2nd Pathways LS 3 Answer Key

3
Pathways
Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking
Answer Key
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
PW_LS_SB3_AnsKey_pp3.indd 1 25/01/18 2:59 PM

NGL.Cengage.com/ELT
Bringing the world to the classroom and the classroom to life
A PART OF CENGAGE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED – NOT FOR RESALE
ANSWER KEY
Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3
Answer Key
© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

UNIT 1 THE SCIENCE OF SHOPPING 3. assumed
4. bumped
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be THINK AND DISCUSS (page 1) 5. purchase
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. 6. bargain
1. Answers will vary.
copyright law, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
2. Possible answers: The title suggests that there is a science to 7. consumers
“National Geographic”, “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Design are shopping behavior. The unit may be about the psychology 8. addictive
registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society ® Marcas Registradas of shopping. 9. commercial
10. complex
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at EXPLORE THE THEME (page 2)
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, cengage.com/contact 1. Answers will vary. D (page 5)
For permission to use material from this text or product, 2. Possible answers: Positive changes may be that shopping is Answers will vary.
submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions more convenient, it is easier to pay for things with a credit
Further permissions questions can be emailed to card, there are more choices, and you can buy things from all
permissionrequest@cengage.com
A LISTENING: An Interview about Consumer
over the world. Negative changes may be that it is too easy to
spend money with credit cards, there are too many choices, Behavior
and people buy too many things.
National Geographic Learning
3. Possible answers: It seems likely that online shopping will BEFORE LISTENING
20 Channel Center Street
continue to be popular and that companies will try to make it A (page 6)
Boston, MA 02210
as easy as possible for customers to get the goods they want
USA
quickly. If Amazon’s new store is successful, other retailers Possible answers:
will probably copy their idea. However, there is also a chance Before: make a list; research a product online; compare prices;
National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company, has a mission to bring the that some stores will go back to more traditional methods of decide where to shop
world to the classroom and the classroom to life. With our English language programs, shopping in which customers are given excellent service by
well-trained sales people. During: try on or try out item; ask questions of sales person; compare
students learn about their world by experiencing it. Through our partnerships with with other similar items; examine for quality; purchase item
National Geographic and TED Talks, they develop the language and skills they need to be
After: check purchase at home; make sure it fits or works; write a
successful global citizens and leaders. LESSON A Vocabulary review; return an item
A (page 4)
Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region WHILE LISTENING
1. Possible answers: Advantages: fresh produce; good prices;
personal service; pleasant atmosphere. Disadvantages: B Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 6)
Visit National Geographic Learning online at NGL.Cengage.com/ELT selection may be limited; exposed to weather; shoppers have
Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com to carry own purchases; may not be able to use credit card. Environmental psychologists study two things: how people
behave in different situations and why they behave in those ways.
3. Answers will vary. C Listening for Main Ideas (page 6)
B (page 4) a. how some stores try to influence their customers’ behavior
c. what factors might cause shoppers to take certain actions
1. complex
2. commercial D Listening for Details (pages 6–7)
3. addictive Check 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8.
4. consumer
E (page 7)
5. purchase
6. bargain a. 2
7. retail b. 4
8. assume c. 3
9. alter d. 1
10. bump
AFTER LISTENING
C (page 5)
F (page 7)
1. retail
Possible answers: consumer behavior is complex; personal space
2. altered depends on price of items and numbers of shoppers; bargains
3
can improve mood; stores use our emotions to change behavior; Move the registers Shoppers see the Shoppers may medium, and large. They chose the large because it seemed like a C Listening for Details (page 17)
guest offered various tips about when you shop and shopping so shoppers must whole store, and become annoyed good value when compared with the medium. The medium size
online acted as a decoy, and focused attention on the large. Check Men for 1, 2, and 4.
walk through the may be reminded with the confusing
Check Women for 3 and 5.
G (page 7) whole store to pay. to buy items they layout of the store. F Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 13)
might otherwise
Answers will vary. miss. 1. Answers will vary. AFTER LISTENING
Put chairs outside This is more The appearance 2. Answers will vary.
D Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 17)
A SPEAKING the fitting rooms accommodating of a long line of 3. Possible answers: Businesses offer special sales and discounts;
so people can sit to people who are people waiting they create an atmosphere in the store that makes customers 1. Answers will vary.
A (page 8) while they wait. elderly, pregnant, outside of feel welcome; sometimes they have excellent customer service. 2. Possible answers: Men may be more goal oriented. Men may
Answers will vary, but should include the following conditionals. etc. fitting rooms not care as much about clothing or fashion. Men may be less
may discourage LESSON B Vocabulary interested in the social aspects of shopping than women.
1. If I need to buy clothes, I usually go … shoppers from Women may be more influenced about what others think, and
2. If I have some free time next weekend, I’ll … trying on and A Meaning from Context (page 14) may want to make more careful choices. Women may enjoy
3. If I could go anywhere, I would go … buying clothes. the process of shopping (touching things, looking at things,
1. identifying as either male or female imagining owning things).
4. If I wanted to celebrate a special occasion, I would go to … 2. a necessary but boring task
LESSON TASK Designing a Store Layout E Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 17)
B Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 8) 3. to do thing with other people
A–B (page 11) 4. to do something such as an experiment Answers will vary.
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary. 5. information discovered through research
C (page 9) 6. faithfulness B SPEAKING
Answers will vary. VIDEO The Decoy Effect 7. an important task
A (page 18)
8. causing somebody to be upset
D Critical Thinking: Recognizing Pros and Cons BEFORE VIEWING 9. not currently available to buy
1. 80%
(page 10) 10. as much as is necessary
2. 20
A (page 12) 3. 46%
1. Pro: easy, convenient; Con: may spend more than you should
1. irresistible B Personalizing (page 15) 4. 68%
2. Pro: fun; friends can help you decide; Con: friends may
persuade you to buy something you don’t need or want 2. concession stand 1. Answers will vary. 5. 60%
3. Pro; convenient; enjoyable; Con: expensive; you may eat more 3. rip off 2. Answers will vary.
B Personalizing (page 18)
in a restaurant 4. head over 3. Possible answers: gardening, cooking, practicing music,
4. Pro: see something new; experience different culture; shopping Answers will vary.
5. influence
Con: expensive; language barrier 6. out of line C (page 19)
C (page 15)
E (page 10) 7. decoy Answers will vary.
1. frustrated
8. appealing 2. exciting
Possible answers: D Quoting Statistics (page 19)
B (page 12) 3. boring
How to Change Pros Cons Answers will vary.
4. relaxed
Shoppers’ Behavior Answers will vary.
5. interested
Train sales clerks A friendly The clerks’ FINAL TASK Giving a Persuasive Presentation
to smile more to atmosphere in friendliness could WHILE VIEWING
B LISTENING A Lecture about Gender A–C (pages 19–20)
put shoppers in a the store would be perceived as
better mood. encourage artificial or forced.
C Understanding Main Ideas (page 13) and Shopping Answers will vary.
shoppers to return. b
Bake fresh bread Customers will buy Baking bread BEFORE LISTENING
D Understanding Details (page 13)
in a supermarket more food when in-store may not A Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 16)
to make shoppers hungry. be as practical 1. 3
hungry. or profitable 1. Possible answers: It seems humorous, although it is presented
2. money
compared to as if it is the actual path that shoppers took through a mall. It
bread from 3. medium /med. does clearly make the point that women like to browse while
outside sources. 4. 7 men like to go in and make a purchase.
Post “limit 2 per Customers may Customers who 5. value / bargain 2. The title probably means that men go to stores to buy things,
customer” signs to be more likely to want to buy more while women go to stores to browse and look at items, and
suggest items are buy the item if it than 2 items AFTER VIEWING maybe to buy something.
in limited supply. seems like such a cannot.
great deal that the E (page 13) WHILE LISTENING
quantity is limited. Possible answer: This video showed an experiment to illustrate the B Listening for Main Ideas (page 16)
decoy effect in a movie theater. In the first experiment, customers
had a choice between a small and a large popcorn, and customers 1. c
chose the small. They felt that the large was a lot of money. In the 2. b
second experiment, customers could choose between a small, 3. a
4 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

Answer Key 5
UNIT 2 MOTHER NATURE 2. Other common subjects are history, science, inventions,
biographies.
D Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 29) WHILE VIEWING
1. Answers will vary. C Understanding Main Ideas (page 33)
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 21) 3. People may be more interested in being entertained than by
watching a documentary based on facts. 2. Possible answers: Criteria might include benefits to human
1. Possible answers: cute, interesting, funny, unusual, with long health and survival, benefit to the environment. 1. a
fur, with a big nose, with strong arms and legs, and so on. 2. b
WHILE LISTENING E (page 30) 3. a
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 26) 1. King penguins live in large colonies that/which may contain 4. b
EXPLORE THE THEME (page 22) 100,000 birds.
c D Note Taking (page 33)
1. Possible answer: Bees carry pollen from flower to flower. 2. These penguins have many predators which/that include birds
2. Possible answers: Animals protect their young by keeping C Note Taking (page 27) and seals. Possible answers:
them in a nest or other special place, by keeping them close 3. Cloning is a technique that/which allows scientists to produce
by, or by carrying them. a. A
copies of animals. Disadvantage(s) to Advantage(s) to Fishermen
3. Possible answers: short life cycles: flies, mosquitos, mice, b. S Fishermen
4. To clone, scientists use a cell which/that has been taken from (according to biologists)
butterflies, dragonflies; long life cycles: humans, whales, c. M an adult animal. (according to some fishermen)
elephants, tortoises, koi (carp) d. M
5. Ken Burns is a filmmaker who is best known for his history holes in net lead to loss of nets exclude anything large /
4. Answers will vary. e. S documentaries. large part of catch fisherman can fish for longer /
f. A 6. Many of his films are about important events that/which catch more shrimp
LESSON A Vocabulary changed history.
B (page 25) AFTER LISTENING 7. I went to the documentary film festival that/which you told me AFTER VIEWING
about. / I went to the documentary film festival you told me
1. responsibility D Personalizing (page 27) about. E Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 33)
2. extinction Answers will vary.
F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 30) 1. Possible answers: How much does it cost? Will they use more fuel
3. territory to drag it in the ocean? What other fish might get trapped? Is it
4. predators E Critical Thinking: Deciding on Criteria (page 27) Possible answers: Criteria for best documentary: an important, easy to repair if it breaks? Will it get caught on things underwater?
5. colonies Answers will vary. relevant topic, an interesting story, clear facts and support, a mix 2. Answers will vary.
of interviews and narration, good camerawork; Criteria for best
6. challenge 3. Answers will vary.
F (page 27) director: good story-telling; excellent photography; good cast;
7. factor good editing
8. threaten
Answers will vary. LESSON B Vocabulary
9. struggle LESSON TASK Discussing Conservation and B (page 35)
A SPEAKING Extinction
10. reproduce Nouns – organism / substance / method / shelter
A (page 28) A (page 31)
C (page 25) Verbs – specializes / manufacture / consume / transfer / resemble
1. academic Adjective – primary
1. T Possible factors that can lead to extinction may include: disease,
2. reproduction hunting, loss of habitat, climate change, more natural predators.
2. T C (page 35)
3. responsibility
3. F – Colony, territory, and factor are all countable nouns. Their B–D (page 31) Possible answers:
plural forms are colonies, territories, and factors. 4. complexity
5. frustration Answers will vary. 1. focus on and become an expert in a specific subject
4. F – Threat is the noun form of threaten.
6. interaction 2. look similar to somebody or something
5. T
VIDEO Turtles under Threat 3. way of doing something
D (page 25) B (page 28) 4. eat or use up something
1. struggle BEFORE VIEWING 5. individual living thing, such as a plant or animal
2. responsible Suffix: –ic Suffix: –ity Suffix: –tion A (page 32) 6. first, greatest, or most important
3. factor automatic capacity construction 7. type of material that can be seen or touched
Possible answers:
4. challenges / struggles domestic community information 8. make or produce something, especially in a factory
1. fishing, ocean transportation, tourism
5. threatens / challenges dynamic flexibility motivation 9. protection, especially from danger or bad weather
2. predators, climate change, pollution
specific priority reaction 10. move something from one place to another
E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 25) B (page 32)
genetic electricity extinction
Answers will vary. 1. species – that can reproduce with one another B LISTENING A Conversation on Campus
2. population – that are members of that species
A LISTENING A Panel about a Film Contest C Critical Thinking: Interpreting a Flowchart BEFORE LISTENING
3. Marine – that live in the sea
(pages 28–29)
BEFORE LISTENING 4. biologists – who study life and living organisms A (page 36)
1. A body cell is removed from an adult animal. 5. exclude – that they neither want nor need
A Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 26) Possible answers:
2. Scientists remove the nucleus from that cell. 6. device – that has a special function Leo: Excuse me? Sorry to bother you, but do you know the way to
Possible answers: 4. Chemicals or electricity make the egg divide. the conservatory greenhouse? This map isn’t helping me much.
1. Documentaries are based on factual information. Other films 6. The resulting baby is a clone of the first animal.
tell fictitious stories.
6 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3 Answer Key 7

Elena: Yeah, the map isn’t great and the campus does resemble a
maze, doesn’t it? Anyway, you’re in luck. I’m actually on my way to
UNIT 3 ON THE MOVE A LISTENING A Lecture about Migration cheap places to live. In recent years, Melbourne in Australia, Vienna
in Austria, and Vancouver, Toronto, and Calgary in Canada have all
the conservatory greenhouse right now. We can walk together. been in the top five.
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 41) BEFORE LISTENING
WHILE LISTENING 1. Possible answers: They might have moved there to be with E (page 50)
A Predicting (page 46)
family, to find a new job, to have a better lifestyle. They may Answers will vary.
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 37) have been attracted by work opportunities or the climate. Possible answers: The first photo represents reasons connected
1. c 2. Answers will vary. to the climate or natural disasters, such as drought. The second F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 50)
photo represents economic reasons, such as not being able to find
2. b work. In addition to these reasons, the professor might mention Answers will vary.
3. b EXPLORE THE THEME (page 42) other reasons why people migrate, including for their health, for
1. The arrows show where people migrated from and to. The love, or for political or religious freedom.
C Listening for Details (page 37) circles show total foreign born people, in millions, and the
LESSON TASK Discussing a Case Study
1. T proportion of the total population. WHILE LISTENING A Critical Thinking: Categorizing Information
2. F 2. New York at 5.4 million and Los Angeles at 4.4 million. (page 51)
3. Toronto has the highest proportion, with almost half of its B Listening for Main Ideas (page 46)
3. NG Possible answers:
population being foreign born. The other city is Sydney, Check items 1, 2, 3 and 5.
4. T
Australia, although other cities are similar proportion.
5. T C Note Taking (page 47) Reasons to Move
4. Possible answer: They are gateway cities because they are a Reasons to Stay
6. NG gate into a new city. People enter a country through the city. Push Factors Pull Factors
1. voluntary
7. F Care for her parents No work in her field Job opportunities
2. international
LESSON A Vocabulary 3. environmental Language barrier
AFTER LISTENING
A Meaning from Context (page 44) 4. Pull
D Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 37) B Critical Thinking: Applying (page 51)
5. combination
1a. area
1. Answers will vary. 6. economic Answers will vary.
1b. people
2. Answers will vary. 7. language
2a. away VIDEO What Ellis Island Means Today
3. Possible answers: You might need to talk to a stranger if you are
2b. towards
lost and need directions, or if your cell phone dies and you need AFTER LISTENING
to borrow a phone. Some strategies might include asking the 3a. country BEFORE VIEWING
person if they have a minute and briefly explaining your situation. 3b. internal D Personalizing (page 47)
4. Answers will vary. A (page 52)
4a. change Answers will vary.
5. Possible answers: It’s important to study how plants survive 4b. minority 1. f
in a variety of conditions because these days we have a lot of 2. c
5a. home
extreme weather like droughts and hurricanes. We can learn A SPEAKING 3. d
how plants adapt to different conditions, what sort of climate 5b. problem
is ideal, new areas where they can be grown, and how they A (page 48) 4. a
might adapt to climate change. B (page 44) 5. e
Answers will vary.
1. settlement 6. b
B SPEAKING 2. volunteer B (page 48)
B (page 53)
3. emigrate / immigrate Answers will vary.
A Brainstorming (page 38)
4. stable 1. Answers to the first question will vary. You could find the
Possible answers: C (page 49) answers in a U.S. history website. Answers to the questions are:
5. migrate “The Star-Spangled Banner”; executive, legislative, and judicial
1. Not enough money: Get a part-time job; get a student loan Possible answers:
branches; George Washington; current president will vary;
2. Limited time to study: Follow a study plan; spend less time on C (page 45) 1. A city needs to have enough parks/public transportation/ 13 colonies were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
social media parking/good jobs. Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
1. nation
3. Relationship problems: Ask for advice from others; see a 2. There should be enough space for recreation/restaurants. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
2. domestic
counselor 3. There shouldn’t be too much traffic/crime/pollution/ 2. Answers will vary.
3. voluntary
4. An unhealthy diet: Eat healthier food; get advice from a doctor unemployment.
4. settle
5. Additional challenge: Not enough sleep: set a regular bed time; 4. Housing/Apartments/The cost of living shouldn’t be too WHILE VIEWING
don't use electronic devices late at night 5. barrier expensive.
6. migrants 5. The city shouldn’t have too many traffic jams/accidents/tall C Understanding Main Ideas (page 53)
B–C (page 39)
7. emigration buildings/unemployed people. b
Answers will vary. 8. immigration D (page 50) D Understanding Details (page 53)
FINAL TASK Creating and Presenting D (page 45) Possible answers: 1. David Luchsinger is the (great) grandson of people who came
a Proposal Answers will vary. The Economist magazine publishes an annual list of cities with the through Ellis Island.
best living conditions. These “World’s Most Livable Cities” have 2. Just under 1.8 million bags were lost in the United States in 2012.
A–E (pages 39–40) many of the things that people want in a city. These things include 3. Judith Leavell’s grandmother was 20 when she arrived at Ellis
access to healthcare, good or great transportation, and relatively Island.
Answers will vary.

4. Peter Wong’s parents emigrated to Ellis Island from Hong Kong. B LISTENING A Study Group Discussion 4. $100,000 UNIT 4 OUR CHANGING PLANET
5. Raea Hillebrant says her ancestors emigrated from Lithuania in 5. the year 2024
1914. BEFORE LISTENING 6. 115 days THINK AND DISCUSS (page 61)
6. The maximum number of daily visitors to Ellis Island during the 7. 80 degrees Possible answers:
summer is about 22,000. A (page 56) 1. A good way to describe this place would be as wild but
8. 75 pounds
Answers will vary, but students should guess topics that relate to peaceful. It looks like somewhere that has not been affected
AFTER VIEWING the unit theme of migration and people on the move. D (page 59) by human activity. It is a mountain range with high rock peaks.
There is a valley and a river in front of it.
E Personalizing (page 53) Answers will vary.
WHILE LISTENING 2. The mountains are likely to be reduced in height because of
Answers will vary. E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 59) the effect of wind, rain, and snow. Where the river flows might
B Listening for Order of Events (page 56) have changed. Humans might have cut down some or all of
F Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 53) Possible answers: the trees. It is even possible that people might have built a
a. 2 town or city in this area.
1. Answers will vary. b. 1 Technical Skills Personal Skills Other Skills
2. Possible answers: Positive emotions include happiness, c. 4 Computer Leadership Cooking EXPLORE THE THEME (page 62)
anticipation, excitement, hopefulness, joy; negative emotions programming 1. Answers will vary.
include fear, nervousness, shyness, confusion. d. 3 Patience Mending things
Piloting skills Flexibility 2. Possible answers: People visit the park to see the unusual
3. Answers will vary. C Listening for Details (page 56) sights, to see wildlife, to experience nature.
Possible answers: FINAL TASK Presenting a Viewpoint 3. Answers will vary.
LESSON B Vocabulary
Students made these decisions.
B (page 54) A–B (page 60) LESSON A Vocabulary
1. The title: Human Migration: Beyond Earth
1. frontier 2. Start with overview of push and pull factors; why people would Answers will vary. A (page 64)
2. colonize want to leave Earth Answers will vary.
3. overview 3. Where humans are likely to go
4. How they will get there, and when it might happen B Meaning from Context (pages 64–65)
4. relocate
5. Lucas will talk about how and when; Cheryl will talk about push 1. appropriate
5. encounter
and pull factors; Marina will talk about where they might go. 2. unique
6. survive
6. They will meet next week, same time and place to discuss 3. dramatic
7. habitat research and practice. 4. exposed
8. prospect
9. solar D (page 57) 5. crack
1. Beyond Earth 6. pressure
10. aspect
2. push and pull 7. formation
C (page 54) 8. landscape
3. technology
Answers will vary. 4. groups of people 9. erode
10. collapse
D (page 55) 5. solar system
Nouns: C (page 65)
colonization, colonist, colony AFTER LISTENING 1. Answers will vary.
encounter E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 57) 2. Possible answers: The natural action of gravity can cause erosion
relocation by, for example, causing rocks to fall onto other landforms.
Answers will vary. Human actions such as walking, riding bikes, or driving cars
survivor, survival
might also erode a landscape. Heat from the sun can dry the soil
E (page 55) B SPEAKING and kill plants, which could lead to erosion of the soil.
1. colony A (page 58)
4. Possible answers: Water can be under pressure in a bottle. It can
2. survival
Answers will vary. also be under pressure in a pressure cooker. When the pressure
3. habitat is released, the water often comes out quickly and powerfully.
4. encounter B Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 58) 5. Possible answers: People might continue to use a plate, a cup,
5. frontier Possible push factors include: pollution, over-population, health a cell phone, a mirror, or something plastic that has a crack in it.
6. colonists issues, lack of food, lack of freedom 6. Answers will vary.
7. colonize Possible pull factors include: more space, freedom; adventure;
exploration; a unique experience D (page 65)
8. solar
1. b
C (pages 58–59)
F (page 55) 2. a
1. 8 billion people 3. b
Answers will vary.
2. $10 billion 4. c
3. 200 people 5. b
6. a

A LISTENING An Earth Sciences Lecture to Tacitus, another famous Roman. His description was so detailed 5. d B LISTENING A Conversation about Selecting
and accurate that similar eruptions are called Plinian by modern
geologists. These days the sites of the destroyed towns are often
6. c a College
BEFORE LISTENING visited by tourists. However, this may not be a safe thing to do as 7. e
A (page 66) Vesuvius is considered to be an extremely dangerous volcano by BEFORE LISTENING

many experts. WHILE VIEWING
Answers will vary. A (page 76)
B (page 69) D Understanding Main Ideas (page 73) Possible answers: price, location, quality of education, size, course
WHILE LISTENING Possible questions: 1. a offerings, reputation
Which two towns were destroyed by Vesuvius? 2. c
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 66)
How many citizens were killed by Vesuvius? WHILE LISTENING
Possible answer: A geology professor described the formation E Understanding Details (page 73)
Where was Pliny the Younger when he observed the eruption? B Listening for Main Ideas (page 76)
of karst landscapes in general and then discussed one specific 1. False – The Colorado River has existed for six million years.
example of a karst landscape. What was Tacitus famous for? • Location
2. True
What can tourists see at the sites of the destroyed towns? • Available majors
C (page 66) Why is Vesuvius considered dangerous by experts? 3. False – It is not the strongest or largest river in the United • Tuition cost
States.
1. f
C (page 69) 4. True C Listening for Details (page 76)
2. d
Answers will vary. 1. 3 / three
3. b
AFTER VIEWING 2. ecotourism
4. e D (pages 69–70)
F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 73) 3. air travel
5. a Student A notes 4. New York (University)
6. c 1. They are a Native American tribe. 1. The best answer is a. In fact, the name of the Colorado River
comes from a Spanish word meaning colored, especially red or 5. 2 / two
D (page 67) 2. The “Legend People” originally lived there. reddish. 6. Canada / Mount Royal (University) / Calgary
Digressions: 3. They were turned to stone for being bad. 2. Answers will vary.
Interestingly, the term limestone doesn’t come from the color of 4. It is called “Red Painted Faces” by some tribe members. 3. Answers will vary. AFTER LISTENING
the rock, which is typically white or gray, not green, but from “lime,” Student B notes
an important industrial product made from limestone. D Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 77)
1. They can be called tent rocks or earth pyramids. LESSON B Vocabulary
We usually think of acid rain as being caused by human industry, 2. They have a layer of hard rock on a thicker layer of soft rock. Possible answers:
but sometimes acid rain can be caused by gases from volcanoes.
3. They are formed when the softer rock is eroded by the
A Meaning from Context (page 74) 1. Ecotourism is the idea that people’s vacations should cause as
Words that signal a return to main point: weather. 1. c little damage to the environment as possible.
Anyway, limestone is a relatively hard rock, but water can wash it 4. The park is located in Utah, and it is special because more 2. a 2. How to carry out an analysis of the tourist area; how to work
away, especially water that is slightly acidic. hoodoos are found there than anywhere else. with community members to make tourist practices locally
3. b sustainable; what kind of infrastructure is least harmful for the
Now as I was saying, water can erode limestone.
E (page 70) 4. b environment
E Listening for Details (page 67) Answers will vary. 5. c 3. You could do research online or attend a course at a local
1. KP 6. b college or university.
2. D LESSON TASK Creating a Legend 7. a E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 77)
3. D 8. a
A–B (page 71) 1. Possible answer: Natural Hawaii sounds more like an
4. KP 9. a ecotourism vacation because the description mentions things
5. D Answers will vary. 10. c like “minimize the impact of all activities,” “environmentally-
friendly lodge,” and “visit Hawaii without changing it.”
VIDEO I Am Red B (page 75) 2. Possible answer: Active Hawaii sounds like it might be more
AFTER LISTENING
1. find / get expensive because the hotel is five-star and modern. Also,
F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 67) the activities may be expensive as they may require renting
BEFORE VIEWING 2. between
equipment such as mountain bikes, diving gear, and a boat.
1. Answers will vary. 3. major Natural Hawaii may be less expensive if the meals are prepared
A (page 72)
2. An advantage for a speaker can be that a digression can be 4. on with seasonal local ingredients, and an environmentally-friendly
a way of adding some especially interesting information or Answers will vary. 5. countable lodge likely requires less energy to run than a modern hotel.
something humorous. A disadvantage is that it can use up time 3. Answers will vary.
and may not be directly related to the topic. B (page 73) 6. reach / come to
7. cause / suffer
Answers will vary. See exercise E for the correct answers.
8. to B SPEAKING
A SPEAKING C (page 73) 9. of A (page 78)
A (page 68) 1. g 10. carry out / perform
Answers will vary.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 is one of the most 2. a
famous in history. Two Roman towns were destroyed and
C (page 75) B Personalizing (page 79)
3. b
numerous citizens were killed. The eruption was observed by the Answers will vary.
writer Pliny the Younger. He described the eruption in two letters 4. f Answers will vary.

FINAL TASK Presenting a Business Report UNIT 5 MAKING A LIVING, MAKING 3. generate AFTER LISTENING
4. effective
A (page 79) A DIFFERENCE 5. assess
D Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 87)
Answers will vary. Possible answers:
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 81) F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 85)
B Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 79) Possible answers: Benefits to Other Positive Effects
1. Forming the weaving cooperative created an additional source
Possible answers: of income for people in Chinchero. It allowed the women of Members
1. Tan Le’s invention could make it easier for people to operate
Neutral – online encyclopedia, newspaper website electronic devices, including people with physical disabilities Chinchero to earn money for their traditional craft. TechCollective - Helped people w/ - Members have income
or limitations. For example, Le’s invention could help someone 2. Possible answers: Having diverse kinds of businesses in a tech knowledge to spend, support
Up-to-date – online encyclopedia, newspaper website
who cannot speak to communicate, or it could help a community means more choices for customers and more become families.
Accurate – online encyclopedia, newspaper website paralyzed person operate a wheelchair. employment options for workers—whether they prefer to entrepreneurs - Community has
Biased – personal blog post 2. Earning income can improve not only one’s own life, but work for themselves, to work for a small business, or to work for - Provided a good friendly place to get
Out-of-date – personal blog post also the lives of family members. The money can be used to a large company. income computers repaired.
Inaccurate – personal blog post buy better food, better housing, or books and uniforms for Chinchero - Provided a good - Community has more
school. A person can also make a difference by directly helping G (page 85)
Weaving income security, can deal w/
C–D (page 80) someone, as a doctor or teacher might. A person can also be a cooperative, interactive, attractive, communicative, expressive, Cooperative tough times.
positive influence in a work environment. - Money helps the
Answers will vary. protective co-op and the - Traditional art form is
Example sentences will vary. community valued and preserved.
EXPLORE THE THEME (page 82)
1. Answers will vary. Irula Snake- - Provided a new - Snakes / snake species
A LISTENING A Talk about a Cooperative Catchers’ way to generate are preserved.
2. Possible answers: They are making a difference by providing
goods and services that people want and need. The tech
Business Cooperative income - Irula community
workers may be designing software that is very helpful to - Allowed Irulas to doing better (e.g., more
people. The factory worker is being careful to produce a switch BEFORE LISTENING continue using children attend school)
that works well. The bakery owner provides food and probably traditional skills
employs others. The nurse in providing care and comfort. A Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 86)
3. Answers will vary. Possible answers: A SPEAKING
1. Wildlife was probably becoming endangered and needed B (page 88)
LESSON A Vocabulary protection; India recognized the value of protecting wild plants
and animals from human activity. 1. [50,000] fifty thousand
B Meaning from Context (page 84) 2. [3,200,000] three point two million / three million, two hundred
2. An employer goes out of business; A job doesn’t pay enough
1. conventional to support a growing family; Broader economic changes take thousand
2. models place (e.g., imported goods replace local products); Physical 3. [9600] ninety-six hundred / nine thousand, six hundred
limitations or aging make it harder to do a certain job; Moving 4. [740,000] seven hundred (and) forty thousand
3. cooperate to another city or country means leaving a job behind; etc.
4. profits 5. [8,000,000,000] eight billion
5. diverse 6. [1,297,300] one million, two hundred (and) ninety-seven
WHILE LISTENING thousand, three hundred
C Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 84) B Note Taking (page 87) C (page 88)
Possible answers: Possible answers: 1. 85
1. Owning the business could be quite motivating. Selling 1. dir.
products or services together could lead to greater efficiencies 2. 60
and more profits. Sharing profits means that all members can 2. info. 3. 18
earn a good living. 3. Ind. 4. 2,500
2. Profits could be higher through sharing expertise and 4. pov. / pov’ty 5. 7.4
advertising costs; Worker/owners might have a greater 5. entre’s / ent’prnrs
incentive to do well on the job. Profits could be lower if sharing D Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 89)
6. hum.
profits means that costs (in the form of salaries) are higher. 1. Answers will vary.
3. I want the money I spend on products and services to go C Listening for Details (page 87) 2. Possible answers: The snake catchers’ co-op and Basket’s kudzu
directly to the co-op members rather than to a corporation. business are both environmentally friendly. On the other hand,
I like the personal attention I get by dealing with the co-op 1. b
2. c Basket works alone while hundreds of snake catchers work for
member-owners rather than with employees of a company. Or, the co-op. Another difference is that Basket’s products may be
I prefer the large selection or low prices at large companies or 3. b nice, but they don’t save lives like the anti-venom produced by
stores. 4. a the snake catchers.
D (page 84) 3. Possible answers: If kudzu products became quite popular,
kudzu entrepreneurs might make a difference in the amount
Answers will vary. of kudzu growing in the U.S., but one kudzu entrepreneur
probably can’t use very much of approximately 7.4 million
E Meaning from Context (page 85) acres of kudzu.
1. poverty
2. entrepreneurs

4. Possible answers: VIDEO Light for India’s Villages 6. demonstrate AFTER LISTENING
– Marketing and advertising a product make buyers aware of it 7. outcome
and lead to sales. D Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 97)
BEFORE VIEWING 8. affordable
– Maintaining a website is an extremely important way to 1. Answers will vary.
reach potential clients. A (page 92) C (page 95) 2. Possible answers:
– Managing employees is part of making any business run
smoothly. Happy and well-trained employees contribute to 1. lack 1. concept a. Reducing their use of paper would help decrease their
the success of a business. 2. infrastructure 2. donate environmental impact.
– Getting supplies is necessary before products can be 3. extend 3. charity b. Providing free software to help local charities would help
produced. strengthen their community.
4. kerosene 4. affordable
– Selling and shipping products gets them into the hands of c. Offering free after-school classes would help them give
customers. 5. working conditions 5. fundamental
back to their customer’s families and prepare youth for a
– Doing accounting and paying taxes are essential to a 6. demonstrate competitive job market.
company’s financial health and its legal operation. B (page 92)
7. response
Business owners might also do research to make good Possible answers:
D Personalizing (page 95) B SPEAKING
decisions about developing new products or services, or they People who live off-grid would not have televisions or radio for
might write a newsletter or send marketing emails to their news or entertainment, and they would not be able to study 1. Answers will vary. A (page 98)
clients to encourage future business. or work at night. Even charging the batteries in computers or
2. Possible answers: They can donate goods to local thrift or Possible answers:
telephones would be impossible. Everyday chores such as laundry
E Critical Thinking: Interpreting Statistics (page 90) second-hand stores. They can lend or rent something out for
or house-keeping would require more labor since washing 1. Do you know what time it is?
a low price when they are not using it, like a bicycle, car, or
1. 5,825,458: five million, eight hundred (and) twenty-five machines or other conveniences could not be used. 2. I’d like to know why you are taking this class.
apartment. They can pass out a questionnaire asking what
thousand, four hundred (and) fifty-eight people need, and then host community events to collect those 3. Can you tell me how old you were when you took your first
2. 19,067: nineteen thousand (and) seventy-six WHILE VIEWING items. English class?
3. around 6 million C Understanding Main Ideas (page 93) 4. Could you tell me what kind of career you hope to have in the
4. The overall number decreased somewhat. The economy may B LISTENING A Meeting about Social future?
not have been very strong at that time, or it might have been 1. T Responsibility 5. Can you tell me how you make decisions about the clothing
difficult to get loans to start new businesses. 2. T you buy?
5. Four hundred thousand, six hundred (and) eighty-seven 3. F (a lot of money) BEFORE LISTENING 6. I’m wondering where I should go for a day trip this weekend.
businesses closed in 2013, which is fewer than the four 4. F (does not requite any new land)
hundred ninety-three thousand, nine hundred (and) ninety- A Personalizing (page 96) B (page 99)
four that closed in 2009. The economy might have been D (page 93) Possible answers:
improving, and perhaps people were spending more money Answers will vary.
in 2013. Answers will vary. 1. I’d like to know what technology company is the most influential.
6. The number decreased substantially, from fifty-eight thousand, E Understanding Details (page 93) WHILE LISTENING 2. Could you explain how people get jobs with good companies?
seven hundred (and) twenty-one in 2009 to thirty-six thousand, 3. I’m wondering whether you would want to be a member of a
(and) sixty-one in 2013. The economy may have been 1. 200,000,000 / 60% B Listening for Main Ideas (page 96) cooperative.
improving and more businesses were doing well. 2. 30 Possible answers: 4. Can you tell me what kind of small business you would like to
7. Answers will vary. 3. 1,000 start?
4. 3,500 / 140 Type of Company How Are They Socially Responsible?
C (page 99)
LESSON TASK Discussing Small Businesses 1. Large drug - provide med. training
manufacturer Answers will vary.
AFTER VIEWING - red. noise levels at plants
A Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 91)
F Critical Thinking: Personalizing (page 93)
- make meds more affordable & D (page 99)
Possible answers: accessible in poorer parts of world
Answers will vary.
All small businesses would provide employment and the 1. Possible answers: Cooling: air conditioners, fans; Heating: space 2. Small co. that - “Buy one, give one” model =
convenience of having something close by in the community. heaters, radiators; Lighting: lamps, overhead lighting; Work makes handbags, customer buys a bag, company
Restaurants and coffee shops: fresh food; a place to socialize with or entertainment: computers, TVs; Cleaning: washers, dryers, backpacks donates a backpack w/ school FINAL TASK Presenting a Socially Responsible
friends and family vacuums; Water heating: showers, baths; Cooking: refrigeration, supplies Business
stovetop, oven, microwave.
Retail shops: a place to buy specific things
2. Answers will vary. A–C (page 100)
Manufacturers: a place to get something repaired or replaced C Listening for Similarities and Contrasts (page 97)
3. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
Service providers: a place to get something repaired or get 1. both
something done.
LESSON B Vocabulary 2. though
B–C (page 91) 3. too
B (page 94)
Answers will vary. 4. Even though
1. concept, fundamental
2. response
3. corporation
4. donate, charity
5. accessible

UNIT 6 DESIGN WITH PURPOSE C (page 105) 3. the biggest D Understanding Main Ideas (page 113)
4. as important as d
Noun Verb Adjective
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 101) appealing B Personalizing (page 108)
appeal appeal E Understanding Details (page 113)
1. Possible answer: The company might have a space like this
commitment commit committed Answers will vary. 1. remove components, complexity
to let employees relax because this could help them be more
creative. Another reason is that big companies like Google influence influence influential C (page 109) 2. environments and users
use appealing spaces like this to attract the best employees to 3. put things together
Innovation innovate innovative Answers will vary.
work for them.
4. temperature, moisture, pressure
2. Answers will vary. D Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 109)
A LISTENING A Guest Lecture about Design 5. pairs of shoes
Answers will vary. 6. the future of robotics
EXPLORE THE THEME (page 102) BEFORE LISTENING
1. Answers will vary. E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 110) AFTER VIEWING
2. Answers will vary. A (page 106)
Answers will vary.
3. Possible answers: One possible reason for the negative reaction 1. c F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 113)
is that Pei’s design looks much more modern than the other 2. a F Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 111) Answers will vary.
buildings around it in Paris. Another possible reason is that his 3. f Principles of chindogu may include: invention needs to be a
design is very innovative, and many people do not like things solution to a problem but be a little useless; invention needs
that seem very new when they are first introduced. 4. d LESSON B Vocabulary
to be funny. It needs to work.
5. b
1. C A Meaning from Context (page 114)
LESSON A Vocabulary 6. e
2. DR 1. a
A Meaning from Context (pages 104–105) B (page 106) 3. DR 2. a
1. a Possible answer: A prototype is a first or early model of something 4. C 3. b
before the final version is made. 5. DR 4. b
2. b
3. b 5. a
WHILE LISTENING LESSON TASK Presenting a Design 6. b
4. a
5. b C Listening for Main Ideas (page 106) A–E (page 111)
7. a
 An influential experience she had as a design student 8. b
6. b Answers will vary.
 People who have had a major impact on her philosophy 9. a
7. a
10. a
8. b  Some principles she thinks are important for good design VIDEO Designing the Future
9. b D Listening for Details (page 107) B Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 115)
10. b
2. She built a prototype. BEFORE VIEWING 1. identify
B (page 105) 2. objectives
3. She felt pleased with her hard work. A (page 112)
7. She tested her prototype. 3. combination
1. Answers will vary. 1. f
8. She learned from the experience. 4. satisfaction
2. Possible answers: Durability, comfort, style, size, stain 2. d
resistance, ergonomics, environmentally friendly 5. She realized that her design was poor. C (page 115)
3. b
3. Possible answers: A couch can also function as a bed. A 4. She showed her professor her design.
4. a 1. function
kitchen counter can function as a desk. 6. She built a second prototype.
5. e 2. influence
4. Answers will vary. 1. She was given an assignment to do.
6. c 3. philosophy
E Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 107) 7. h 4. principle
6. Possible answers: Keep an open mind. Think outside the box.
Respect your elders. 1. We can infer that Ana thinks that it’s not an easy question. 8. g 5. browse
7. Answers will vary. 2. We can infer that Ana was very embarrassed. 6. identify
B (page 112)
8. Answers will vary. 3. We can infer that Ana thought her design was not very good. 7. illustrate
Answers will vary.
9. Possible answers: Teachers need to be innovative to develop 8. explore
materials to teach students with different learning styles. AFTER LISTENING
Computer engineers need to be innovative to create WHILE VIEWING D Personalizing (page 115)
programs that keep people’s information safe online. A chef F Personalizing (page 107) Answers will vary.
needs to be innovative to design creative ways of cooking C (page 113)
Answers will vary.
traditional dishes. a. 5
10. Answers will vary. b. 6
A SPEAKING
c. 2
A (page 108) d. 3
1. The most important e. 4
2. better, more easily, less expensively f. 1

B LISTENING A Conversation with a Teaching B SPEAKING UNIT 7 INSPIRED TO PROTECT D (page 125)
Assistant A (page 118) Answers will vary.
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 121)
BEFORE LISTENING 1. Help save time. E (page 125)
1. Possible answers: The unit title suggests that people can be
2. Look attractive. inspired to protect the planet. The title relates to the photo in 1. Possible answer: Energy conservation helps the environment
A Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 116) 3. Offer a valuable service. that the young rangers and graduate students are teaching the by decreasing pollution caused by burning coal and oil needed
1. Possible answers: The comic strip makes it clear that TAs 4. Work and look the same. children respect for the environment. for energy.
provide help with homework, offer TA sessions, and hold office 5. Be for non-experts. 2. Possible answers: Children can learn many things from 2. Answers will vary.
hours regularly. exploring the outdoors, including how different species of 3. Answers will vary.
2. Possible answers: The repetition of “Now?” and phrases related B (page 119) plants and animals interact and how best to protect nature.
to time show the TA’s frustration. The use of phrases like “bored 3. Answers will vary.
Possible answers: 5. Answers will vary.
out of my mind” also shows her frustration. She also shows her
frustration in the final sentence when she says her life is at the 1. Help save time. // A good user experience / allows users to 6. Possible answer: I tell myself to work just a little harder, or I set a
student’s disposal, meaning that she will do anything he wants work quickly, / efficiently, / and without mistakes; // UX should EXPLORE THE THEME (page 122) time limit. I focus on my end goal.
her to do. never / waste users’ time. 1. Panut Hadisiswoyo has helped others get involved by giving 7. Possible answer: Environmentalists may be perceived this way
3. Possible answer: From the words “Yes, please” it is possible to 2. Look attractive. // Users want sites / with a design that is / local people a chance to volunteer and protect the forest and because they often try to stop commercial development or ask
infer that the TA is saying the opposite of what she actually clean, / simple, / beautiful to look at, / and without unnecessary animals. Wasfia Nazreen has worked with people in her country for stricter rules about environmental issues.
means, which is “No.” elements. to help them reflect on how to avoid affecting Earth negatively.
She has also involved schoolgirls in projects and taken them
4. Answers will vary. 3. Offer a valuable service. // It is not enough / for sites or A LISTENING A Podcast about the
on trips. Anand Varma has used photography as a way to
applications / to look nice; // they / also / need to provide an
experience / that users find useful.
help people learn about nature and change their ideas about Environment
WHILE LISTENING animals.
4. Work and look the same. // Sites and applications / should have
2. Answers will vary. BEFORE LISTENING
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 116) a standard appearance / and be usable in a consistent way; //
one way to achieve this / is by reusing icons and colors. 3. Answers will vary.
1. c A Critical Thinking: Predicting (page 126)
5. Be for non-experts. // Most people are / not / computer
2. a programmers or designers; // they want a user experience / LESSON A Vocabulary Answers will vary.
3. b that is easy to understand.
A Meaning from Context (page 124)
C Listening for Details (page 117) C Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 119) WHILE LISTENING
1. passion
1. Identify Answers will vary. 2. resources
2. Brainstorm / Explore Check b, c, and f.
D (page 119) 3. conservation
3. Select
4. capacity C Listening for Details (page 126)
4. Get Answers will vary.
5. fatigue
5. Improve 1. TT
6. Decide FINAL TASK Presenting a Process B (page 125) 2. KB
A–D (page 120) Possible answers: 3. TT
AFTER LISTENING inspire (v): to give someone the enthusiasm to do or create 4. KB
something. Other word forms: inspiration (n), inspiring (adj), inspired 5. TT
D Critical Thinking: Applying (page 117) (adj); Synonyms: motivate, encourage. Antonyms: bore, discourage. 6. KB
Possible answers: Example sentence: The music inspired him to take guitar lessons.
1. The student could have spoken to other people, such as motivation (n): a feeling of enthusiasm or interest that makes D Listening for a Speaker’s Purpose (page 127)
friends, family members, or even a professor, about the you determined to do something. Other word forms: motivate
1. a
problem. The student could also have tried to come up with a (v), motivated (adj); Synonyms: drive, incentive; Antonyms:
discouragement. Example sentence: These methods can help 2. b
solution without asking for help from others.
increase students’ motivation and interest. 3. b
2. The process is actually not specific to design; it is just a general
process for coming up with a good idea. As a result, it is useful perceive (v): to understand or think about something in a 4. a
in a wide variety of situations. For example, for choosing particular way. Other word forms: perception (n), perceptive (adj),
perceptively (adv); Synonyms: understand, realize. Antonyms:
where to go on vacation, the “problem” is where to go; the
ignore, misunderstand. Example sentence: Robots are still
AFTER LISTENING
“solutions” are possible destinations; the “design” is the final
choice; the “user feedback” is what other people who will go perceived as a threat by some. E Personalizing (page 127)
on the vacation think about that final choice; the “redesign” is sacrifice (v): to give up something important or valuable so that
coming up with an alternative location if the original choice is you or other people can do or have something else. Other word Answers will vary.
not popular. The process could be adapted in a similar way for forms: sacrifice (n), sacrificial (adj), sacrificially (adv); Synonyms:
deciding what clothes to wear or what to write. give, offer; Antonyms: deny, keep. Example sentence: She A SPEAKING
sacrificed her career to be at home with her children.
A (page 128)
C (page 125)
1. You haven’t lived here for more than a year, have you? (rising
Answers will vary. intonation)
2. You were at the last class, weren’t you? (rising intonation)

3. Your smartphone is less than a year old, isn’t it? (falling B (page 132) C (page 134) 5. nine/9
intonation) 6. idea
Possible answers: 1. activism (n)
4. You don’t come to school by bus or train, do you? (falling 7. eleven/11
intonation) condense (v) – shorten 2. awareness (n)
corporation (n) – a company 3. critical (adj) 8. windows
5. Your hobbies include reading and running, don’t they? (rising
intonation) era (n) – a period of history 4. denial (n) 9. electricity
6. You can’t play the guitar, can you? (falling intonation) existence (n) – the state of existing 5. depression (n) 10. Indonesia
7. You’ve visited Canada before, haven’t you? (rising intonation) greedy (adj) – wanting a lot of food or money 6. discourage (v) 11. trees
8. You aren’t going to the party, are you? (falling intonation) miracle (n) – an amazing event that is hard to explain 7. optimistic (adj) 12. villages
B (page 129)
neglect (v) – ignore or not care well for 8. pessimism (n) E Critical Thinking: Considering Other Views
oppression (n) – unjust use of power or authority over someone 9. renew (v) (page 137)
1. We are affecting the environment negatively, and we can’t just reaction (n) – an action that occurs as a result of something 10. source (v)
be apathetic, can we? Possible answers:
symptom (n) – a sign of a disease or problem Five sentences will vary. 1. Some people may not recycle because it is not convenient. If
2. Facts aren’t what influence people, are they?
toxin (n) – a poison, something that causes disease we consider that people need different trash cans for different
3. You inspire people through their emotions, don’t you? D Brainstorming (page 135)
wisdom (n) – the quality of making careful choices kinds of recycling, we can see the problem.
4. It’s also really important to show people the challenges and the Answers will vary. 2. If we consider politicians, not all are aware of current science
impacts we’re having on the natural world, isn’t it?
WHILE VIEWING about the environment. Their lack of knowledge may cause
5. We can train local people and give them resources, can’t we? E Critical Thinking: Understanding Other them to deny climate change. Or, they may have a different
6. The kids get it, but the adults don’t seem to want to sacrifice C Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 132) Views (page 135) understanding of the problem. It may not be a convenient
for the future, do they? Possible answers: belief for a politician.
Answers will vary.
– Senior citizens might be discouraged because they are usually
C Critical Thinking: Considering Other Views
D Understanding Main Ideas (page 133) retired and so live on a fixed income each month. B SPEAKING
(page 129) – Environmental activists might think the crisis can be avoided
Answers will vary.
b because the government will invest money to solve the A (page 138)
problem.
D (page 130) E Understanding Details (page 133) – Office workers might think their workplace is depressing
Answers will vary.
1. 4.5 because they dislike their job or their boss. The office may be B (page 138)
1. a crowded or uncomfortable.
2. 140,000 Possible answers:
2. b – People might want more investment in renewable energy
3. 3 because they think it will be good for the environment. Parents can encourage curiosity about the environment or issues
E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 130) 4. 1,000 – Children might be optimistic about the future because many that relate to the child’s everyday life, and talk about possible
Possible answers: 5. 33 children naturally have a positive outlook. solutions; parents can set a good example with their own actions
6. fourth and talk about why they do what they do; parents can encourage
1. The inner core is like the cork center; the outer core is like the F (page 135) a child to take small actions.
two rubber rings; the mantle is like the layers of cotton and
Answers will vary.
wool; the crust is like the leather cover. AFTER VIEWING C Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 138)
2. Earth has a very hot core, and each layer is a different
temperature. F Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 133) B LISTENING A Talk about the Environment Possible answers:
3. A baseball is a better analogy because each layer is different. In Answers will vary. 1. The children are taking action and making real contributions.
They are raising the awareness of others and inspiring others to
an onion, each layer is basically the same. BEFORE LISTENING take action. This will help us have a better future.
G (page 133)
F (page 130) A Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 136) 2. The speaker may see the video as a way to raise awareness and
Answers will vary.
inspire action. The speaker, however, seems to prefer concrete
Answers will vary. Answers will vary. actions.
LESSON B Vocabulary
LESSON TASK A Group Presentation about WHILE LISTENING FINAL TASK Planning a Video
B (page 134)
the Environment
1. renewable B Listening for Main Ideas (page 136) A–D (pages 139–140)
A–C (page 131) 2. crisis The Future of Environmental Activism Answers will vary.
Answers will vary. 3. optimism
C Listening for Details (page 136)
4. discouraged
VIDEO Three Seconds Answers will vary. After the introduction, the speaker moves to six
5. activist
new points.
6. deny
BEFORE VIEWING 7. aware AFTER LISTENING
A Personalizing (page 132) 8. pessimism
9. depressing D (page 137)
Answers will vary.
10. source 1. tigers
2. thousands
3. India
4. Toronto/Canada

UNIT 8 TRADITIONAL AND MODERN D (page 145) 3. b B (page 151)
4. a
MEDICINE Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
5. d
Possible answers:
restore restoration restored; restorative X 1. statistics; expert opinions
In 1, 3, and 5, the second clause explains why something happens. 2. personal stories; expert opinions
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 141) X consistency consistent consistently In 2 and 4, the first clause explains why something happens. 3. expert opinions; statistics
Possible answers: inhibit inhibitor; inhibition inhibited X
B (page 148) 4. statistics; personal stories; expert opinions; other support could
1. Cold temperatures are used to treat sore muscles or swollen
be photos
tissues. Very focused freezing of the skin can treat some skin
conditions. Cryotherapy may also have value in the treatment A LISTENING A Lecture about Plant-Based Answers will vary.
of some serious illnesses. Medicines C (page 149) VIDEO Wild Health
2. Other ancient therapies that are still in use include herbal or
Feliciano dos Santos is making the world a healthier place by BEFORE VIEWING
plant remedies, acupuncture and other forms of traditional BEFORE LISTENING participating in a public health campaign in Mozambique.
Chinese medicine, and the application of certain creatures (e.g.,
leeches and maggots) to wounds to promote healing. A Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 146) A (page 152)
D (page 149)
Possible answers: Possible answers: Eat plants or certain foods to respond to an
Possible answers:
EXPLORE THE THEME (page 142) 1. Steps 1 and 2 take place in a laboratory. Steps 2, 3, and 5 all
upset stomach or infection; eat clay to aid digestion and kill
1. Santos did not expect to live a full life because he caught polio bacteria; eat the leaves of plants to increase milk production or
1. Answers will vary. focus on safety. Step 3 focuses on effectiveness. In addition, as a child. induce delivery.
2. Possible answers: Students may have eaten chicken soup with step 4 could involve looking at a new drug’s safety and
effectiveness. 2. Since Massukos’s health message is in a popular song, people
garlic when they had a cold, used lavender oil in a soothing
pay attention to it. B (page 152)
bath, or drunk ginger tea when they had an upset stomach, for 2. The process may take several years because each step of the
example. 3. So that more people have clean water, Santos’s NGO also 1. preventative
process could take several months or even longer.
works to install pumps. 2. fermentation
3. Possible answers: Traditional medicine includes plant remedies
3. compounds
and other kinds of natural support, for example getting extra WHILE LISTENING E (page 149)
sleep and drinking plenty of fluids. Traditional medicines are 4. curative
often less expensive and more easily available than modern B Listening for Main Ideas (page 146) Answers will vary. 5. nausea
medicine. Modern medicine involves more science and
technology, for example modern pharmaceutical chemistry or Check a, c, and d. F (page 150) 6. lactation
high-tech surgical techniques. 7. avoidance
C Listening for Details (page 147) Possible answers:
8. groundbreaking
1. The common cold is highly contagious and spreads easily. For
Possible answers:
LESSON A Vocabulary this reason, it’s important to wash your hands often.
Many useful older meds based on plants
2. We associate exercise with good health. That is why I ride my
WHILE VIEWING
B (page 145) Aspirin: chem. found in willow tree bark bicycle to work every day. C Note Taking (page 153)
1. remedies Digoxin: heart disease med. from foxglove / digitalis 3. Some natural remedies are quite effective. Because of this, they
1. self-medication
2. consistent Another plant: rosy periwinkle can be used instead of medicines from a pharmacy.
2. early medicine; chimpanzees
3. empirical Traditional: used for people with diabetes 4. A good diet contributes to overall health. That’s the reason I eat
a variety of foods every day. 3. animals; preventative; avoidance
4. crucial New: anti-cancer drugs
5. associate Meds. not made directly from plants G Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 150) D Understanding Details (page 153)
6. inhibit Identify chemical in plant 1. d
Answers will vary.
7. restore Synthesize chemical in laboratory 2. a
8. variables New plant-based meds: Devel. is long, $$ process b/c many variables. H (page 150) 3. b
9. synthetic 1. Study effect’ness of trad. remedy. Answers will vary. 4. c
10. symptoms 2. Plant variables: e.g., picked wrong sub-species of plant, picked at
wrong time of day, effect of other plants growing nearby. LESSON TASK Discussing Claims about Public AFTER VIEWING
C (page 145)
3. Scientists need to know which chemical is active and what Health E Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 153)
amount to put in each tablet, injection, etc.
2. Possible answer: Empirical studies are important because they A Critical Thinking: Evaluating Claims (page 151) 1. Answers will vary.
Overall, devel. of synthetic drugs is quicker 2. Possible answer: Yes, I think the claim is believable because
can provide scientific data about how well a medicine works. Possible answers:
3. Possible answer: Habits for good health can include: not she is an expert in her field and has written a book that has
AFTER LISTENING a. No evidence is given for the claims, and we can assume the received positive support from other scientists.
smoking, getting enough sleep, getting daily exercise, not speaker is trying to attract new patients as part of her job, so it’s
eating sweets, not eating too much, eating fresh fruits and difficult for us to believe the claim without evidence.
vegetables, drinking enough water. Answers to the second
D (page 147) LESSON B Vocabulary
b. The study is fairly recent and was published in a respected
question will vary. Answers will vary.
medical journal, and the speaker’s conclusion seems to be B (page 154)
4. Possible answer: It would also be important to restore public reasonable. Because of his job, he is likely to want to protect
utilities such as electricity and gas, and to restore roads, streets, A SPEAKING college students from the potentially fatal disease. 1. F (A radical idea is different from what many others think.)
and public transportation. 2. F (An internal medical device is located inside the body.)
c. The statistics are recent and from a trustworthy source, but it’s
5. Answers will vary. A (page 148) unclear how the speaker’s company would help the situation. 3. T
6. Answers will vary. 1. c The speaker needs to provide more information to convince us 4. T
2. e that his company would actually prevent worker absence. 5. T

D (page 155) B SPEAKING UNIT 9 UNCOVERING THE PAST D Personalizing (page 165)
1. nerves A (page 158) Answers will vary.
2. severe THINK AND DISCUSS (page 161)
1. /y/
3. transmit 1. Possible answers: Some treasure and important objects might A LISTENING An Interview with an
2. /w/ be inside the temple. Some tools left by the people who built
4. muscles Archaeologist
3. /y/ the temple might be there as well. There will probably be some
5. corresponding art or carvings on the walls.
4. /w/ BEFORE LISTENING
E (page 155) 5. /y/ 2. Answers will vary.
6. /y/ 3. Answers will vary. A Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 166)
1. transmit
2. internally Possible answers:
C (page 159) EXPLORE THE THEME (page 162)
3. modification Positive: interesting, fascinating, rewarding, helpful, exciting
Answers will vary. 1. Possible answer: The image would allow an archaeologist Negative: exhausting, tiring, hot, difficult, boring
4. nerves to study the temple without visiting the site. This would be
5. muscles cheaper and more convenient.
FINAL TASK A Presentation on Medicine WHILE LISTENING
2. Possible answer: The image might be useful to help people
F Personalizing (page 155) and Health measure the temple very accurately. This would allow them to B Listening for Main Ideas (page 166)
Answers will vary. A–D (pages 159–160) replace damaged parts of the temple with new parts that are
the perfect size. 1. b
Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 2. d
B LISTENING A Podcast about Prosthetic
Devices 3. f
LESSON A Vocabulary 4. e
BEFORE LISTENING A (page 164) C Listening for Referents (page 167)
A (page 156) 1. noun 1. the past/learning more about where we came from
Answers will vary. 2. noun 2. a report
3. noun 3. ancient Rome and Egypt
WHILE LISTENING 4. noun 4. (earliest) pyramids (in the New World)
5. noun 5. individuals
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 156–157)
6. verb
Possible answers: 7. noun AFTER LISTENING
1. by moving the muscles in the chest and back 8. noun
2. the cochlear implant; it allows someone to hear
D Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 167)
9. verb
3. Nerves are reassigned to make different muscles move. Answers will vary.
10. adverb
4. Electrodes on Amanda Kitts’ skin communicate with electrodes
at the top of the prosthetic arm. The electrodes pick up signals B (page 164) A SPEAKING
from muscles. 1. B A (page 168)
C Listening for Details (page 157) 2. A
Answers will vary.
3. A
1. in a car accident
2. more than 300,000
4. A B (page 168)
5. A Answers will vary.
3. locate and attach nerves to muscles in the chest and shoulder
6. A
4. send signals to the skin’s surface (which can be used to operate C (page 169)
a prosthetic device) 7. B
5. She thinks about moving her arm or hand; the thought causes 8. B 1. You can delete event, blocks, invention, and characters. Alphabet
movement in the prosthetic device. cannot be deleted because it would not be clear if This referred
9. B
to the event, the creation, or the alphabet in the previous
10. A sentence.
AFTER LISTENING 2. Students read the paragraph aloud.
C (page 165)
D Critical Thinking: Applying (page 157) 1. collaboration D Organizing Ideas (page 169)
Answers will vary. 2. Possible answers: participation, civilization, collaboration, Answers will vary.
specialization
E (page 157) E Presenting (page 170)
3. participant
Answers will vary. 4. proposal/proposition Answers will vary.
5. Possible answers: archaeologist, economist, novelist,
pharmacist, scientist
F (page 170)
6. Possible answers: unlock, untie, unload, unpack, undo 1. Answers will vary.

2. Answers will vary. D Understanding Details (page 173) D (page 175) Disadvantages of researching alone: You have to do all of the work
3. Possible answers: Be polite and respectful of group members. yourself, and cannot share the work with anybody else. You cannot
1. 656 1. Did you come across any useful data? understand difficult concepts better by discussing them with
Start the discussion by listing what you need to do and how
much time you have. Have each member speak in turn at first 2. 77 2. This coin dates from the time of Caesar. others.
so that everyone has a chance to speak. Assign one person to 3. 29 3. We need to figure out the best schedule. Advantages of working in a group: You can share the work. You
be a moderator and have that person guide the discussion and 4. 155 4. Ana needs to get on with her research. can understand difficult concepts by discussing them with others.
make sure everyone participates. Disadvantages of working in a group: You may have to work at a
5. 126 5. I will look into how to get tickets.
G (page 170) 6. 113 time and place that is convenient for everybody. You may not get
E (page 175) along well with everybody in the group. Some people may not do
Answers will vary. 7. 1588 an equal amount of work.
Answers will vary.
LESSON TASK Participating in a Group AFTER VIEWING B SPEAKING

B LISTENING A Discussion about Archaeology
Discussion E Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 173) A (page 178)
A Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 171) 1. Possible answers: The man would find that everything took BEFORE LISTENING 1. Answers will vary.
a long time to do and required a lot of physical effort. He
Possible answers: wouldn’t be able to communicate easily with people who were A (page 176) 2. Possible answers: One way to make sure everyone contributes
Similar: People need to eat, wear clothing, live in houses, use tools far away or not with him. He might suffer because of the hot or is to assign each person specific tasks before starting work.
Possible answers: For question 1, listen for clues at the beginning Another way is to assign a leader whose job is to make sure
and utensils, live with family members, live in a community, walk cold weather. He wouldn’t be able to travel easily. of the discussion to see when the students meet. For question 2, each person is making an equal contribution.
places. 2. Possible answers: listen to the tone of voice and friendly language that is used. For
Different: People’s clothing, houses, tools, utensils are made from a chef: ingredients and methods used in cooking question 3, listen for the main idea. B Critical Thinking: Ranking (page 178)
synthetic materials; people are better protected from weather; eat
a greater variety of foods; have larger houses; have electricity and a fashion designer: how dyes and materials were made; what Answers will vary.
gas; have more furniture; have electronic devices and technology. materials were used WHILE LISTENING
a linguist: what early languages were like; what languages have C (page 178)
B Critical Thinking: Reflecting (page 171) disappeared and why
Answers will vary.
Answers will vary. an architect: how buildings were built and materials that were 1. c
used 2. c D (page 178)
VIDEO How Trajan’s Column Was Built 3. Answers will vary. 3. b Answers will vary.
4. Possible answers: People might be more understanding of
history and more compassionate toward others. They might C Listening for Details (page 177) E (page 179)
BEFORE VIEWING be more appreciative of what they have now. We could more c Answers will vary.
A Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 172) easily understand the real facts behind historical events. This
could make the world a better place. D (page 177)
1. Answers will vary. FINAL TASK Presenting about Life in the Past
Possible answer: Questions 1 and 2 required them to draw or Future
2. Possible answers: Modern ways to remember and respect LESSON B Vocabulary conclusions.
important people are to build a statue of the person or name a
A–E (pages 179–180)
building after him or her. A Meaning from Context (page 174) E Critical Thinking: Drawing Conclusions (page 177)
Answers will vary.
B (page 172) 1. artifact 1. b only
1. landmark 2. scan 2. a only
2. tomb 3. settlements 3. b only
3. theory 4. device 4. both a and b
4. sophisticated 5. satellites
5. surface B Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 174) AFTER LISTENING
6. carve 1. Answers will vary. F (page 177)
7. conquer 2. Answers will vary. Possible answers:
8. lower 3. Possible answers: We use scanning in medicine, in airport Advantages of researching alone: You can work at the times that
screening, in microscopes, and for scanning on a printer. are most convenient for you and at your own speed. You can
WHILE VIEWING 4. Answers will vary. also work wherever you want – at the library, at a coffee shop, or
wherever.
C Understanding Main Ideas (page 173) C (page 175)
a. 4 1. c
b. X 2. a
c. 2 3. e
d. 5 4. d
e. 3 5. b
f. 1

UNIT 10 EMOTIONS AND A LISTENING A Lecture about Fear 2. Lara may have been embarrassed in front of the classroom WHILE VIEWING
because of increased social anxiety. I know that I would feel
PERSONALITY BEFORE LISTENING embarrassed. Lara doesn’t have much self-control. C Understanding Main Ideas (page 193)
3. Jian probably has a high desire to connect with peers rather 1. a
THINK AND DISCUSS (page 181) A (page 186) than with his family. My brother is the same way, and it makes
2. c
my parents sad.
1. Possible answers: Emotions may include fear, happiness, or joy. Answers will vary. 3. b
4. For Rachel, social acceptance is very important. I know that the
social relationships on sports teams are very important. She
D Understanding Details (page 193)
WHILE LISTENING probably didn’t go to practice because she felt rejected by the
EXPLORE THE THEME (page 182) team. 1. adventure
1. Possible answers: They may be happy because they’ve been
B Listening for Main Ideas (page 186) 2. realized
C (page 189)
married for a long time; they may be happy that it’s his 1. the human fear response 3. comfortable
birthday; they may be laughing about something. 2. react instinctively Answers will vary.
4. expression
2. Answers will vary. 3. useful D (page 189) 5. real
3. Answers will vary. 4. learned to fear 1. did you use to 6. fun
5. didn’t impact 2. Did you use to 7. experiencing
LESSON A Vocabulary
C Listening for Details (page 187) 3. would you/did you use to; would you/did you use to
B (page 184) 4. did you use to/would you AFTER VIEWING
Possible answers:
1. Answers will vary. 5. did you use to E Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 193)
ancestors: reacted instinctively; reactions for survival
2. Possible answers: Emotions that are easy to recognize may 6. did you use to; would you/did you use to
fear response: keeps us out of trouble 1. Answers will vary.
include happiness, anger, fear, or shock. This may be because
these are instinctive emotions and are shown in facial fear response: inherited or learned? E (page 190) 2. Possible answer: Richards may categorize adventure, experience,
expressions. Emotions that may be difficult to recognize lab monkeys: learned fear of snakes Answers will vary. struggle, and unknown as positive. He sees these things as ways
are boredom, suspicion, calmness, or curiosity. This may be to learn about yourself and grow as a person.
flowers: monkeys didn’t learn fear of flowers
because these are mental states and we may try to hide them. F Personalizing (page 190) 3. Possible answer: Richards may respect discomfort because
learned: some fear is learned he has gained a deeper understanding of himself and what it
C (page 185) Answers will vary.
means to be human when he has been in very uncomfortable
1. expressions AFTER LISTENING G (page 190) situations. For him, discomfort drives him toward life-changing
experiences and has pushed forward his career in positive
2. makes sense D (page 187) Answers will vary. ways. Answers to the second question will vary.
3. results 4. Answers will vary.
Possible answers: H Critical Thinking: Synthesizing (page 190)
4. trigger
1. the human fear response 1. Answers will vary.
5. instinctively
2. instinctive reactions, such as putting on a car’s brakes LESSON B Vocabulary
6. personality
3. the monkeys learning to fear the snakes 3. Possible answer: Researchers can share their results with A (page 194)
7. tendency guidance counselors or sports coaches at high schools so that
4. one cannot learn to fear something Answers will vary.
8. universal they can better support teenagers in need; they can develop
9. confirm E Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 187) a mobile app where teenagers or parents input a problem C (page 194)
and get answers about how to solve it based on science.
10. react 1. Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
Information about the human brain can help parents and
2. Answers will vary. teachers adjust their expectations of teenagers and use better
D (page 185) D (page 195)
3. Possible answer: You can overcome a fear by experiencing it strategies for communication with them.
1. triggers in small steps or for short periods of time. For example, if you 1. upset
2. confirm are afraid of heights, you might try experiencing some lower LESSON TASK Presenting Survey Results 2. differ
3. universal heights for short periods of time. Also, you can notice what
thoughts come up and change what you tell yourself about A–C (page 191) 3. lead to
4. expression the experience. 4. anxiety
Answers will vary.
5. result 5. lack
6. instinctively A SPEAKING VIDEO A Tribute to Discomfort 6. introvert
7. personality 7. outgoing
A Personalizing (page 188)
E (page 185) BEFORE VIEWING 8. thrive
Answers will vary. 9. extrovert
Possible answers: A Critical Thinking: Categorizing (page 192)
Does it make sense that not all reactions are instinctive? How do
B Critical Thinking: Making Judgments (page 189) 10. awkward
Possible answers:
you react when you are very angry? Do you have a tendency to be Possible answers:
Positive: adventure, comfortable, experience, triumph, unknown
E (page 195)
very emotional? 1. Fernando was probably not using good judgment and wasn’t
Negative: avalanche, confusing, hurt, stress, struggle, unknown Possible answers:
controlling his speed. This seems to be a common accident in
our community, especially with boys. 2. expression; transition
B (page 192)
3. creative; instinctive
Possible answers: strong, adventuresome, fearless, young, motivated. 4. sociology; biology
Answer Key 31
5. likeable; believable AFTER LISTENING
6. leader; worker
E Critical Thinking: Making Inferences (page 197)
7. communicate; cooperate
8. interview; international Possible answers:
9. preview; pretest 1. d
10. review; restart 2. b
3. c
F (page 195) 4. a
F Critical Thinking: Evaluating (page 197)
2. Possible answers: A person may feel awkward speaking in
front of a large group if the person is shy. A person may feel Answers will vary.
awkward if he or she is asked a question that he or she feels
uncomfortable about answering.
B SPEAKING
3. Possible answers: People may suffer from anxiety because
of too much work, too little sleep, money worries, or traffic A (page 198)
problems.
Answers will vary.
B LISTENING A Conversation about Food B Critical Thinking: Applying (page 198)

and Emotions 1. dependability
2. extroversion
BEFORE LISTENING 3. neuroticism
A Personalizing (page 196) 4. openness
5. agreeableness
Answers will vary.
C Critical Thinking: Judging (page 198)
WHILE LISTENING Answers will vary.
B (page 196) D (page 199)
Answers will vary. Here is what is said in the conversation: Answers will vary.
1. I have a tendency to want junk food when I’m stressed.
2. If you eat healthy food today, you’ll be in a better mood in two E (page 199)
days. Answers will vary.
3. If you’re in a good mood, you’ll feel more confident and less
stressed. F (page 199)
4. Diets that contain a lot of sugar can lead to depression. 1. 13%; Answers will vary.
5. Extroverts eat less healthily because they’re always socializing. 2. They want to be more extroverted.
3. You can do it with a realistic plan to change behavior patterns
C Listening for Main Ideas (pages 196–197) in certain situations.
1. He feels stressed because he has a lot to do before his job
interview. G Critical Thinking: Analyzing (page 199)
2. She wants him to throw it out because it’s not good for him. Possible answers:
3. You might eat less healthily because you’re eating in more 1. Research suggests that getting a job that you really like can
social situations. give you more confidence.
4. Sam says he’s thinking short term and does not throw his snack 2. Most people would agree that having a baby makes you more
away. responsible.
3. As far as I know, getting married may or may not change your
D Listening for Details (page 197) personality.
1. T 4. I read that moving to a new place can create stress in your life.
2. F; Your personality can determine what and how you eat. I don’t think it would change your personality, though, unless
3. F; Extroverts often eat in social situations, leading to less you moved to a different country.
healthy diets.
4. T FINAL TASK Presenting Research
A–C (page 200)
Answers will vary.

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© 2018 National Geographic Learning, a Cengage Learning Company

4 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

6 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3 Answer Key 7

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10 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3 Answer Key 11

A (page 66) Vesuvius is considered to be an extremely dangerous volcano by BEFORE LISTENING

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26 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3 Answer Key 27

LESSON TASK Participating in a Group AFTER VIEWING B SPEAKING

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B LISTENING A Conversation about Food B Critical Thinking: Applying (page 198)

32 Pathways Listening, Speaking, and Critical Thinking 3

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