PART A: PRINCIPLES AND PLANNING FOR RESEARCH

1. Which of the following should not be a criterion for a good research project?

Demonstrates the abilities of the researcher

Is dependent on the completion of other projects
Demonstrates the integration of different fields of knowledge
Develops the skills of the researcher
Answer:

b. Is dependent on the completion of other projects

2. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of
premises?

Objective reasoning
Positivistic reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Answer:

d: Deductive reasoning

3. Research that seeks to examine the findings of a study by using the same design but a different
sample is which of the following?

An exploratory study
A replication study
An empirical study
Hypothesis testing
Answer:

b: A replication study

4. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence job-seeking

behaviours. The main purpose of the study was:

Description
Prediction
Exploration
Explanation
Answer:

d: Explanation

5. Cyber bullying at work is a growing threat to employee job satisfaction. Researchers want to
find out why people do this and how they feel about it. The primary purpose of the study is:

Description
Prediction
Exploration
Explanation
Answer:

c: Exploration

6. A theory:
Is an accumulated body of knowledge
Includes inconsequential ideas
Is independent of research methodology
Should be viewed uncritically
Answer:

a: Is an accumulated body of knowledge

7. Which research method is a bottom-up approach to research?

Deductive method
Explanatory method
Inductive method
Exploratory method
Answer:

c: Inductive method

8. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
You should completely trust a single research study
Neither a nor b
Both a and b
Answer:

a: You should trust research findings after different researchers have replicated the findings
9. A qualitative research problem statement:

Specifies the research methods to be utilized

Specifies a research hypothesis
Expresses a relationship between variables
Conveys a sense of emerging design
Answer:

d: Conveys a sense of emerging design

10. Which of the following is a good research question?

To produce a report on student job searching behaviours

To identify the relationship between self-efficacy and student job searching behaviours
Students with higher levels of self-efficacy will demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours
Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching behaviours?
Answer:

d: Do students with high levels of self-efficacy demonstrate more active job searching
behaviours?

11. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to :

Provide an up-to-date understanding of the subject, its significance, and structure

Guide the development of research questions
Present the kinds of research methodologies used in previous studies
All of the above
Answer:
d: All of the above

12. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not
recommended by:

Ethnomethodology
Grounded theory
Symbolic interactionism
Feminist theory
Answer:

b: Grounded theory

13. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:

Cost and time required to conduct the study

Access to gatekeepers and respondents
Potential ethical concerns
All of the above
Answer:

d: All of the above

14. Research that uses qualitative methods for one phase and quantitative methods for the next
phase is known as:

Action research
Mixed-method research
Quantitative research
Pragmatic research
Answer:

b: Mixed-method research

15. Research hypotheses are:

Formulated prior to a review of the literature

Statements of predicted relationships between variables
B but not A
Both A and B
Answer:

c: B but not A

16. Which research approach is based on the epistemological viewpoint of pragmatism?

Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Mixed-methods research
All of the above
Answer:

c: Mixed-methods research

17. Adopting ethical principles in research means:

Avoiding harm to participants
The researcher is anonymous
Deception is only used when necessary
Selected informants give their consent
Answer:

a: Avoiding harm to participants

18. A radical perspective on ethics suggests that:

Researchers can do anything they want

The use of checklists of ethical actions is essential
The powers of Institutional Review Boards should be strengthened
Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity
Answer:

d: Ethics should be based on self-reflexivity

19. Ethical problems can arise when researching the Internet because:

Everyone has access to digital media

Respondents may fake their identities
Researchers may fake their identities
Internet research has to be covert
Answer:

b: Respondents may fake their identities

20. The Kappa statistic:

Is a measure of inter-judge validity

Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted by
chance
Ranges from 0 to +1
Is acceptable above a score of 0.5
Answer:

b: Compares the level of agreement between two judges against what might have been predicted
by chance

PART B: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Which research paradigm is most concerned about generalizing its findings?

Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Mixed-methods research
All of the above
Answer:

a: Quantitative research

2. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called:

An intervening variable
A dependent variable
An independent variable
A numerical variable
Answer:

c: An independent variable

3. A study of teaching professionals posits that their performance-related pay increases their
motivation which in turn leads to an increase in their job satisfaction. What kind of variable is
‘motivation”’ in this study?

Extraneous
Confounding
Intervening
Manipulated
Answer:

c: Intervening

4. Which correlation is the strongest?

–1.00
+80
–60
+05
Answer:

a: –1.00
5. When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two variables,
it is important not to:

Assume causality
Measure the values for X and Y independently
Choose X and Y values that are normally distributed
Check the direction of the relationship
Answer:

a: Assume causality

6. Which of the following can be described as a nominal variable?

Annual income
Age
Annual sales
Geographical location of a firm
Answer:

d: Geographical location of a firm

7. A positive correlation occurs when:

Two variables remain constant

Two variables move in the same direction
One variable goes up and the other goes down
Two variables move in opposite directions
Answer:
b: Two variables move in the same direction

8. The key defining characteristic of experimental research is that:

The independent variable is manipulated

Hypotheses are proved
A positive correlation exists
Samples are large
Answer:

a: The independent variable is manipulated

9. Qualitative research is used in all the following circumstances, EXCEPT:

It is based on a collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures

It often uses small samples
It uses the inductive method
It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
Answer:

d: It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest

10. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the intervention is called:

The experimental group

The participant group
The control group
The treatment group
Answer:

c: The control group

11. Which generally cannot be guaranteed in conducting qualitative studies in the field?

Keeping participants from physical and emotional harm

Gaining informed consent
Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality
Maintaining consent forms
Answer:

c: Assuring anonymity rather than just confidentiality

12. Which of the following is not ethical practice in research with humans?

Maintaining participants’ anonymity

Gaining informed consent
Informing participants that they are free to withdraw at any time
Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed
Answer:

d: Requiring participants to continue until the study has been completed

13. What do we call data that are used for a new study but which were collected by an earlier
researcher for a different set of research questions?

Secondary data
Field notes
Qualitative data
Primary data
Answer:

a: Secondary data

14. When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called:

A snowball sample
A stratified sample
A random probability sample
A non-random sample
Answer:

c: A random probability sample

15. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample of hospitals?

Randomly selecting a district and then sampling all hospitals within the district
Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number
generator to pick hospitals from the table
Listing hospitals by sector and choosing a proportion from within each sector at random
Choosing volunteer hospitals to participate
Answer:

b: Numbering all the elements of a hospital sampling frame and then using a random number
generator to pick hospitals from the table

16. Which of the following statements are true?

The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval
The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error
The more categories being measured, the smaller the sample size
A confidence level of 95 percent is always sufficient
Answer:

b: The smaller the sample size, the greater the sampling error

17. Which of the following will produce the least sampling error?

A large sample based on convenience sampling

A small sample based on random sampling
A large snowball sample
A large sample based on random sampling
Answer:

d: A large sample based on random sampling

18. When people are readily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited to the sample, this is
called:

Snowball sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
Random sampling
Answer:

b: Convenience sampling
19. In qualitative research, sampling that involves selecting diverse cases is referred to as:

Typical-case sampling
Critical-case sampling
Intensity sampling
Maximum variation sampling
Answer:

d: Maximum variation sampling

20. A test accurately indicates an employee’s scores on a future criterion (e.g.,

conscientiousness). What kind of validity is this?

Predictive
Face
Content
Concurrent
Answer:

a: Predictive

PART C: DATA COLLECTION METHODS

1. When designing a questionnaire it is important to do each of the following EXCEPT

Pilot the questionnaire

Avoid jargon
Avoid double questions
Use leading questions
Answer:

d: Use leading questions

2. One advantage of using a questionnaire is that:

Probe questions can be asked

Respondents can be put at ease
Interview bias can be avoided
Response rates are always high
Answer:

c: Interview bias can be avoided

3. Which of the following is true of observations?

It takes less time than interviews

It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do
Covert observation raises fewer ethical concerns than overt
All of the above
Answer:

b: It is often not possible to determine exactly why people behave as they do

4. A researcher secretly becomes an active member of a group in order to observe their

behaviour. This researcher is acting as:
An overt participant observer
A covert non-participant observer
A covert participant observer
None of the above
Answer:

c: A covert participant observer

5. All of the following are advantages of structured observation, EXCEPT:

Results can be replicated at a different time

The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed
Data can be collected that participants may not realize is important
Data do not have to rely on the recall of participants
Answer:

b: The coding schedule might impose a framework on what is being observed

6. When conducting an interview, asking questions such as: "What else? or ‘Could you expand
on that?’ are all forms of:

Structured responses
Category questions
Protocols
Probes
Answer:

d: Probes
7. Secondary data can include which of the following?

Government statistics
Personal diaries
Organizational records
All of the above
Answer:

d: All of the above

8. An ordinal scale is:

The simplest form of measurement

A scale with an absolute zero point
A rank-order scale of measurement
A scale with equal intervals between ranks
Answer:

c: A rank-order scale of measurement

9. Which term measures the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer or predict
performance in some activity?

Face validity
Content reliability
Criterion-related validity
Construct validity
Answer:
c: Criterion-related validity

10. The ‘reliability’of a measure refers to the researcher asking:

Does it give consistent results?

Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
Can the results be generalized?
Does it have face reliability?
Answer:

a: Does it give consistent results?

11. Interviewing is the favoured approach EXCEPT when:

There is a need for highly personalized data

It is important to ask supplementary questions
High numbers of respondents are needed
Respondents have difficulty with written language
Answer:

c: High numbers of respondents are needed

12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT:

Building rapport with interviewees

Multiple questions cover the same theme
Constructing interview schedules that contain themes drawn from the literature
Prompting respondents to expand on initial responses
Answer:

b: Multiple questions cover the same theme

13. Interview questions should:

Lead the respondent

Probe sensitive issues
Be delivered in a neutral tone
Test the respondents’ powers of memory
Answer:

c: Be delivered in a neutral tone

14. Active listening skills means:

Asking as many questions as possible

Avoiding silences
Keeping to time
Attentive listening
Answer:

d: Attentive listening

15. All the following are strengths of focus groups EXCEPT:

They allow access to a wide range of participants

Discussion allows for the validation of ideas and views
They can generate a collective perspective
They help maintain confidentiality
Answer:

d: They help maintain confidentiality

16. Which of the following is not always true about focus groups?

The ideal size is normally between 6 and 12 participants

Moderators should introduce themselves to the group
Participants should come from diverse backgrounds
The moderator poses preplanned questions
Answer:

c: Participants should come from diverse backgrounds

17. A disadvantage of using secondary data is that:

The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the
researcher
The researcher may bring more detachment in viewing the data than original researchers could
muster
Data have often been collected by teams of experienced researchers
Secondary data sets are often available and accessible
Answer:

a: The data may have been collected with reference to research questions that are not those of the
researcher
18. All of the following are sources of secondary data EXCEPT:

Official statistics
A television documentary
The researcher’s research diary
A company’s annual report
Answer:

c: The researcher’s research diary

19. Which of the following is not true about visual methods?

They are not reliant on respondent recall

The have low resource requirements
They do not rely on words to capture what is happening
They can capture what is happening in real time
Answer:

b: The have low resource requirements

20. Avoiding naïve empiricism in the interpretation of visual data means:

Understanding the context in which they were produced

Ensuring that visual images such as photographs are accurately taken
Only using visual images with other data gathering sources
Planning the capture of visual data carefully
Answer:
a: Understanding the context in which they were produced

PART D: ANALYSIS AND REPORT WRITING

1. Which of the following is incorrect when naming a variable in SPSS?

Must begin with a letter and not a number

Must end in a full stop
Cannot exceed 64 characters
Cannot include symbols such as ?, & and %
Answer:

b: Must end in a full stop

2. Which of the following is not an SPSS Type variable?

Word
Numeric
String
Date
Answer:

a: Word

3. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called:

A bar chart
A pie chart
A line graph
A vertical graph
Answer:

a: A bar chart

4. The purpose of descriptive statistics is to:

Summarize the characteristics of a data set

Draw conclusions from the data
None of the above
All of the above
Answer:

a: Summarize the characteristics of a data set

5. The measure of the extent to which responses vary from the mean is called:

The mode
The normal distribution
The standard deviation
The variance
Answer:

c: The standard deviation

6. To compare the performance of a group at time T1 and then at T2, we would use:

A chi-squared test
One-way analysis of variance
Analysis of variance
A paired t-test
Answer:

d: A paired t-test

7. A Type 1 error occurs in a situation where:

The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact true

The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact false
The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true
The null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false
Answer:

c: The null hypothesis is rejected when it is in fact true

8. The significance level

Is set after a statistical test is conducted

Is always set at 0.05
Results in a p-value
Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis
Answer:
d: Measures the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis

9. To predict the value of the dependent variable for a new case based on the knowledge of one
or more independent variables, we would use

Regression analysis
Correlation analysis
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
One-way analysis of variance
Answer:

a: Regression analysis

10. In conducting secondary data analysis, researchers should ask themselves all of the following
EXCEPT:

Who produced the document?

Is the material genuine?
How can respondents be re-interviewed?
Why was the document produced?
Answer:

c: How can respondents be re-interviewed?

11. Which of the following are not true of reflexivity?

It recognizes that the researcher is not a neutral observer

It has mainly been applied to the analysis of qualitative data
It is part of a post-positivist tradition
A danger of adopting a reflexive stance is the researcher can become the focus of the study
Answer:

c: It is part of a post-positivist tradition

12. Validity in qualitative research can be strengthened by all of the following EXCEPT:

Member checking for accuracy and interpretation

Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data
Exploring rival explanations
Analysing negative cases
Answer:

b: Transcribing interviews to improve accuracy of data

13. Qualitative data analysis programs are useful for each of the following EXCEPT:

Manipulation of large amounts of data

Exploring of the data against new dimensions
Querying of data
Generating codes
Answer:

d: Generating codes

14. Which part of a research report contains details of how the research was planned and
conducted?
Results
Design
Introduction
Background
Answer:

b: Design

15. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by managers and other
professionals to address issues in their organizations and/or professional practice?

Action research
Basic research
Professional research
Predictive research
Answer:

a: Action research

16. Plagiarism can be avoided by:

Copying the work of others accurately

Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words
Cut and pasting from the Internet
Quoting directly without revealing the source
Answer:

b: Paraphrasing the author’s text in your own words

17. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:

Practice the presentation

Ignore your nerves
Get to know more about your audience
Take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities
Answer:

b: Ignore your nerves

18. You can create interest in your presentation by:

Using bullet points

Reading from notes
Maximizing the use of animation effects
Using metaphors
Answer:

d: Using metaphors

19. In preparing for a viva or similar oral examination, it is best if you have:

Avoided citing the examiner in your thesis

Made exaggerated claims on the basis of your data
Published and referenced your own article(s)
Tried to memorize your work
Answer:
c: Published and referenced your own article(s)

20. Grounded theory coding:

Makes use of a priori concepts from the literature

Uses open coding, selective coding, then axial coding
Adopts a deductive stance
Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached
Answer:

d: Stops when theoretical saturation has been reached