F.Y. B.Sc. I.T.

Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System

Q. 1 What is hypervisor? Explain type-1 and type-2 hypervisor.
Ans. Hypervisor is a form of virtualization software used in Cloud hosting to divide and allocate the resources on
various pieces of hardware. The program which provide partitioning, isolation or abstraction is called
virtualization hypervisor. Hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique that allows multiple guest operating
systems (OS) to run on a single host system at the same time. A hypervisor is sometimes also called a virtual
machine manager(VMM).
Types of Hypervisor –
TYPE-1 Hypervisor: Hypervisor runs directly on underlying host system. It is also known as “Native
Hypervisor” or “Bare metal hypervisor”. It dose not require any base server operating system. It has direct
access to hardware resources. Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Citrix XenServer
and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor.

TYPE-2 Hypervisor: A Host operating system runs on underlying host system. It is also known as
‘Hosted Hypervisor”. Basically a software installed on an operating system. Hypervisor asks operating
system to make hardware calls. Example of Type 2 hypervisor include VMware Player or Parallels
Desktop. Hosted hypervisors are often found on endpoints like PCs.

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Q. 2 What is Virtualization? Explain advantages of Virtualization.
Ans. Virtualization occurs when a virtual version of something is created instead of an actual version.
Virtualization is the process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a layer abstracted from the
actual hardware. Most commonly, it refers to running multiple operating systems on a computer system
simultaneously. To the applications running on top of the virtualized machine, it can appear as if they are on their
own dedicated machine, where the operating system, libraries, and other programs are unique to the guest
virtualized system and unconnected to the host operating system which sits below it.
The Advantages of Virtualization
1. It is cheaper. Because virtualization doesn’t require actual hardware components to be used or installed, IT
infrastructures find it to be a cheaper system to implement. There is no longer a need to dedicate large areas of
space and huge monetary investments to create an on-site resource. You just purchase the license or the access
from a third-party provider and begin to work, just as if the hardware were installed locally.
2. It keeps costs predictable. Because third-party providers typically provide virtualization options, individuals
and corporations can have predictable costs for their information technology needs. For example: the cost of a
Dell PowerEdge T330 Tower Server, at the time of writing, is $1,279 direct from the manufacturer. In comparison,
services provided by Bluehost Web Hosting can be a slow as $2.95 per month.
3. It reduces the workload. Most virtualization providers automatically update their hardware and software that
will be utilized. Instead of sending people to do these updates locally, they are installed by the third-party provider.
This allows local IT professionals to focus on other tasks and saves even more money for individuals or
corporations.
4. It offers a better uptime. Thanks to virtualization technologies, uptime has improved dramatically. Some
providers offer an uptime that is 99.9999%. Even budget-friendly providers offer uptime at 99.99% today.
5. It allows for faster deployment of resources. Resource provisioning is fast and simple when virtualization is
being used. There is no longer a need to set up physical machines, create local networks, or install other
information technology components. As long as there is at least one point of access to the virtual environment, it
can be spread to the rest of the organization.
6. It promotes digital entrepreneurship. Before virtualization occurred on a large scale, digital entrepreneurship
was virtually impossible for the average person. Thanks to the various platforms, servers, and storage devices that
are available today, almost anyone can start their own side hustle or become a business owner. Sites like Fiverr
and UpWork make it possible for anyone to set a shingle and begin finding some work to do.
7. It provides energy savings. For most individuals and corporations, virtualization is an energy-efficient system.
Because there aren’t local hardware or software options being utilized, energy consumption rates can be lowered.
Instead of paying for the cooling costs of a data center and the operational costs of equipment, funds can be used
for other operational expenditures over time to improve virtualization’s overall ROI.
Q.3 Explain different types of virtualization.
Ans.
1. Network virtualization is a method of combining the available resources in a network by splitting up the
available bandwidth into channels, each of which is independent from the others and can be assigned -- or
reassigned -- to a particular server or device in real time. The idea is that virtualization disguises the true
complexity of the network by separating it into manageable parts, much like your partitioned hard drive
makes it easier to manage your files.

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F.Y. B.Sc. I.T. Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System
2. Storage virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from multiple network storage devices into what
appears to be a single storage device that is managed from a central console. Storage virtualization is
commonly used in storage area networks.
3. Server virtualization is the masking of server resources -- including the number and identity of individual
physical servers, processors and operating systems -- from server users. The intention is to spare the user
from having to understand and manage complicated details of server resources while increasing resource
sharing and utilization and maintaining the capacity to expand later.

The layer of software that enables this abstraction is often referred to as the hypervisor. The most common
hypervisor -- Type 1 -- is designed to sit directly on bare metal and provide the ability to virtualize the
hardware platform for use by the virtual machines (VMs). KVM virtualization is a Linux kernel-based
virtualization hypervisor that provides Type 1 virtualization benefits similar to other hypervisors. KVM
is licensed under open source. A Type 2 hypervisor requires a host operating system and is more often
used for testing/labs.

4. Data virtualization is abstracting the traditional technical details of data and data management, such as
location, performance or format, in favor of broader access and more resiliency tied to business needs.
5. Desktop virtualization is virtualizing a workstation load rather than a server. This allows the user to
access the desktop remotely, typically using a thin client at the desk. Since the workstation is essentially
running in a data center server, access to it can be both more secure and portable. The operating system
license does still need to be accounted for as well as the infrastructure.
6. Application virtualization is abstracting the application layer away from the operating system. This way
the application can run in an encapsulated form without being depended upon on the operating system
underneath. This can allow a Windows application to run on Linux and vice versa, in addition to adding
a level of isolation.

Q. 4 What is cloud computing? Explain different types of cloud computing.

Ans. Cloud Computing can be defined as delivering computing power( CPU, RAM, Network Speeds, Storage
OS software) a service over a network (usually on the internet) rather than physically having the computing
resources at the customer location.
Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
These services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service
(PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
A cloud can be private or public. A public cloud sells services to anyone on the Internet. (Currently,
Amazon Web Services is the largest public cloud provider.) A private cloud is a proprietary network or a data
center that supplies hosted services to a limited number of people. Private or public, the goal of cloud computing
is to provide easy, scalable access to computing resources and IT services.

Types of Clouds:

There are four different cloud models that you can subscribe according to business needs:
1. Private Cloud: Here, computing resources are deployed for one particular organization. This method is
more used for intra-business interactions. Where the computing resources can be governed, owned and
operated by the same organization.
2. Community Cloud: Here, computing resources are provided for a community and organizations.

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F.Y. B.Sc. I.T. Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System
3. Public Cloud: This type of cloud is used usually for B2C (Business to Consumer) type
interactions. Here the computing resource is owned, governed and operated by government, an
academic or business organization.
4. Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud can be used for both type of interactions - B2B (Business to
Business) or B2C ( Business to Consumer). This deployment method is called hybrid cloud as the
computing resources are bound together by different clouds.

Q. 5 Explain different types of cloud computing services.

Ans. The three major Cloud Computing Offerings are
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
SaaS (Software as a Service)
SaaS or software as a service is a software distribution model in which applications are hosted by a vendor or
service provider and made available to customers over a network (internet). SaaS is becoming an increasingly
prevalent delivery model as underlying technologies that supports Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) or
Web Services. Through internet this service is available to users anywhere in the world.
Traditionaly, software application needed to be purchased upfront &then installed it onto your computer. SaaS
users on the other hand, instead of purchasing the software subscribes to it, usually on monthly basisvia internet.
Anyone who needs an access to a particular piece of software can be subscribe as a user, whether it is one or
two people or every thousands of employees in a corporation. SaaS is compatible with all internet enabled
devices.
Many important tasks like accounting, sales, invoicing and planning all can be performed using SaaS.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
Platform as a service, is referred as PaaS, it provides a platform and environment to allow developers to build
applications and services. This service is hosted in the cloud and accessed by the users via internet.
To understand in a simple terms, let compare this with painting a picture, where you are provided with paint
colors, different paint brushes and paper by your school teacher and you just have to draw a beautiful picture
using those tools.
PaaS services are constantly updated & new features added. Software developers, web developers and business
can benefit from PaaS. It provides platform to support application development. It includes software support
and management services, storage, networking, deploying, testing, collaborating, hosting and maintaining
applications.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
IaaS (Infrastructure As A Service) is one of the fundamental service model of cloud computing alongside PaaS(
Platform as a Service). It provides access to computing resources in a virtualized environment “the cloud” on
internet. It provides computing infrastructure like virtual server space, network connections, bandwidth, load
balancers and IP addresses. The pool of hardware resource is extracted from multiple servers and networks
usually distributed across numerous data centers. This provides redundancy and reliability to IaaS.
IaaS(Infrastructure as a service) is a complete package for computing. For small scale businesses who are
looking for cutting cost on IT infrastructure, IaaS is one of the solutions. Annually a lot of money is spent in
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F.Y. B.Sc. I.T. Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System
maintenance and buying new components like hard-drives, network connections, external storage device etc.
which a business owner could have saved for other expenses by using IaaS.
Q. 6 Explain different cloud computing benefits in detail.
Ans. Cloud computing boasts several attractive benefits for businesses and end users. Five of the main benefits
of cloud computing are:
 Self-service provisioning: End users can spin up compute resources for almost any type of workload on
demand. This eliminates the traditional need for IT administrators to provision and manage compute
resources.
 Elasticity: Companies can scale up as computing needs increase and scale down again as demands
decrease. This eliminates the need for massive investments in local infrastructure, which may or may not
remain active.
 Pay per use: Compute resources are measured at a granular level, enabling users to pay only for the
resources and workloads they use.
 Workload resilience: Cloud service providers often implement redundant resources to ensure resilient
storage and to keep users' important workloads running -- often across multiple global regions.
 Migration flexibility: Organizations can move certain workloads to or from the cloud -- or to different
cloud platforms -- as desired or automatically for better cost savings or to use new services as they
emerge.
Q. 7 What is multiprocessor? What are applications of multiprocessor? What are benefits of
multiprocessor?
Ans. A Multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs) share full access
to a common RAM. The main objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with
other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
There are two types of multiprocessors, one is called shared memory multiprocessor and another is
distributed memory multiprocessor. In shared memory multiprocessors, all the CPUs shares the common
memory but in a distributed memory multiprocessor, every CPU has its own private memory.

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F.Y. B.Sc. I.T. Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System
Applications of Multiprocessor –
1. As a uniprocessor, such as single instruction, single data stream (SISD).
2. As a multiprocessor, such as single instruction, multiple data stream (SIMD), which is usually used for
vector processing.
3. Multiple series of instructions in a single perspective, such as multiple instruction, single data stream
(MISD), which is used for describing hyper-threading or pipelined processors.
4. Inside a single system for executing multiple, individual series of instructions in multiple perspectives,
such as multiple instruction, multiple data stream (MIMD).
Benefits of using a Multiprocessor –
 Enhanced performance.
 Multiple applications.
 Multi-tasking inside an application.
 High throughput and responsiveness.
 Hardware sharing among CPUs.

Q. 8 Explain multicomputer system with neat diagram.

Ans. A multicomputer system is a computer system with multiple processors that are connected together to
solve a problem. Each processor has its own memory and it is accessible by that particular processor and those
processors can communicate with each other via an interconnection network.

As the multicomputer is capable of messages passing between the processors, it is possible to divide the task
between the processors to complete the task. Hence, a multicomputer can be used for distributed computing. It
is cost effective and easier to build a multicomputer than a multiprocessor.
Q. 9 What are difference between multiprocessor and Multicomputer:
Ans. Difference between multiprocessor and Multicomputer:
1. Multiprocessor is a system with two or more central processing units (CPUs) that is capable of
performing multiple tasks where as a multicomputer is a system with multiple processors that are
attached via an interconnection network to perform a computation task.
2. A multiprocessor system is a single computer that operates with multiple CPUs where as a
multicomputer system is a cluster of computers that operate as a singular computer.
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F.Y. B.Sc. I.T. Sem -I Unit-IV Operating System
3. Construction of multicomputer is easier and cost effective than a multiprocessor.
4. In multiprocessor system, program tends to be easier where as in multicomputer system, program tends
to be more difficult.
5. Multiprocessor supports parallel computing, Multicomputer supports distributed computing.

Q. 10 What is distributed system? Explain its advantages and disadvantages.

Ans. A distributed system contains multiple nodes that are physically separate but linked together using the
network. All the nodes in this system communicate with each other and handle processes in tandem. Each of
these nodes contains a small part of the distributed operating system software.

Advantages of Distributed Systems

Some advantages of Distributed Systems are as follows:
 All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. So nodes can easily share data with
other nodes.
 More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as required.
 Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system. Other nodes can still
communicate with each other.
 Resources like printers can be shared with multiple nodes rather than being restricted to just one.
Disadvantages of Distributed Systems
Some disadvantages of Distributed Systems are as follows:
 It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes as well as the
connections need to be secured.
 Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to another.
 The database connected to the distributed systems is quite complicated and difficult to handle as
compared to a single user system.
 Overloading may occur in the network if all the nodes of the distributed system try to send data at once.

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