The 6th International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (DAMT) and

4th ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (NCON)
2021 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering | 978-1-6654-1569-9/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ECTIDAMTNCON51128.2021.9425737

Machine Learning Algorithm Development for

detection of Mango infected by Anthracnose
Disease
Suwit Wongsila Parinya Chantrasri Pradom Sureephong
College of Arts, Media and Technology Science and Technology Research College of Arts, Media and Technology
and Postharvest Technology Innovation Institute Postharvest Technology Chiang Mai University
Center, Faculty o f Agriculture, Chiang Innovation Center, Chiang Mai Chiang Mai, Thailand
Mai University University dorn@camt.info
Chiang Mai, Thailand Chiang Mai, Thailand
suwit.w@cmu.ac.th parinya.c@cmu.ac.th

Abstract—The purpose of this work is to develop and
design an algorithm for detection of mangoes infected with
anthracnose. The study found that the higher performance
ability of computers was developed and used into a deep
learning system for the classification of fungal disease in
plants. In the experiments, the main core of the systems is
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was developed. In the
training procedure of the systems the datasets of mango sample
were divided into two parts: training and test datasets, using of
125+131 mango images with disease + without disease samples
of mango photograph by the top and bottom position, in the
efficiency test, 364 images from 85 + 97 images with disease +
no disease samples were used for testing. Based on the testing
results, the developed system was more than 70% accurate to
isolate the disease mango.
Keywords—Machine Learning, Anthracnose Disease, Neural
Network, Convolutional Neural Network
Plant disease identification can be done using Image
processing. In many of the cases disease symptoms are seen
on the stems, fruit and leaves. Improvement in artificial
intelligence research now enables the automated detection of
disease in plant as the human eyes seen from raw images.
The deep learning method using neural networks, is an
image-learning algorithm for effective plant disease isolation.
It can automatically extract properties from images while
neural networks learn how to retrieve properties to train [2].
II. P l a n t Di s e a ses
The most common plant diseases are classified as per
their features available on the leaf or fruit. The color, the
texture and the morphological features are used to train a
neural network model as seen on TABLE I.
TABLE I. C HARACTERISTICS OF D ISEASES IN D IFFERENT P LANT [8]

I. INTRODUCTION Symptoms
Disease Host
and signs
Potato leaf disease Potato Dark green to
black or purple
lesions with a
pale green color.
Border on the
lower leaves
Black rust fungus in Wheat Black spores on
wheat the infected
surface.
Coffee rust Coffee Orange-yellow
spots on the
underside o f the
leaves looks like
powder.
Powdery mildew Grasses, Vegetables, White mold
Shrubs, and Trees growth spots
Fig. 1. Export value o f fresh or chilled to frozen mangoes from 2015 to that have been
2020 (Jan-Sep) [1] enlarged to
cover.
Mango is a fruit that the government has a policy to Leaves or other
promote production potential for export, in 2019 the total plant organs.
Anthracnose Mangoes, Grasses, Large black
export value of 2,017,042 baht [1]. Vegetables, circles on the
Data from the Department of Agriculture in Thailand Some fruit, Shrubs and leaves and fruits
Trees during full
(2003) found that export problems of normal Nam Dok Mai infection.
mangoes were post-harvest spoilage. Contains harmful
residues Anthracnose and fruit flies result in substandard
product quality.

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 The 6th International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (DAMT) and
4th ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (NCON)

III. L i t er a t u r e Re v i e w Anthracnose. In this work, the model performance validated

by acquired images from the real condition and non-
A. Detection destructive method. The image preprocessed by using
Information collected using image processing techniques histogram equalization that can balance the consistency in
can aid in the detection of disease and can also assess its the captured images. All images in this research resized
severity. Therefore, in the design method, two situations are using the central square crop method. The developed CNN -
considered: based classification model was educated and estimated for
mango disease detection, by considering the of the
• Partial classification: Ability to correctly classify
importance points:
suitable disease from other adverse diseases.
1. Effect and prompt care can be taken in advance by an
• Real-time monitoring: The system continuously
automated and non-destructive disease system and its
monitors on plant and remind the detected disease
[4][5]. severity.
2. Classification method for mango infected with
B. Neural networks anthracnose in this work was offers by deep learning model
The method proposed by Abdullah et al. (2007) is to be named as CNN.
investigated on a given disease (corynespora). The first two 3. In this research, a database using in machine learning
principal components fed into a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was obtain from the healthy and infected image collected
Neural Network they developed, has an output of the system from real mangoes. In the model performance testing
can show that the sample is infected by the disease of interest
process, will uses of standard database.
or not [6].
4. The developed systems will also assist for identifying
Their system can identify iron, zinc and nitrogen defect characteristics the disease, thus helping to learn how to
in lettuce plant leaves. Then using developed algorithm for management among the fungal.
segmentation. Then used the neural networks and statistical 5. The proposed method is a positive trend of
classifiers for being system identification, that can be used to development to lead to a system used to detect anthracnose
determine the plant condition [7].
mango fruit.
TABLE II. Co m p a r a t iv e St u d y o f Ne u r a l Ne t w o r k Mo d e l s
6. This paper is structured as follows. Part II presents
USED BY RESEARCHERS the plant diseases. Part III describes the methodology of the
Name of NN Model & Classifiers academic literature review. Section IV reveals the methods
Author Accuracy
Paper used and materials. Part V reveals the results. Part VI reveals the
Detection and K. 56.87% Feed Forward Neural conclusion. Finally, Part VII concludes the future work.
Classification Muthukannan Network
of leaf P. Latha R. (FFNN), Learning IV. M e t h o d o l o g y
disease using Pon Vection (LVQ)
Artificial Selvi and P. and Radial Basic A. Workflowchart and algorithm
Neural Nishal Function
Network [8] Networks(RBF) tor
Quantiz
Detection and Malvika 80.00% Artificial Neural
Classification Ranjanl, Network(ANN),
using Manasi Rajiv Hue Saturation value
Artificial Weginwar2, features ,
Neural Neha Back Propogation
Network [9] Joshi3, Prof. Algorithm
A.B.
Ingole4

Plant Disease Emanuel 80% in 5 segmentation with Mask

Classification Cortes epochs RCNN
Using
Convolutiona
l Networks
and
Generative
Adversial
Networks
[10]
A Robust Alvaro 85.98% Faster Region-based
Deep- Fuentes ID Convolutional
Learning , Sook Yoon, Neural Network (Faster
Based Sang R-CNN),
Detector for Cheol Kim Region-based Fully
RealTime and Convolutional
Tomato Plant Dong Sun Network (R-FCN), and Fig. 2. Flowchart for the purposed work. [12]
Diseases and Park Single Shot
Pests Multibox Detector (SSD)
Recognition
In this work, two databases were used, one for real-time
[11] immunity of mango images and the other for mango disease
Therefore, this research proposes of ML algorithm for the data. The two groups of images were divided into four
detection of Fungal disease infected in the mango called groups: the disease-free mango images for training and the

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 The 6th International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (DAMT) and
4th ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (NCON)

other two groups of mango images for testing. By category, design of the architecture effected to its flexibility on any
these images are labeled according to their respective classes. applications configuration that related to the results. But the
best result depends on the well design of algorithms and
TABLE III. Al g o r it h m f o r t h e Sy s t em adjustable parameters like the dropout rate, the learning rate
used in complex processing for problem solving in the
No. D efinition
detection process and can be solved pattern recognition
Disease and non-diseased mango Image acquired by the CCD
1
camera.
problems [14][15].

2
Image preparation process by enhancement of the contrast using In this research we proposed the architecture of the ML
histogram differentiated method and rescale by center crop method. algorithm model in Fig.2 that used to detection for the
Group assignment among training and testing group for Mango anthracnose disease. The developed model adapted
3
experiments and labeled.
from the AlexNet model architecture, which used in this
Train the ML algorithm using of training images, then adjust the
4
training parameter.
research for the training of the CNN.
5 Test the ML algorithm by the group of testing images. E. Training and Testing
6 Efficiency test of the proposed model.
At first the entire images dataset has split for two group,
B. Group o f Data the training and the testing group of datasets. For the training
of the CNN 125+131 mango images with the disease +
without disease samples in top and bottom position for 512
images used and another 364 images from 85+97 mango
images with the disease + without disease samples kept for
efficiency testing for the model.

Fig. 3. Sample of Images NN practicing is the essential process, for correctly

TABLE IV. De t a il o f Sa m pl e
Image type Class label
Non-disease mango training S 0xxx
Disease mango training S 1xxx
Non-disease mango testing S 2xxx
Disease mango testing S 3xxx
Figure 4 shows an example of a mango used for the
training of the CNN 125+131 mango images with the
infected + without infected samples by the top and bottom
position for 512 mango images are used and another 364
images from 85+97 samples healthy + infected samples for
testing the performance of the model.
C. Preprocessing o f images
In this step, we were pre-processed for contrast
enhancement and rescaling, then for ML algorithm image
training and testing. Histogram equalization using for
contrast enhancement, then in the image crop using of the
center square method for processing set of databases from
images. The algorithm of histogram equalization method can
be given by eq. that used to setup best contrast of every
image in the methodology [13].
cdfjpix.yf-cdfmin
N ( P i x f y) ) = round ( ■vu--i;)
[Rx xCx)~cdfmin
Where, cdf = cumulative frequency
Where, cdf = cumulative frequency of the gray level
■■= minimum value of cumulative distribution function
c df(P(x,y y>= intensity of the current pixel
i?j and Cx= product of number of pixels in rows and
columns and L = number of intensities.
D. Conventional o f Machine Learning
The main core of our systems is Convolutional Neural
Networks, that will be a subset of Machine Learning (ML)
which can be developing in to human intelligible and the
system can work independent. The convolutional neural
network (CNN) used to solve complex pattern and
classifications on problems with many databases. The well-
algorithm adjustment. This will make the CNN can function
Im a g es properly. The practice method teaches the CNN to follow a
snippet to accurately represent the output layer based on the
Number of images
125
input layer. Then predict the results and find the errors. Then
131 adjust of the ML algorithm for best efficiency by use the
85 back propagated in reverse order technique. The deep neural
97 network developed working by this step and get rid of non-
necessary of another excessive ones [16].
A developed ML algorithm model that has been trained
for the detection of mangoes. And have a main function to
detected of the mango infected with disease or not.
The training images and testing images were taken from
each of the class labels S_0, S_1, S_2 and S_3. Each image
from the normalized training dataset is given as an input
layer to the ML algorithm model to extract the features. Then
the developed model has trained to predict for every training
mango image.
V. Re s u l t
The models offered include training and testing using an
open-source software framework called Tensor Flow with
the Python programming language. Then have a parameter of
learning rate is 0.01, drop off rate can be varied by 0.1 to 0.4,
(i) and right balance time in this experiment was at 0.09, the
delay between sample is 10-16 second, respectively.
Training time was finish in 4-5 days and testing time
completed in a few minutes. The training process was
implemented on the GPU of an NVIDIA GTX1050Ti card.
The system hardware using of the desktop computer with the
intel ® processor core ™: 7-4300 CPU (2.90 GHZ), system
operating with Windows 10 Ultimate 64-bit, 8.0 GB RAM
and 1 TB storage hard disk. In this experiment focus on this
present result:
(a) S_0xxxx (b) S_1xxxx
(c) S_2xxxx (d) S_3xxxx

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 The 6th International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology (DAMT) and
4th ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering (NCON)

University, (Thailand), College of Arts, Media and

Technology, Chiang Mai University, (Thailand) and Science
and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University,
(Thailand). We also would like to acknowledge all of our
colleagues who worked together and provided workmates to
the authors.

Re f e r en c es

[1] Website: http://tradereport.moc.go.th/TradeThai.aspx (accessed on

[2]
[3]
Fig. 4. Mango training and testing results
Proposed CNN classification model can be trained to [4]
detection process for Mango infected by anthracnose. This
model includes two cases for discussion (1) Can be classify [5]
the disease of mango by non-destructive method and (2)
detect of disease on mango and can be show the data. The
training images and testing images were taken from each of [6]
the class labels S_0, S_1, S_2, and S_3 respectively,
developed system can be maintain the accuracy more than
70%. That is, Figure 4 shows the result of 4 group as follows: [7]
Group 1 (a) shows non-disease mango training, 92.15%
accuracy. Group 2 (b) shows disease mango training, 94.27%
accuracy. Group 3 (c) shows non-disease mango testing, [8]
81.36% accuracy. Group 4 (d) shows disease mango testing,
79.55% accuracy. Each image can be right normalized, and
the group of datasets can give as an input to the Multilayer
Convolution Neural network model to be the right detection [9]
systems.
VI. Co n c l u s io n
The computer vision application using machine learning [10]
methodology has exceptional for solving plant disease
problems such as pattern recognition, detection, any process [11]
for plant management. Whereby, in this research we
developed an innovative process using ML algorithm for
detection of mango infected with a fungal disease that is
[12]
named, Anthracnose which is more than 70% accuracy.
VII. F UTURE W ORK
[13]
Some of the future works are given as:
1) Substituting other functions in the process of the
preprocessing image function could be enhance the ML
algorithm and make it compatible for the classification of [14]
various diseases.
[15]
2) Average data set for biology experiments can be
inconsistencies encountered for working with real-time
dataset in plants.
[16]
3) It is useful for other economically important plants and
can be used to assess disease severity in other organs of the
target plant.
4) Can be extend develop for online function/procedure
to build the online real-time disease monitoring, such as
Web/Internet of Things (IoT) function.
November 11, 2020)
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Ac k n o w l ed g m en t

The authors gratefully acknowledge support of

Postharvest Technology Innovation Center, Chiang Mai

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