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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

Simulation and Performance Study of Quadrature Amplitude

Modulation and Demodulation System

Bin Zhang1, Yuanhang Qu2 and Min Chen1, *

1
College of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou,
Hainan, 570228, China
2
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou,
Hainan, 570228, China

*Corresponding author e-mail: vj162744@163.com

Abstract. Both traditional frequency modulation and phase modulation digital

modulation methods have low spectral utilization, poor multipath fading resistance,
slow power spectrum attenuation, and severe out-of-band radiation. Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a digital modulation technique that combines phase
and amplitude control. It not only achieves higher spectral efficiency, but also transmits
higher rate data in a defined frequency band. In this paper, the basic principle, system
structure and performance parameters of QAM modulation and demodulation are
studied in depth to realize simulink simulation and performance analysis of QAM
modulation and demodulation system. The basic theory and implementation method of
analog signal digitization are analyzed in detail to realize simimlink of differential pulse
code modulation. Based on the above theory, the analog source QAM transmission
system is constructed, and simulink is used for modeling and simulation and
performance verification.The simulation results show that the constructed QAM digital
transmission system can achieve good transmission of analog signals.

1. Introduction
As the variety of satellite payloads increases and the resolution continues to increase, the amount of
information that needs to be transmitted is growing.In order to efficiently transmit a large amount of
data in a limited bandwidth channel, various modulation methods have been developed to solve the
contradiction between limited bandwidth and large amount of data transmission.For example, multi-
digit digital modulation, joint modulation, mesh modulation, and the like can be employed.The
amplitude and phase combined modulation method, that is, the QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation) modulation method combines the advantages of ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and PSK
(Phase Shift Keying), and improves the frequency band utilization by using a multi-ary modulation
method (increasing information). Transmission rate), so it is superior to the modulation method of a
single modulation sine wave in terms of frequency band utilization and receiver error decoding rate, but
its equipment complexity is relatively high [1-3].
Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM is a digital modulation technique that combines phase and
amplitude control.It has a wide range of applications, not only in the field of mobile communications
but also in cable TV transmission, digital video broadcasting, satellite communications and other fields.

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

QAM plays an important role in today's communications field, so it is of great theoretical and practical
significance to conduct an in-depth study of QAM.

2. QAM Modulation

2.1. QAM Modulation Principle

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the use of two mutually independent digital baseband
signals for double-band modulation of two mutually orthogonal and identical frequency carrier signals.
Since the modulated signals are orthogonal in the same bandwidth, they are available. To achieve two-
phase parallel digital signal transmission in phase and quadrature.
The general expression of the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal is [3]:

s MQAM
(t )   An g (t  nTS ) cos( c t   n )
n

In the formula, An is the amplitude of the baseband signal, g (t  nTS ) is the waveform of a single
baseband signal, the width is TS . At the same time, the above formula can also be changed to an
orthogonal representation:

   
S (t )   An g (t  n T S ) cos  n  cos  c t   An g (t  nTs ) sin  n  sin  c t
n  n 
MQAM

Make:
 X n  cn A

Yn  d n A
Then:
s MQAM
(t )  X (t ) cos  c t  Y (t ) sin  c t

Amplitude in QAM Yn can be expressed as:

 X n  cn A

Yn  d n A

Where the fixed amplitude is A , c n , d n finally determined by the input signal. The coordinate point
of the QAM signal in the signal space is adjusted by c n , d n .

2.2. QAM Constellation Diagram

The constellation mapping rules are different, and the constellations present different distribution forms.
The 16QAM constellation has a star constellation and a square constellation, respectively. The star
constellation is shown on the left side of Figure 1, where the distribution of signal points is star-shaped.
Similarly, the distribution of signal points in the square constellation diagram is square, as shown on the
right side of Figure 1.

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

Figure 1. 16 QAM constellation

QAM modulation has several important parameters: peak-to-average ratio γ, minimum Euclidean
distance between constellations d min and minimum phase offset  min . Different digital transmission
systems have different requirements for these parameters [10].
(1) Peak-average value γ of QAM signal:
Ppeal
 
Pave
Among them, Ppeal indicates the peak power of the signal, Pave indicates the average power of the
signal.
(2) Minimum Euclidean distance d min :
Minimum Euclidean distance d min refers to the minimum distance between constellation points on
the QAM signal constellation. This parameter measures the ability of the QAM signal to resist Gaussian
noise, the minimum distance. d min is directly proportional to the performance of anti-Gaussian white
noise.
(3) Minimum phase shift  min :
Minimum phase shift  min is the minimum offset of the phase between the signal points on the
standard QAM constellation. This parameter reflects the anti-phase jitter capability of the QAM signal
and its sensitivity to clock recovery accuracy. The minimum phase offset  min is the larger the resistance,
the stronger the anti-phase jitter capability.
A QAM signal with good performance, its constellation diagram must meet three requirements:
a) The signal peak-to-average ratio is small to ensure that the envelope of the modulated signal is
less undulating, thereby enhancing its ability to resist nonlinear distortion.
b) The minimum Euclidean distance between signal points should be as large as possible to ensure
the best anti-additive white Gaussian noise performance.
c) The minimum phase offset between constellation points should be as large as possible to enhance
the anti-phase jitter performance of the modulated signal, including clock jitter and anti-channel phase
jitter performance against timing recovery.

3. QAM System Simulink Simulation

3.1. Simulink Simulation of 16QAM System

The Simulink module library provides the modulator Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband module,
demodulator Rectangular QAM Demodulator Baseband module, bit error rate statistics module,

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

constellation diagram module, etc., using these modules to construct 16QAM modulation and
demodulation system [7], the test model is shown in the Figure 2.

Figure 2. 16 QAM modulation and demodulation system test model

Let the transmission symbol rate be 1000 baud, then the symbol time slot width is 1ms.The random
integer outputted by the source is sent to the 16QAM baseband modulator, and the modulated output is
sent to the corresponding 16QAM baseband demodulator of the receiving end through the Gaussian
channel, and the parameter settings of the modulator and the demodulator must be the same.The
demodulated symbols (integer) are compared with the sender data to obtain an error symbol rate
statistics.When the Gaussian noise variance added to the channel is 0.02, the constellation simulation
results of the transmitted and received signals are shown in FIG.

Figure 3. 16 QAM modulation and demodulation system constellation diagram

The performance verification of the communication system is through the constellation, eye diagram
and bit error rate test tools. It can be intuitive by comparing the constellation and eye diagrams of the
sender and receiver, or by the results displayed by the error rate statistics module. Determining the
performance of the communication system.Figure 3 shows the constellation diagram of the transmitter
and receiver of the system. Here, the roll-off coefficient of the baseband shaping filter is 0, that is, the
ideal low-pass characteristic is satisfied, so the constellation diagram of the transmitting end is

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

completely consistent with the ideal constellation map.Due to the presence of noise on the transmission
channel, the constellation at the receiving end has a certain deviation from the ideal constellation point.
The size of the deviation can be used to visually judge the performance of the system.Although the eye
diagram of the receiving end is larger than the ideal deviation, there is no overlap, so the original
waveform can be recovered well by appropriate threshold detection.

Figure 4. 16QAM modulation and demodulation system eye diagram

Figure 4 is an eye diagram of the transmitting end and the receiving end of the 16qam modem
system.It is observed that the maximum eye pattern is turned on at the sampling time. Also, due to the
noise interference on the transmission channel, the size of the "eye" opening in the eye of the receiving
end is much smaller than that of the transmitting end, and its size reflects the excellent performance of
the baseband forming. The strength of the inferior, intersymbol interference and the influence of the
transmission channel noise.
When the channel noise variance is 0.05, 10s data is transmitted. Through the error rate calculation
module error rate calculation and the data display module, the number of error symbols can be observed
as 27, and the corresponding error rate is 0.0027.

3.2. Simulink Simulation of 64QAM System

The Simulink module library provides the Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband module, the
demodulator Rectangular QAM Demodulator Baseband module, the bit error rate statistics module, and
the constellation diagram module. These modules are used to construct the 64QAM modem system [7].
The test model is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. 64 QAM modulation and demodulation system test model

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

Let the transmission symbol rate be 1000 baud, then the symbol time slot width is 1ms.The random
integer outputted by the source is sent to the 64QAM baseband modulator, and the modulated output is
sent to the corresponding 64QAM baseband demodulator through the Gaussian channel. The parameters
of the modulator and the demodulator must be the same.The demodulated symbols are compared with
the sender data to obtain an error symbol rate statistics.When the Gaussian noise variance added to the
channel is 0.02, the constellation simulation results of the transmitted and received signals are as shown
in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Constellation diagram of 64 QAM modulation and demodulation system

Figure 6 shows the constellation diagram of the transmitter and receiver of the system.Similarly, the
constellation diagram at the transmitting end is identical to the ideal constellation map.Due to the
presence of noise on the transmission channel, the constellation at the receiving end has a certain
deviation from the ideal constellation point. The size of the deviation can be used to visually judge the
performance of the system.
When the channel noise variance is 0.05, 10s data is transmitted. Through the error rate calculation
module error rate calculation and the data display module Display display, it can be observed that the
number of 64QAM modulation and demodulation system error symbols is 29, and the corresponding
error symbol rate is 0.0029.The number of error symbols in the 16QAM modem system is 27, and the
corresponding error symbol rate is 0.0027.
Further simulation, under the condition that the channel noise variance is 0.05 when transmitting 10s
data, the error rate of the M-QAM modulation and demodulation system is shown in Table 1.It can be
seen from Table 1 that the larger the M, the higher the system error symbol rate.

Table 1. M-QAM system error symbol rate

M-QAM 16QAM 64QAM 256QAM 1024QAM 2056QAM
Wrong symbol rate 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0035 0.0037

3.3. Application Example Simulation

In modern digital communication, the most closely related to people's lives is the transmission of sound
signals and image signals.Here we use the voice signal as an example to verify the performance of this
transmission system.The audio input and output module of the DSP module library in Simulink can
process the real audio signal, and construct a QAM digital transmission test model of the speech signal
based on the DPCM codec module and the QAM modem module, as shown in Figure 7.

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

Figure 7. QAM transmission model when the original signal is a sound signal

At the transmitting end, an audio signal is first subjected to PCM encoding to complete analog-to-
digital conversion, then QAM digital modulation is performed, and then transmitted via channel
transmission.The simulation time is required to be 20s and the step is 1/32000s.The Gain module is used
to adjust the amplitude of the input sound signal.At the receiving end, the received modulated signal is
first demodulated, and then DPCM decoding is performed to complete digital-to-analog conversion.
When the AWGN channel noise variance is reset to 0.01, 0.001 or less, respectively, the simulation
can be started, and the DCPM decoded speech signal transmitted at a specific bit error rate can be
heard.Despite the obvious "giggle" decoding noise, the speech is basically understandable.At the same
time, the original input signal of the transmitting end and the signal recovered by the receiving end are
observed by an oscilloscope, as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Oscilloscope output waveform

It can be seen from the above verification that in this simulation, whether the speaker is used to listen
to the voice signal or the oscilloscope observes the recovered speech signal at the receiving end, the
results of the two methods indicate that the channel is constructed under certain channel errors. The
QAM transmission system can achieve the correct transmission of voice signals.

4. Conclusion
The QAM modulation technique is widely used not only for obtaining higher spectral efficiency but also
for transmitting higher rate data in a limited frequency band.Especially in the mobile communication
and satellite communication where bandwidth resources are not very rich, the superiority of the
modulation technology is more apparent.Based on the basic research of QAM modulation and
demodulation and the theory of digital transmission of analog signals, this paper constructs a QAM
digital transmission system with analog source, and realizes system establishment and performance

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EMCEME 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 782 (2020) 042048 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/782/4/042048

verification through Simulink simulation platform.The simulation results show that the analog signal
can be transmitted well in this system while allowing certain distortion.

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[2] Liu Lianqing. Digital Communication Technology [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2006
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[4] Li Li. Research on high-speed 16qam transmission technology [D]. Xi'an University of Electronic
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[6] Han Lizhu Wang Hua. Matlab Electronic Simulation and Application [M]. Beijing: National
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[8] Deng Hua. Matlab communication simulation and application examples explain [M]. Beijing:
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[9] Li Hebing. Simulink Communication Simulation Course [M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry
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