3.2.0J!(go OC) 77. a. 1.

5 X 10 2 kJ
4. 1.8 kJ b. The refrigerator absorbs 1.5 X 102 kJ of heat.
c. assumes the mineral water has the same specific
12. 1.46 kJ
heat as chemically pure water, that no heat is
13. 146J lost by the refrigerator, and the volume of the
14.6.63kJ water is exactly 2 L
15. 89.4 kJ 79. When a solid reaches its melting point, addi-
21. 3.34 kJ tional heat must be absorbed to convert it to a
liquid. Therefore, fusion of a solid is endo-
22. 1.20 g ice
thermic. This heat of fusion is released when
23. 1.44 X 102 kJ a liquid freezes, so freezing is exothermic.
24. 1.9 X 10- 1 kJ 81. - 1207 kJ
25. - 3.01 X 102 kJ 83. a. 3.24 X 10 1 kcal; 1.36 X 102 kJ
26. 3.42 mol NH4 N0 3 (s) b. 8.13 kg
32. a. -3.091 X10 1 kJ b. 1.784 X 102 kJ 85.9.6g
c. -1.130 X 102 kJ 87. The manipulated variable is the variable you
33. co is a compound and not an element in its stan- change during an experiment. The responding
dard state. variable is the variable you observe during an
39. Heat flows from the object at the higher tempera- experiment.
ture to the object at the lower temperature. 89. a. 6.99 b. 10.68 c. 3.6 X 10 2 d. 4.44
41. the chemical composition of the substance and its 91. 32.2 m
mass 93. a. 2 b.2 c. 3 d. 1
43. a. 8.50 X 10- 1 Calorie b. 1.86 X 103 J 95. a. K3N b. Al 2 S3 c. Ca(N03 )2 d. CaS0 4
3
c. 1.8 X 10 J d. Ll X 102 cal
97. Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) ~ AgCl(s)
45. A negative sign is given to heat flow from the system
99. Ll8 X 10 1 g O2
to the surroundings. A positive sign is given to heat
flow to the system from the surroundings. 101. ILl L
47. a. exothermic b. endothermic 103. solutions; suspensions
c. exothermic d. endothermic
Chapter 18
49. A calorimeter is an instrument used to measure heat
changes in physical or chemical processes.
6. a. reactants favored b. reactants favored
51. bomb calorimeter c. products favored d. products favored
53. amount of heat released or absorbed in a chemical 7. Keq=12
change at constant pressure
8. Keq = 8.3 X 10- 2 ; one is the inverse ofthe other.
55. a. -2.10 X 10 1 kJ b. - 1.8 X 10 1 kJ
9. Keq = 1.6 X 10- 3
c. -5.56 X 102 kJ d. 6.5 kJ
10. Keq = 0.79
57. Hess's law allows the calculation of the enthalpy
change for a reaction from the known enthalpy 17. 2 X 1O - 14M
changes for two or more other reactions. 18. 6.7 X 1O- 5M
59. 3.02 X 10 1 kJ 19. 2 x 1O- 17 M
61. The statement is true, since stability implies lower 20. 3.2 X 1O - 6 M
energy. The greater the release of heat, the more sta- 36. Rate = k[Al; rate is moles per liter per second. [Al is
ble is the compound relative to its elements (all of moles per liter. k = rate! [Al. k = lis = S- I
which have AHfo = 0).
37. 0.25 mol/L s; 0.125 mol/L s
63. 4.00 X 10 1 g water; 9.60 X 102 g ice
43. Chemical reactions require collisions between
65. 2.44 X 104 cal; 1.02 X 105 J reacting particles with sufficient energy to break
67. a. - 8.902 X 102 kJ b. -5.660 X 102 kJ and form bonds.
69. a. - 2.21 X 102 kJ b. - 1.96 X 102 kJ 45. A catalyst increases the rate of reactions by provid-
c. - 9.046 X 102 kJ ing an alternative reaction mechanism with lower
71. 2.36 X 10 1 kJ activation energy.
73. 2.38 X 102 kJ
75. 6.71 X 10 1 kJ

Selected Answers R97

47. Gas molecules and oxygen molecules mix readily d. the slow reaction
but do not have enough energy to react at room e. 2H 20 2--+ 2H20 + O2
temperature. The flame raises the temperature and 83. a. increase [H 20] b. decrease [H 20]
the energy of collisions, so the reaction rate c. decrease [H20] d. no change in [H 20]
increases. The heat released by the reaction main-
85. Possible answers: used a blow dryer, flushed a toi-
tains the high temperature, and the reaction contin-
let, mowed the lawn, cooked breakfast, drove a car,
ues spontaneously.
and simply breathed
49. The rates are equal.
87. first-order in N0 2, first order in NH4 +, second-order
[H2S]2 x [CH41 [PC13 1x [C121 overall
51. a. Keq = [H2 ]4 X [CS J b. Keq = [PCls]
2 89. a. 3 g b. 1.3 g c. Rate decreases.
53. a. [NF ] [S2-] b. [Bah ] [Cot -] 91. Potassium chloride is an ionic compound, not a
55. c, b, d, a molecular compound.
57. A spontaneous reaction has a negative free energy. 93. a. sodium perchlorate, CI04-
b. potassium permanganate, Mn0 4-
59. unfavorable
c. calcium phosphate, P0 43 -
61. a. entropy increases b. entropy decreases d. magnesium carbonate, C032-
63. The favorable exothermic change of the condensa- e. sodium sulfate, SO/-
tion process offsets the unfavorable entropy change. f. potassium dichromate, Cr20/-
65. a. proportionality constant that relates concentra- 95. a. 251 g b. 45.9 g
tions of reactants to rate of reaction c. 2.99 X 10- 22 g d. 9.57 g
b. reaction rate directly proportional to concentra-
tion of one reactant 97. a. 2KCI03 (s) ~ 2KCl(s) + 302 (g)
c. expression ofrate ofreaction in terms of concen- b. 1.91 g O2
trations of reactants 99. No; the boiling point is the temperature at which
67. the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmo-
E
spheric pressure; it changes if the atmospheric
pressure changes.
101.17.1L
103. 19.5% H20
105. 1.58 mol
107. a. solute, ethanol; solvent, water.
2NO + O2~ 2N02
b. below
69. c
109. exothermic
71. The change from Figure a to Figure b is spontane-
ous, favored by an increase in entropy. The change Chapter 19
from Figure b to Figure c will not occur because it
would result in a decrease in entropy and a non- 1. a. H+ is the Lewis acid; H20 is the Lewis base.
spontaneous process. b. AlCl3 is the Lewis acid; Cl- is the Lewis base.
73. increase in products 2. a Lewis base; it has anon-bonding pair of electrons
75. Keq = 6.59 X 10- 1 that it can donate.
77. The product of the ion concentrations must be 9. a. basic b. basic c. acidic d. neutral
greater than the ion-product constant (Ksp )' 10. 1.0 x lO- 11 M; basic
79. E 11. a. 4.0 b.2.82
Reactants
12. a. 12.00 b. 1.35
13. a. 1.0 x lO- sM b. 1.5 x 1O- 13M
Products
14. a. 1.0 x 1O- 4M b. 2.8 x 1O- 12M
15. a. 9.63 b.3.65
81. a. IO 16. a. 4.30 b.9.08
b. No, the 1- is changed in the reaction. A catalyst
does not appear in the reaction as a reactant, an
intermediate, or a product.
c. two

R98 Appendix E
22. 1.8 X 10- 4 87. a. You may consider the Arrhenius theory the easi-
23. 4.89 X 10 - 6 est to understand, and the Lewis theory the best
because it is the most general. All three theories
30. 4.68 mol KOH
provide definitions and describe accepted
3 1. 0.20 mol NaOH behavior of a certain group of compounds. The
32. 56mLHCI Bmnsted -Lowry theory includes a greater num-
33. 0.129MH3P0 4 ber of compounds than the Arrhenius theory
because it is more general, and the Lewis theory
38. a. HPO/- + H ~ H2P0 4-
includes the greatest number of compounds
b. H2P0 4- + OH - ~ HPO/- + H2 0
because it is the most general.
39. CH3COO- + H ~ CH3COOH b. Each theory has advantages in certain circum-
45. a. base b. acid c. base stances.
d. acid e. acid f. acid 89. The y-axis might correspond to [H+) because HCI is
47. a. 2Li + 2H20 ~ 2LiOH + H2 a strong acid.
b. Ba + 2H20 ~ Ba(OHh + Hz 91. a. false; an indicator determines a range of pH
49. a. HN03with N0 3- , H20 with H30 + values.
b. CH3COOH with CH3 COO- , H 20 with H30 '" b. false; an Arrhenius base dissociates to give
c. H20 with OH- , NH3 with NH4 + hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Ammonia
d. H20 with OH- , CH3COO- with CH 3COOH does not do this.
51. H20~H + + OH- c. false; strength is a measure of dissociation or
ionization, not concentration.
53. the negative logarithm of the [R'" )
55. a. pH = 2.00, acidic b. pH = 12.00, basic
93. pH = 10.66
c. pH = 6.00, acidic 95. a. 7.4721,7.2675,7.0835,6.9165,6.7675,6.6310
57. a. 5.62 b. 6.3 X 1O- 14M 7.6~-------,

59. A strong acid is completely dissociated; Ka must be 7.4

large. l: 7.2
Q. 7.0
6.8
6.6 ~--,--.---.-.---i
o 10 20 30 40 50
63. a. HN03 + KOH ~ KN0 3 + H20 Temperature (OC)
b. 2HCI + Ca(OH)2 ~ CaCl2 + 2H 20 b. 7.37 c. 35°C
c. H2S04 + 2NaOH ~ Na2S04 + 2H20
97. 50.0 mL; the pH = 7 when [H+) = [OH- ). Because
65. a. 1.40M b. 2.61M HCI is a strong acid that supplies one hydrogen ion
67. HC03- (aq) + H20 (1) ~ H 2C0 3 (aq) + OH- (aq) per formula unit and NaOH is a strong base that
69. a. basic b. acidic c. neutral supplies one hydroxide ion per formula unit,
d. basic e. neutral f. acidic [H +) = [OH- ) when equal volumes of solutions of
71. yes; acids like acetic acid dissolve well but ionize the same molarity are combined.
poorly. 99. [OH- ) = 4.6 X 10- 4; pH = 10.66
73. 4.6 X 10- 4 101.131 g02
75. a. HCI0 2, chlorous acid 103. The total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to
b. H3P0 4, phosphoric acid the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the
c. H30 +, hydronium ion mixture.
d. NH4 +, ammonium ion 105. suspension
77. H3P04~H + H2P0 4 - ; 107. hydrogen bond
H 2P0 4- ~ H + + HPO/ - ;
109. Dissolve 0.272 mol KOH(s) in water and add suffi-
HPO/- ~H + + P0 43-
cient water to give 400.0 mL of solution.
79. a. HS0 4- b. CN- c. OH- d. NH3 111. b, c, and d
81. a. 2HCI + Mg(OHh ~ MgCl 2 + 2H 20 113. a. 144 J b. 1.0 X 103 kJ c. 82.9 cal
b. 2HCI + CaC03 ~ H20 + CO 2 + CaCl2
c. Al(OHh + 3HCI ~ AlCl3 + 3H20 115. The product of the concentrations of the two ions
must be greater than the solubility product.
83. a. 8.73
b. phenolphthalein or phenol red 117.2.0 X lO- BM
85. b, c, d, a 119. a. shift right b. no change c. shift right
d. shift right e. shift right

Selected Answers R99

 47. a. 16H+(aq) + 2Cr20/- (aq) + C2H sOH(aq) ~
Chapter 20 4Cr (aq) + 2C02(g) + ll H20(l)
b. oxidizing agent
1. a. Na: oxidized (reducing agent); S: reduced
49. a. oxidized
(oxidizing agent)
b. AI: oxidized (reducing agent);02: reduced b. H is the oxidizing agent; Ag is the reducing agent.
c. 2Ag(s) + H2S(s) ~ Ag2S(g) + H2(g)
(oxidizing agent)
5 1. a. yes; the oxidation number of bismuth changes
2. a. oxidation b. reduction
from + 3 to zero; the oxidation number of carbon
9. a. S, +3; 0, - 2 b. Na, + 1; 0, - 1 changes from zero to + 2.
c. P, +S; 0, - 2 d. N, +S; 0, - 2 b. no; there is no change in oxidation number of
10. a. +S b. 0 c. +7 d. +1 any of the atoms in this reaction.
11. a. H2 oxidized, O2 reduced c. no; there is no change in oxidation number of any
b. N reduced, 0 oxidized of the atoms in this reaction.
12. a. H2 reducing agent, O2 oxidizing agent 53. a. reactant, 0; product, + 3
b. N oxidizing agent, 0 reducing agent b. reactant, -2; product, - 2
17. a. redox reaction; Mg is oxidized, Br2 is reduced.
c. X
b. not a redox reaction d. H
55. IsZ 2sZ 2 p6 3sZ 3p5; A chlorine atom can lose its 7
18. a. not a redox reaction
valence electrons or it can gain one electron to com-
b. redox reaction; H2 is oxidized, Cu is reduced.
plete the third energy level.
19. a. 2,2,3 b. 2,2,2, 1,2
57. Double replacement reactions never involve the
20. a. 1,8,2,2,3,4 b. 1,2, 1,2, 1 transfer of electrons; instead they involve the trans-
21.4Zn + N0 3- + 6H20 + 70H - ~ fer of positive ions in aqueous solution.
4Zn(OH)/- + NH3 59. a. SO/- b. H 20 2 c. NO]-
27. The oxidizing agent is reduced. d. Cr2 0/- e. H 20
29. a. oxidation b. oxidation 61. a. Rb(s) + I2(s) ~ RbI2(s); oxidizing agent is I
c. oxidation d. oxidation b. Ba(s) + 2H20(l) ~ Ba(OHMaq) + Hz(g);
31. a. H2 is oxidized; S is reduced. oxidizing agent is H
b. N2 is reduced; H2 is oxidized. c. 2AI(s) +3FeS04(aq) ~ AI2(S04M aq) + 3Fe(s);
c. S is oxidized; O2 is reduced. oxidizing agent is Fe
d. H2 is oxidized; O2 is reduced. d. C4Ha(g) + 60 2 (g) ~4C02(g) + 4H zO(l);
33. An oxidation number is the charge an atom would oxidizing agent is 0
have if the electrons in each bond were assigned to
e. Zn(s) + 2HBr(aq) ~ ZnBr2(aq) + H 2 (g);
oxidizing agent is H
the atoms of the more electronegative element.
f. Mg(s) + Br2(/) ~ MgBr2(s); oxidizing agent is Br
35. a. +2 b. +3 c. Na, + 1; Cr, +6
63. MnO 4- , because the manganese is at its highest
d. +S e. +7
oxidation state
37. a. AI is oxidized; Mn is reduced.
b. K is oxidized; H is reduced. 65. 104 mL K2Cr2 0 7
c. Hg is reduced; 0 is oxidized. 67. a. +S b. - 3 c. +3 d. + 3
d. P is oxidized; 0 is reduced. e. +1 f. - 3 g. +2 h. + 4
39. redox:a,b,c,d,e 69. The nitride ion has the minimum oxidation number
41. a. 4Al(s) + 3Mn0 2(s) ~ 2Al20 ] (s) + 3Mn(s) of -3, therefore it cannot gain additional electrons
b. 2K(s) + 2H20(l) ~ 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) and be an oxidizing agent. It can lose electrons,
c. 2HgO(s) ~ 2Hg(l) + 02(g) however, and be a reducing agent. The nitrate ion has
d. P4(s) + S02(g) ~ P40 lO (S) the maximum oxidation number of + S; therefore, it
cannot lose additional electrons and be a reducing
43. a. +4 b. +S c. + S agent. It can gain electrons, however, and be an
d. +3 e. +S f. + 3 oxidizing agent.
45. a. CI oxidized, Mn reduced, Mn oxidizing agent, 71. a. a. 6.S b. 4 c. S d. 8 e. S f. 6 g. 9.S h. 6 i. 7
reducing agent b. CxHy + [x + (yI4)102~xC02 + (yI2)H 20
b. Cu oxidized, N reduced, N oxidizing agent, Cu
73. 1.8 X 102 kPa
reducing agent
c. P oxidized, N reduced, N oxidizing agent, P 75. a, c, and d
reducing agent 77. Ca(N03 h; boiling point elevation is a colligative
d. Sn oxidized, Bi reduced, Bi oxidizing agent, Sn property that depends on the number of particles in
reducing agent

R100 Appendix E
 solution. Ca(N0 3h gives three particles per formula 55. a. oxidation: 6CI (I) ~ 3CI2(g) + 6e- (anode);
unit; LiF gives two particles per formula unit. reduction: 2Al(l) + 6e- ~ 2Al(l) (cathode)
79. solubility: PbBrz = 8.1 x 1O -3M b. overall reaction: 2AlCI3(l) ~ 2Al(/) + 3Clz(g)
c. chlorine gas at anode; liquid aluminum at cathode
81. a. 1.0 X 1O- 2 M b. 1.0 X 1O - 11 M
c. 1.6 x 10- M
9 57. In each type of cell, oxidation occurs at the anode
and reduction occurs at the cathode.
83. a. NH4+ and NH3; H2 0 and H30+
b. H2S03 and HS03"; NH2 - and NH3 59. a. Zn ~ Znz+ + 2e- e. Fe ~ Fe2 + + 2e-
c. HN03 and N0 3- ; 1- and HI f. Na~Na + + e-
85. a. 5.00 b. 10.00 c. 13.00 d. 6.52 61. a. +0.63V e. +0.21 V f. 4.07V
63. a. possible oxidation reactions at anode:
Chapter 21 (i) 2Cl- (aq) ~ Clz(g) + 2e- ;
(ti) 2HzO(l) ~ Oz(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e-
9. nonspontaneous; E~ell = - 0.02V b. possible reduction reactions at cathode:
10. yes; E~ell= +0.16V (i) Na (aq) + e - ~ Na(s);
(ii) 2H 20(l) + 2e- ~ H 2 (g) + 20H- (aq)
11. 2Al(s) + 3Cu2+ (aq) ~ 2AP+(aq) + 3Cu(s)
c. (i) Chloride ions are more readily oxidized to
12. Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ~ Cuz+(aq) + 2Ag(s) chlorine gas than water molecules are oxidized
13. E~ell= + 2.00V to water.
14. E~ell = +0.46V d. (ti) Water is reduced to produce hydrogen gas;
sodium ions are not reduced to sodium metal
27. oxidation: Al(s) ~ Al3 (aq) + 3e- ; reduction:
because water molecules are more easily
Cu z+ (aq) + 2e- ~ Cu(s)
reduced than sodium ions.
29. a. Cu b. Ca c. Mg 65. Gold belongs near the bottom, below silver, because
d. Sn e. Zn f. Al
it is one of the least active metals.
31. The salt bridge allows ions to pass from one half-cell
67. The chemists' definition focuses on the electrons
to the other but prevents the solutions from mixing.
that are produced by oxidation at the anode of a vol-
33. Water is produced by the redox reaction and sulfuric taic cell; the dictionary definition is based on an
acid is used up; water has a lower density than sulfu- electrolytic cell. The electrodes are defined by the
ric acid. battery terminals to which they are attached.
35. Fuel cells cannot generate electricity as economi- 69. d; the voltage falls steadily.
cally as more conventional forms of electrical gener-
71. As electrons flow from the anode to the cathode in
ation.
the external circuit, anions must flow from the cath-
37. It was arbitrarily set at zero. ode compartment to the anode compartment to
39. The relative order is the same because both tables maintain neutrality in the electrolytes. Anions can-
rank the elements according to their tendency to not flow through wire made of copper or any other
undergo oxidation! reduction. metal; the cell will not function if the salt bridge is
41. a. nonspontaneous; E~ell = - 0.34 V replaced with a metal wire.
b. nonspontaneous; E~ell = - 1.24 V 73. oxidation: 2Cu(impure) + 2HzS04 ~
43. A direct current flows in one direction only. 2Cuz• + 2Hz + SO/ +;
z
reduction: 2Cu + 2S0/ + + 2HzO~
45. 2H 20(l) ~ Oz(g) + 2H 2 (g)
2Cu(pure) + 2H 2 S04 + Oz;
47. Apparatus similar to that on page 687; the small overall reaction: 2Cu(impure) + 2HzO ~
spheres representing molecules of Hz and Cl2will be 2Cu(pure) + 2Hz + Oz
in 1:1 ratio.
75. The battery output would not be 12V.
49. Two half-cells are needed because oxidation or
77. 467 mL
reduction cannot occur in isolation. One half-cell
gains electrons and one loses them, producing an 79. a. 0.0125g NaCl b. 101gKN03
electric current. 81. a. 4.32 X lO kJ z b. 2.55 X 105 cal
c. 2.70 x 10 J 3
51. Some of the iron dissolves and the nail becomes
coated with copper. 83. 267 kJ
Overall reaction: Fe(s) + CuS0 4 (aq) ~ 85. [Nzi X (H 2PI[NH3J2
FeS0 4 (aq) + Cu(s);
87. a. [OH- ] = 1 X 1O- 7 M
oxidation half-reaction: Fe ~ FeZ" + 2e- ; c. [OH- ] = 1 X 1O- 6M
reduction half-reaction: Cuz+ + 2e ~ Cu
89. a. +6 b. - 2 c. + 4
53. Lead(lI) sulfate and lead dioxide are highly insoluble
d. +2 e. 0 f. + 4
in sulfuric acid.

Selected Answers Rl01

91. b (Ca is oxidized, Cl2 is reduced) and d (Ca is 41. The carbon-carbon bonds are nonpolar and the
oxidized, H is reduced) carbon-hydrogen bonds are very weakly polar.
93. a. Cr, +6 b. I, +5 43. CH 2 = CHCH2 CH2 CH 3
1-pentene
c. Mn, +7 d. Fe, +3 CH3 CH= CHCH2 CH 3
2-pentene
Chapter 22 CH3
I
CH3 -C= CH-CH3
1. H H H H H 2-methyl- 2 -butene
I I I I I 45. a. Accept any isomer with 5 carbons and
H-C - C - C-C-C-H
12 hydrogens.
I I I I I
H H H H H b. Accept any isomer with 7 carbons and
16 hydrogens.
H H H H H H 47. No; Only molecules with at least one asymmetric
I I I I I I carbon have optical isomers.
H - C-C-C-C - C-C-H
I I I I I I
49. oCH' b.

,6 ' ,
CH 3
H H H H H H a. 1

2.10 CH -CH-CH-CH -CH

3. a. 3-ethylhexane b. 2-methylbutane
4. a. 2,3-dimethylpentane b. 2-methylpentane CH 2CH 3
CH3 C. CH 3
I
5. CH3CHCHCH2CH2CH3
I
CH3
CH,-\ )
51. Catalysts are used during cracking to produce more
CH3 CH3 CH3
I I I short-chain components, including components
6. CH3-CH - CH-C-CH2 - CH2-CH2 - CH3 that increase the performance of gasoline.
I 53. The combustion of sulfur in coal produces the air
CH 2
I pollutants S02 and S03'
CH3 55. a. Ethyne (acetylene) has one triple carbon-carbon
18. Both a and b have an asymmetric carbon, denoted bond and two single carbon-hydrogen bonds.
as C*. b. All the bonds in propane are single bonds.
c. In methylbenzene, there are hybrid bonds within
CH3*CHCHO the ring and single bonds within the substituents
1 and between the substituents and the ring.
CI
57. propane, butane, pentane
19. a. The asymmetric carbon is denoted as C*.
CH3 HH HHH
*1 59. a. H:¢::¢:H b. H:C:C:C:H
CH3CH2 Br -9- i-ii-ii-i
F HH
b. no asymmetric carbon C. H:C,C:H d.H:C:C:H
37. pentane: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3; H:C:C:H
hexane: CH3CH2CH2CH2 CH2CH3 i-ii-i
39. H H H H 61. The middle structure is most stable due to reso-
1 1 1 1 nance within the ring.
H-C- H-C-C-C-
1 1 1 1 63. No; the structures are identical; one has been
H H H H flipped over.
methyl propyl 65. The amount of heat per carbon is higher for meth-
ane (- 890 kJ I mol per mole of carbon burned) than
H H for benzene (- 545 kJ I mol per mole of carbon
1 1
H-C-C- burned). Burning aromatic compounds produces
1 1 more soot.
H H
ethyl

R102 Appendix E
67. Because there is no rotation around the double 29.
bond, the methyl and ethyl groups can be on the B. CI b. Br
same side of the bond or opposite sides. I I
CH - CH 2 - CH 3 CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2
CH h , /CH 2CH3 CH3 ...... /H I
C=C C=C Cl 1-bromobutane
H/ ...... H H/ ...... CH 2CH3
trans-2-pentene cis-2-pentene 1, 1-dichloropropane
Br
69. H 2C= C=CH2
I
CI Cl CH 3 - CH 2 - CH - CH3
I I
CH 2 - CH - CH 3 2-bromobutane
1,2-dichloropropane
CH 3 Br
I
CI CI CH 3 - CH - CH 2
73. Alkanes contain only C- C and C-H single bonds. I I
Alkenes contain at least one C-C double bond. Aro- CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 1-bromo-2-methylpropane
matic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or a
1,3-dichloropropane
similar ring. Cycloalkanes contain aliphatic carbon CH3
chains linked end-to-end. I
CI CH3 - C- CH3
75. The graph is not a straight line. The estimated boil- I I
ing point should be higher than 150°C. The boiling CH3 - C- CH3 Br
point of un de cane is 196°C. I 2-bromo-2-methylpropane
CI

~~~~~
2,2-dichloropropane
31. a. 2-propanol b. 1,2-propanediol
'&, 0
33. B. H Br d. H H
~ - 100 I I t t
'0 - 200 L_-L--L--L--L-....L.......L...-1-....I-...I CH 2 - CH 2 CH 2 - CH 2
a3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
bromo ethane ethane
Number of carbons
77. a. Cs = 5, C7 = 9, Ca = 18, Cg = 35, CIO = 75
b. As the number of carbon atoms increases, there b. Cl Cl e. H CI
I I I I
is a dramatic increase in the number of ways CH 2 - CH 2 CH 2 - CH 2
that the carbon atoms can be arranged in the
1,2-dichloroethane chloroethane
molecule.
79. a. 13.9 L b. 1 L c. 20 kPa
c. H OH
81. 1.13 mol KN0 3 ; 1.14 X 102 g KN0 3 I I
83. 1 cal = 4.184 J; 4.184 X 103 J CH 2 - CH 2
85. a. favors reactants b. favors products ethanol
87. a. 10.00 b. 7.59 c. 12.00 d. 11.70 35. a. propanone or acetone
89. B. H 3P0 4 b. CsOH c. H2C03 d. Be(OH)2 b. 3-methylbutanal
c. 2-phenylethanal
91. B. Ca, +2; C, +4; 0, - 2 b. CI,O d. ethanol or acetaldehyde
c. Li, + 1; I, +5; 0, - 2 d. Na, + 1; S, +4; 0, - 2 e. diphenylmethanone or diphenyl ketone or
93. B. +4 b. +4 c. +3 benzophenone
d. +5 e. +5 f. +2 f. 3-hexanone or ethylpropylketone
95. It is the cell potential when the ion concentrations 37. a. - CH 2 - CH - b. - CH - CH -
in the half-cells are 1M, the temperature is 25°C, and I 1 I
the pressure of any gases present is 101.3 kPa. CH 2 Cl Cl
I
97. The reaction is nonspontaneous. CH3

Chapter 23 39. c, a, b
41. Both atoms in a carbon-carbon double bond have
27. B. CI c. the same electronegativity, so the bond is nonpolar.
I Because oxygen is more electronegative than car-
CICH 2 CCH 2 CH 3 bon, a carbon-oxygen bond is very polar.
I
CI 43. B. phenol b. ether c. alcohol
d. phenol e. alcohol
Selected Answers R103