Institute of Technology Cambodia

Department of Electrical and Energy Engineering

An Experiment Report

Topic: Analog Filter

Date/Time of Experiments: 25/11/2023

Place: Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Reported By: KE Sovisoth

Due Date: 26/11/2023

Submitted on : 25/11/2023

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 Topic: Second Order Filter

1. Objectives

- Be able to understand Passive Filter

- Be able to understand 2nd-order Low-Pass Filter

- Be able to understand 2nd-order High-Pass Filter

- Be able to understand 2nd-order Band-Pass Filter

2. Description

2.1. Passive Filter

Passive filter are constructed from passive components such as resistors,

capacitors and inductors whereas passive components do not produce

energy of their own.

The passband gain of the passive filter is not zero. It mean that the

signal decreases in intensity after passing through a passive filter.

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When we cascade passive filters to increase slope. It causes a further

loss in the amplitude, a phenomenon termed “Interstage loading”. The

loss of signal amplitude involved in coupling one stage to the next.

Also, the load connected to the filter can change its cut-off frequency.

However, to reduce the loading effect we can make the impedance of

each following stage 10x the previous stages, so R2 = 10*R1 and C2 =

(1/10)C1.

2.2. 2nd Order Low-Pass filter

The above circuit uses two passive first-order low pass filters connected

or “cascaded” together to form a second-order or two-pole filter

network. Therefore, we can see that a first-order low pass filter can be

converted into a second-order type by simply adding an additional RC

network to it and the more RC stages we add the higher becomes the

order of the filter.

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If a number (n) of such RC stages are cascaded together. The resulting

RC filter circuit would be known as an “nth-order” filter with a roll-off

slope of “n×-20dB/decade (-6dB/octave)”.

2.3. 2nd Order High-Pass Filter

The above circuit uses two first-order filter connected or cascade

together to form a 2nd order or 2 pole high pass network. The resulting

2nd high pass filter circuit will have a slope of +40dB/decade

(+12dB/0ctave).

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2.4. 2nd Order Bandpass Filter

The above circuit is cascading together a single Low-pass filter with a

High-pass filter. The Bandpass filter can be used to isolate or filter out

certain frequencies that lie within a particular band or range of

frequencies.

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The bode plot or Frequency response curve below shows the

characteristic of the bandpass filter. The point of maximum output gain

is generally the geometric mean of the two -3dB value between the

lower and upper cut-off points and is called the “Center Frequency (fr)”

or “Resonance Peak”.

Formula for Bandpass filter

- High-pass Filter and Low-pass Filter stage

Where FL is the lower cut-off frequency point

FH is the higher cut-off frequency point

- Center Frequency Equation

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 - Bandwidth

Bandwidth is the difference between the 3dB frequencies

BW = FH – FL

3. Experiments

3.1. Experiment 1:

3.1.1. Procedure

Calculate the value of the resistors R1, R2 and capacitor C1.

3 1
5 ×10 =
2 π √ R1 ×10 R1 ×10−9 ×10 × 10−9

By formula: R2 = 10 × R1, C2 = C1/10

We got C1 = 10nF, C2 = 1nF

3.1.2. List of Equipment

R1 = 3183.06Ω

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R2 = 31830.6Ω

C2 = 1nF

C1 = 10nF

3.1.3. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)

3.2. Experiment 2:

3.2.1. Procedure

Calculate the value of the resistors R2 and Capacitor C2.

3 1
10 ×10 =
2 π √ R2 ×10 × 0.1 ×10−9 ×10−9
4

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 By formula: R2 = 10× R 1, C2=C1/10

We got : R2 = 100kΩ, C2 = 0.1nF

3.2.2. List of Equipment

R1 = 10k

R2 = 100k

C1 = 1nF

C2 = 0.1nF

3.2.3. Circuit Under Test (CUT) and Bill of Materials (BOM)

3.3. Experiment 3:

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3.3.1. Procedure

Calculate the value of the resistors R1, R2 and capacitor C1.

1
103 = 2 π R1 √ 10 ×10 ×10−9 ×10−9

By formula: R2 = 10 ×R1, C2 = C1/10

We got: C1 = 10nF, R1 = 15915.49Ω

3.3.2. List of Equipment

R1 = 15915.49 Ω

R2 = 159154.9 Ω

C2 = 1nF

C1 = 10nF

3.3.3. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Material (BOM)

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3.4. Experiment 4:

3.4.1. Procedure

Calculate the value of the resistors R1, R2 and capacitor C1, C2

Give R1 = 160 Ω, R2 = 1600 Ω

1
10 ×103 =

√
2 π C 1 160 ×1600 ×
1
10

By formula: R2 = 10 ×R1, C2 = C1/10

We got: R1 = 160 Ω, R2 = 1600 Ω, C1 = 100nF, C2 = 10nF

3.4.2. List of Equipment

R1 = 160 Ω

R2 = 1600 Ω
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C1 = 100nF

C2 = 10nF

3.4.3. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Materials (BOM)

3.5. Experiment 5:

3.5.1. Procedure

a. Calculate the value of the two capacitors

1 1 1
FL = 2 π R1 C 1 ⇒ C1 = 2 π R1 F L = 3
2 π ×10 ×10 ×10
-8
3 =1.59×10 F

1 1 1
FH= 2 π R2 C 2 ⇒ C2 = 2 π R2 F H = 3
2 π ×10 ×10 ×20 × 10
3
=¿7.96×10-10F

b. Calculate the center frequency

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 Fr = √ 20 k ×1 k = 4472.14Hz

c. Calculate the Bandwidth

BW = 20k – 1k = 19kHz

3.5.2. List of Equipment

C1 = 1.59×10-8F

C2 = 7.96×10-10F

Fr = 4472.14Hz

BW = 19kHz

3.5.3.Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Material (BOM)

3.6. Experiment 6:

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 3.6.1. Procedure

a. Calculate the value of the two capacitor and resistor R2

1 1 1
FL = 2 π R1 C 1 ⇒ C1 = 2 π R1 F L = 3
2 π ×10 ×10 ×10
3
=¿1.59×10-8F

1 1 1
FH= 2 π R2 C 2 ⇒ C2 = 2 π R2 F H = 3
2 π ×10 ×10 ×30 × 10
3
=¿5.23×10-11F

b. Calculate the center frequency

Fr = √ 30 k−1 k = 5477.23Hz

c. Calculate the Bandwidth

BW = 30k - 1k = 29kHz

3.6.2. List of Equipment

C1 = 1.59×10-8F

C2 = 5.23×10-11F

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R1 = 10k Ω

R2 = 100k Ω

Fr = 5477.23Hz

BW = 29kHz

3.6.3. Circuit Under Test (CUT) Bill of Material (BOM)

4. Experimental Results and Discussions

4.1. Results of Experiment 1

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4.2. Results of Experiment 2

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4.3. Results of Experiment 3

4.4. Results of Experiment 4

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4.5. Results of Experiment 5

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 4.6. Results of Experiment 6

5. Conclusions

After this experiments, I understand about how 2nd order Low-pass filter,

2nd order High-pass filter, 2nd order Bandpass filter work. Additional, I

know how to simulation filter by using LTspice and I know how to give

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the value of resistance, capacitors and how to use the formula to solve the

exercise.

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