 climate scientists agree: Carbon emissions cause global warming. A
2013 review of more than 4,000 research papers found that 97 percent said humans cause
global warming.

4. Ice is melting fast

The Arctic has warmed more than the rest of the planet, and its sea ice is shrinking. The ice
loss speeds up global warming because more sunlight is absorbed by dark oceans instead of
being reflected into space by the ice. Warming temperatures also mean the retreat of
mountain glaciers worldwide. Together, these factors contribute to rising sea levels, which
could rise by three feet by 2100 - or maybe more.

5. Weather is getting intense

Globally, the number of disasters related to climate has more than tripled since 1980. The
extraordinary heat wave that killed some 70,000 people in Europe in 2003 should have been
a once-in-500-years event; at the current level of global warming, it has become a
once-in-40-years event. If global warming continues unchecked, by the end of this century
regions such as the Arabian Gulf may see days that are so hot that it will be unsafe to go
outside.
 Eight Steps to a Sustainable Future

1. Sustainable communities
Sustainable cities and towns encourage residents to reduce their impact on both the local and
global environments. Residents in Mbam, Senegal, for example, use solar ovens to cook
food. By using energy from the sun instead of burning wood, people are saving trees for
future generations. Communities in other places are using improved public transportation
systems so that people do not use cars as much. In Curitiba, Brazil, city buses are frequent,
convenient, and efficient, so 70 percent of the city's commuters use them. As a result, the city
has little traffic congestion and cleaner air.

2. Safer production
As meat consumption grows, the environmental and health effects of producing meat grow as
well. For example, the animal waste that results from raising animals for food can cause
water pollution. In addition, farms that are close to city centers can increase the risk of
dangerous diseases - such as avian flu - spreading. Some governments are using tax breaks to
solve this problem. The government of Thailand placed a high tax on poultry farms that were
within 62 miles (100 kilometers) of its capital city, Bangkok. As a result, many poultry
producers moved away from the city center.

3. Cleaner power
Sun and wind power are two energy sources that are renewable and that do not pollute the
environment. Harvesting solar energy is an increasing trend. One method is via the use of
photovoltaic cells (PVs), cells that convert solar energy to electricity. By 2017, PVs
produced more than 300 gigawatts of power worldwide. Major solar energy producers
include Germany, China, and the United States. Global wind power production grew by
about 2,000 percent in the 15 years between 2001 and 2016, and it is still growing. As of
2016, China was the leader in wind power, producing over 168,000 megawatts of wind
energy. The United States and Germany are also major wind power producers.

4. Social investment
People who practice socially responsible investing (SRI) buy shares in companies that focus
on practices that are good for the planet, like cutting down on landfill waste and creating
alternative energy. While SRI activity is most common in Europe and the United States, it is
growing quickly in Canada and Australia, too. There is also an increasing number of people
in South Korea, Brazil, Malaysia, and South Africa who are practicing SRI.

5. Greener lightbulbs
The popularity of LED (light emitting diode) lightbulbs has been growing quickly since
2001. This is because they use 75 percent less energy than traditional light bulbs and last 25
times longer. Currently, about 16 percent of all lightbulbs sold are LEDs. However, by the
year 2022, LEDs will make up 50 percent of the global market share.

9. Dangerous events that could hurt thousands are becoming more frequent.
________________________________

10. Certain nations are expanding their production of non-polluting energy.

________________________________
11. A recent analysis of articles clearly shows the majority opinion on an issue.
________________________________

12. Certain places are working on ways to help their residents protect the environment.
________________________________

13. A product that is good for the planet is expected to become even more popular.
________________________________

14. The potential for dangerous outbreaks has prompted governments to enact laws.
________________________________

15. The effects of warmer temperatures on one region could have a global impact.
________________________________

16. An increasing number of people in some countries are adopting business practices that care for the planet.
________________________________

READING PRACTICE:

Read the passage. Then answer the questions.

A People are beginning to realize that their everyday habits can have a huge effect on the
environment. As a result, many are trying to decrease their so-called "ecological footprint" by changing
their habits. This might include things like doing more recycling or riding a bicycle instead of driving.
Many such changes that people make are related to food. For example, many people are eating less meat
or even becoming vegetarian. Another trend that has become popular in recent years is something known
as the "locavore diet."

B The locavore diet is sometimes called the "100-mile diet" because locavores try to eat food that
is grown within 100 miles (160 kilometers) of where they live. According to locavores, eating local food
is not only healthier, but helps protect the environment because it reduces the number of "food miles" that
our food travels to get to our tables. In the United States, for instance, produce may travel 3,000
kilometers before ending up on supermarket shelves. In contrast, locally-grown food travels only short
distances. In addition to the environmental benefits of a 100-mile diet, locavores believe that their way of
eating is good because it supports local farmers.

C On the other hand, people who take up the 100-mile diet soon discover that it is not as easy as it
sounds. One obvious problem is that some products are simply not available locally. For example,
bananas simply cannot be grown in many districts. Further, there are some other problems that locavores
face. Some of these are minor inconveniences, to be sure, but others actually hurt the environment, which
is the inverse of what locavores want to achieve.

D One such issue is that in many areas, fresh fruit and vegetables are not available on a
year-round basis. In response, many of those trying to eat locally have taught themselves the traditional
arts of canning and preserving. Basically this involves preparing the fruits or vegetables so that they can
be sealed in jars or cans. In this way, the produce can be preserved and eaten through the cold seasons
when fresh local options are not available. However, preserving requires a great deal of labor if you want
to prepare a large amount of food, and it can be quite expensive. Buying pickles or canned fruits or
vegetables at the supermarket is often much cheaper than making one’s own.
 E To reduce the high cost of eating locally, many locavores have taken up foraging, which is
collecting plants that grow in the wild. At first, this seems like a good idea in that such plants will be
fresher and more nutritious. Better still, they will have cost nothing and will not have come from the kind
of large farm whose agricultural methods can damage the environment. Yet even though the intentions of
locavores who forage might be good, their deeds can sometimes have an unexpected negative impact.

F Wild leeks illustrate this point well. In the spring, these delicious green plants sprout in the
forests of eastern North America. When this happens, thousands of people (not all of them locavores, of
course) go out to pick them. However, wild leeks take five to seven years to reproduce. As a result, it is
usually recommended that only five percent of wild leeks be harvested every year. Unfortunately, hungry
foragers often collect all the wild leeks they can find. As a result, wild leeks are now protected in many
parts of Canada and the United States. This is just one example, but it illustrates two problems with trying
to eat local food. First, that goal is not as simple as it sounds; and second, it may harm the environment in
unexpected ways.

____ 17. What is the best title for this passage?

a. The Locavore Diet in the United States and Canada
b. Food Solution: the Benefits of Eating Wild Plants
c. The Environmental Pros and Cons of a Food Trend
____ 18. What is the author's main purpose in paragraph B?
a. To define and list some advantages of a locavore diet
b. To contrast the locavore diet with other food trends
c. To suggest farmers should promote the locavore diet
____ 19. What does the author imply in paragraph B?
a. The transportation of food has a major impact on the environment.
b. The United States has a well-developed system for shipping food.
c. Supermarkets want their customers to eat more locally-grown food.
____ 20. The word "these" in the last sentence of paragraph C refers to _____.
a. locavores
b. problems
c. districts
____ 21. The word "inverse" in the last sentence of paragraph C could be replaced with _____.
a. objective
b. opposite
c. outcome
____ 22. What point does the author make in paragraph D?
a. A problem for people following a locavore diet is finding fruits and vegetables.
b. Although the locavore diet has issues, supermarkets are working to solve them.
c. Some solutions to problems with the locavore diet can create new issues.
____ 23. The word "deeds" in the last sentence of paragraph E is closest in meaning to _____.
a. actions
b. decisions
c. opinions
____ 24. What point does the author make in paragraph F?
a. Spring is the best time of year to forage for wild plants.
b. Picking wild plants is more common than it used to be.
c. Gathering too much of a resource can cause problems.

READING SKILL REVIEW - UNDERSTANDING APPOSITIVES:

Read the passage. Decide where to add each appositive – at position A, B, C, D, or E.

People are beginning to realize that their everyday habits can have a huge effect on the environment. As a
result, many are trying to decrease their so-called "ecological footprint" by changing their habits. This
might include things like doing more recycling or riding a bicycle instead of driving. Many such changes
that people make are related to food. For example, many people are eating less meat or even becoming
vegetarian. Another trend that has become popular in recent years is something known as the "locavore
diet."

The locavore diet is sometimes called the "100-mile diet" because locavores try to eat food that is grown
within 100 miles (160 kilometers) of where they live. According to locavores, eating local food is not only
healthier, but helps protect the environment because it reduces the number of "food miles" that our food
travels to get to our tables. In the United States, for instance, produce may travel 3,000 kilometers [A]
before ending up on supermarket shelves. In contrast, locally-grown food travels only short distances. In
addition to the environmental benefits of a 100-mile diet, locavores believe that their way of eating is
good because it supports local farmers.

On the other hand, people who take up the 100-mile diet soon discover that it is not as easy as it sounds.
One obvious problem is that some products are simply not available locally. For example, bananas [B]
simply cannot be grown in many districts. Further, there are some other problems that locavores face.
Some of these are minor inconveniences, to be sure, but others actually hurt the environment, which is the
inverse of what locavores want to achieve.

One such issue is that in many areas, fresh fruit and vegetables are not available on a year-round basis. In
response, many of those trying to eat locally have taught themselves the traditional arts of canning and
preserving. Basically this involves preparing the fruits or vegetables [C] so that they can be sealed
in jars or cans. In this way, the produce can be preserved and eaten through the cold seasons when fresh
local options are not available. However, preserving requires a great deal of labor if you want to prepare a
large amount of food, and it can be quite expensive. Buying pickles or canned fruits or vegetables at the
supermarket is often much cheaper than making one’s own.

To reduce the high cost of eating locally, many locavores have taken up foraging [D]. At first, this
seems like a good idea in that such plants will be fresher and more nutritious. Better still, they will have
cost nothing and will not have come from the kind of large farm whose agricultural methods can damage
the environment. Yet even though the intentions of locavores who forage might be good, their deeds can
sometimes have an unexpected negative impact.
 Wild leeks [E] illustrate this point well. In the spring, these delicious green plants sprout in the
forests of eastern North America. When this happens, thousands of people (not all of them locavores, of
course) go out to pick them. However, wild leeks take five to seven years to reproduce. As a result, it is
usually recommended that only five percent of wild leeks be harvested every year. Unfortunately, hungry
foragers often collect all the wild leeks they can find. As a result, wild leeks are now protected in many
parts of Canada and the United States. This is just one example, but it illustrates two problems with trying
to eat local food. First, that goal is not as simple as it sounds; and second, it may harm the environment in
unexpected ways.

____ 25. Where would the appositive "a plant similar in many ways to wild garlic" best fit?
a. Position A
b. Position B
c. Position C
d. Position D
e. Position E
____ 26. Where would the appositive "one of the most popular fruits worldwide" best fit?
a. Position A
b. Position B
c. Position C
d. Position D
e. Position E
____ 27. Where would the appositive "roughly the distance between Chicago and Los Angeles" best fit?
a. Position A
b. Position B
c. Position C
d. Position D
e. Position E
____ 28. Where would the appositive "the act of collecting wild-growing plants" best fit?
a. Position A
b. Position B
c. Position C
d. Position D
e. Position E

LANGUAGE FOR WRITING REVIEW - USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:

Rewrite each sentence to add the adjective clause in parentheses. You will need to decide where to
put the adjective clause, as well as whether it should be restrictive or nonrestrictive.

29. The residents were pleased to see that the snow had stopped. (who had been worried about the weather)
________________________________________________________________________

30. Recycling bins can be placed around the city to encourage recycling. (that separate trash into different
types)
________________________________________________________________________
31. One of my friends recently moved into a new apartment. (that is much closer to the city center)
________________________________________________________________________

32. Tourists can join a tour by the local guides. (who visit Uluru)
______________________________________________________________________

33. You should ask the teacher those questions tomorrow. (that you have about your research)
________________________________________________________________________

WRITING SKILL REVIEW - WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY:

Write the words in parentheses in the correct order to complete each opinion statement.

34. Some people think that students should focus on their studies, but ________________________ (my / in /
opinion) , students get many benefits from having a part-time job.

35. ________________________ (I / that / firmly / believe) becoming a vegetarian would be difficult for
most people, but not eating meat is much better for the environment.

36. ________________________ (my / from / of / view / point) , using social media can have a number of
negative effects on people, especially if they use it too much.

37. ________________________ (it / me / to / that / seems) , eating only local food is a good idea in theory,
but a difficult one to follow in practice.

38. ________________________ (am / as / as / far / concerned / I) , climate change is a serious problem that
society needs to deal with very soon.

39. WRITING PRACTICE 1:

Complete this introductory paragraph to an opinion essay by choosing the best preposition for each
space. Not all words will be used.

in to by of without

Somebody once said that if aliens visited Earth, they might think that cars were the main form (1)
______________ life. This is an interesting idea, but is there any truth to it? In some places (2)
______________ the United States, it can be very difficult to do anything or go anywhere (3)
______________ a car. However, it seems (4) ______________ me that owning a car is one of the worst
things you can do, because of both the financial cost and environmental cost.
 WRITING PRACTICE 2:

Choose a topic that you have a strong opinion on. For example, your topic might be the need to
protect the environment, the importance of education, or even why learning another language is a
vital skill.

40. Write an essay expressing your opinion about the topic. Make sure you include an introductory paragraph
with a hook and thesis statement or background information, two body paragraphs with supporting
reasons, details and examples, and a concluding paragraph with a summary statement and a final thought.
UNIT 7: GLOBAL CHALLENGES
Answer Section
1. ANS:
(1) crucial, (2) currently, (3) generated, (4) related to, (5) shrink, (6) vanish, (7) worldwide, (8) practical
crucial, currently, generated, related to, shrink, vanish, worldwide, practical

PTS: 8 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 1

2. ANS:
cut down on

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

3. ANS:
reduction

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

4. ANS:
invest

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

5. ANS:
convert

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

6. ANS:
emit

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

7. ANS:
major

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

8. ANS:
regulate

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Vocabulary 2

9. ANS:
Weather is getting intense

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
10. ANS:
Cleaner power

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
11. ANS:
We're sure

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
12. ANS:
Sustainable communities

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
13. ANS:
Greener lightbulbs

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
14. ANS:
Safer production

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
15. ANS:
Ice is melting fast

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
16. ANS:
Social investment

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Reading Review

MSC: IELTS
17. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
19. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
21. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
22. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
23. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Practice MSC: TOEFL
25. ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Understanding Appositives
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Understanding Appositives
27. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Understanding Appositives
28. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7
TOP: Reading Skill Review - Understanding Appositives
29. ANS:
The residents, who had been worried about the weather, were pleased to see that the snow had stopped.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Using Adjective Clauses
30. ANS:
Recycling bins that separate trash into different types can be placed around the city to encourage
recycling.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Using Adjective Clauses
31. ANS:
One of my friends from college recently moved into a new apartment that is much closer to the city
center.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Using Adjective Clauses
32. ANS:
Tourists who visit Uluru can join a tour by the local guides.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Using Adjective Clauses
33. ANS:
You should ask the teacher those questions that you have about your research tomorrow.

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Language for Writing Review - Using Adjective Clauses
34. ANS:
in my opinion

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing an Opinion Essay
35. ANS:
I firmly believe that

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing an Opinion Essay
36. ANS:
From my point of view

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing an Opinion Essay
37. ANS:
It seems to me that

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing an Opinion Essay
38. ANS:
As far as I am concerned

PTS: 1 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7

TOP: Writing Skill Review - Writing an Opinion Essay
39. ANS:
(1) of, (2) in, (3) without, (4) to
of, in, without, to

PTS: 4 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Writing Practice 1

40. ANS:
Answers will vary.

PTS: 5 REF: PWRW3, Unit 7 TOP: Writing Practice 2