CLASS X

SESSION: 2022 – 23
MATHEMATICS
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

NAME: SHLOK JAISWAL

CLASS: X (B)
REG NO.:1114/13
ST. JOAN’S SCHOOL
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Coordinate geometry is the study of geometric figures by plotting them in the coordinate axes. Figures
such as straight lines, curves, circles, ellipse, hyperbola, polygons, can be easily drawn and presented to
scale in the coordinate axes. Further coordinate geometry helps to work algebraically and study the
properties of geometric figures with the help of the coordinate system. It is an important branch of
math, which helps in presenting the geometric figures in a two-dimensional plane and to learn the
properties of these figures. Here we shall try to know about the coordinate plane and the coordinates
of a point, to gain an initial understanding of Coordinate geometry.
HISTORY OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René Descartes
revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between
Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric
shapes (such as curves) can be described by Cartesian equations: algebraic
equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example,
a circle of radius 2, centered at the origin of the plane, may be described as the
set of all points whose coordinates x and y satisfy the equation x2 + y2 = 4.
 CARTESIAN SYSTEM OF COORDINATES
COORDINATE SYSTEM:
Y ( Positive axis )
Quadrant II Quadrant I When two numbered lines perpendicular to each other (horizontal and vertical) are placed together so that two
( Negative axis ) ( Positive axis ) origins coincide then resulting configuration is called COORDINATE SYSTEM or CARTESIAN PLANE.
Let X’OX and Y’OY be two number line perpendicular to each other, meeting at the point O, then
o X’OX is called x – axis.
X’ Quadrant III
O Quadrant IV X o Y’OY is called the y – axis.
o X’OX and Y’OY taken together are called Coordinate Axis.
o The point O is the origin.
Y’ ( Negative axis )
Co-ordinate system is used to locate the position of a point in a plane using two perpendicular lines. Points are represented in the form of coordinates (x, y) in two-dimension with
respect to x- and y- axes.
 CARTESIAN SYSTEM OF COORDINATES
Y QUADRANTS:
P(x,y)
y
Ordinate
The horizontal and vertical number lines X’OX AND Y’OY divide the coordinate plane in four parts called
Abscissa QUADRANT.
O x M
X’ X • XOY is the First Quadrant. Abscissa and Ordinate both are positive (x>0, y>0).
• YOX’ is the Second Quadrant. Abscissa is negative and Ordinate is positive (x<0, y>0).
• X’OY’ is the Third Quadrant. Abscissa and Ordinate both are negative (x<0, y<0)
• XOY’ is the Fourth Quadrant. Abscissa is positive and Ordinate is negative (x>0, y<0)
Y’
• OM is called Abscissa (x).
• MP is called Ordinate (y). Y Y
X’ O O X
• x and y taken together are called Cartesian Coordinates Q(0,y) Q(0,y)
A(-x,0) P(x,0)
C(0,-y) C(0,-y)
and are denoted by (x,y).
P(x,0) A(-x,0)

O X X’ O Y’ Y’
FIRST QUADRANT SECOND QUADRANT THIRD QUADRANT FOURTH QUADRANT
 CARTESIAN SYSTEM OF COORDINATES
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON HOW TO PLOT POINTS IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE: Y

•> Plot the points (0,2), (3,0), (0, -2) and (-3,0) on a graph paper. Join these points (in order). Name the figure so
11

10

obtained and find the area of the figure obtained. 9

Solution: 6

When we identify a point in the coordinate plane with a given ordered pair of real numbers we say that we plot a point. 4

Here the first point that we are asked to plot is (0,2) .

3

2
A(0,2)
B(3,0)
i. As the x-coordinate is zero, we will move 2 units upward (parallel to y-axis) and mark a dot at the place. X’ -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X

ii. This point, say A, of the coordinate plane is the point associated with the given ordered pair (0,2). Label this D(0,-3)
-1

point as A(0,2).
-2
C(0,-2)
-3

iii. Similarly plot the other three points. -4

-5

iv. On plotting the four points and joining them, we obtain a quadrilateral Rhombus. -6

BD and AC are the diagonals of the rhombus. -7

-8

Area of a rhombus = ½ ×d1×d2 (Where d1 and d2 are the length of diagonals) -9

-10

AC = 4 units, BD = 6 units [from graph] -11

Area of rhombus ABCD = ½ × BD × AC = ½ × 6 × 4 = 12 sq. units. Y’

Hence the area is 12 sq. units.

 DISTANCE FORMULA
FIND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS WHOSE COORDINATES ARE GIVEN.
Let P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) be two given points in the coordinate plane. Y
Draw PM, QN perpendicular on x-axis and PR perpendicular on NQ.

From the figure, Q (x2 , y2)

PR = MN = ON – OM

y2 – y1
= x2 – x1 …(i)
RQ = NQ – NR = NQ – MP (x1 , y1) P
= y2 – y1 …(ii) R
From right – angled ∆PRQ, by Pythagoras theorem, we get
x2 – x1
PQ2 = PR2 + RQ2
= (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
2 2 O
∴ PQ = x2 −x1 + y2 −y1
M N
X’ X
Y’
 DISTANCE FORMULA
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON HOW TO FIND DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE:
•> Name the type of triangle formed by the points A (-5, 6), B (-4, -2) and (7, 5).

SOLUTION AC= √[144+1]

The three vertices of the triangle are A (-5, 6), B (-4, -2) and (7, 5). AC = √145
By distance formula, AB = √[(x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2]
AB = √[(-4-(-5))2+(4-(-2-6))2] By distance formula, BC = √[(x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2]
AB = √[(1)2+(-8)2] BC = √[(7-(-4))2+(5-(-2))2]
AB = √[1+64] BC = √[(11)2+(7)2]
AB = √65 BC= √[121+49]
BC = √170
By distance formula, AC = √[(x2-x1)2+(y2-y1)2]
AC = √[(7-(-5))2+(5-6)2] Length of all sides of the triangle are different.
AC = √[(12)2+(-1)2] So ABC is a scalene triangle.
 REFLECTION
P (object)
REFLECTION OF A POINT IN A LINE:
When we see the image of an object in a plane mirror, we notice that:
A D B i. The distance of the image behind the mirror is the same as the distance of the object in front of
it.
ii. The mirror line is perpendicular to the line joining the object and its image.
Thus, if P is the object and P’ its image in a plane mirror, then the mirror line (AB) is the perpendicular
bisector of the line segment PP’.
Definition: The reflection ( or image ) of a point P in a line AB is a point P’ such that AB is the perpendicular
P’ (image) bisector of the line segment PP’. The line AB is called axis of reflection (or mediator).

INVARIANT POINT:
In particular, if the point D lies on the line AB, then the image of D is D itself. Such a point is called an Invariant Point with respect to the line AB, thus we can conclude,
Definition: A point is called an INVARIANT POINT with respect to a given line if and only if it lies on the line.
 REFLECTION
Y Y
P(x, y) P’(x,-y) P(x, y)
N

X’ O M X X’ O X
P’(x,-y)

Y’ Y’

REFLECTION OF A POINT IN X - AXIS: REFLECTION OF A POINT IN Y - AXIS:

Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane. From P, draw PM perpendicular to x-axis and
produce it to a point P’ such that MP’ = MP. Then the point P’ is the reflection of the point P
in the x-axis.
From figure, the coordinate of the point P’ are (x,-y).
Thus, the reflection of the point P(x, y) in the x-axis is the point P’(x,-y).
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane. From P, draw PN perpendicular to y-axis and
produce it to a point P’ such that NP’ = NP. Then the point P’ is the reflection of the point P
in the y-axis.
From figure, the coordinate of the point P’ are (-x, y).
Thus, the reflection of the point P(x, y) in the y-axis is the point P’(-x, y).

Rule to find the reflection of a point in the x-axis: Rule to find the reflection of a point in the x-axis:
o Retain the abscissa i.e. x-coordinate. o Retain the ordinate i.e. y-coordinate.
o Change the sign of the ordinate i.e. y-coordinate. o Change the sign of the abscissa i.e. x-coordinate.
 REFLECTION
Y Y A
P(x,y)
M
A y=a B P’(-x+2a, y) P(x,y)

x=a
a
a M
X’ O X X’ O X
P’(x,-y+2a)

Y’ Y’ B

REFLECTION OF A POINT IN A LINE PARALLEL TO X - AXIS:
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane and AB be a line parallel to x – axis.
Equation of the line AB is y = a, where a is positive if the line AB lies above the x – axis and
a is negative if it lies below the x – axis.
From P, draw PM perpendicular to the line AB and produce it to a point P’ such that MP’ =
MP. Then the point P’ is the reflection of the point P in the line AB i.e. in the line y = a.
From figure, the coordinate of the point M are (x, a). Let the coordinate of the point P’ be
(α,β). Since MP’ = MP, we have
x+α y+β
=x and =a ⇒ x + α =2x and y + β =2a ⇒ α = x & β = -y + 2a
2 2
Thus, the reflection of the point P(x, y) is the point P’(x, -y+2a) [line y = a]
REFLECTION OF A POINT IN A LINE PARALLEL TO Y - AXIS:
Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane and AB be a line parallel to y – axis.
Equation of the line AB is x = a, where a is positive if the line AB lies right the y – axis and
a is negative if it lies left the y – axis.
From P, draw PM perpendicular to the line AB and produce it to a point P’ such that MP’ =
MP. Then the point P’ is the reflection of the point P in the line AB i.e. in the line x = a.
From figure, the coordinate of the point M are (a, y). Let the coordinate of the point P’ be
(α,β). Since MP’ = MP, we have
x+α y+β
=a and =y ⇒ x + α =2a and y + β = 2y ⇒ α = -x 2a & β = y
2 2
Thus, the reflection of the point P(x, y) is the point P’(-x+2a, y) [line x = a]
 REFLECTION
REFLECTION OF A POINT IN A POINT: REFLECTION OF A POINT IN THE ORIGIN:
Y
Definition: The reflection ( or image ) of a point P in a Let P(x, y) be any point in the coordinate plane. Join PO, and,
given point M is a point P’ such that M is the mid-point produce it to a point P’ such that OP’ = OP. Then the point P’ is P(x, y)
of the line segment PP’. the reflection of the point P in the origin.
P From figure, the coordinate of the point P’ are (-x, -y).
Thus, the reflection of the point P(x, y) in the origin is the
point P’(-x, -y). X’ O(0,0) X
M P(-x, -y)
Rule to find the reflection of a point in the origin:
o Change the sign of abscissa i.e. x-coordinate.
o Change the sign of ordinate i.e. y-coordinate. Y’
P’
 REFLECTION
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON REFLECTION: Y
11

•> Use a graph paper for this question. The point P (5, 3) was reflected in the origin to get the image P'. 10

(a) Write down the co-ordinates of P'.

9

(b) If M is the foot of the perpendicular from P to the x-axis, find the co-ordinates of M. 7

(c) If N is the foot of the perpendicular from P' to the x-axis, find the co-ordinates of N. 5

(d) Name the figure PMP'N. 4

3
P(5,3)

(e) Find the area of the figure PMP'N. 2

1
X’ -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
O 1 2 3 4 5
M 6 7 X
N
Solution: -1

-2

P’(-5,-3) -3

(a) Co-ordinates of P’ = (-5, -3)

-4

-5

(b) Co-ordinates of M = (5, 0) -6

-7

(c) Co-ordinates of N = (-5, 0) -8

(d) PMP’N is a parallelogram. -9

-10

(e) Are of PMP’N = 2 (Area of D PMN) -11

= 2 × ½ × 10 × 3 Y’

= 30 sq. units
 INTERNAL & EXTERNAL DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT
INTERNAL DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT: m n
Definition: When the point divides the line segment in the ratio m : n internally at point C
then that point lies in between the coordinates of the line segment then we can use this A C B
formula. It is also called Internal Division.

EXTERNAL DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT: m

Definition: When the point divides the line segment in the ratio m : n internally at point C
then that point lies in between the coordinates of the line segment then we can use this A B n C
formula. It is also called Internal Division.
 SECTION FORMULA
Let PQ be two points in a plane and R Y Let P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be two given points in the coordinate plane, and R(x, y) be the
be any point on the line segment PR m
point which divides PQ (internally) in the given ratio m1 : m2. i.e. = 1
joining P and Q such that PR : RQ = Q(x2,y2) RQ m2
m1 : m2. S Draw PM, QN and RL perpendicular on x–axis and through R draw a line parallel to x-
R(x,y) T
axis to meet MP (produced) at S and NQ at T.
Q P(x1,y1) From the figure,
SR = ML = OL – OM = x – x1
R RT = LN = ON – OL = x2 – x
PS = MS – MP = LR – MP = y – y1
TQ = NQ – NT = NQ – LR = y2 – y
P Now ∆SPR is similar to ∆TQR (AA axiom of similarity)
X’ 0 M L N X
SR PR x−x m m x +m x
Then we say that the point R divides ∴ = ⇒ 1 = 1 ⇒ x= 1 2 2 1
Y’ RT RQ x2−x m2 m1 +m2
the line segment PQ internally in the Find the coordinate of the point which divides Again, ∆SPR is similar to ∆TQR (AA axiom of similarity)
ratio m1 : m2. (internally) the line segment joining two given points PS PR y−y m m y +m y
∴ = ⇒ y −y1 = m1 ⇒ y= 1m2+m2 1
in a given ratio. TQ RQ 2 2 1 2
m1x2+m2x1 m1y2 +m2y1
Hence, the coordinate of R are ( m +m , m +m )
1 2 1 2
 SECTION FORMULA
Rule to write down the coordinate of the point which divides the line segment joining two given points P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) internally in
a given ratio m1 : m2:
o Draw the line segment joining the given points P and Q.
o Write down the Coordinates of P and Q at extremities.
o Let R(x, y) be the point which divides PQ internally in the ratio m1 : m2.
m x +m x
o For x-coordinate of R, multiply m1 with x2 and m2 with x1 as shown in the figure given below by arrows and add the products. Divide the sum by m1 + m2. The x= 1m2+m2 1.
1 2
o For y-coordinate of R, proceed as in (iv) .

m1 : m2
P(x1,y1) R(x,y) Q(x2,y2)
 SECTION FORMULA
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON SECTION FORMULA: Y

•> Find the coordinates of the point which is three-fourth of the way from A (3, 1) to B ( – 2, 5).
B(-2,5) P(x,y) A(3,1)

SOLUTION The ratio m:n = 3:1

Let P be the point which is three-fourth of the way from A(3,1) to B(-2,5). x1 = 3 , y1 = 1 , x2 = -2, y2 = 5
AP 3 By Section formula x = (mx2+nx1)/(m+n)
= x = (3×-2+1×3)/(3+1)
AB 4 X’ X

AB = AP+PB x = (-6+3)/4
AP AP 3 x = -3/4
= =
AB (AP + PB) 4 By Section formula y = (my2+ny1)/(m+n)
4AP = 3AP+3PB y = (3×5+1×1)/(3+1)
4AP-3AP = 3PB y = (15+1)/4
AP = 3PB y = 16/4
AP 3 y=4
=
PB 1 −3 Y’
Hence the co-ordinates of P are ( , 4).
4
 MID-POINT FORMULA
Let P(x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) be two given points and R(x, y) be the mid-point of the line segment PQ, then
PR = RQ, therefore, the ratio is 1 : 1
1⋅x1+1⋅x2 1⋅y +1⋅y B(x2,y2)
∴ x= and y = 1 2
1+1 1+1
x +x y +y
⟹ x = 1 2 and y = 1 2
2 2 C(x,y)
x +x y +y
Hence, the coordinate of the mid-point of PQ are ( 1 2 , 1 2) [m = n = 1]
2 2
A(x1,y1)
 MID-POINT FORMULA
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON MID-POINT FORMULA: Y

:•> If (1, 0) is the midpoint of the line joining the points A(-6, -5) and B, then find the coordinates of B.

SOLUTION Now equating the x and y coordinates,

Given, a−6 b−5
= 1, = 0
(1, 0) is the midpoint of A and B. 2 2
A = (-6, -5) = (x1, y1) a – 6 = 2, b – 5 = 0 X’ X
a = 8, b = 5 A(-6,-5) P(1,0) B(a,b)
Let the coordinates of B are (a, b).
(a, b) = (x2, y2) Therefore, the coordinates of B = (8, 5).
Using the midpoint formula,
x +x y +y a−6 b−5
(x, y) = [ 1 2, 1 2] (1, 0) = [ , ]
2 2 2 2

Y’
 MEDIAN & CENTROID
A(x1,y1)
MEDIAN: CENTROID:
Definition: A median of a triangle is a line segment that Definition: The point where the medians of a triangle meet is
joins a vertex to the mid-point of the side that is opposite called the CENTROID of the triangle.
to that vertex.
A If AD is a median of the triangle ABC and G is its centroid, then G
AG 2
= . B(x2,y2) D C(x3,y3)
GD 1
To find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are given.
Median Let A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) be the given vertices of a triangle ABC. Let D be the midpoint of BC, then the coordinates of D
x +x y +y
are 2 3 , 2 3 . Let G be the centroid of ∆ABC, then G divides the median AD in the ratio 2 : 1. Therefore, coordinates of
2 2
G are:
B D C
x +x y +y
In the figure, AD is the median that divides BC into two 1⋅x1+2⋅ 2 3 1⋅y1+2⋅ 3 3
2 , 2 i.e. x1+x2+x3 , y1 +y2 +y3
equal halves, that is, DB = DC. 1+2 1+2 3 3
 MEDIAN & CENTROID
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON MEDIAN & CENTROID: Y

•: > Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are (3, - 7) and (-8, 6) and (5, 10). 11

10 A(5,10)
9

Solution: 8

x +x +x y +y +y B(-8,6) 5

The centroid of a triangle for vertices A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) is ( 1 2 3 , 1 2 3 )

3 3
4

3+(−8)+5 −7+6+10
Centroid is ( , )
2
X’ X
3 3 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
O
1
1 2 3 4 5
M
6 7

09 N
=( , ) -1

33 -2

=(0,3)
-3

-4

-5

-6

-7

-8
C(3,-7)

-9

-10

-11

Y’
 STRAIGHT LINE
Definition: A straight line is an infinite length line that does TYPES OF STRAIGHT LINES:
not have any curves on it. A straight line can be formed According to the alignment of straight lines, they are of the following types:
between two points also but both the ends extend to infinity. o Horizontal Lines
o Vertical Lines
A straight line is a figure formed when two points A (x1, y1) o Slanted or Oblique Lines
and B (x2, y2) are connected with the shortest distance
between them, and the line ends are extended to infinity.
In the image shown below, a straight line between two points CRITERIA TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE:
A and B is shown. A straight line AB is represented by: ↔ o Any point, which satisfies the equation of a line, lies on the line.
AB
(x1,y1) (x2,y2) o Any point through which a line passes, will always satisfy the equation.
A B
 INCLINATION & SLOPE
INCLINATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE:
Definition: Inclination of a line is the angle between the line
and the positive direction of x-axis. Value of this angle is
between 0o and 180o. It is measured in anti-clockwise
direction from the positive direction of x-axis. It is usually
denoted by θ.
Y SLOPE (GRADIENT):
Definition: When θ (≠ 90°) is the inclination
of a straight line, then tan θ is called its
θ slope or gradient. The slope of any inclined
X’ 0
X plane is the ratio between the vertical rise of
Y’ the plane and its horizontal distance.
A
Inclined Plane

Vertical Rise
In particular: Y
o Inclination of a line parallel to y-axis or the y-axis θ
C
itself is 90o. B Horizontal Distance
θ
o Inclination of a line parallel to x-axis or the x-axis AB y −y
i.e. slope (m) = = tan θ = x2−x1
itself is 0o. X’ 0
X BC 2 1
Y’ Where θ is the angle which the plane makes
with the horizontal.
 INCLINATION & SLOPE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL ON MID-POINT FORMULA: Y

•> Find the slope of the line whose inclination are: •> Find the inclination of the line whose slope are:
o 30o o 1
o 45o o 3

SOLUTION SOLUTION

i. Θ = 30o i. Given slope = 1 X’ X

1 tan Θ = 1
m = tan 30o =
3 We know that 45o = 1 ⇒ Θ = 45o
Inclination = 45o
ii. Θ = 45o ii. Given slope = 3
m = tan 45o = 1 tan Θ = 3
We know that 60o = 3 ⇒ Θ = 60o
Inclination = 60o Y’
 EQUATION OF THE AXES
EQUATION OF X-AXIS:
Every point on the x-axis has a y-coordinate of 0. If all points on x-axis will have same y-coordinate, the equation of the line must be y=0.
∴y = 0.x + 0 or y = 0

EQUATION OF Y-AXIS:
Every point on the y-axis has a x-coordinate of 0. If all points on y-axis will have same x-coordinate, the equation of the line must be x=0.
∴x = 0.y + 0 or x = 0
 Y
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Y
A P(x, y) B B
N P(x, y)
b a

O O
X’ M X X’ A X
Y’ Y’

EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO X-AXIS: EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO Y-AXIS:
Let AB be a straight line parallel to x-axis, then the ordinate of every point on the line AB is Let AB be a straight line parallel to y-axis, then the abscissa of every point on the line AB is
constant, say b. constant, say a.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line AB. From P, draw PM perpendicular to x-axis, Let P(x, y) be any point on the line AB. From P, draw PN perpendicular to y-axis,
then MP = y. then NP = x.
∴ y = b, which is the required equation on line. ∴ x = a, which is the required equation on line.
Corollary. The equation of x-axis is y = 0. Corollary. The equation of y-axis is x = 0.
(For, if b = 0 then the line AB coincides with x-axis) (For, if a = 0 then the line AB coincides with y-axis)
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO COORDINATE AXES:
•> Find the equations of the straight lines parallel to the coordinate axes and passing through the point (3,−4).

SOLUTION SOLUTION

The equation of line parallel to x is y = k The equation of line parallel to y axis is x = k.

It passes through (3, -4) It passes through (3, -4)
⇒ k = -4 ⇒3=k
∴ The equation of line parallel to x axis is y = -4. The equation of line parallel to y axis is x = 3
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM:
Y P(x, y)
Let a straight line, say AB , make an intercept c on y-axis then OB = c.
Let m be the slope of the line and θ be its inclination, then m = tan θ …(i)
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line AB. From P, draw PM perpendicular to x-axis, and form B, draw BN
θ
perpendicular on MP.
B N From the figure,
θ
c BN = OM = x …(ii)
M and NP = MP – MN = MP – OB = y – c …(iii)
X’ A O X Also ∠PBN = ∠BAO = θ (corresp. ∠s)
Y’ NP y−c
tan θ = ⇒m= x ⇒ y − c = mx ⇒ y = mx + c
BN
y = mx + c , which is the equation of a straight line in the required form.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM: Y

•> Write the equation of the line in slope-intercept form where slope is -2 and passing through the point (0, 9).
•> Find the slope and y-intercept of the equation of line 2x – y + 5 = 0.

SOLUTION SOLUTION

 Given,  Given equation of a line:

Slope = m = -2 2x – y + 5 = 0 X’ X
Point = (x, y) = (0, 9) Thus,
Equation of a line in slope-intercept form is: y = 2x + 5
y = mx + b ….(i) This is of the form y = mx + b
According to the given, Here, m = 2 and b = 5
9 = (-2)(0) + b Therefore, slope = 2 and y-intercept = 5
b=9
Substituting the value of m and b in equation (from i),
y = -2x + 9 Y’
This is the required equation of a line in slope-intercept form.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
POINT-SLOPE FORM:
Y L
Suppose that P1(x1, y1) is a fixed point on a non-vertical line L, whose slope is m.
P(x, y) Let P (x, y) be an arbitrary point on the line L.
The slope of a line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x, y) is the ratio of difference of y-coordinates and
P1(x1, y1) the difference of x-coordinates.
y-y
m = x - x1
1
⇒ y – y1 = m(x – x1) ...(i)
As the point, P1(x1, y1) including all points (x, y) on L satisfies the equation (i), and no other point in the plane
X’ O X satisfies the above equation.
Y’ So, the equation (i) is undoubtedly the equation for the given line L.
Thus, the point (x, y) lies on the line with slope m through the fixed point (x1, y1), if and only if, its coordinates
y – y1 = m( x – x1 ) is the point-slope form of a line equation. satisfy the equation.
y – y1 = m(x – x1)
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON POINT-SLOPE FORM: Y

•> Find the equation of a line that passes through a point (2, -3) and whose slope is (-1/2).
•> Find the value of p, given that the line y/2 = x – p passes through the point (– 4, 4).

SOLUTION SOLUTION

The point on the given line is: (x1, y1) = (2, -3) y
Given, equation of line : = x - p
1 2 X’ X
The slope of the line is: m = (- ) And, it passes through the point (-4, 4)
2
The equation of the line is found using the point slope form: Hence, it satisfies the line equation
y - y1 = m(x - x1) So,
1 1 4
y - (-3) = (- )(x - 2) ⇒ y + 3 = (- )x + 1 = (-4) - p
2 2 2
Subtracting 3 from both sides, 2 = (-4) - p
1 p = -4 - 2
y = (- )x - 2 Thus, p = -6
2
1 Y’
Thus, the equation of the required line is, y = (- )x - 2
2
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
Y L TWO-POINT FORM:
P2(x2, y2) Let P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) be the two given points on the line L.
Let P(x, y) be a general point on the line L.
From the figure, we can say that the three points P1, P2 and P are collinear.
P(x, y) That means,
Slope of P1 P = Slope of P1 P2
P1(x1, y1) The ratio of difference of y-coordinates of P and P1 to the difference of x-coordinates of these points = The
ratio of difference of y-coordinates of P1 and P2 to the difference of x-coordinates of these points
X’ O X y−y1 y2 −y1 y −y
= ⇒ y−y1 = 2 1 x−x1
Y’ x−x1 x2 −x1 x2 −x1
Thus, equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
y −y y -y
y − y1 = x2 − x1 x − x1 is the equation of a line in two-point y - y1 = 2 1 x - x1
2 1 x2 - x1
form.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON TWO-POINT FORM:
•> Write down the equation of the line whose gradient is 3/2 and which passes through P where P divides the line segment joining A (– 2, 6) and B (3, – 4) in the ratio 2 : 3.

SOLUTION

Given, P divides the line segment joining A (-2, 6) and B (3, -4) in the ratio 2: 3. The required equation of the line is given by
2 × 3 + 3 × −2 2 × −4 + 3 × 6 y - y1 = m(x - x1)
Co-ordinates of point P are , 3
2+3 2+3 ⇒ y – 2 = (x - 0)
6 − 6 −8 + 18 0 10 2
= , = , = (0,2) = P(x1, y1) ⇒ 2y – 4 = 3x
5 5 5 5
3 ∴ 2y = 3x + 4 is the required equation of line.
Slope of the required line = m =
2
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
LINEAR EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES:
Definition: Linear Equation is an equation between two variables that gives a straight line when plotted on a graph.
Frequently the term linear equation refers implicitly to the case of just one variable. In this case, the equation can be put in the form
-b
ax + b = 0 and it has a unique solution x = a .
In the case of two variables, any linear equation can be put in the form ax + by + c = 0 (a and b are not simultaneously zero)
Thus, we can conclude that linear equation scan be represented by straight lines.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
INTERSECTION OF TWO STRAIGHT LINES:
Y a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Definition: Point of intersection is the point where two lines or two curves meet each
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
other. The point of intersection of two lines of two curves is a point.
θ If two planes meet each other then the point of intersection is a line. More precisely it is
defined as the common point of both the lines or curves that satisfy both the curves which
θ2 can be derived by solving the equation of the curves.
θ1
O
If we consider two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 the point of
X’ X
intersection of these two lines is given by:
Y’ b c −b c a c −a c
Point of Intersection (x, y): 1 2 2 1 , 2 1 1 2
a1b2−a2 b1 a1 b2−a2 b1
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON INTERSECTION OF TWO STRAIGHT LINES:
•> Find the equation of a straight line passing through the intersection of 2x + 5y – 4 = 0 with x-axis and (0,5).

SOLUTION

Let’s assume the point of intersection of the line 2x + 5y – 4 = 0 and x-axis be (x, y = (3/7) x + 8/7
0) So, the slope (m) = 3/7
Now, substituting the value y = 0 in the line equation, we have We know that the slope of any line parallel to the given line will be the same.
2x + 5(0) – 4 = 0 So, the equation of the line having slope 3/7 and passing through the point (2, 0)
2x – 4 = 0 will be
x = 4/2 = 2 y – 0 = (3/7) (x – 2)
Hence, the co-ordinates of the point of intersection is (2, 0) 7y = 3x – 6
Also given, line equation: 3x –7y + 8 = 0 3x –7y – 6 = 0
7y = 3x + 8 Thus, the required line equation is 3x –7y – 6 = 0
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SLOPE OF PARALLEL LINES:
Y
l1 l2
Two (non – vertical) lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
Proof: Let l1, l2 be two (non-vertical) lines and m1, m2 be their slopes. Let θ1, θ2 be the
inclination of these lines.
First, let the lines l1 and l2 be parallel
θ1
θ2 ⇒ θ1 = θ2
O ⇒ tan θ1 = tan θ2
X’ X
⇒ m1 = m2
Y’ Thus, if two line are parallel then their slopes are equal.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SLOPE OF PERPENDICULAR LINES:
Y Two (non – vertical) lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is -1
Proof: Let l1, l2 be two (non-vertical) lines and m1, m2 be their slopes. Let θ1, θ2 be the
l1 inclination of these lines.
l2
First, let the lines l1 and l2 be perpendicular
⇒ θ2 = 90o + θ1
θ2
θ1 1
⇒ tan θ2 = tan (90o + θ1) ⇒ tan θ2 = - cot θ1 ⇒ tan θ2 = -
X’ O
X
tan θ1
1
⇒ m2 = - m
Y’ 1
Therefore, in every case m1m2 = - 1
Thus, if two lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is -1.
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
SOLVING A NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ON POINT-SLOPE FORM: Y

Find the equation of the line passing through the intersection of the lines 4x + 3y = 1 and 5x + 4y = 2 and
•> parallel to the line x + 2y – 5 = 0
•> perpendicular to the x-axis.
SOLUTION o Given line, x + 2y – 5 = 0
2y = -x + 5
Given, the line equations : y = -(1/2)x + 5/2
4x + 3y = 1 ....(1) Slope (m) = -1/2 X’ X

5x + 4y = 2 ....(2) A line parallel to this line will have the same slope m = -1/2
On solving the above equation to find the point of intersection, we have So, the equation of line having slope m and passing through (-2,3) will be
Multiplying (1) by 4 and (2) by 3 y – 3 = (-1/2)(x + 2)
16x + 12y = 4 2y - 6= -x - 2
15x + 12y = 6 x + 2y = 4
On subtracting, we get x = -2 (ii) As any line perpendicular to x -axis will be parallel to y- axis.
Putting the value of x in (1), we have So, the equation of line will be
4(-2) + 3y = 1 ⇒ -8 + 3y = 1 ⇒ 3y = 1 + 8 = 9 ⇒ y = 9/3 = 3 x=−2⇒x+2=0
Y’

Hence, the point of intersection is (−2,3).

 APPLICATIONS OF COORDINATE GEOMETRY
DIGITAL WORLD
An example of the usage of coordinate plane is the text file or PDF
file where the words or images are written or modified with the
use of coordinate geometry. Any PDF file, which contains text.
Images is read using a 2-dimensional coordinate (x, y) system.
LOCATION OF AIR TRANSPORT
Air traffic is managed and regulated by using coordinate geometry.
Coordinates of the flight are used to describe its current location of
the aircraft. Even if an aircraft moves a small distance the
coordinates of flight are updated in the system for every slight
change in its position.
GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite
navigation system that provides information of location and time all
weather conditions. In a GPS, the longitude and the latitude of a
place are its coordinates. The distance between 2 places in GPS is
found using the distance formula.
MAP PROJECTIONS
Map Projection is a technique to map any 3D curved object on a flat
2D surface. A special type of coordinate system is used called as a
projected coordinate system for this technique. These are mainly
used to represent the maps on computer screen. are helpful in
describing shape and features of the geographic location using x-
and y-values.
 CONCLUSION
The main aim of this project is to learn and summarize the important ideas of coordinate geometry. Coordinate Geometry provides a connection between algebra
and geometry through graphs of lines and curves. This enables geometric problems to be solved algebraically and provides geometric insights into algebra.

IT IS IMPORTANT FOR OUR FLUENCY IN:

o Arithmetic of the rational numbers.
o Knowledge of ratios.
o Congruent and similar triangles.
o Basic algebraic notation.
o Algebraic expressions and equations.
o Basic plotting points in the Cartesian plane including plotting points from a table of values.
Thank You