Mathematics III

Mr. Ghassan
Lecture 2
2nd Stage
2022-2023
 𝑓 𝑥
Function Asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦=
𝑔 𝑥

• Horizontal asymptote (HA) - It is

a horizontal line and hence its
equation is of the form y = k.

• Vertical asymptote (VA) - It is

a vertical line and hence its
equation is of the form x = k.

• Slanting asymptote (Oblique

asymptote) - It is a slanting line
and hence its equation is of the
form y = mx + b.
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 53
(… continue)

(𝐻𝐴) 𝑥→ ∞ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→ ∞

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑦= 2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥 +1

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 54

(… continue)
𝑓 𝑥
(𝑉𝐴) 𝑦→ ∞ 𝑦=
𝑔 𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑦= 2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥 +1

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 55

(… continue)
𝑁
(𝑆𝐴) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑁 = 𝐷 + 1 (𝑆𝐴) → 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝐷

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= 𝑦= 𝑦= 2
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 𝑥 +1

𝐻. 𝑊. ) 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑁 = 𝐷 + 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒?
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 56
 Integral Calculus
joins (integrates) the
Differential Calculus small pieces together
cuts something into to find how much
small pieces to find how there is.
it changes.

Deference, Rate
of Change (-) = Slices, Addition
Differentiation (+) = Integration

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 57

 Differentiation:

• Differentiation is all about finding rates of

change of one quantity compared to another.
We need differentiation when the rate of
change is not constant.

𝚫𝒅 𝚫𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
𝚫𝒕 𝚫𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 58

Derivative Rules:

𝑑 𝑥
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑎 𝑥 )= 𝑎 𝑥 ∙ ln(𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(ln(𝑥))= ( 𝑥1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
(log 𝑎 (𝑥))=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ∙ ln(𝑎)
𝑑 𝑣
(𝑢 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓)
𝑑𝑥

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 59

𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 60

𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 61

𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 62

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023
63
Examples find dy/dx:

𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑(2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 )
1) 𝑦 = 2) 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑛 3𝑥 ) 3)
2cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 3 2− −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 64

 𝝏𝒚
Partial Derivatives 𝝏𝒙
• In engineering, it sometimes happens that the variation of one
quantity depends on changes taking place in two, or more,
other quantities.

𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑤) 𝐴

𝐴
𝐴
𝑉 = 𝑓(𝑙, 𝑤, ℎ)

2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑒𝑥) 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 , ?
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 65

Examples:

1 𝜕𝑧 1 𝜕𝑧
1) 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 = ?
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 1
2) 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = ?
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 66

2nd Order Partial Derivatives

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
2
,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
2
,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 67

Example:
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 2
, , 2
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑦 2 ?

𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
→ → 8𝑥𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 → 8𝑦 3 − 12𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑧
→ 8𝑥𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 2 → 24𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 68

Total Differential

• Partial differentiation is introduced for the case where only one

variable changes at a time, the other variables being kept
constant.
• If variables change at the same time, then we call it Total
Differential.
• Total differential, for example dz, is given by the sum of the
separate partial differentials of z.

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑖𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, … 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤 +⋯
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 69

Example:
2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
1) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2𝑦3 + +1 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
2) 𝑧 = 3𝑢2 − 2𝑣 + 4𝑤 3 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑧 =
𝜕𝑢
𝑑𝑢 +
𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤
𝜕𝑤

𝑥+1 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟,

3) 𝑧 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑧, 𝑑𝑦, 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 70

Rate of Change According to (t)

• Sometimes it is necessary to solve problems in which different

quantities have different rates of change according to time.

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Where (t) is effected to z, x, y

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= = +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 71
Example(1):
Determine/Calculate the rate of change of z to t, when x is 2 units
and y is 𝜋/6 radians and when x is increasing at 4 units/s and y is
decreasing at 0.5 units/s.
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= 2𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑦) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = =4, = −0.5 =?
6 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= + → = 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 2𝑦 , = 4𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑦)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 6𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 (4) + 4𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 (−0.5) = 83.138 − 8 = 75.14
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 72
Example(2):
• The height of a right circular cone is increasing at 0.3
cm/s and its radius is decreasing at 0.2 cm/s.
Determine, the rate at which the volume is changing
when the height is 3.2 cm and the radius is 1.5 cm.
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟2 ℎ 𝑟 = 1.5, ℎ = 3.2
3

𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝜕𝑉 𝑑ℎ
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝜕ℎ 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 2𝜋𝑟 ℎ 𝜋 𝑟2 𝑑𝑉
= −0.2 + (+0.3) → = −1.304 , this mean V is decresing
𝑑𝑡 3 3 𝑑𝑡
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 73
Function Inverse
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 → 𝑦 = 𝑥2 → 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 → 𝑥 = 𝑦2 →𝒚= 𝒙

𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 → 𝑦= 𝑥 → 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 →𝑥= 𝑦 → 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐

𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)

𝐻. 𝑊. ) 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔(𝑥)

′
Ex) Find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ,𝑓 −1 𝑥 ?
1
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = tan(𝑥) 2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑒𝑥 3) 𝑓 𝑥 = + cos(𝑥)
𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑜 𝑦𝑜𝑢 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥. 2, 3 ?
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 74
Function Inverse and It’s Derivative
Reciprocal and Inverse 𝒇
x y
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 −1
a b

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 𝒈
x y
b a
𝑓 −1 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑥

𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥

′ ′ ′
1
𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 → 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 → 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 75
 1
Example: 𝑔′ 𝑥 =
𝑓′ 𝑔 𝑥
−1 ′
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓 3 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝒇 = 𝒈−𝟏 𝒇−𝟏 = 𝒈
−1′ x y x y
𝑓 (3) = 𝑔′(3) 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛?
a b = f(a) b a = g(b)

3 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 → 𝑥 = {−3, 1}

1 1
𝑔′ 3 = ′ 𝑔′ 𝑏 = ′
𝑓 −3 𝑓 𝑎
′
1
𝑔 3 =
1 4
𝑔′ 3 = ′
𝑓 1
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 76
 𝝅 𝟏
Example: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
−𝟏 ′
, 𝟏 , 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒈 𝒙 = ′
𝒇 𝒈 𝒙

𝒇 = 𝒈−𝟏 𝒇−𝟏 = 𝒈
𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑥) x y x y

𝜋 a b = f(a) b a = g(b)
𝑓 𝑎 = sin 𝑎 = 𝑏 →𝑏=1 →𝑎=
2
′
1 1 1
𝑔 𝑥 = ′ → =
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 1−𝑥 2 cos(𝑥)

′
1 𝜋
→ 𝑔 𝑏 = ′ → 1 − 𝑏2 = cos(𝑎) → 1 − 12 = cos( )
𝑓 𝑎 2

𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒈′ 𝒙 =
𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 77
Problem:

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 78

 Growth and Decay Laws
• The laws of exponential growth and decay are occur
frequently in engineering and science for example:

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 79

 (… continue)

𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑦 = 𝐴(1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 ) 𝐻𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ?

Ex) The temperature θ(C) is given by the law, Find the value of constant k
when θ0 = 56.6C, θ = 16.5C, at t=83sec, where the temperature θ(C) is
given by the law

θ = θ0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

At t=2, and k=1, find the rate of change in temperature θ, when t is double,
and k reduce to half ?
𝜕θ 𝜕θ
𝑑θ = 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑘
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑘
SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 80
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 → 𝑥 𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 → 𝑣 𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 𝑎 𝑡

𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑥 ′ 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 → 𝑥 ′′ 𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑡 ≥ 0 , 𝑥 𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (+𝑣𝑒) {𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠}

𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 + 36𝑡 + 18

x(t) v(t) a(t)

t
t t

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 81

(… continue) 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 + 36𝑡 + 18
𝑥 ′ 𝑡 → 𝑣 𝑡 = 3𝑡 2 − 24𝑡 + 36 𝑥′′(𝑡) → 𝑎 𝑡 = 6𝑡 − 24
𝑣 𝑡 = +𝑣𝑒 → 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎 𝑡 = 0 → 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑣 𝑡 = −𝑣𝑒 → 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑎 𝑡 =0
𝑣 𝑡 =0 𝑡 = {4}
𝑡 = {2,6}

𝒗 𝒂 Action
+ − Slowing down
𝒗 +𝒗𝒆 𝒗 −𝒗𝒆 𝒗 −𝒗𝒆 𝒗 +𝒗𝒆 − + Slowing down
𝟐 𝟔
+ + Speeding up
𝒂 −𝒗𝒆 𝒂 −𝒗𝒆 𝟒 𝒂 +𝒗𝒆 𝒂 +𝒗𝒆
− − Speeding up
Stop or changing
0 ≠0
direction
82
 Cost
The equation of Cost of a product x can be written
as a function
𝒅𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝒄(𝒙) → =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒄
= 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒅𝒙

Sensitivity
When a small change in x produces a large
change in the value of a function ƒ(x), we say that
the function is relatively sensitive to changes in x.
The derivative f’(x) is a measure of this sensitivity.

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 83

 Problem:
• The equation of free fall of a heavy ball bearing released from rest (t=0) is:
𝒙 𝒕 = −𝟒. 𝟗 𝒕𝟐
(a) How many meters does the ball fall in the first 2 sec?
(b) Draw the velocity, speed, and acceleration curves?
(b) What is its velocity, speed, and acceleration when t = 2?

• Marginal cost Suppose that the dollar cost of producing x washing

machines is
𝒄 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝒙𝟐

a. Find the average cost per machine of producing the first 100 washing machines.
b. Find the margin a cost when 100 washing machines are produced.

SIE Dept, Mathematics III, Mr. Ghassan, 2022-2023 84