HL Fall Final Review

1. How much energy, in joules, is required to increase the temperature of 2.0 g of aluminium from 25 to 30°C? (Specific heat of Al
–1 –1
= 0.90 J g K ).

A. 0.36 B. 4.5
C. 9.0
D. 54

2. Which combination is correct for a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings?
Type of reaction ΔH at constant pressure
A. Exothermic Positive
B. Exothermic Negative
C. Endothermic Positive
D. Endothermic Negative

3. Using the equations below:

C(s) + ο –1
O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = –394 kJ mol
ο –1
Mn(s) + O2(g) → MnO2(s) ∆H = –520 kJ mol
What is ∆H, in kJ, for the following reaction?
MnO2(s) + C(s) → Mn(s) + CO2(g)
A. 914 C. –126
B. 126 D. –914

ο
4. Which reaction has the most negative ∆H value?
+ – + –
A. LiF(s) → Li (g) + F (g) C. NaCl(s) → Na (g) + Cl (g)
+ – + –
B. Li (g) + F (g) → LiF(s) D. Na (g) + Cl (g) → NaCl(s)

5. Which equation represents the electron affinity of calcium?

A. + – – –
Ca(g) →Ca (g) + e C. Ca(g) + e → Ca (g)
B. – – + –
Ca(g) →Ca (g) + e D. Ca (g) + e → Ca(g)

6. Which reaction causes a decrease in the entropy of the system?

A. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) C. 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
B. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) D. 2SO3(g) → 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

ο ο
7. What are the signs of ∆H and ∆S for a reaction that is non-spontaneous at low temperature but spontaneous at high
temperature?
ο ο
H S
– –
+ –
– +
+ +

8. According to the enthalpy level diagram below, what is the sign for H and what term is used to refer to the reaction?
H reaction
A. positive endothermic
B. negative exothermic
C. positive exothermic H re a c ta n ts

D. negative endothermic p ro d u c ts

re a c tio n p ro g re s s
9. When 40 joules of heat are added to a sample of solid H2O at –16.0°C the temperature increases to –8.0°C. What is the mass of
the solid H2O sample?
–1 –1
[Specific heat capacity of H2O(s) = 2.0 J g K ]
A. 2.5 g C. 10 g
B. 5.0 g D. 160 g

Ө
10. The H values for the formation of two oxides of nitrogen are given below.
1
2 N (g) + O (g)  NO (g) Ө –1
2 2 2 H = –57 kJ mol
Ө –1
N2(g) + 2O2(g)  N2O4(g) H = +9 kJ mol
Ө
Use these values to calculate H for the following reaction (in kJ):
2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
A. –105 C. +66
B. – 48 D. +123

Ө Ө
11. The H and S values for a reaction are both negative. What will happen to the spontaneity of this reaction as the temperature
is increased?
A. The reaction will become more spontaneous as the temperature is increased.
B. The reaction will become less spontaneous as the temperature is increased.
C. The reaction will remain spontaneous at all temperatures.
D. The reaction will remain non-spontaneous at any temperature.

12. Consider the specific heat capacity of the following metals.

Metal –1 –1
Specific heat capacity / J kg K
Cu 385
Ag 234
Au 130
Pt 134
Which metal will show the greatest temperature increase if 50 J of heat is supplied to a 0.001 kg sample of each metal at the
same initial temperature?
A. Cu C. Au
B. Ag D. Pt

13. Consider the following reactions.

1 12 Ө 1
S(s) + O2(g)  SO3(g) H = 395 kJ mol
1
Ө 1
SO2(s) + 2 O2(g)  SO3(g) H = 98 kJ mol
Ө –1
What is the H value (in kJ mol ) for the following reaction?
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)
A. –297 C. – 493
B. +297 D. +493

14. The following reaction is spontaneous only at temperatures above 850C.

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Which combination is correct for this reaction at 1000C?
G H S
A. – – –
 B. + + +
C. – + +
D. + – –

15. Which statement is correct for an endothermic reaction?

A. Bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants.
B. Bonds in the reactants are stronger than the bonds in the products.
C. The enthalpy of the products is less than that of the reactants.
D. The reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures but becomes non-spontaneous at high temperatures.

16. Consider the following information.

Compound C6H6(l) CO2(g) H2O(l)
Ө
Hf / kJ
+49 +394 –286
–1
mol
7 12
C6H6(l) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + H2O(l)
–1
Which expression gives the correct value of the standard enthalpy change of combustion for benzene (l), in kJ mol ?
A. 12(394) + (286) 2(49) C. 6(394) + 3(286)  (49)
B. 12(394) + 6(286) 2(49) D. 6(394) + 3(286)  (49)

17. Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide?

1 1
2+
A. Mg(s) + 2 O2(g)  MgO(s) C. Mg O2(g)  MgO(s)
(g) + 2

2+ 2– 2+ 2
B. Mg (g) + O (g)  MgO(g) D. Mg (g) + O (g)  MgO(s)

–1
18. Approximate values of the average bond enthalpies, in kJ mol , of three substances are:
H–H 430
F–F 155
H–F 565
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for this reaction?
2HF  H2 + F2
A. +545 C. –20
B. +20 D. –545
Ө
19. Which reaction has the largest positive value of S ?
A. CO2(g) + 3H2(g)  CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) C. CH4(g) + H2O(g)  3H2(g) + CO(g)
B. 2Al(s) + 3S(s)  Al2S3(s) D. 2S(s) + 3O2(g)  2SO3(g)

20. Which is a correct equation to represent the lattice enthalpy of magnesium sulfide?
A. MgS(s)  Mg(s) + S(s) + –
C. MgS(s)  Mg (g) + S (g)
B. MgS(s)  Mg(g) + S(g) 2+ 2–
D. MgS(s)  Mg (g) + S (g)

21. Which statement is correct about the reaction shown?

2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) H = –196 kJ
A. 196 kJ of energy are released for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.
B. 196 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.
C. 98 kJ of energy are released for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.
D. 98 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mole of SO2(g) reacted.

22. Which are characteristics of ions in an ionic compound with a large lattice enthalpy value?
A. Large ionic radius and high ionic charge
B. Small ionic radius and low ionic charge
C. Large ionic radius and low ionic charge
D. Small ionic radius and high ionic charge
23. Excess magnesium, was added to a beaker of aqueous hydrochloric acid. A graph of the mass of the beaker and contents was
plotted against time (line 1).

M ass 1

T im e
What change in the experiment could give line 2?
A. The same mass of magnesium in smaller pieces
B. The same volume of a more concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid
C. A lower temperature
D. A more accurate instrument to measure the time

24. Which quantities in the enthalpy level diagram are altered by the use of a catalyst?

I II
E n th a lp y
III

T im e
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III

25. What is the order of reaction with respect to NO2(g) and F2(g) given the following rate data at a certain temperature?
–3 –3 Rate / mol dm–3 –1
[NO2(g)] / mol dm [F2(g)] / mol dm min
0.1 0.2 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4 0.2

Order with respect to NO2(g) Order with respect to F2(g)

A. first first
B. first second
C. second first
D. second second

26. Which statement is correct about the rate expression for a chemical reaction?
A. It can be determined from its chemical equation.
Ө
B. It can be predicted from the value of ΔH for the reaction.
C. It can be calculated from the effect of temperature on the reaction.
D. It can be determined by measuring the change in concentration of a reactant or product over time.

27. Which changes increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

I. Increase in the concentration of an aqueous solution
II. Increase in particle size of the same mass of a solid reactant
III. Increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture

A. I and II only C. II and III only

B. I and III only D. I, II and III

28. For the reaction 2NO2(g) + F2(g)  2NO2F(g) the accepted mechanism is
 NO2(g) + F2(g)  NO2F(g) + F(g) slow
NO2(g) + F(g)  NO2F(g) fast
What is the rate expression for this reaction?
2 C. rate = k[NO2][F]
A. rate = k[NO2] [F2]
2
B. rate = k[NO2][F2] D. rate = k[NO2]
29. The activation energy, of a reaction can be obtained from the rate constant, k, and the absolute temperature, T. Which graph of
these quantities produces a straight line?
A. k against T C. ln k against T
1 1
B. k against T D. ln k against T

30. In general, the rate of a reaction can be increased by all of the following except
A. increasing the temperature. C. increasing the concentration of reactants.
B. increasing the activation energy. D. increasing the surface area of the reactants.

3 –3
31. At 25C, 100 cm of 1.0 mol dm hydrochloric acid is added to 3.5 g of magnesium carbonate. If the sample of magnesium
carbonate is kept constant, which conditions will not increase the initial rate of reaction?
3 –3 Temperature / C
Volume of HCl / cm Concentration of HCl / mol dm
A. 200 1.0 25
B. 100 2.0 25
C. 100 1.0 35
D. 200 2.0 25

32. Consider the reaction

 +
2I (aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H (aq)  I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2–
In the presence of S2O3 (aq) and starch solution, the time taken for a blue colour to form was observed at various reactant
concentrations.
Experiment – –3 –3 + –3 Time / s
[I ] / mol dm [H2O2] / mol dm [H ] / mol dm
1 0.10 0.12 0.01 25
2 0.05 0.12 0.01 50
3 0.10 0.06 0.01 100
–
What is the correct order with respect to I and H2O2?

– H2O2
I
A. 1 2
B. 1 1
2 4
C. 2 1
D. 2 4

33. Which statement is correct with regard to the catalysed and uncatalysed pathways for a given reaction?
A. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is less than the enthalpy change for the uncatalysed reaction.
B. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is greater than the enthalpy change for the uncatalysed reaction.
C. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is equal to the enthalpy change for the uncatalysed reaction.
D. The activation energy of the catalysed reaction is greater than the activation energy for the uncatalysed reaction.

34. The mechanism of a reaction is XY2 + XY2  X2Y4

X2Y4  X2 + 2Y2
X2 + Y2  2XY
What is the overall equation for the reaction?
A. X2Y4  2XY2
B. 2XY2  X2 + 2Y2
 C. 2XY2  2XY + Y2
D. X2Y4  2XY + Y2

35. What happens to the rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) of a reaction when the temperature is increased?
A. k increases and Ea is unaffected. C. Ea increases and k is unaffected.
B. k decreases and Ea is unaffected. D. Ea decreases and k is unaffected.

36. The rate expression for a reaction is

–
rate = k[CH3Br][OH ]
Which is a possible unit for k?
2 –6 –1 –13 –1
A. mol dm min C. mol dm min
–3 –1 –2 6 –1
B. mol dm min D. mol dm min

37. The table shows the concentrations of reactants and products during this reaction.
2A + B  C + 2D
–3 –3 –3 –3
[A] / mol dm [B] / mol dm [C] / mol dm [D] / mol dm
at the start 6 3 0 0
after 1 min 4 2 1 2
The rate of reaction can be measured by reference to any reactant or product. Which rates are correct for this reaction?
–3 –1
I. rate = –2 mol dm min for A
–3 –1
II. rate = –1 mol dm min for B
–3 –1
III. rate = –1 mol dm min for C

A. I and II only C. II and III only

B. I and III only D. I, II and III

38. The reaction 2X(g) + Y(g)  3Z(g) has the rate expression
2 0
rate = k [X] [Y]
The concentration of X is increased by a factor of three and the concentration of Y is increased by a factor of two. By what
factor will the reaction rate increase?
A. 6 C. 12
B. 9 D. 18

39. The rate expression for a reaction is shown below.

rate 2 2
= k[A] [B]
Which statements are correct for this reaction?
I. The reaction is second order with respect to both A and B.
II. The overall order of the reaction is 4.
III. Doubling the concentration of A would have the same effect on the rate of reaction as doubling the concentration
of B.
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III

40. The sequence of diagrams represents the system as time passes for a
gas phase reaction in which reactant X is converted to product Y.

Which statement is correct?

A. At t = 5 days the rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate
of the backward reaction.
B. At t = 7 seconds the reaction has reached completion.
D ia g ra m 1 D ia g ra m 2 D ia g ra m D ia g ra m 4
t = 7 seco nd s t = 5 m in u te s t = 1 0 m in u te s t = 5 d ays

T im e , t
X =

Y =
C. At t = 10 minutes the system has reached a state of equilibrium.
D. At t = 5 days the rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the backward reaction.
41. What changes occur when the temperature is increased in the following reaction at equilibrium?
ο –1
Br2(g) + Cl2(g) 2BrCl(g) ∆H = +14 kJ mol
Position of equilibrium Value of equilibrium constant
A. Shifts towards the reactants Decreases
B. Shifts towards the reactants Increases
C. Shifts towards the products Decreases
D. Shifts towards the products Increases

–3
42. For the reaction: H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) at a certain temperature, the equilibrium concentrations, in mol dm , are [H2(g)]
= 0.30, [I2(g)] = 0.30, [HI(g)] = 3.0 What is the value of K?
A. –2
1.0×10
B. 10
C. 33
D. 2
1.0×10

43. What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the reaction below?
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g)
 NO 2 
A. Kc =
 N 2  O 2 
2 NO 2 
B. Kc =
3 N 2  O 2 

 NO 2  2
C. Kc =
 N 2  O 2  2
 NO 2  2
D. Kc =
 N 2   O 2  2
44. Sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to form sulfur trioxide according to the equilibrium.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
How is the amount of SO2 and the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction affected by an increase in pressure?

A. The amount of SO3 and the value of the equilibrium constant both increase.
B. The amount of SO3 and the value of the equilibrium constant both decrease.
C. The amount of SO3 increases but the value of the equilibrium constant decreases.
D. The amount of SO3 increases but the value of the equilibrium constant does not change.

45. The equation for the Haber process is:

Ө
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = 92.2 kJ
Which conditions will favour the production of the greatest amount of ammonia at equilibrium?
A. High temperature and high pressure C. Low temperature and high pressure
B. High temperature and low pressure D. Low temperature and low pressure

3
46. A 1.0 dm reaction vessel initially contains 6.0 mol of P and 6.0 mol of Q. At equilibrium 4.0 mol of R is present. What is the
value of Kc for the following reaction?
P(g) + Q(g) R(g) + S(g)
A. 0.11 C. 0.44
B. 0.25 D. 4.00
47. The equation for a reversible reaction used in industry to convert methane to hydrogen is shown below.
Ө
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) H = +210 kJ
Which statement is always correct about this reaction when equilibrium has been reached?
A. The concentrations of methane and carbon monoxide are equal.
B. The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
C. The amount of hydrogen is three times the amount of methane.
Ө
D. The value of H for the reverse reaction is –210 kJ.

48. The expression for the equilibrium constant for a reaction is

 B C
Kc =
 A 2
–3
At a certain temperature the values of [A], [B] and [C] are all 0.2 mol dm . What happens to the value of Kc when all three
–3
values are doubled to 0.4 mol dm ?
A. It is halved. C. It doubles.
B. It does not change. D. It increases by a factor of four.

49. Which statement is always true for a chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
A. The yield of product(s) is greater than 50.
B. The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
C. The amounts of reactants and products do not change.
D. Both forward and reverse reactions have stopped.

50. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide react as shown in the equation below.
H2(g) + CO2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)
For this reaction the values of Kc with different temperatures are
Temperature / K Kc
500 –3
7.76×10
700 –1
1.23×10
900 –1
6.01×10
Which statement for the reaction is correct?
A. The forward reaction is endothermic.
B. H2O(g) and CO(g) are more stable than H2(g) and CO2(g).
C. The reaction goes almost to completion at high temperatures.
D. The reverse reaction is favoured by high temperatures.

51. In the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia, what effects does the catalyst have?
Rate of formation of NH3(g) Amount of NH3(g) formed
A. Increases Increases
B. Increases Decreases
C. Increases No change
D. No change Increases

52. What will happen if CO2(g) is allowed to escape from the following reaction mixture at equilibrium?
+ –
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H (aq) + HCO3 (aq)
A. The pH will decrease. C. The pH will remain constant.
B. The pH will increase. D. The pH will become zero.
53. The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g) is 0.25 at 440°C. What would the
value of the equilibrium constant be for the following reaction at the same temperature?
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
A. 0.25 C. 2.0
B. 0.50 D. 4.0

54. Which statement(s) is/are true for a mixture of ice and water at equilibrium?
I. The rates of melting and freezing are equal.
II. The amounts of ice and water are equal.
III. The same position of equilibrium can be reached by cooling water and heating ice.
A. I only C. II only
B. I and III only D. III only

55. What will happen to the position of equilibrium and the value of the equilibrium constant when the temperature is increased in the
following reaction?
Br2(g) + Cl2(g) 2BrCl(g) ∆H = +14 kJ
Position of equilibrium Value of equilibrium constant
A. Shifts towards the reactants Decreases
B. Shifts towards the reactants Increases
C. Shifts towards the products Decreases
D. Shifts towards the products Increases

56. Which species can act as a Lewis acid?

A. BF3
B. – C. H2O
OH
D. NH3
–3
57. Which substance, when dissolved in water, to give a 0.1 mol dm solution, has the highest pH?
A. HCl C. NH3
B. NaCl D. NaOH

58. Which methods will distinguish between equimolar solutions of a strong base and a strong acid?
I. Add magnesium to each solution and look for the formation of gas bubbles.
II. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to each solution and measure the temperature change.
III. Use each solution in a circuit with a battery and lamp and see how bright the lamp glows.
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III

–3 –14 2 –6
59. Which values are correct for a 0.010 mol dm solution of NaOH(aq) at 298 K? (Kw = 1.0×10 mol dm at 298 K)
+ –3 + –12 –3
A. [H ] = 1.0×10-12 mol dm and pH = 12.00 C. [H ] = 1.0×10 mol dm and pOH = 12.00
– –12 –3 – –12 –3
B. [OH ] = 1.0×10 mol dm and pH = 12.00 D. [OH ] = 1.0×10 mol dm and pOH = 12.00

–2
60. At 25°C, Ka for an acid is 1.0×10 . What is the value of Kb for its conjugate base?
A. 2 C. 12
1.0×10 1.0×10
B. –2 D. –12
1.0×10 1.0×10

61. Which acids are strong?

I. HCl(aq)
II. HNO3(aq)
III. H2SO4(aq)

A. I and II only B. I and III only

 C. II and III only D. I, II and III

+
62. The pH of a solution changes from pH = 1 to pH = 3. What happens to the [H ] during this pH change?
A. It increases by a factor of 100. C. It increases by a factor of 1000.
B. It decreases by a factor of 100. D. It decreases by a factor of 1000.

–
63. What is the conjugate base of the HSO4 (aq) ion?
A. H2SO4(aq) C. H2O(l)
2– +
B. SO4 (aq) D. H3O (aq)
+ –3 – –3
64. What is the value of [H ] in a buffer solution in which [CH3COOH] = 2.0 mol dm and [CH3COO ] 1.0 mol dm ? For
–5 –3
CH3COOH, Ka = 1.8×10 mol dm .
–3 –5
A. 6.0×10 C. 1.8×10
–5 –6
B. 3.6×10 D. 9.1×10

65. Which salt forms the most acidic solution when added to water?
A. NaCl C. Al(NO3)3
B. MgSO4 D. KHCO3

66. An acid-base indicator has a pKa value of 4.0. At what pH will this indicator change colour?
A. 2.0 C. 8.0
B. 4.0 D. 12.0
3
67. Which mixture would produce a buffer solution when dissolved in 1.0 dm of water?
A. 0.30 mol of NH3(aq) and 0.30 mol of HCl(aq)
B. 0.30 mol of NH3(aq) and 0.15 mol of HCl(aq)
C. 0.30 mol of NH3(aq) and 0.60 mol of HCl(aq)
D. 0.30 mol of NH3(aq) and 0.15 mol of H2SO4(aq)

68. Solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)) and ethanoic acid (CH3COOH(aq)) of the same concentration reacted completely with
5.0 g of calcium carbonate in separate containers. Which statement is correct?
A. CH3COOH(aq) reacted slower because it has a lower pH than HCl(aq).
B. A smaller volume of CO2(g) was produced with CH3COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
C. A greater volume of CO2(g) was produced with CH3COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
D. The same volume of CO2(g) was produced with both CH3COOH(aq) and HCl(aq).

69. Ammonia (NH3) is a weak base in aqueous solution with an ionization constant Kb. What expression is equal to the ionization
constant for the following reaction?
+ +
NH4 (aq) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + H3O (aq)
Kw Kw
Ka C. Kb
A.
Ka Kb
B. Kw D. Kw

70. The pKa values of four acids are as follows.

W 4.87
X 4.82
Y 4.86
Z 4.85
What is the correct order when these acids are arranged in order of increasing acid strength?
 A. X, Z, Y, W C. W, Z, Y, X
B. X, Y, Z, W D. W, Y, Z, X

–3 3 –3
71. A base of concentration 0.10 mol dm is titrated with 25 cm of an acid of concentration 0.10 mol dm . Which base-acid pair
would have the highest pH at the equivalence point?
A. NaOH(aq) and CH3COOH(aq) C. NH3(aq) and HNO3(aq)
B. NaOH(aq) and HNO3(aq) D. NH3(aq) and CH3COOH(aq)

72. Lime is added to a lake to neutralize the effects of acid rain. The pH value of the lake water rises from 4 to 7. What is the change
+
in concentration of H ions in the lake water?
A. An increase by a factor of 3 C. A decrease by a factor of 3
B. An increase by a factor of 1000 D. A decrease by a factor of 1000

73. Which is a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base pair?

2– + –
A. H2O and O C. NH4 and NH2
– 2–
B. CH3COOH and CH3COO D. H2SO4 and SO4
74. Which neutralization reaction could use phenolphthalein (pKa = 9.3) and not methyl orange (pKa = 3.7) as an indicator?
A. NaOH(aq) and HNO3(aq) C. NaOH(aq) and CH3COOH(aq)
B. NH3(aq) and CH3COOH(aq) D. NH3(aq) and HNO3(aq)

+
75. Which change in [H ] causes the biggest increase in pH?
+ –3 –2 –3
A. A change in [H (aq)] from 1×10 to 1×10 mol dm
+ –3 –4 –3
B. A change in [H (aq)] from 1×10 to 1×10 mol dm
+ –4 –2 –3
C. A change in [H (aq)] from 1×10 to 1×10 mol dm
+ –4 –6 –3
D. A change in [H (aq)] from 1×10 to 1×10 mol dm

76. Which methods can distinguish between solutions of a strong monoprotic acid and a weak monoprotic acid of the same
concentration?
I. Add magnesium to each solution and measure the rate of the formation of gas bubbles.
II. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to each solution and measure the temperature change.
III. Use each solution in a circuit with a battery and lamp and see how bright the lamp glows.
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III

77. Which is the correct statement about the pH and pOH values of an aqueous solution at 25°C?
A. pH + pOH =14.0 C. pH × pOH =14.0
–14 –14
B. pH + pOH =1.0 ×10 D. pH × pOH =1.0 ×10

–3
78. When the following 1.0 mol dm solutions are listed in increasing order of pH (lowest first), what is the correct order?
A. HNO3  H2 CO3  NH3  Ba(OH)2 C. Ba (OH)2  H2 CO3  NH3  HNO3
B. NH3  Ba (OH)2  H2 CO3  HNO3 D. HNO3  H2 CO3  Ba (OH)2  NH3

79. Which compound will dissolve in water to give a solution with a pH greater than 7?
A. sodium chloride
B. potassium carbonate
C. ammonium nitrate
D. lithium sulfate
80. Which graph shows how the pH changes when a weak base is added to a strong acid?
pH pH
14 14

A B

7 7

0 0
v o lu m e o f b a s e v o lu m e o f b a s e

pH pH
14 14

C D
7 7

0 0
v o lu m e o f b a s e v o lu m e o f b a s e

81. When the following acids are listed in decreasing order of acid strength (strongest first), what is the correct order?
Ka
benzoic –5
6.31×10
chloroethanoic –3
1.38×10
ethanoic –5
1.74×10
A. chloroethanoic  benzoic  ethanoic
B. benzoic  ethanoic  chloroethanoic
C. chloroethanoic  ethanoic  benzoic
D. ethanoic  benzoic  chloroethanoic

82. The pH of solution X is 1 and that of Y is 2. Which statement is correct about the hydrogen ion concentrations in the two
solutions?
+ +
A. [H ] in X is half that in Y. C. [H ] in X is one tenth of that in Y.
+ +
B. [H ] in X is twice that in Y. D. [H ] in X is ten times that in Y.

83. Which substances could be added to a solution of ethanoic acid to prepare an acidic buffer solution?
I. Hydrochloric acid
II. Sodium ethanoate
III. Sodium hydroxide
A. I and II only C. II and III only
B. I and III only D. I, II and III

84. In aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react as follows.

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → KCl(aq)+ H2O(l)

The data below is from an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction.

3 –3 3 –3
50.0 cm of a 0.500 mol dm solution of KOH was mixed rapidly in a glass beaker with 50.0 cm of a 0.500 mol dm
solution of HCl.

Initial temperature of each solution = 19.6°C

Final temperature of the mixture = 23.1°C

(a) State, with a reason, whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

 (b) Explain why the solutions were mixed rapidly.

–1
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol . Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is the
same as that of water.

(d) Identify the major source of error in the experimental procedure described above. Explain how it could be minimized.

–3 –3
(e) The experiment was repeated but with an HCl concentration of 0.510 mol dm instead of 0.500 mol dm . State and
explain what the temperature change would be.

85. For a hypothetical chemical reaction that has the stoichiometry 2 X + Y  Z, the following initial rate data were obtained. All
measurements were made at the same temperature.

Initial Rate of Formation of Z, Initial [X]o, (mol.L-1) Initial [Y]o, (mol.L-1)

(mol.L-1.sec-1)

7.010-4 0.20 0.10

1.410-3 0.40 0.20

2.810-3 0.40 0.40

4.210-3 0.60 0.60

(a) Give the rate law for this reaction from the data above.

(b) Calculate the specific rate constant for this reaction and specify its units.

(c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations
are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y]o = 0.60 molar and [Z]0 = 0 molar?

(d) Select from the mechanisms below the one most consistent with the observed data, and explain your choice. In these
mechanisms M and N are reaction intermediates.
(1) X+YM (slow) (2) X + X  M (fast) (3) YM (slow)
X+M Z (fast) Y + M  Z (slow) M +X N (fast)
N +X  Z (fast)

86. (a) The production of ammonia is an important industrial process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

(i) Using the average bond enthalpy values in the Data Booklet, determine the standard enthalpy change for
this reaction.

–1 –1
(ii) The standard entropy values, S, at 298 K for N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are 193, 131 and 192 JK mol
O
respectively. Calculate ∆S for the reaction and with reference to the equation above, explain the sign of
O
∆S .

O
(iii) Calculate ∆G for the reaction at 298 K.

(iv) Describe and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the spontaneity of the reaction.
 (b) The reaction used in the production of ammonia is an equilibrium reaction. Outline the characteristics of a system
at equilibrium.

(c) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the production of ammonia.

3
(d) (i) 0.20 mol of N2(g) and 0.20 mol of H2(g) were allowed to reach equilibrium in a 1 dm closed container.
–3
At equilibrium the concentration of NH3(g) was 0.060 mol dm . Determine the equilibrium
concentrations of N2(g) and H2(g) and calculate the value of Kc.

(ii) Predict and explain how increasing the temperature will affect the value of Kc.

(e) Describe how increasing the pressure affects the yield of ammonia.

(f) In practice, typical conditions used in the Haber process are a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 200
atmospheres. Outline why these conditions are used rather than those that give the highest yield.

(g) A catalyst of iron is used in the Haber process. State and explain how the catalyst affects Kc and the position of
equilibrium.

–2 –3
87. Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base. It has a pKb value of 4.75. Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10 mol dm aqueous solution
of ammonia at 298 K.