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Introduction To Mechatronics FMD401 Week 2
Introduction To Mechatronics FMD401 Week 2
Week 2
Sensors and Transducers
DR/ MOHAMED EL TAHER MOHAMED 1
Lecture Outline
Performance Terminology
Open-loop system
Closed-loop system
▪ Error
▪ Difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the quantity
being measured
▪ Accuracy
▪ The extent to which the value indicated by a measurement system might be wrong
▪ Sensitivity
▪ The relationship indicating how much output there is per unit input, i.e., output/input
▪ Hysteresis error
Transducers can give different outputs from the same value of quantity
being measured according to whether that value has been reached by a
continuously increasing change or a continuously decreasing change.
Ex. pressure
▪ Non-linearity error
▪ Few transducers, however, have a truly linear relationship and thus errors occur as a result
of the assumption of linearity. The error is defined as the maximum difference from the
straight line.
▪ Repeatability
▪ Describe the ability of a transducer to give the same output for repeated applications of the
same input value
▪ Stability
▪ The ability of a transducer to give the same output when used to measure a constant
input over a period of time.
▪ Drift: the change in output that occurs over time (%)
▪ Zero drift: the changes that occur in output when there is zero input
Displacement sensors measures the amount by which some object has been
moved
Position sensors determine of the position of some object in relation to some
reference point.
Proximity sensors (form of position sensor) used to determine when
moved to within some particular critical distance of the sensor.
▪ Potentiometer sensor: consists of a resistance element with a sliding contact which can be
moved over the length of the element.
▪ linear or rotary displacements
▪ The displacement being converted into a potential difference
6- Optical encoders
device that provides a digital output as a result of a linear or angular displacement.
Position encoders can be grouped into two categories:
1. Incremental encoders, which detect changes in rotation from
position;
2. Absolute encoders, which give the actual angular position.
8- Proximity switches
microswitch is a small electrical switch which requires physical contact and a small
operating force to close the contacts.
For example, the presence of an item a conveyor belt, this might be actuated by
the of the item on the belt