Calculus Notes

Steven W. Walker October 12, 2011

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions

Polynomials and Power functions are the most important functions in calculus. Why? 1. Its easy to calculate derivatives 2. Nice functions can be approximated by polynomials using innite series The Power Rule For any real number n, f racddx(xn ) = n xn1 NOTE: for polynomials, we need n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . The Constant Multiple Rule If c is any real number and f is dierentiable, then d d (x f (x)) = c (f (x)) dx dx The Sum Rule If f and g are dierentiable on , then d d d (f (x) + g(x)) = f (x) + g(x) dx dx dx 1

Exponential Functions If f (x) = ax for some real a > 0, d f (x) = f (0)f (x) dx In the case of ex , f (x) is its OWN derivative. NOTE: hn (x) is never the zero function for any constant n. ex d We denote e by satisfying dx ex = ex . Since ex is one-to-one on , the inverse is denoted loge (x) OR ln(x). The Product Rule d (f g) = f g + f g dx For dierentiable f and g. The Quotient Rule What about f ? For f and g dierentiable: g gf f g d f = dx g g2

Trig

Given a circle of radius r one radial angle (radian) is the angle given by a segment of a radius r circle of length r. Inverse Trig Functions On the interval , sin and tan are one-to-one, and thus invert2 2 ible. Cosine is invertible over 0 .

Derivatives for Trig d d d sin x = cos x dx cos x = sin x dx csc x = csc x cot x dx d d sec x tan x dx tan x = sec2 x dx cot x = csc2 x NOTE: You need to know 3 things about trig functions Derivative of sin Derivative of cos Quotient Rule

d dx

sec x =

The Chain Rule The derivative of (f g)(x) is f (g(x))g (x). In Leibnitz notation, this is Example: d 2 2 3ecos(x) + esin(x ) = 3 sin x ecos(x) + 2x cos x esin(x ) dx Theorem of Exponentials Let a > 0 be any real number. Then d x (a ) = ax ln(a) dx

df dg . dg dx

Implicit Dierentiation
When dealing with a function y = f (x), we must use the chain rule. Example: x3 + y 3 = 6xy 3x2 + 3y 2 dy dy = 6x + 6y dx dx

dy (3y 2 6x) = 6y 3x2 dx

6y 3x2 dy = 2 dx 3y 6x TOM WAITS SAYS: TONIGHT WE SAIL FOR SINGAPOREEEE NOTE: y is dened implicitly by x rather than explicitly a function of x

Derivatives of Logarithms We can use implicit dierentiation to nd the derivatives of logarithms. d 1 loga (x) = dx x ln(a) For a = e, d 1 d loge (x) = ln(x) = dx dx x

An Alternate Denition of e 1 n ) n

e = lim (1 +
n

To obtain this, say f (x) = ln(x). Use the denition of f (x) with limits. f (1) = lim f (1 + h) f (1) ln(1 + h) 1 = lim = lim ln(1+h)1/h = lim (1+ )n n h0 h0 h0 h h n

Exponential Growth and Decay

The only solutions of the dierential equation dy =ky dt are the exponentials y = y(0) ekt

Population Say that P (t) is the population of time t for some group. Lets suppose that the growth rate of the population is proportional to the population itself. If population grows by 2 percent instantaneously, then dP = (.02)P dt In this context, we call k the relative growth rate. This means the ratio of the change in population to the population itself is constant. Newtons Law of Cooling Let T (t) be the temperature of an object at time t. Let Ts be the temperature of the surrounding medium. dT = k (T (t) Ts ) dt for some constant k. This ts our model: y(t) = T (t) Ts Continuously Compounded Interest If you invest A0 dollars and get 2.5 percent compounded twice interest per year, then after t years you have: A(t) = A0 (1 + .05 2t ) 2

In general, with A0 invested at rate r, compounded n times annually, A(t) = A0 (1 + r tn ) = A0 ert n

Related Rates
Idea: To relate rates of change. In general we nd an equation relating the quantities and dierentiate both sides.

EXAMPLE: Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that the volume of the balloon 3 increases instantaneously at 100 cm . How fast is the radius of the balloon s increasing when the diameter is 50cm? First relate the variables with volume: V = 4/3 (r)3 Next dierentiate both sides: dV dr = 4 r2 dt dt Now insert the known values: 100 Solve for
dr : dt

cm3 dr = 4 (25cm)2 s dt dr 1 cm = dt 25 s

EXAMPLE 2: A ladder 10f t long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1 fst , how fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall when the bottom is 6f t from the wall? Relate the variables using the Pythagorean formula: c2 = a2 + b2 dc da db = 2a + 2b dt dt dt We know that the ladder is 10f t long, so c is a constant. This means as constants do not change. Therefore: 2c 0 = 2a da db + 2b dt dt
db dt

Derive both sides:

dc dt

=0

Now substitute in the known variables and solve for a da db 3 f t dt = = dt b 4 s 6

such that: