KwgU‡g›U wek^we`¨vjq fwZ© †KvwPs

gymwjg bMi(wR‡iv c‡q›U),gvZyqvBj,†Wgiv,XvKv|

‡gvevBj t 01710-758536, 01974-022062|
B-‡gBj : commitment.uac13@gmail.com

Language and Grammar

 Language and Grammar:

Language (fvlv): g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Grammar -Gi KvR
evK&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv Bnvi KvR n‡jv 3 wU| h_v: fvlv‡K-
†hme A_©‡evaK aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó e¨envi Kwi (i) ï× Kiv (ii) my›`i Kiv (iii) mnR Kiv
Zvi bvg Language ev fvlv|

* evKhš¿: aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mnvqK hš¿|

(1) Parts of English Grammar :

* aŸwb: g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ evKh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv †h

AvIqvR ev D”PviY Kwi Zvi bvg Sound ev aŸwb| (Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY Gi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask)
Bnv‡K cuvPwU As‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:-
⟹Bengali Language (evsjv fvlv): evOvwjiv †h fvlvq (i) Orthography (eY© cÖKiY)
K_v e‡j Zv‡K Bengali Language ev evsjv fvlv e‡j| (ii) Etymology (kã cÖKiY)
⟹English Language (Bs‡iwR fvlv): Bs‡iRiv †h fvlvq (iii) Syntax (evK¨ cÖKiY)
K_v e‡j Zv‡K Bs‡iwR fvlv e‡j| (iv) Punctuation (weivwPý cÖKiY)
⟹Mother Language / Mother Tongue (gvZ…fvlv): (v) Prosody (Q›` cÖKiY)
gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K †kLv fvlv‡K gvZ…fvlv e‡j|
⟹International Language (AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv): †h fvlvi
gva¨‡g c„w_exi cÖvq me †`‡ki gvby‡li mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv (2) Orthography (eY© cÖKiY)
hvq Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv e‡j|
Sound, Letter, Alphabet, Syllable.
wet `ªt
English Language Gi RbK t Geoffrey Chaucer
AvaywbK English Language Gi RbK t Shakespeare
(gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q) aŸwb eY© eY©gvjv
kãvsk,
Aÿi
⟹Sound (aŸwb)→ (i) g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨
* Grammar (e¨vKiY): †h cy¯ÍK/eB/we`¨v cvV Ki‡j fvlv‡K (ii) evKh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
ï×iƒ‡c wjL‡Z, co‡Z I ej‡Z cviv hvq Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
(iii) Avgiv
⟹ Bengali Grammar (evsjv e¨vKiY): †h we`¨v cvV Ki‡j (iv) †h AvIqvR ev D”PviY Kwi
evsjv fvlv‡K ï×iƒ‡c wjL‡Z, co‡Z I ej‡Z cviv hvq Zvi bvg Sound ev aŸwb|
Zv‡K evsjv e¨vKiY e‡j|
⟹Letter (eY©)→ aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc‡K Letter ev eY© e‡j|
⟹ English Grammar (Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY): †h we`¨v cvV Bnv‡K `ywU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
Ki‡j Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K ï×iƒ‡c wjL‡Z, co‡Z I ej‡Z cviv hvq (i) †jLvi w`K †_‡K|
Zv‡K Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY e‡j| (ii) D”Pvi‡Yi w`K †_‡K|
†jLvi w`K †_‡K Bnv 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
wet `ªt Letter
English Grammar Gi m~PbvKvix t William Bullokar
English Grammar Gi m~Pbv nq - 1586 mv‡j Capital Small
English Dictonary Gi m~Pbv nq - 1755 mv‡j
D”Pvi‡Yi w`K †_‡K Bnv 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
Letter Semi Vowel = 2wU|
(we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j ÔGK bR‡i Bs‡iwR mvwnwZ¨K‡`i DcvwaÕ (i) W
bvgK wkUwU ‡`Lyb|) (ii) Y
Vowel (A,E,I,O,U) Consonant
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 (3) Number (ePb, msL¨v)
1. mvaviYZ Singular number Gi †k‡l s †hvM K‡i Plural
⟹Alphabet (eY©gvjv): e‡Y©i mgwó| ABC....(A_© †bB) number Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
⟹Word (kã): e‡Y©i mgwó| Father. (A_© Av‡Q) Singular Plural
Book Books
wet`ªt Word †K Aek¨B A_©‡evaK nB‡Z nB‡e| Pen Pens
Word (kã): G‡Ki AwaK Letter ev eY© hw` GKwÎZ n‡q 2. Singular number Gi †k‡l
my›`i GKwU A_© †`q Z‡e Dnv‡K Word ev kã e‡j| (i) s (iii) sh
*wet `ªt (ii) ss (iv) ch
English Gi me‡P‡q †QvU Word n‡jv →I(Avwg), (v) z
A (GKwU,GKRb)| (vi) o
Avi me‡P‡q eo Word n‡jv → (vii) x
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis _vK‡j Zv‡`i †k‡l es †hvM K‡i plural number Ki‡Z nq|
Singular Plural
⟹ Syllable (kãvsk)→ (i) GKUv k‡ãi (i) Bus Buses
(ii) Class Classes
(ii) GKev‡i (iii) Dish Dishes
(iii) hZUzKz D”PviY Kiv hvq (iv) Bench Benches
Zv‡K Syllable ev Aÿi e‡j| (v) Fez (GK ai‡bi Uzwc) Fezes
(vi) Hero Heroes
evsjvq Bnv‡K Aÿi e‡j| (vii) Box Boxes
wet`ªt ch Gi D”PviY (K) Gi g‡Zv n‡j Zvi †k‡l s †hvM
K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:
Bnv 4 cÖKvi| h_v: Singular Plural
Syllable Monarch (gbvK©) → mgªvU Monarchs
Stomach (†÷vgvK) → cvK¯’jx Stomachs
3. Singular number -Gi †k‡l ÒfÓ A_ev ÒfeÓ _vK‡j plural
mono di (WvB) Tri (UªvB) Poly Kivi mgq D³ ÒfÓ A_ev ÒfeÓ D‡V wM‡q Z`¯’v‡b ÒvesÓ
hvi g‡a¨ 1wU hvi g‡a¨ 2wU hvi g‡a¨ 3wU hvi g‡a¨
syllable _v‡K| syllable _v‡K| syllable _v‡K| wZ‡bi AwaK †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:
= man = fa ther = com pu ter syllable _v‡K| Singular Plural
= u ni ver si ty Wife Wives
Self Selves
cv_©K¨:
eY©: aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc| wet `ªt Singular number Gi †k‡l hw`
Aÿi: GKUv k‡ãi GKev‡i hZUzKz D”PviY Kiv hvq| (i) if (iv) eef
D`vniY: gvgv (ii) ief (v) off
(iii) rf
eY©= g+Av+g+Av = 4wU|
_v‡K Z‡e plural Kivi mgq ïay ÒsÓ †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:
Aÿi = gv+gv = 2wU| Singular Plural
Chief Chiefs
Reef (cvnvo †kÖYx) Reefs

4. Pair, dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million,

billion, trillion BZ¨vw` noun ¸wji c~‡e© hw` one, two,
three, four... BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j G¸wji plural
number n‡e bv A_©vr G¸wji mv‡_ s A_ev es n‡e bv|
Z‡e one, two, three, four... BZ¨vw` bv _vK‡j plural
Z_v s A_ev es n‡Z cv‡i| Avi †m‡ÿ‡Î A_© n‡e→ †Rvov
†Rvov, evi evi, wek wek, kZ kZ, nvRvi nvRvi...| †hgb:
(i) He gave me two hundred taka.
(ii) He bought three pair of shoes.
(iii) Thousands of people came here.
(hw` †KD Number m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z Pvq, Zvn‡j
Zv‡K Number Gi g~j kxUwU w`‡q †`Iqv n‡e|)

1g K¬vm: cÖkœ:
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(1) 1bs, 2bs I 3bs → 3 (1) Parts of English (5) Verb Gi iƒc:
evi †jLv| Grammar KqwU I wK wK?
Present Past Past
(2) L→3 Gi 1 †_‡K 25 (2) Orthography m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| V-1 Meaning V-2 Participle
ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’
(3) Number m¤úwK©Z 4wU V-3
K‡i → 1 evi †jLv| Am nq Was Been
Rules wjL|
Is nq Was Been
Are nq Were Been
(4) Person Gi QK:
Have Av‡Q Had Had
Person (e¨w³) Has Av‡Q Had Had
Singular Plural Do Kiv Did Done
Number Number Does Kiv Did Done
Avwg Avgiv
1st / First
I We
Zzwg †Zvgiv
2nd / Second (6) Auxiliary verb msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbv:
You You
†m
Zvnviv
To be verb → 5wU
3rd / Third He/She/It
Avi hZ GKePb bvg Av‡Q
They am, is, are → Present

Singular Plural

c„w_ex‡Z Person Av‡Q→ 3wU| h_v: was, were → Past

st
(i) 1 Person
(ii) 2nd Person Singular Plural
(iii) 3rd Person
Be Verb - Gi iƒc → 8wU| h_v:
Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Be, Being, Been.
Avi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Person RvqMv `Lj K‡i‡Q→ 2wU K‡i| GKwU
n‡jv→ Singular Av‡iKwU n‡jv→ Plural| myZivs Person Gi
†gvU RvqMv Av‡Q→ 6wU| h_v: To Have verb → 3wU
(i) 1st Person Singular → I
(ii) 1st Person Plural → We Have, Has → Present
(iii) 2nd Person Singular → You
(iv) 2nd Person Plural → You Plural Singular
(v) 3rd Person Singular → He, She, It Avi hZ
GKePb bvg Av‡Q| Had → Past
(vi) 3 Person Plural → They
rd

Singular + Plural
Person msµvšÍ Qov
Avwg/Avgiv, Zzwg/†Zvgiv Qvov Do verb → 3wU
f‡e Av‡Q hviv
3rd Person Zviv| Do, Does → Present
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv eySv‡j n‡e→ 3rd Person Singular|
Avi G‡Ki AwaK eySv‡j n‡e→ 3rd Person Plural| Plural Singular

Did → Past

Singular + Plural

Singular Auxiliary Plural Auxiliary

Number Verb Number Verb
1st / Avwg Am / Was Avgiv Are/ Were
First I Have / Had We Have/ Had
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 Do / Did Do/Did ourselves
We us our
ours (Avgiv wb‡R
Are / Were Are/ Were (Avvgiv) (Avgv‡`i‡K) (Avgv‡`i)
2nd / Zzwg †Zvgiv wb‡R)
Have / Had Have/ Had yourself
Second You You
Do / Did Do / Did You you your (Zzwg wb‡R wb‡R)
†m (Zzwg, (†Zvgv‡K, (†Zvgvi, yours yourselves
†Zvgiv) †Zvgv‡`i‡K) †Zvgv‡`i) (†Zvgiv wb‡R
He/She/It Is / Was Are/ Were
3rd / Zvnviv wb‡R)
Avi hZ Has / Had Have/ Had He him his himself
Third They his
GKePb bvg Does / Did Do / Did (†m) (Zv‡K) (Zvi) (†m wb‡R wb‡R)
Av‡Q She her her herself
hers
(†m) (Zv‡K) (Zvi) (†m wb‡R wb‡R)
It it its itself
its
(Bnv) (Bnv‡K) (Bnvi) (Bnv wb‡R wb‡R)
themselves
They them their
theirs (Zvnviv wb‡R
(Zvnviv) (Zv‡`i‡K) (Zv‡`i)
wb‡R)
wet `ªt → c„w_exi mg¯Í g~j Verb, One one one‟s
one self
x (†h †KD wb‡R
Do Verb Gi wbq‡g n‡q _v‡K| (†h †KD) (†h KvD‡K) (†h KviI)
wb‡R)
Who whom whose
(†K, †h, (Kv‡K,hv‡K, (Kvi, hvi, x x
whwb, hviv) hvnv‡`i‡K) hvnv‡`i)

2q K¬vm: cÖkœ:
(1) 4bs, 5bs I 6bs → 5 evi (4) Person Gi QKwU wjL| 3q K¬vm: cÖkœ:
†jLv| Auxiliary Verb mn| (1) 7bs A_©mn → 5 evi (7) Pronoun Kv‡K e‡j? Dnv
(2) L→3 Gi 26 †_‡K 50 (5) Auxiliary Verb Gi †jLv| KZ cÖKvi I wK wK wjL|
ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’ iƒc¸wj wjL| (2) L→3 Gi 51 †_‡K 75 (8) Personal Pronoun Gi
(6) Auxiliary Verb msµvšÍ ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’ QKwU A_©mn wjL|
K‡i → 1 evi †jLv|
Av‡jvPbvwU wjL| K‡i → 1 evi †jLv|

(7) Pronoun (me©bvg) (8) Tense m¤ú‡K© we‡kl 4wU wbqg

Pro = cwie‡Z©| Avi Noun = bvg, we‡kl¨| myZivs †hwU
Noun ev bvg Gi cwie‡Z© e‡m Zv‡K Pronoun ev me©bvg (1) Indefinite → Gi †ÿ‡Î subject Gi ci g~j verb
e‡j| Bnv 8 cÖKvi| h_v: em‡e|

(i) Personal (e¨w³MZ) (2) Continuous→ Gi †ÿ‡Î subject Gi ci be verb

(ii) Impersonal (e¯‘MZ) em‡e Ges g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing em‡e|
(3) Perfect→ Gi †ÿ‡Î subject Gi ci have verb em‡e
(iii) Indefinite (Awbw`©ó) Ges g~j verb Gi V-3 n‡e|
(iv) Interrogative (cÖkœ‡evaK)
(4) †h‡Kvb future→ Gi †ÿ‡Î subject Gi ci shall/will
(v) Relative (m¤úK©MZ)
em‡e Ges verb Gi base form em‡e|
(vi) Demonstrative (wb‡`©km~PK)
(vii) Distributive (e›Ub‡hvM¨) (9) Tense (Kvj)
(viii) Reciprocal (cvi¯úwiK) wµqv msMwVZ nIqvi mgq‡K Tense e‡j|
Bnv cÖ_gZ 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Present (eZ©gvb)
Personal Pronoun (e¨w³MZ me©bvg) (ii) Past (AZxZ)
Bnv 5 cÖKvi| h_v:
(iii) Future (fwel¨r)
Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive
(†K, †K adjective pronoun / (AvZ¥ ev wbR
Subjective
RvZxq A_© (i, i RvZxq A_© Double RvZxq A_© cÖ`vb Bnv cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avevi 4 cÖKvi| h_v:
cÖ`vb K‡i) cÖ`vb K‡i) possessive K‡i)
I me my myself (i) Indefinite (mvaviY, Awbw`©ó)
mine
(Avwg) (Avgv‡K) (Avgvi) (Avwg wb‡R wb‡R)

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(ii) Continuous (Pjgvb) Sub + had + v-3 + Extension.
(iii) Perfect (gvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q, dj GL‡bv we`¨gvb) Ex: I had played football (Avwg dzUej †LwjqvwQjvg)
(d) Perfect Continuous (c~e© †_‡K ïiæ n‡q GL‡bv Pj‡Q) (9) Future Perfect:
Sub + shall/will + have + v-3 + Extension.
Ex: I will have played football
Tense Gi Structure:
(Avwg dzUej †Lwjqv _vwKe)
Bnvi `yÕai‡bi Structure n‡q _v‡K| h_v:
(i) Active Structure
(10) Present Perfect Continuous:
(ii) Passive Structure
Sub+have/has + been+v-ing+since/for+Ext.
Ex: I have been reading for two hours
(Avwg `yB N›Uv hver cwo‡ZwQ)
Tense → Gi Active Structure I have been reading since morning
(1) Present Indefinite: (Avwg mKvj †_‡K cwo‡ZwQ)
Sub + v-1 + Extension. (11) Past Perfect Continuous:
Ex: I play football (Avwg dzUej †Lwj) Sub+had+been+v-ing +since/for + Extension.
(2) Past Indefinite: Ex: I had been reading for two hours
Sub + v-2 + Extension. (Avwg `yB N›Uv hver cwo‡ZwQjvg)
Ex: I played football (Avwg dzUej †L‡jwQjvg) (12) Future Perfect Continuous:
(3) Future Indefinite: Sub + shall/will + have + been +
Sub+shall/will + verb -Gi base form + Extension. v-ing + since/for + Extension.
Ex: I will play football (Avwg dzUej †Lj‡ev) Ex: I will have been reading for two hours
(Avwg `yB N›Uv hver cwo‡Z _vwKe)

(4) Present Continuous:

Tense → Gi Passive Structure
Sub + am/is/are + v-ing + Extension. wet`ªt Passive structure -G g~j verb wU memgq v-3 nq|
Ex: I am playing football (Avwg dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQ) Be
(5) Past Continuous:
(i) Present Indefinite → Sub+am/is/are+v-3+Ext.
Sub + was/were + v-ing + Extension.
Ex: I was playing football (Avwg dzUej †Lwj‡ZwQjvg) (ii) Past Indefinite → Sub+ was / were + v-
(6) Future Continuous: 3+Ext.
Sub + shall/will + be + v-ing + Extension. (iii) Future Indefinite →Sub+shall be/will be+v-
Ex: I will be playing football (Avwg dzUej †Lwj‡Z _vwKe) 3+Ext.

4_© K¬vm:
(1) 8bs → 5 evi †jLv|
(2) Tense Gi cÖ_g 6wU
MVbcÖYvjx → 5 evi †jLv|
(3) L→3 Gi 76 †_‡K 100
ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’
K‡i → 1 evi †jLv|
Being
cÖkœ:
(9) Tense m¤ú‡K© we‡kl (iv) Present Continuous → Sub+am being/is
4wU wbqg wjL| being/ are being + v-3 + Ext.
(v) Past Continuous → Sub + was being /
were being+v-3+Ext.
(vi) Future Continuous → Sub + shall be being /
wil be being + v-3 +Ext.

Been
(7) Present Perfect:
(vii) Present Perfect→ Sub+have been/has been+v-
Sub + have/has + v-3 + Extension. 3+Ext.
Ex: I have played football (Avwg dzUej †LwjqvwQ) (viii) Past Perfect→ Sub + had been + v-3 + Ext.
(8) Past Perfect: (ix) Future Perfect→ Sub + shall have been /
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 will have been + v-3 + Ext. Gerund Ges Present Participle -Gi
Been being ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨
(x) Present Perfect Continuous → Sub+have 1st Step
been being / has been being + v-3 + v-ing → verb + noun = Gerund
since/for+Ext. v-ing → verb + adjective = Present Participle
(xi) Past Perfect Continuous → Sub + had been
being + v-3 + since/for + Ext. v-ing → Noun
(xii) Future Perfect Continuous → Sub+shall have
been being / will have been being+v-3+ since/for Noun Gic~‡e© ing Iqvjv word _vK‡j D³ ing Iqvjv
+ Ext. word wU Gerund n‡Z cv‡i Avevi Present
5g K¬vm: cÖkœ: Participle I n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e D³ ing Iqvjv word wU
(1) Tense Gi evwK 6wU (10) Tense Gi 12wU Avm‡j wK n‡e| Zvi GKwU kU©KvU †UKwbK wb‡¤œ †`Iqv
MVbcÖYvjx → 5 evi †jLv| MVbcÖYvjx D`vniY I Zvi
n‡jv →
(2) L→3 Gi 101 †_‡K 125 A_©mn wjL |
ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’ Noun + for + v-ing = Gerund
K‡i → 1 evi †jLv| Noun + is + v-ing = Present Participle
A_©¨vr D³ Noun †K c~‡e© ewm‡q Zvici for + D³ ing
(10) Verb -Gi iƒc n‡jv→ 8wU| h_v: Iqvjv word wU emv‡j hw` A_© nq Zvn‡j D³ ing
Past
Gerund/
Perfect
Iqvjv word wU n‡e → Gerund.
Base s/es Present Past Present Infinitive
participle participle
Form Form (v-1) (v-2) participle (v-5)
(v-3) (v-6)
(v-4)
Having
Take takes take took taken taking to take
taken
Having
Be - am was been being to be
been

Ex: Swimming pool. GUv‡K hw` Avgiv pool is

* Gerund→ GwU Ggb GKwU Word hvi g‡a¨ GKB swimming ewj Zvn‡j A_© nq bv| Avi hw` pool for
mv‡_ Verb I Noun Gi A_© we`¨gvb| swimming ewj Zvn‡j A_© n‡e| ZvB GUv n‡e→
* Participle→ GwU Ggb GKwU Word hvi g‡a¨ GKB Gerund.
mv‡_ Verb I Adjective Gi A_© we`¨gvb| Avi hw` D³ Noun †K c~‡e© ewm‡q Zvici is + D³
ing Iqvjv word wU emv‡j A_© nq Zvn‡j D³ ing
* †h‡nZz Gerund Gi Aci bvg Present Participle Iqvjv word wU n‡e→ Present Participle.
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Gerund Gi g‡a¨ GKB mv‡_
Verb, Noun I Adjective Gi A_© we`¨gvb| (KviY Ex: Swimming girl. Avi GLv‡b hw` ewj girl for
Gerund Gi g‡a¨ Participle Gi wKQzUv MÜ i‡q‡Q)| swimming Zvn‡j A_© nq bv| Avi hw` ewj girl is
 Participle -Gi cÖKvi‡f`:
swimming Zvn‡j A_© nq| Avi ZvB GUv n‡e→
Bnv 3 cÖKvi| h_v: Present Participle.
(i) Present Participle
(ii) Past Participle Walking girl (girl is walking)
(iii) Perfect Participle Present Participle

 MVbcÖbvwj: Walking stick (Stick for walking)

Gerund
* Gerund→ g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ing n‡e| †hgb: taking.
* Infinitive→ g~j verb Gi c~‡e© to n‡e|†hgb: to take.
2nd Step
* Perfect participle→ Having + g~j verb Gi v-3
form wU n‡e| †hgb: Having taken Sub + be verb + v-ing

GwU Gerund n‡e bvwK Present

Participle n‡e verb †K hw` wK Øviv cÖkœ K‡i D³
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ing Iqvjv word wUi A_© cvq Zvn‡j D³ ing Iqvjv Ex: He is the best boy in this class.
word wU n‡e→ Noun Z_v Gerund.
wet`ªt Superlative degree Gi c~‡e© the e‡m|
Avi hw` verb †K †Kgb Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvq
 Rules of Degree
Zvn‡j †mwU n‡e→ Adjective Z_v Present
Participle. 1. mvavibZ GK Syllable wewkó k‡ãi †k‡l er †hvM
K‡i comparative Ges est †hvM K‡i superlative
(11) Comparison of Adjective / Degree Ki‡Z nq|
(we‡kl‡Yi Zzjbv / cwigvc) Positive Comparative Superlative
Great Greater Greatest
Degree →
(i) †`vl 2. G‡Ki AwaK Syllable wewkó kã‡K Comparative
(ii) ¸Y (iv) msL¨v Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i c~‡e© †ewk eySv‡j→ more Ges Kg
(iii) Ae¯’v (v) cwigvY BZ¨vw`i ZviZg¨ eySv‡Z Adjective eySv‡j→ less. Avi Superlative Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i
Gi †h iƒcvšÍi nq Zv‡K Comparison of Adjective ev
c~‡e© †ewk eySv‡j→ most Ges Kg eySv‡j→ least.
Degree e‡j| Positive Comparative Superlative
Beautiful more Beautiful most Beautiful
 cÖKvi‡f`:
less Beautiful least Beautiful
Bnv 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Positive (GKvKx eySv‡e)
(ii) Comparative (`yBÕ†qi g‡a¨ eySv‡e)
(iii) Superlative (mevi g‡a¨ eySv‡e) 3. Some irregular degree hv‡`i wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wbqg
i. Positive degree: bvB| hv wb¤œiƒc:
†Kvb cÖKvi Zzjbv bv eywS‡q Adjective hLb †Kvb e¨w³ Positive Comparative Superlative
ev e¯‘i (i) Good, (adj) Better Best
(ii) Well (adv) Better Best
(i) †`vl
(iii) Bad Worse Worst
(ii) ¸Y (iv) msL¨v
(iv) Many(countable) More Most
(iii) Ae¯’v (v) cwigvY BZ¨vw` eySvq ZLb
(v) Much(uncountable) More Most
Zv‡K Positive degree e‡j| (GKvKx eySv‡e) (vi) Little Less Least
Ex: He is a good boy. (vii) Far Farther/Further Farthest/Furthest

6ô K¬vm: cÖkœ:
ii. Comparative degree:
(1) 10bs I 11bs → 3 evi (11) Verb Gi iƒc m¤úwK©Z
hLb 2wU e¨w³ ev e¯‘i †jLv Av‡jvPbvwU wjL|
(i) †`vl (2) L→3 Gi 126 †_‡K 150 (12) Degree m¤úwK©Z
(ii) ¸Y (iv) msL¨v ch©šÍ Verb Gi iƒc gyL¯’ Av‡jvPbvwU wjL|
(iii) Ae¯’v (v) cwigvY BZ¨vw`i gv‡S Zzjbv K‡i → 1 evi †jLv|
Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Comparative degree e‡j|
(12) Interrogative I Relative Pronoun msµvšÍ QK:
(`yBÕ†qi g‡a¨ eySv‡e)
Ex: He is better than Sumon. µ. Interrogative Meaning µ. Relative Meaning
bs Pronoun bs Pronoun
wet`ªt Comparative degree Gici mvavibZ than e‡m| 01 Who †K, Kviv 01 Who †h, whwb, hviv
02 Whom Kv‡K, 02 Whom hv‡K,
iii. Superlative degree: Kv‡`i‡K hvnv‡`i‡K
hLb `yBÕ†qi AwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i 03 Whose Kvi 03 Whose hvi
04 Which †Kvb, 04 Which †hUv, †h¸wj
(i) †`vl †KvbwU
(ii) ¸Y (iv) msL¨v 05 What wK 05 What hv
(iii) Ae¯’v (v) cwigvY BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv 06 When KLb 06 When hLb
07 Where †Kv_vq 07 Where †hLv‡b
Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Superlative degree e‡j| 08 Why †Kb 08 Why †h Kvi‡b
(mevi g‡a¨ eySv‡e) 09 How wKfv‡e, 09 How †hfv‡e,

7
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 †Kgb hvi Dcv‡q A_©→ Zzwg wKfv‡e GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡e?
10 That †hUv,†h¸wj
How are you? A_©→ Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv?
→ This is the way how I can solve it.
wet `ªt→
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv cš’v †hfv‡e ev hvi Dcv‡q Avwg Bnv
(i) mvaviYZ Interrogative pronoun ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m|
mgvavb Kwi|
Avi Relative pronoun ev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m|

10. This is the pen that is mine.

(ii) Relative pronoun ev‡K¨i ev‡K¨i gv‡S Avm‡j D³
ev‡K¨i cÖ_g As‡ki mv‡_ g‡b g‡b ÔGgbÕ K_vwU †hvM K‡i A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv Kjg †hUv Avgvi|
co‡Z nq| 7g K¬vm: cÖkœ:
(1) 12bs → 3 evi †jLv (13) Interrogative pronoun
Example:
(2) L→3 Gi 151 †_‡K I Relative pronoun
1. Who are you? A_©→ Zzwg †K? msµvšÍ QKwU D`vniYmn
175 ch©šÍ Verb Gi
→ Amir sir is a person who is my teacher. wjL|
iƒc gyL¯’ K‡i → 1
A_©→ Avwgi m¨vi Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb Avgvi wkÿK| evi †jLv|
2. Whom do you want? A_©→ Zzwg Kv‡K PvI?
→ Amir sir is a person whom I love.
A_©→ Avwgi m¨vi Ggb GKRb e¨w³ hv‡K Avwg fv‡jvevwm|
3. Whose pen is this? A_©→ GB KjgwU Kvi?
→ This is the pen whose colour is black.
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKwU Kjg hvi is nq Kv‡jv|
4. Which madrasah you have come from?
A_©→ Zzwg †Kvb gv`&ivmv †_‡K G‡m‡Qv?
→This is the pen which I want.
A_ ©→ GUv Ggb GKUv Kjg †hUv Avwg PvB|

5. What is your name? A_©→ †Zvgvi bvg wK?

→ This is the proverb what I talk sometimes.
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv cÖev` hv Avwg gv‡S gv‡S ewj|

6. When you get up from your bed?

A_©→ Zzwg KLb †Zvgvi weQvbv †_‡K D‡Vv?
→ 2.00 pm is a time when we start our pvt.
A_©→ `yciy `yBUv Ggb GKUv mgq hLb Avgiv Avgv‡`i cÖvB‡fU
ïiæ Kwi|

7. Where are you going? A_©→ Zzwg †Kv_vq hv”Q?

→ Dhaka is a place where I live in.
A_©→ XvKv Ggb GKUv RvqMv †hLv‡b Avwg evm Kwi|

8. Why are you going there? A_©→ Zzwg †mLv‡b †Kb

hv”Q?
→ This is the event why I love you.
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv NUbv †h Kvi‡b ev hvi Kvi‡b Avwg †Zvgv‡K
fv‡jvevwm|

9. How can you solve this problem?

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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 Lecture-03
Verb -Gi iƒc
No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-
3)
1 Am (nq) Was Been
2 Is (nq) Was Been
3 Are (nq) Were Been
4 Be (nIqv) Was Been
5 Be (nIqv) Were Been
6 Have (Av‡Q) Had Had
7 Has (Av‡Q) Had Had
8 Bring (Avbqb Kiv) Brought Brought
9 Mean (A_©) Meant Meant
10 Satisfy (mš‘wó) Satisfied Satisfied
11 Get (cvIqv) Got Got, Gotten
12 Can (cviv) Could Could
13 Shall (DwPZ RvZxq A_© w`‡e) Should Should
14 Will (e, †e) Would Would
15 May (m¤¢ve¨Zv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ Might Might
e¨eüZ nq )
16 Purchase (µq Kiv) Purchased Purchased
17 Do (Kiv) Did Done
18 Give (†`Iqv) Gave Given
19 Waste (bó Kiv) Wasted Wasted
20 Know (Rvbv, cwiwPZ) Knew Known
21 Want (PvIqv) Wanted Wanted
22 Shine (wKib †`Iqv) Shined Shined
23 Make (•Zwi Kiv) Made Made
24 Use (e¨envi Kiv) Used Used
25 Suffer (AkvwšÍ‡Z †fvMv) Suffered Suffered

9
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-3)
26 Achieve (AR©b Kiv) Achieved Achieved
27 Come (Avmv) Came Come
28 Celebrate (D`hvcb Kiv) Celebrated Celebrated
29 Remember (¯§iY Kiv) Remembered Remembered
30 Sacrifice (AvZ¥Z¨vM Kiv) Sacrificed Sacrificed
31 Die (g„Zz¨eiY Kiv) Died Died
32 Pay (cÖ`vb Kiv) Paid Paid
33 Keep (ivLv) Kept Kept
34 Enable (mvnvh¨ Kiv) Enabled Enabled
35 Choice (cQ›` Kiv) Choiced Choiced
36 Create (m„wó Kiv) Created Created
37 Learn (wkÿv Kiv) Learnt Learnt
38 Visit (cwi`k©b Kiv) Visited Visited
39 Borrow (avi †bIqv) Borrowed Borrowed
40 Return (wd‡i Avmv) Returned Returned
41 Look (ZvKv‡bv) Looked Looked
42 Clear (cwi®‹vi Kiv) Cleared Cleared
43 Grow (Rb¥v‡bv) Grew Grown
44 Need (cÖ‡qvRb) Needed Needed
45 Love (fv‡jvevmv) Loved Loved
46 Call (WvKv, ejv) Called Called
47 Dedicate (DrmM© Kiv) Dedicated Dedicated
48 Believe (wek¦vm Kiv) Believed Believed
49 Say (ejv) Said Said
50 Devote (wb‡ew`Z) Devoted Devoted
51 Think (wPšÍv Kiv) Thought Thought
52 Work (KvR Kiv) Worked Worked
53 Nurse (†mev Kiv) Nursed Nursed
54 Study (cov‡kvbv Kiv) Studied Studied
55 Succeed (mdjZv AR©b Kiv) Succeeded Succeeded

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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-3)
56 Absorb (wbgw¾Z _vKv) Absorbed Absorbed
57 Prevent (cÖwZ‡iva Kiv, _vgv‡bv) Prevented Prevented
58 Transmit (†cÖiY Kiv) Transmitted Transmitted
59 Become (nIqv) Became Become
60 Depend (wbf©i Kiv) Depended Depended
61 Reach (†cuŠQv‡bv) Reached Reached
62 Develop (Dbœqb Kiv) Developed Developed
63 Start (ïiæ Kiv) Started Started
64 Operate (mn‡hvwMZv Kiv) Operated Operated
65 Like (cQ›` Kiv) Liked Liked
66 Describe (eY©bv Kiv) Described Described
67 See (†`Lv) Saw Seen
68 Write (†jLv) Wrote Written
69 Check (†PK Kiv) Checked Checked
70 Travel (ågb Kiv) Travelled Travelled
71 Serve (†mev Kiv) Served Served
72 Take (†bIqv) Took Taken
73 Speak (K_v ejv) Spoke Spoken
74 Apply (cÖ‡qvM Kiv) Applied Applied
75 Try (†Póv Kiv) Tried Tried
76 Alleviate (`~i Kiv) Alleviated Alleviated
77 Begin (ïiæ Kiv) Began Begun
78 Go (hvIqv) Went Gone
79 Postpone (g~jZwe Kiv) Postponed Postponed
80 Buy (µq Kiv) Bought Bought
81 Admit (fwZ© nIqv) Admitted Admitted
82 Drive (Pvjbv Kiv) Drove Driven
83 Seem (g‡b nIqv) Seemed Seemed
84 Lose (nviv‡bv) Lost Lost
85 Walk (nvUv) Walked Walked
11
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-3)
86 Wear (cwiavb Kiv) Wore Worn
87 Rule (kvmb Kiv) Ruled Ruled
88 Change (cwieZ©b Kiv) Changed Changed
89 Complete (cwic~Y© Kiv) Completed Completed
90 Engage (wbhy³ Kiv) Engaged Engaged
91 Create (m„wó Kiv) Created Created
92 Help (mvnvh¨ Kiv) Helped Helped
93 Gain (AR©b Kiv) Gained Gained
94 Tell (ejv) Told Told
95 Trust (wek¦vm Kiv) Trusted Trusted
96 Expose (Pvwc‡q †`Iqv) Exposed Exposed
97 Respect (m¤§vb Kiv) Respected Respected
98 Cultivate (Pvl Kiv) Cultivated Cultivated
99 Reign (kvmb Kiv) Reigned Reigned
100 Prosper (DbœwZ Kiv) Prospered Prospered
101 Preach (cÖPvi Kiv) Preached Preached
102 Understand (eyS‡Z cviv) Understood Understood
103 Attack (AvµgY Kiv) Attacked Attacked
104 Stop (_vwg‡q †`qv) Stopped Stopped
105 Teach (wkÿv †`qv) Taught Taught
106 Confine (mxgve× Kiv) Confined Confined
107 Educate (wkÿv †`qv) Educated Educated
108 Continue (Pvwj‡q hvIqv) Continued Continued
109 Run (†`Šov‡bv, cwiPvjbv Kiv) Ran Run
110 Enjoy (Avb›` Dc‡fvM Kiv) Enjoyed Enjoyed
111 Watch (†`Lv) Watched Watched
112 Seek (A‡š^lb Kiv) Seeked Seeked
113 Stand (`uvov‡bv) Stood Stood
114 Solve (mgvavb Kiv) Solved Solved
115 Adopt (Lvc-LvB‡q Pjv) Adopted Adopted
12
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-3)
116 Hope (Avkv Kiv) Hoped Hoped
117 Act (Awfbq Kiv) Acted Acted
118 Talk (K_v ejv) Talked Talked
119 Wish (B”Qv Kiv) Wished Wished
120 Avoid (Gwo‡q Pjv) Avoided Avoided
121 Wait (A‡cÿv Kiv) Waited Waited
122 Disturb (mgm¨v Kiv) Disturbed Disturbed
123 Eat (LvIqv) Ate Eaten
124 Retort (cybivq DËi †`qv) Retorted Retorted
125 Cry (wPrKvi Kiv) Cried Cried
126 Jump (jvd †`qv) Jumped Jumped
127 Show (†`Lv‡bv) Showed Showed
128 Ask (wRÁvmv Kiv) Asked Asked
129 Deserve (msiÿY Kiv) Deserved Deserved
130 Reply (cybivq DËi †`qv) Replied Replied
131 Spend (e¨q Kiv) Spent Spent
132 Arrange (Av‡qvRb Kiv) Arranged Arranged
133 Choose (cQ›` Kiv) Chose Chosen
134 Thank (ab¨ev` †`qv) Thanked Thanked
135 Identify (kbv³ Kiv) Identified Identified
136 Clear (cwi®‹vi Kiv) Cleared Cleared
137 Constitute (cÖwZôv Kiv) Constituted Constituted
138 Progress (DbœwZ Kiv) Progressed Progressed
139 Uplift (DbœwZ Kiv) Uplifted Uplifted
140 Cook (ivbœv Kiv) Cooked Cooked
141 Roast (fzbv Kiv) Roasted Roasted
142 Resist (cÖwZ‡iva Kiv) Resisted Resisted
143 Sit (emv) Sat Sitten
144 Notice (jÿ¨ Kiv) Noticed Noticed
145 Happen (msMwVZ nIqv) Happened Happened

13
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 No. Present (A_©) (v-1) Past (v-2) Past Participle (v-3)
146 Insist (†Rvi †`qv) Insisted Insisted
147 Fight (hy× Kiv) Fought Fought
148 Need (cÖ‡qvRb) Needed Needed
149 Behave (AvPiY Kiv) Behaved Behaved
150 Force (kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv) Forced Forced
151 Win (Rq jvf Kiv) Won Won
152 Express (e¨³ Kiv) Expressed Expressed
153 Communicate Communicated Communicated
(†hvMv‡hvM Kiv)
154 Hamper (ÿwZ Kiv) Hampered Hampered
155 Command (wb‡`©kbv †`qv) Commanded Commanded
156 Free (gy³ Kiv) Freed Freed
157 Compel (eva¨ Kiv) Compelled Compelled
158 Forget (fz‡j hvIqv) Forgot Forgot, Forgotten
159 Acknowledge (¯^xKvi Kiv) Acknowledged Acknowledged
160 Count (MYbv Kiv) Counted Counted
161 Establish (cÖwZôv Kiv) Established Established
162 Join (†hvM`vb Kiv) Joined Joined
163 Share (fvMvfvwM K‡i †bIqv) Shared Shared
164 Mix (wgkv‡bv) Mixed Mixed
165 Converse(Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kiv) Conversed Conversed
166 Gather (Rgv‡qZ nIqv) Gathered Gathered
167 Meet (mvÿvr Kiv) Met Met
168 Lead (†bZ…Z¡ †`qv) Leaded Leaded
169 Increase (e„w× Kiv) Increased Increased
170 Guide (w`K wb‡`©kbv †`qv) Guided Guided
171 Shape (MVb Kiv) Shaped Shaped
172 Obey (gvb¨ Kiv) Obeyed Obeyed
173 Pray (cÖv_©bv Kiv) Prayed Prayed
174 Sell (wewµ Kiv) Sold Sold
175 Answer (DËi †`qv) Answered Answered
14
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 Some Confusing (m‡›`n‡cvlYKvix) Verb
Present (A_©) Past Past Participle
No.
V-1 V-2 V-3
1 Awake (RvMwiZ nIqv) Awoke Awoken
2 Awak (RvMwiZ Kiv) Awoke Awaken
3 Hang (Szjvb) Hung Hung
4 Hang (duvwm †`Iqv) Hanged Hanged
5 Lie (kqb Kiv) Lay Lain
6 Lie (wg_¨v ejv) Lied Lied
7 Lay (¯’vcb Kiv, wWg cvov) Laid Laid
8 Fall (cwZZ nIqv) Fell Fallen
9 Fell (f‚-cvwZZ Kiv) Felled Felled
10 Bear (enb Kiv) Bore Borne
11 Bear (Rb¥v‡bv) Bore Born
12 Fly (Dov) Flew Flown
13 Flee (cjvqb Kiv) Fled Fled
14 Follow (AbymiY Kiv) Followed Followed
15 Flow (cÖevwnZ nIqv) Flowed Flowed
16 Rise (DVv) Rose Risen
17 Raise (e„w×) Raised Raised
18 Fill (c~Y© Kiv) Filled Filled
19 Feel (Abyfe Kiv) Felt Felt
20 Live (evm Kiv) Lived Lived
21 Leave (Z¨vM Kiv) Left Left
22 Find (A‡š^lY Kiv, †LuvRv) Found Found
23 Found (cÖwZôv Kiv) Founded Founded
24 Hear (kÖeY Kiv) Heard Heard
25 Hold (aviY Kiv) Held Held

15
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 †h Verb ¸wji 3wU Form GKB
Present (A_©) Past Past Participle
No.
V-1 V-2 V-3
1 Cut (KvUv) Cut Cut
2 Put (ivLv) Put Put
3 Read (cov) Read Read
4 Shut (eÜ Kiv) Shut Shut
5 Spread (we¯Ívi Kiv) Spread Spread
6 Let (AbygwZ †`Iqv) Let Let
7 Set (¯’vcb Kiv) Set Set
8 Cost (LiP Kiv) Cost Cost
9 Cast (wb‡ÿc Kiv) Cast Cast
10 Bet (evwR ivLv) Bet Bet
11 Rid (gy³ Kiv) Rid Rid
12 Hit (AvNvZ Kiv) Hit Hit
13 Hurt (AvNvZ Kiv) Hurt Hurt
14 Burst (mnmv †d‡U hvIqv) Burst Burst
15 Thrust (†Vu‡m aiv) Thrust Thrust
16 Shed (el©b Kiv) Shed Shed
17 Split (_y_y †djv) Split Split

16
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 (2) Etymology (kã cÖKiY) : * †h word Øviv †Kv‡bv-
(i) e¨w³ (vi) Kvj
Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb AdVerb (ii) e¯‘ (vii) fve
we‡kl¨ we‡klY bvg we‡klY wµqv wµqv (iii) ¯’vb
we‡klY
(iv) RvwZ (viii) Kg©
(v) mgwó (ix) ¸Y
Preposition Conjuction Interjection Gi bvg †evSvq Zv‡K Noun ev we‡kl¨ e‡j|
AbymM© ms‡hvRK Ae¨q Av‡eMm~PK Ae¨q
 cÖKvi‡f`:
Bnv‡K 2wU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:-
Noun→ we‡kl¨ (i) Ae¯’v wePv‡ii w`K †_‡K
(ii) MYbvi w`K †_‡K
 Use and Identification of Noun in Ae¯’v wePv‡ii w`K †_‡K Noun cÖ_gZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
Sentence: Noun
Positon of Noun in a Sentence : wb‡¤œv³ 5wU
RvqMvq mvaviYZ Noun e‡m|
Concrete Abstract
(i) ev‡K¨i Subject wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m|
Ex: Amir has got a scholarship.
wet `ªt Subject Ae¯’v‡b Noun phrase, Noun
Proper Common Collective Material
clause ev Infinitive phrase em‡Z cv‡i. (bvgevPK) (RvwZevPK) (mgwóevPK) (Dcv`vbevPK, e¯‘evPK)
(ii) ev‡K¨i Object wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m|  Zvn‡j Noun me©‡gvU Ñ 5cÖKvi|
Ex: Amir has got a scholarship.
(iii) ev‡K¨i Complement wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| Concrete→ hvi evwn¨K ev •`wnK Aew¯’wZ Av‡Q Ges
Ex: He is a boy. Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g Dcjwä Kiv hvq Zv‡K Concrete Noun
wet `ªt Complement wn‡m‡e ïay Noun-B e‡m e‡m e‡j| Ex: Zahirul, River, People, Water.
bv, Adjective I em‡Z cv‡i| Noun bvwK Abstract→ hvi evwn¨K ev •`wnK Aew¯’wZ †bB wKš‘
Adjective em‡e †mUv wbf©i Ki‡e ev‡K¨i A‡_©i Dci| Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g Dcjwä Kiv hvq Zv‡K Abstract Noun
(iv) Subject Gi Apposition wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| e‡j| A_©vr †h Noun †K (i) †`Lv hvq bv
Ex: Sujan, Amir‟s student, is a good boy. (ii) aiv hvq bv
wet `ªt Apposition n‡j Subject Gi e¨vL¨vg~jK (iii) ‡Qvqv hvq bv
cwiwPwZ| Avi Punctuation Gi wbqg Abyhvqx Gi (iv) ïay Abyfe Kiv hvq
Subject Dfqcv‡k Kgv e‡m| Ex: Honesty, Kindness, Freedom,
(v) ÔTo‟ e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ Preposition Gici Object wet `ªt Abstract Noun ev‡K¨i Subject n‡j D³ ev‡K¨i
wn‡m‡e Noun e‡m| Z‡e to hy³ word ev phrase Verb me©`vB Singular nq| Abstract Noun Gi
Gici Avevi e‡m| Pronoun wn‡m‡e ÔItÕ e¨eüZ nq|
Ex: He is addicted to smoking. * Proper noun (bvgevPK we‡kl¨)→ †h Noun ev
wet `ªt †h mKj RvqMv‡Z Noun e‡m| †m mKj we‡kl¨ Øviv †Kv‡bv e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi bvg †evSvq Zv‡K ev
RvqMv‡ZB Noun Equivalent e‡m| bvgevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
Noun Equivalent = Gerung, Noun phrase, Ex: Afifa, Mobile, Dhaka, Khulna.
Noun clause, Infinitive Phrase. wet `ªt Proper Noun Gi ïiæi Letter wU memgq Capital
Letter -G nq|

* Common noun (RvwZevPK we‡kl¨)→ †h Noun ev

we‡kl¨ Øviv (1) GKB RvZxq,
17
Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 (2) e¨w³ ev e¯‘i, * Verbal noun (fveevPK we‡kl¨): †h Noun ev
(3) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvaviY bvg eySvq Zv‡K we‡kl¨ wµqvi fve cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Verbal noun ev
Common noun ev RvwZevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j| fveevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
Ex: Boy, Girl, River, Flower. Ex: The walking of Monir is fine.
Kinds of Common Noun :
1.Singular Common Noun. Ex: Boy MVbcÖYvjx: The + verb Gi mv‡_ ing + of GB MVb‡K
2. Plural Common Noun. Ex: Boys Verbal noun e‡j|
wet `ªt
(i) Common Noun ‡Kv‡bv Sentence G GKvwK * †h mg¯Í Word Gi †k‡l Noun Gi Suffix _v‡K ‡m
e‡m bv| nq Determiner wb‡q em‡e bZzev mg¯Í Word †K mvaviYZ Abstract noun e‡j|
Common Noun wU Plural n‡e|
Ex: I know the boy A_ev n‡e|I know boys n‡e|
wKš‘ I know boy KL‡bv n‡e bv| Noun Gi Suffix mvaviYZ 32 wU (msL¨vwU wbw`©ó bq)
(ii) Common Noun hw` Proper Noun Gi c~‡e©
e‡m| Zvn‡j Dfq Noun GiB cÖ_g Letter wU Capital
Letter n‡e| age ism sion
ance ice tion
Ex: I Wanted to know about Doctor Amin. ence ing sure
al ship
* Collective noun (mgwóevPK we‡kl¨)→ †h Noun
ev we‡kl¨ Øviv (1) GKB RvZxq, let
ce kin th
(2) e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K, cy ty
(3) c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q mgwóMZfv‡e eySvq sy ment tude
Zv‡K Collective noun ev mgwóevPK dom mony ur
we‡kl¨ e‡j| ness ure
Ex: Army, People, Police. er
ar or
ee ry
wet`ªt British Enghlish Abyhvqx Collective Noun Hood ock
Gici e¨eüZ Verb wU Plural nq| Avi American
Enghlish Abyhvqx Collective Noun Gici e¨eüZ
 MYbvi w`K †_‡K Noun Avevi 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
Verb wU Singular nq| Avi eZ©gv‡b American
(i) Countable (MbYv‡hvM¨) count - MYbv Kiv
wbqgwUB †ewk cÖPwjZ| able - mÿg
* Collective noun fvM A_ev c„_K n‡q wfbœ A_© un - wecixZ A_©
(ii) Uncountable (MbYv‡hvM¨ bq) †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
w`‡j ZLb Collective noun D³ †K e‡j Noun of
multitude| Avi Noun of multitude Gici Verb
wU memgq nq. Noun

* Material noun (Dcv`vbevPK we‡kl¨): †h Noun ev

Countable Uncountable
we‡kl¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv`vbevPK c`v‡_©i bvg eySvq Zv‡K
(Proper,Common,Collective) (Material,Abstract)
Material noun ev Dcv`vbevPK we‡kl¨ e‡j|
A_©vr Ae¯’v wePv‡ii w`K †_‡K †h k㸇jv Proper
Ex: Salt, Water, Rice.
noun,Common noun ev Collective noun n‡e
wet `ªt Material noun ev‡K¨i n‡j D³ ev‡K¨i Verb
†m¸‡jvB MYbvi w`K †_‡K Countable noun n‡e| Avevi
me©`vB Singular nq|
Ae¯’v wePv‡ii w`K †_‡K †h k㸇jv Material noun ev
Abstract noun n‡e †m¸‡jvB MYbvi w`K †_‡K
Uncountable noun n‡e|
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 •ewkó¨: (iii) He is a boy.
i. Countable noun→-Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m| Avi 7. wKQz verb Av‡Q †h¸‡jv g~j verb Gici object wn‡m‡e
Uncountable noun→ -Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| e‡m Noun Gi KvR K‡i|
Z‡e The n‡Z cv‡i hw` wbw`©ó K‡i ejv nq| Ex: He wants help.
ii. Countable noun→ -Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ nq| Avi
Uncountable noun -Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³ nq bv| Pronoun→ me©bvg
iii. Countable noun → -Gi singular ev plural Pro = cwie‡Z©| Avi Noun = bvg, we‡kl¨| myZivs †hwU
Noun ev bvg Gi cwie‡Z© e‡m Zv‡K Pronoun ev me©bvg
Dfq form B Kiv hvq| Avi Uncountable noun→
e‡j| Bnv 8 cÖKvi| h_v:
-Gi ïaygvÎ singular form nq|
iv. Countable noun→ †K MYbv Kiv nq| (ix) Personal (e¨w³MZ)
(x) Impersonal (e¯‘MZ)
Uncountable noun→ Avi †K cwigvc Kiv nq|
v. British English –G Countable noun ‡K (xi) Indefinite (Awbw`©ó)
Count noun Ges American English -G (xii) Interrogative (cÖkœ‡evaK)
Uncountable noun ‡K Non-count noun ejv (xiii) Relative (m¤úK©MZ)
nq| (xiv) Demonstrative (wb‡`©km~PK)
(xv) Distributive (e›Ub‡hvM¨)
Use and Identification of Noun in Sentence (xvi) Reciprocal (cvi¯úwiK)

1. mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i Subject Ges Object wn‡m‡e Noun

ev we‡kl¨ e¨eüZ nq| Personal Pronoun (e¨w³MZ me©bvg)
Ex: Amir has got a scholarship. Bnv 5 cÖKvi| h_v:
Single
Objective Possessive/ Double Reflexive
(†K, †K Possessive possessive/ (AvZ¥ ev wbR
2. Article, Adjective, Preposition, Possessive Subjective
RvZxq A_© determiner indepindent RvZxq A_© cÖ`vb
Gici GKwU gvÎ word _vK‡j †mwU Noun nq| cÖ`vb K‡i) (i, i RvZxq A_© possesive K‡i)
cÖ`vb K‡i)
Ex: (i) Amir has got a scholarship. I me my
mine
myself
(Avwg) (Avgv‡K) (Avgvi) (Avwg wb‡R wb‡R)
(ii) He is a good boy. We us our
ourselves
ours (Avgiv wb‡R
(Avvgiv) (Avgv‡`i‡K) (Avgv‡`i)
(iii) Our blessings come from above. wb‡R)
yourself
(iv) He is my friend. You you your (Zzwg wb‡R wb‡R)
(Zzwg, (†Zvgv‡K, (†Zvgvi, yours yourselves
3. ev‡K¨ No, any, many, much Ges e¨w³evPK †Zvgiv) †Zvgv‡`i‡K) †Zvgv‡`i) (†Zvgiv wb‡R
wb‡R)
Object Gici Noun e¨eüZ nq| He him his himself
his
(†m) (Zv‡K) (Zvi) (†m wb‡R wb‡R)
Ex: It is no joke. She her her herself
hers
(†m) (Zv‡K) (Zvi) (†m wb‡R wb‡R)
4. Article Ges of Gi ga¨Kvi word wU mvaviYZ Noun It it its itself
its
(Bnv) (Bnv‡K) (Bnvi) (Bnv wb‡R wb‡R)
nq| themselves
They them their
Ex: This is the go of the world. theirs (Zvnviv wb‡R
(Zvnviv) (Zv‡`i‡K) (Zv‡`i)
wb‡R)
5. Parts of speech Gi 8wU fv‡Mi cÖwZwU Noun nq| One one one‟s
x
one self
(†h †KD wb‡R
(†h †KD) (†h KvD‡K) (†h KviI)
Ex: The word “Adjective” is-- wb‡R)
Who whom whose
√(A) Noun (B) Adverb (†K, †h, (Kv‡K,hv‡K, (Kvi, hvi, x x
whwb, hviv) hvnv‡`i‡K) hvnv‡`i)
(C) Verb (D) Pronoun
6. Article Gici GKvwaK Word _vK‡j †KvbwU †Kvb wet `ªt Stucture of Double / Independent Possessive :
cÖKv‡ii Parts of Speech Zvi ZvwjKv| Single Possesive + H ev‡K¨i noun.
w w w Ex: This pen is mine.
adverb adjective noun GB evK¨wU g~jZ wQj- This pen is my pen.
(i) He is a very good boy.
(ii) He is a good boy.
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 Ab¨vb¨ Pronoun ¸wji KwZcq kã i‡q‡Q| hvi A_©→ Zzwg †Kvb gv`&ivmv †_‡K G‡m‡Qv?
we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv: →This is the pen which I want.
A_ ©→ GUv Ggb GKUv Kjg †hUv Avwg PvB|
* Impersonal→ e¯‘MZ
15. What is your name? A_©→ †Zvgvi bvg wK?
It
→ This is the proverb what I talk sometimes.
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv cÖev` hv Avwg gv‡S gv‡S ewj|
* Interrogative/Relative
(cÖkœ‡evaK) (m¤úK©MZ)
µ. Interrogative Meaning µ. Relative Meaning 16. When you get up from your bed?
bs Pronoun bs Pronoun A_©→ Zzwg KLb †Zvgvi weQvbv †_‡K D‡Vv?
01 Who †K, Kviv 01 Who †h, whwb, hviv
02 Whom Kv‡K, 02 Whom hv‡K,
→ 2.00 pm is a time when we start our pvt.
Kv‡`i‡K hvnv‡`i‡K A_©→ `ycyi `yBUv Ggb GKUv mgq hLb Avgiv Avgv‡`i cÖvB‡fU
03 Whose Kvi 03 Whose hvi ïiæ Kwi|
04 Which †Kvb, 04 Which †hUv, †h¸wj
†KvbwU 17. Where are you going? A_©→ Zzwg †Kv_vq hv”Q?
05 What wK 05 What hv → Dhaka is a place where I live in.
06 When KLb 06 When hLb
†Kv_vq †hLv‡b
A_©→ XvKv Ggb GKUv RvqMv †hLv‡b Avwg evm Kwi|
07 Where 07 Where
08 Why †Kb 08 Why †h Kvi‡b
18. Why are you going there? A_©→ Zzwg †mLv‡b †Kb
09 How wKfv‡e, 09 How †hfv‡e,
†Kgb hvi Dcv‡q hv”Q?
10 That †hUv,†h¸wj → This is the event why I love you.
wet `ªt→ A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv NUbv †h Kvi‡b ev hvi Kvi‡b Avwg †Zvgv‡K
(i) mvaviYZ Interrogative pronoun ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m| fv‡jvevwm|
Avi Relative pronoun ev‡K¨i gv‡S e‡m| 19. How can you solve this problem?
(ii) Relative pronoun ev‡K¨i gv‡S Avm‡j D³ ev‡K¨i cÖ_g A_©→ Zzwg wKfv‡e GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡e?
As‡ki mv‡_ g‡b ÔGgbÕ K_vwU †hvM K‡i co‡Z nq| How are you? A_©→ Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv?
(iii) Where Ges Why Gi e¨vcv‡i gZ‡e` i‡q‡Q| †KD → This is the way how I can solve it.
e‡jb G¸‡jv Introgrative Pronoun. Avevi †KD †KD A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv cš’v †hfv‡e ev hvi Dcv‡q Avwg Bnv
e‡jb G¸‡jv Adverb. mgvavb Kwi|
Relative pronoun Gi wZbwU aiY i‡q‡Q: 20. This is the pen that is mine.
1.Regular Relative Pronoun: Who, Whom, A_©→ GUv Ggb GKUv Kjg †hUv Avgvi|
Whose, Which, What, Why, How, That * Indefinite →Awbw`©ó me©bvg|
2.Irregular Relative Pronoun: When, Where Bnvi 3wU aiY i‡q‡Q| h_v:
(i) Singular Indefinite
3.Indefinite Relative Pronoun: Whoever, (ii) Plural Indefinite
Whomever, Whosever, Whichever, Whatever. (iii) Mixed Indefinite (singular+plural)
Example: wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i kã¸wj Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:-
11. Who are you? A_©→ Zzwg †K?
→ Amir sir is a person who is my teacher. Singular Indefinite Plural Indefinite
A_©→ Avwgi m¨vi Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb Avgvi wkÿK| each every Few
everyone Many
12. Whom do you want? A_©→ Zzwg Kv‡K PvI? everybody Both
everything Several
→ Amir sir is a person whom I love. Anyone Anybody
A_©→ Avwgi m¨vi Ggb GKRb e¨w³ hv‡K Avwg fv‡jvevwm| Anything
Someone Mixed Indefinite
13. Whose pen is this? A_©→ GB KjgwU Kvi? Somebody (singular+plural)
→ This is the pen whose colour is black. Something Some Any
A_©→ GUv Ggb GKwU Kjg hvi is nq Kv‡jv| One No one All more
Nobody most such
14. Which madrasah you have come from? Nothing None
much Little
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 wet `ªt Singular Indefinite Gici Verb wU nq| Avi
Plural Indefinite Gici Verb wU plural nq| Avi Mixed
Indefinite (singular+plural) Gici Verb wU singular
n‡Z cv‡i Avevi plural I n‡Z cv‡i| †KvbwU n‡e †mUv wbf©i
Ki‡e ev‡K¨i A‡_©i Dci|
wet `ªt Reciprocal pronoun hy³ verb †K Reciprocal verb
e‡j|
(i) Rahim and Rahima love each other.
(ii) Eachother, oneanother KL‡bv GKmv‡_ †jLv hv‡e bv, KviY
Giv m¤ú~Y© `yBwU Avjv`v kã|

Use and Identification of Pronoun in Sentence

* Demonstrative → wb‡`©kK me©bvg|

Singular → Plural Subjective:

This → These 1. Sentence Ges clause Gi subject wn‡m‡e
(GB) → (GBmKj) subjective pronoun e‡m|
That → Those = The captain, Joy and I had a score of thirty.
(H) → (HmKj)
Such → (GB ai‡bi) 2. As, than, Be verb Gic‡i subjective pronoun e‡m
None → ‡KvbwUB bv = He is taller than I.
= It was I who first notice the difference.
wet `ªt (i) Such Ges Noun kã `ywUB Indefinite pronoun we: `ª: It‟s me A_ev It is me GUv Avm‡j informal e¨envi|
wn‡m‡eI e¨envi nq| hv Avgiv spoken Ges social media †Z †`Lv cvB|
(ii) mKj Demonstrative pronoun †K Demonstrative
adjective ejv nq| hw` Zv Gic‡i e‡m| Objective:
Ex: This phone is yours. 3. Sentence Ges clause Gi object wn‡m‡e objective
(iii) Demonstrative pronoun ïay Subject object pronoun e‡m|
Ae¯’v‡b bq| object Ae¯’v‡bI em‡Z cv‡i| = There is really no difference between you and
Ex: Have you seen this ?
me.
4. Preposition, Gerund, Infinitive, Participle, Let
* Distributive→ e›Ub msµvšÍ| GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘i g‡a¨
Gi c‡i Pronoun Gi objective form wU e‡m|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_Kfv‡e eySv‡e|
= I want to teach him a lesson.
Each = Let us play football.
Either
Neither Single Possessive / Possessive determiner :
(i) Each, Either, Neither Gici Noun n‡j D³ Each, 5. Gerund, noun/noun phrase, kix‡ii A½ cÖZ‡½i
Either, Neither ¸wj Adjective n‡q hvq| c~‡e© hw` Pronoun Av‡m Zvn‡j Aek¨B †mwU Single
Ex: Each member can be selected.
Possessive / Possessive determiner n‡e|
Ex: Neither person is allowed.
= I would appreciate your letting me know as
(ii) Each of, Either of, Neither of Gici e¨eüZ Noun wU soon as possible.
Plural nq| wKš‘ Verb wU singular nq| = .......... to his leg.
Ex: Each of the following Questions has a word with
four alternative meaning. Double Possessive/Independent possessive
(iii) Each of, Either of, Neither of Gi possesive wn‡m‡e pronoun:
his/his e‡m| 6. Double Possessive = Single Possessive + H
Ex: Each of the sons followed his father‟s trade. ev‡K¨ noun.
Ex: Neither of the daughters followed her father‟s
= This country is our country bv wj‡L wjL‡ev
trade.
This country is ours.
* Reciprocal → ci¯úwiK me©bvg|
Reflexive Pronoun:
Each other
(`yÕR‡bi †ÿ‡Î e‡m) (i) Reflexive Pronoun KL‡bv ev‡K¨i Subject n‡Z
one another cv‡i bv|
(`yÕR‡bi AwaK †ÿ‡Î e‡m) (ii) Reflexive Pronoun ev‡K¨i †k‡l object wn‡m‡e
e‡m| Z‡e KL‡bv hw` Reflexive Pronoun wU Gi

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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 c‡iB e‡m Z‡e Dnv Øviv ev‡K¨i Subject †K †Rvi cÖ‡qvM (i) Cardinal (A¼evPK)
Kiv nq| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î Subject Gi c‡i emv Reflexive (ii) Ordinal (Ae¯’vbevPK)
(iii) Multiplicative (ea©K/e„w×kxj)
Pronoun wU‡K emohatic ev intensive Pronoun
e‡j|
Ex: I myself did the work.
Cardinal Ordinal Multiplicative
Adjective→ we‡klY One First Single
Two Second Double, twofold
†h Word Øviv Noun ev Pronoun Gi Three Third Triple, threefold
Four Fourth Quadruple, fourfold
(i) †`vl Five..... Fifth..... Fivefold.....
(ii) ¸Y (iv) msL¨v  Pronominal adjective Avevi 4 cÖKvi| h_v:
(iii) Ae¯’v (v) cwigvY (i) Interrogative
(ii) Demonstrative
BZ¨vw` eySvq Zv‡K Adjective ev we‡klY e‡j| (iii) Distributive
(iv) Possessive
cÖKvi‡f`: i. Interrogative adjective:
Bnv cÖ_gZ 4 cÖKvi| h_v: Interrogative pronoun Øviv hLb Question Kiv nq ZLb
D³ Question word ¸wj‡K Interrogative adjective
Adjective e‡j
Ex: Which colour do you like best?
ii. Demonstrative adjective:
Quality Quantity Number / Numeral Pronominal Demonstrative pronoun Øviv hw` wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev
(aib) (cwigvb) (msL¨vevPK) (Pronoun msµvšÍ) e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zvn‡j H Demonstrative pronoun
†K Demonstrative Adjective e‡j|
Ex: That boy is industrious.
Cardinal Ordinal Multiplicative iii. Distributive adjective:
(A¼evPK) (Ae¯’vbevPK) (ea©K/e„w×kxj) Distributive pronoun hw` †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Gi
†`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY eySvq Zvn‡j H
Distributive pronoun †K Distributive adjective e‡j|
Interrogative Demonstrative Distributive Possessive Ex: Each boy reads here.
adj. iv. Possessive adjective:
i. Adjective of Quality: Possessive pronoun hLb Noun Gi mv‡_ e‡m ZLb D³
Possessive pronoun †K Possessive adjective e‡j|
†h Adjective Øviv Noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y ev Ex: My pen is red.
Ae¯’v cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K Adjective of quality e‡j|
Ex: He is a rich man. AviI wKQz adjective i‡q‡Q| h_v:
ii. Adjective of quantity: (i) Noun Adjective
†h Adjective Øviv Noun Gi cwigvY cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K (ii) Proper Adjective
Adjective of quantity e‡j| (iii) Hyphenated Adjective
Ex: Give me a little water. (iv) Participle Adjective
wet`ªt Adjective of quantity mvavibZ Material I wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i msÁv I D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t -
Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| i. Noun Adjective t GKwU Noun Gic~‡e© Av‡iKwU Noun
iii. Number/Numeral adjective: em‡j cÖ_g Noun wU‡K Noun Adjective e‡j|
†h Adjective Øviv Noun Gi msL¨v cÖKvk, Kiv nq Zv‡K Ex: He is a college boy.
Number/Numeral adjective e‡j|
Ex: He has five pens. Noun adjective
ii. Proper Adjective t Proper Noun hLb Adjective
iv. Pronominal adjective: nq ZLb D³ Proper Noun †K Proper Adjective
†Kvb Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Adjective e‡j|
Gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i ZLb D³ Pronoun †K Pronominal Ex: I like Saudian style.
adjective e‡j| Proper adjective
Ex: He is my friend. iii. Hyphenated Adjective t G‡Ki AwaK Adjective
hLb Hyphen Øviv hy³ _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K Hyphenated
 Number/Numeral adjective Avevi 3 cÖKvi| Adjective e‡j|
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
 Ex: I need a tree-bedroom house. * Determiner -‡K cÖavYZ 3wU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt-
Hyphenated adjective (i) Countable determiners
iv. Participle Adjective t Noun Gic~‡e© verb Gi mv‡_ (ii) Uncountable determiners
ing hy³ †K Participle Adjective e‡j| (iii) Mixed determiners
Ex: A barking dog seldom bites. wb‡¤œ Gi kã¸wj Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
Participle adjective (i) Countable determiners : A, An, One, Few, A
wet `ªt Preposition Qvov Ab¨ †h‡Kvb Parts of Speech B few, The few, only a few, Very few, Fewer,
Noun Gi c~‡e© emyK bv †Kb †mUv Adjective -G iƒcvšÍwiZ Fewest, Tese, Those, Many, Many of, A
n‡e|
number of, Every, Both.
(ii) Uncountable determiners : Little, A Little, The
Adjective → Gi Suffix Little, Only little, Very little, Less, Least,
Much, Much of, Amount of.
al al en ble
anan ed ic (iii) Mixed determiners : More, Most, Most of,
antant ent ish Rest of, A lot of, Lots of , None of, A great
ful sive deal of, Some, Some of, My, our, your, his,
tive her, its, their, One‟s, No, Any, All.
arar ly ing
ary
ary like
ateate less ous Adjective ebvg Determiner
ness some hw`I Adjective Ges Determiner DfqB Noun Gic~‡e©
e‡m Ges KvR¸wjI cÖvq GKB iKg K‡i| ZviciI G‡`i g‡a¨
wKQzUv wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| hv wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
Use and Identification of Adjective in Sentence (i) Adjective Gi Comparative Ges Superlative nq|
i. ev‡K¨ very Ges too Gi c‡ii word wU Adjective nq| wKš‘ Determiner Gi Comparative Ges Superlative
Ex: (i) My mobile is very beautiful. bv|
(ii) My small brother is too small. ‡hgb t- Good – better – best (Adjective)
ii. †Kv‡bv Sentence G cvkvcvwk 2wU Noun e¨eüZ n‡j Zvi A, An, the, this, that (Determiner)
g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU Adjective Avi c‡iiwU Noun nq| (ii) Sentence Adjective ‡_‡K Adjective ev` w`‡j
Ex: Put the paper on the dining table. evK¨wU mwVK n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Sentence †_‡K
Determiner ev` w`‡j Sentence wU †Kv‡bvfv‡eB
iii. ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` wKQz wKQz ing A_ev ed hy³ Verb,
Adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Grammatically mwVK nq bv|
Ex: (i) I want a helping man. Ex:
(ii) He is an educated person. Right: This red pen is __ Right: This pen is _____
Right: This pen is _____ Wrong: Pen is ____
iv. Noun Gic~‡e© V3 _vK‡j, D³ V3wU mvaviYZ Adjective
(iii) Adjective ¯^Zš¿| ZvB †h‡Kvb Gi Noun c~‡e© em‡Z
nq|
cv‡i| wKš‘ Determiner ¯^Zš¿ bv| G¸‡jv g~jZ Gi
Pronoun g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i|
Determiner (wb‡`©kK)
Ex: I love new pen. (adj) Those shirts are nice.(D)
Determiner ‡h mKj kã Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Noun Gi
(vi) ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Adjective wU Subject complement
(i) msL¨v
wn‡m‡e em‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Determiner KL‡bv Subject
(ii) cwigvY
complement n‡Z cv‡i bv|
(iii) wbw`©óZv
‡hgb: This picture is good.(Adj)
(iv) Awbw`©Zv BZ¨vw`
This Picture is a. (wrong)
Determiner cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K ev wb‡`©kK e‡j|
wet `ªt (i) Determiner Gi Aci bvg Determinative
(iii) Traditional grommar G Determiner -‡K Verb (wµqv)
Adjective wn‡m‡e fvev nq| Avi Modern
†h parts of speech Øviv
English-G Determinative -‡K Parts of
Speech Gi GKwU cÖKvi wn‡m‡e fvev nq| (i) Kiv (iii) Avmv
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 (ii) nIqv (iv) hvIqv Kivi Rb¨ object MÖnY K‡i Kivi Rb¨ object MÖnY K‡i bv
(v) LvIqv BZ¨vw` eySvq Zv‡K verb e‡j| Zv‡K Transitive verb e‡j| Zv‡K Intransitive verb
e‡j|
Ex: I eat rice. Ex: I eat.
Kinds of Verb wet `ª: Intransitive verb Gici †h‡nZz Avi wKQz bv em‡jI
wb‡P GKwU Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Verb Gi cÖKvi¸wj Zz‡j aiv n‡jv→ cwic~Y© A_© cvIqv hvq, Avi ZvB Intransitive verb †K
Complete verb ejv nq| Avi Transitive verb †K
Verb Inomplete verb ejv nq|

Finite Non-finite Transitive verb Avevi 4 cÖKvi| h_v:

(mgvwcKv) (AmgvwcKv) Transitive verb

Principal Auxiliary Causative Factitive Reflexive Reciprocal

(cÖavb) (mvnvh¨Kvix)
Causative verb→ †h verb GKR‡bi cwiPvjbvq Ab¨Rb
Transitive Intransitive KZ…©K msMwVZ nq Zv‡K Causative verb e‡j|
(mKg©K) (AKg©K)
wet `ªt D³ wµqvwU 2wU KZ©vi Øviv msMwVZ nq| Avi Zv n‡jv→
Copulative / Linking verb
(ms‡hvMKvix) (i) cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v→ †h wµqv cÖ‡hvRbv K‡i|
(ii) cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v→ hv‡K w`‡q wµqvwU msMwVZ nq|
Causative Factitive Reflexive Reciprocal myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v I cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v wg‡j †h
(cÖ‡hvRK) (cÖ‡hvRK) (AvZ¥ m¤úwK©Z) (cvi¯úwiK) wµqvwU msMwVZ nq ZvB-B n‡jv Causative verb ev cÖ‡hvRK wµqv|
Primary Modal Periphrastic D`vniY:
auxiliary auxiliary modal auxiliary gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lvq
cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v Kg© cÖ‡hvRK wµqv
Gerund Infinitive Participle
*** Bs‡iwR‡Z G‡Z 5wU verb e¨eüZ nq|
(i) Make (iii) Have
Present Past Perfect (ii) Let (iv) Get (v) Help
Particle Particle Particle
(i) Make→ Gici e¨w³ ev e¯‘ hvB-B †nvK bv verb Gi base
form em‡e|
Finite verb→ Tense I Person Abyhvqx †h verb Gi cwieZ©b
Ex: The speaker failed to make the audience listen to him.
nq Zv‡K Finite verb e‡j| Ex: He goes to University. (e¨w³)
Ex: Mother made the machine work. (e¯‘)
cÖKvi‡f`→ Bnv cÖ_gZ 2 cÖKvi| h_v:
Finite Verb (ii) Let→ Gici e¨w³ ev e¯‘ hvB-B _vKzK bv †Kb verb Gi
base form n‡e|
Principal verb Auxiliary verb Ex: Let him take the money. (e¨w³)
†h verb Ab¨ †Kvb verb †h verb Ab¨ †Kvb verb Ex: Let the machine run well. (e¯‘)
Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e
A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv (iii) Have→ Gici e¨w³ n‡j v-1 Avi e¯‘ n‡j v-3 n‡e|
Principal verb e‡j| Zv‡K Auxiliary verb e‡j| Ex: My mother had me drink milk everyday.
Ex: We play cricket Ex: I am reading Quran. (e¨w³)
wet `ªt Auxiliary verb Ges Principal verb cvkvcvwk em‡j
auxiliary verb wU Finite verb n‡q hvq| Avi main verb wU Ex: It costs about Tk. 500 to have a tooth filled. (e¯‘)
ZLb Non-finite verb n‡q hvq|
(iv) Get→ Gici e¨w³ n‡j to + v-1 n‡e| Avi e¯‘ n‡j v-3
* Principal verb Avevi 2 cÖKvi| h_v: n‡e
Principal verb Ex: Amir got his dog to bring him the newspaper. (e¨w³)
Ex: I got my car repaired. (e¯‘)
Transitive verb Intransitive verb
†h verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y© †h verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y©
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
(v) Help→ Gici e¨w³ ev e¯‘ hvB-B †nvK bv †Kb v-1 A_ev (2) Modal Auxiliary→ †h verb ¸wji ci base form e‡m,
to + v-1 emv‡Z n‡e| to e‡m bv Ges ing I hy³ nq bv| Ex: He can do it.
Ex: John helped Mary wash / to wash the dishes. G‡`i msL¨v mvaviYZ 13wU| h_v:
GK ev‡K¨ Causative verb g‡b ivLvi Dcvq (i) Shall (ix) Must
Make Ges Let→ Gici e¨w³ A_ev e¯‘ hvB-B AvmyK bv †Kb (ii) Should (x) Need
verb Gi base form n‡e| Avi Have→ Gici e¨w³ n‡j v- (xi) Dare
1 I e¯‘ n‡j v-3 Ges Get→ Gici e¨w³ n‡j to+v-1 Avi (iii) Will
e¯‘ n‡j v-3 A_©¨vr Have Ges Get Df‡qi †ÿ‡ÎB e¯‘i †ejvq (iv) Would (xii) Had Better
v-3 n‡e| Avi Help→ Gici e¨w³ ev e¯‘ hvB-B AvmyK bv (xiii) Would Rather
†Kb v-1 A_ev to+v-1 DfqB emv‡bv hv‡e| (v) Can
Factitive verb→ †hme Transitive verb, object QvovI Ab¨ (vi) Could
GKwU word Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q ev‡K¨i A_© cwic~Y© K‡i Zv‡K
Facititive verb e‡j| Avi bZzb word wU‡K Factitive object (vii) May
e‡j| Ex: We elected him chairman. (viii) Might
Reflexive verb→ †h mKj verb Gi subject I object GKB e¨w³ (3) Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary→ †h Auxiliary Gi
ev e¯‘ nq Zv‡K Reflexive verb e‡j| Ex: He murdered himself. mv‡_ me©`vB to e‡m| G‡`i msL¨v 6wU| h_v:
Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary
wet `ªt Avgiv AviI mnR K‡i ej‡Z cvwi †h, Reflexive
pronoun -Gi c~e©eZ©x verb †K Reflexive verb e‡j|
Reciprocal verb→ †h verb KZK¸‡jv Noun ev Pronoun be to be going to be about to ought to used to have to
Gi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wµqv e¨³ K‡i Zv‡K Reciprocal verb
e‡j| Ex: They love one another.
Non-finite verb→ Tense I Person Abyhvqx †h verb Gi
wet `ªt mvaviYZ Reciprocal verb Iqvjv ev‡K¨ Each other cwieZ©b nq bv Zv‡K Non-finite verb e‡j|
Ges One another D‡jøL _v‡K| Ex: Mizan came to meet me.
Copulative / Lingking verb→ †h verb, subject Ges
complement Gig‡a¨ ms‡hvM K‡i †`q Zv‡K Linking verb ev Non-finite verb 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
Copulative verb e‡j| Ex: Masum is a student. Non-finite verb
Auxiliary verb Gi cÖKvi‡f`→ Bnv cÖ_gZ 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
Auxiliary verb
Gerund Infinitive Participle
Primary auxiliary Modal auxiliary Periphrastic
auxiliary wet `ªt Gerund, Infinitive Ges Participle †K verbal phrase
ejv nq|
(1) Primary Auxiliary: †h verb Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx Auxiliary
Gerund→ GwU Ggb GKwU word hvi g‡a¨ GKB mv‡_ verb,
Avevi Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx Principal verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K
Primary Auxiliary e‡j| noun I adjective Gi A_© we`¨gvb|
Ex: This working place is very nice.
Primary Auxiliary Gi msL¨v Avevi 3wU| h_v: wet `ªt Gerund ‡K Verbal Noun ejv nq|
Primary Auxiliary

Infinitive→ Verb Gi Present form Gi c~‡e© to †hvM Ki‡j

Be verb Have verb
(i) Be verb→ Gi iƒc n‡”Q 8wU| h_v:
Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Be, Being, Been.
(ii) Have verb→ Gi iƒc n‡”Q 3wU| h_v:
Have, Has, Had.
(iii) Do verb→ Gi iƒc n‡”Q 3wU| h_v:
Do, Does, Did
wet `ªt †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ hw` Primary Auxiliary verb GKvB e‡m
Zvn‡j †mwU Principal verb -G cwiYZ nq|
Commitment University Admission Coaching
Do verb †h iƒc MwVZ nq Zv‡K Infinitive e‡j|
Ex: Mizan came to meet me.
wet `ªt Infinitive Gi‡ÿ‡Î to †Kv‡bv preposition bq| GwU‡K
Sign of the infinitives ev infinitive Gi wPý ejv nq|
Participle→ GwU Ggb GKwU word hvi g‡a¨ GKB mv‡_
verb I adjective Gi A_© we`¨gvb|
Ex: We saw a worked man.
Participle Avevi 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
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English Basic Lacture
 Participle past Ges past participle cwieZ©b nq Strong Verbs Zv‡K e‡j|
Avi d,ed A_ev t †hvM Kivi gva¨‡g †h Verbs Gi past Ges past
participle cwieZ©b nq weak verbs Zv‡K e‡j|
Present Participle Past Participle Perfect Participle wet `ªt Strong Verb Gi Aci bvg Inrregular verb Ges weak
verbs Gi Aci bvg r past Ges past participle Regular verb.
Present Participle→ verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡q hw` verb
I adjective Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K Present Participle Adverb
e‡j| Ex: I saw a singing bird.
wet `ªt GUv‡K Verbal adjective ejv nq| †h word wU (i)verb (ii) Adverb
Past Participle→ Verb Gi Z…Zxq b¤^i form †K Past
(iii) Adjective (iv) Preposition
Participle e‡j| Ex: I need a washed car.
(v) Conjunction
GgbwK (vi) whole sentence Z_v cyiv evK¨‡K
Perfect Participle→ Past Participle Gi c~‡e© Having hy³
modify K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j|
n‡q Perfect Participle MwVZ nq|
Ex: Having finished the work, I went there.
Kinds of Adverb
GQvov AviI KwZcq verb i‡q‡Q| hvi eY©bv wb¤œiƒc→ Bnv‡K cÖ_gZ 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
(1) Cognate verb→ ‡h verb ¸wji mv‡_ Zv‡`i object Gi Adverb
A_©MZ wgj Av‡Q †mB verb ¸wj‡K cognate verb e‡j A_ev
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Intransitive verb hLb mgRvZxq object
Simple adverb Interrogative adverb Relative ev Exclamatory adverb
MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Cognate verb e‡j| conjunctive (Z‡e AwaKvsk
Ex: Amir slept a sound sleep. adverb e¨vKiYwe`B GUv‡K
D‡jøL K‡ib bv)
wet `ªt Cognate verb-Gi object †K cognate object ejv nq|
Manner place time number order degree cause and assertion/
(2) Quasi passive verb (AvcvZZ ev cÖvq)→ †h verb MVbMZ /quality /quantity effect affirmation
and negation
w`K †_‡K active wKš‘ A_©MZ w`K †_‡K passive Zv‡K e‡j|
Ex: (i) Green mangoes taste sour. 1. Simple adverb: †h adverb †Kvb word ev
(ii) Honey tastes sweet. sentence †K modify K‡i, Zv‡K simple
wet `ªt Quasi-passive verb Gici complement wn‡m‡e adverb e‡j|
adjective ev adverb e‡m| Avi GRb¨ adverb †KI gv‡S gv‡S Ex: (i) I am extremely busy.
complement ejv nq| (ii) Unfotunately, he missed the train.
(3) Perception verb→ †h me verb Bw›`ªq MÖvn¨ A_ev
Abyf‚wZi avibv cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Perception verb e‡j| 2. Interrogative adverb: †h adverb †Kvb cÖkœ
†hgb: see, smell, hear, feel, notice, observe, recognize wRÁvmv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Interrogative
BZ¨vw`| GB verb ¸wj Øviv †¯^”Qvaxb wµqv †evSvq bv| Avi ZvB adverb e‡j|
wewfbœ A‡_© e¨envi bv Ki‡j, mvaviYZ Dnvi wbqwgZ †h A_© †mB Ex: (i) Where did you go?
A‡_© e¨envi Ki‡j G‡`i Continuous Tense nq bv| (ii) When will you come?
Ex: I see a dog.
3. Relative/conjunctive adverb: †h adverb
(4) Prepositional ev Group verb→ Intransitive verb `ywU evK¨‡K hy³ K‡i Ges Zvi Antecedent Z_v
Gi c‡i Preposition †hvM K‡i transitive verb Kiv n‡j c~e©eZ©x Ae¯’vb m‡½ m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K
G‡`i‡K Prepositional verb ev Group verb e‡j| Relative adverb e‡j|
Ex: He gave up his bad habits. Ex: I know the place where he lives.

wet`ªt→ Replace adverb Gi Antecedent bv

(5) Impersonal verb→ It Gici †h verb _v‡K Zv‡K
_vK‡j, Zv‡K conjunctive adverb e‡j|
Impersonal verb e‡j|
Ex: I know where he lives. (GLv‡b
Ex: It rains cats and dogs.
Antecedent „the place‟ wU Dn¨ i‡q‡Q)
(6) Strong Verbs and weak verbs → Verb Gi ga¨Kvi
Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i A_ev n,en,ne †hvM Kivi gva‡g †h Verb Gi

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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
4. Exclamatory adverb: we¯§q cÖKvk Ki‡Z †h
adverb e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Exclamatory
adverb e‡j|
Ex: How nice you are!
Avevi Simple adverb †K mvaviYZ 8 fv‡M fvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:-
(i) Adverb of manner/quality: †h adverb
†Kvb KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi aib ev c×wZ wb‡`©k
K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb ev Manner e‡j|
Ex: He entered the room slowly.
Adverb of manner Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Silently, gently, wisely, loudly, quickly,
badly, hardly.
(ii) Adverb of place: †h adverb †Kvb KvR
m¤úbœ nIqvi ¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb of
place e‡j|
Ex: Please come here.
Adverb of place Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Abroad,ahead, inside, outside, hear, there,
far, near, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere.
(iii) Adverb of time: †h adverb †Kvb KvR
m¤úbœ nIqvi mgq wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb of
time e‡j|
Ex: He came here yesterday.
Adverb of time Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Now, early, daily, presently, today,
tomorrow, ago, after, again, already,
afterwards, soon, since, sometimes,
before, formerly immediately, instantly,
then, often, ever, never,
(iv) Adverb of number: †h adverb †Kvb
KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K
adverb of number e‡j|
Ex: He came here twice.
Adverb of number Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Once, secondly, thirty, seldom.
GQvov AviI KwZcq i‡q‡Q| hvi eY©bv wb¤œiƒc:
1. Prepositional adverb: KL‡bv KL‡bv noun
(v) Adverb of order: †h adverb †Kvb KvR
m¤úbœ nIqvq ch©vq wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K adverb of
order e‡j|
Ex: He came here last.
Adverb of order Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
First, second, lastly, finally.
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(vi) Adverb of degree/quantity: †h
adverb †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi cwigvY ev gvÎv
wb‡`©k K‡i Zv‡K adverb of degree ev adverb
of quantity e‡j|
Ex: He is quiet happy.
Adverb of degree Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Very, much, too, enough, somewhat,
little, a little, party, poorly, half, fully,
wholly, entirely, completely, totally,
greatly.
(vii) Adverb of cause and effect: †h
adverb †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi KviY Ges
djvdj cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb of cause
and effect e‡j|
Ex: Hasan failed because he did not work
hard.
Adverb of cause and effect Gi AviI KwZcq
D`vniY:
As, accordingly, consequently, yet, so,
hence, therefore.
(viii) Adverb of assertion: †h adverb †Kvb
KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi nuv-†evaK ev bv-†evaK Ae¯’v
cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adverb of assertion e‡j|
Avevi †Kvb †Kvb e¨vKiYwe` Bnv‡K adverb of
affirmation and negation I e‡j _v‡K|
Ex: (i) Yes, I did it.
(ii) I have never gone there.
Adverb of assertion Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
Yes, indeed, surely, certainly, truly, really,
no, not never, at all, perhaps, probably,
possibly.
ev adjective Gic~‡e© preposition hy³ n‡q
adverb Gi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i, GmKj adverb
†K Prepositional adverb e‡j|
Adverb Structure Use
Away a(=on) way the office is only a
few metres away.
English Basic Lacture
 Tomorrow to+morrow see you tomorrow.
2. Gentitive adverb: Possessive noun †_‡K
†h mKj adverb MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Genetive
adverb ev Possessive adverb e‡j| †hgb:
Once (of one time), Always (of all ways).
Ex: Always speak the truth.
3. Introductory adverb: KL‡bv KL‡bv
sentence ïiæ Ki‡Z here, there BZ¨vw` word
e¨eüZ nq, G¸wj‡K Introductory adverb
e‡j|
Ex: Here comes the bus.
wet`ªt→ Introductory adverb Gi cieZ©x verb
wU mvaviYZ subject Gic~‡e© e‡m| Z‡e subject
wU Personal pronoun n‡j verb wU subject
Gic‡iB e‡m|
Ex: Here he comes.
4. Compound adverb: hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK
word GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU compound word MVb
K‡i Ges Zv adverb Gi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i, ZLb
D³ compound word †K compound adverb
e‡j|
Adverb Structure Use
Sometimes some+times He sometimes writes
to me.
Otherwise other+wise shut the window,
otherwise you will
get wet.
5. Sentence adverb: †h adverb †Kvb cwic~Y©
evK¨‡K modify K‡i, Zv‡K sentence adverb
e‡j|
Ex: Moreover, he was a thief.
wet`ªt→ Sentence adverb mvaviYZ sentence
Gi ïiæ‡Z e‡m|
Sentence adverb Gi AviI KwZcq D`vniY:
However, moreover, fortunately, luckily.
6. Adverbial phrase: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word hw`
cvkvcvwk e‡m GKwU phrase MVb K‡i Ges Zv
hw` adverb Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e D³
phrase †K Adverbial phrase e‡j|
Ex: All on a sudden they attacked him.
(nVvr K‡i)
7. Adverbial particles: †h mKj preposition
¸wj verb Gi mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q adverb wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Adverbial particles e‡j|
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Ex: The climbers went up.
wet`ªt→ in, on, out, up, down BZ¨vw`
prepsition ¸wj mvaviYZ Adverbial particles
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
8. „The‟ as an adverb: ÔhZ.....ZZÕ A_© eySv‡Z
ÔTheÕ kãwU Relative adverb of quantity
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
Ex:The more you read, the more you learn.
wet`ªt→ mvaviYZ GwU comparative degree
Gic~‡e© e‡m|
Adverb Gi Suffix
ly
homeward (¯^‡`kvwfgy‡L)
wards
wise otherwise (Ab¨_vq)
ways always (me©`v)
Use and Identification of adverb in sentence
1. mvaviYZ verb Gici adverb e‡m|
Ex: He came late.
2. G‡Kev‡i ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z adverb e‡m|
Ex: However, he is an honest man.
wet`ªt→ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z adverb em‡j mvaviYZ
D³ adverb Gici GKwU comma e‡m|
3. g~j verb Gic~‡e© adverb e‡m|
Ex: Mandela formally left his public life in
2004.
4. g~j verb Ges auxiliary verb Gi gvSLv‡b
adverb e‡m|
Ex: He has already finished his homework.
5. G‡Kev‡i ev‡K¨i †k‡lI adverb em‡Z cv‡i|
Ex: Liton was accused of lying only.
wet`ªt→ Adverb ¸wj †hLv‡bB emyK bv †Kb Z‡e
A_© ejvi mgq Dnvi A_© mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡ZB
ej‡Z nq|
English Basic Lacture

6. hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK adverb GKwU verb Gic‡i
e‡m, ZLb †m¸wj mvRvevi mvaviY wbqg n‡jv †h
Av‡M manner c‡i place Ges me‡k‡l time
em‡e| A_©vr (M→P→T) Abyhvqx em‡e|
Ex:He came quickly at the office at 5 pm.
manner place
time
7. hw` adjective Gic~‡e© †Kvb word _v‡K Z‡e
Zv‡K adverb G cwieZ©b K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e|
Ex: He wants an extremely large amount
of money.
8. Adverb Gi mv‡_ mvaviYZ ly hy³ _v‡K|
wKš‘fast, late, hard kã¸wji mv‡_ ly bv _vKv
m‡Ë¡I Giv wb‡RivB adverb. ZvB G‡`i †ejvq
fastly, lately, hardly e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e
GiKg e¨envi Ki‡j ZLb A_© wfbœ n‡e| Avi D³
wfbœ A_© wn‡m‡e G¸wj‡K ZLb e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
†hgb: lately→ m¤úªwZ, hardly→ K`vwPr,
mvgvb¨, badly→ AZ¨šÍ, GKvšÍ, fastly→
`ªæZfv‡e|
Ex: He learned to read and write quite late
in his life.
9. Noun + ly = adjective. Ex: Friendly
Adjective + ly = Adverb Ex: Nicely
Preposition (AbymM©)
Pre k‡ãi A_©→ c~‡e©| Avi Position k‡ãi A_©→
Ae¯’vb| A_©vr †h word †Kv‡bv sentence -G Noun,
Pronoun ev Noun Phrase Gi c~‡e© e‡m sentence -G
Aew¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ word Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i, Zv‡K
Preposition e‡j|
Kinds of Preposition
Bnv mvaviYZ 7 cÖKvi| h_v:-
(i) Simple Preposition
(ii) Double Preposition
(iii) Compound Preposition
(iv) Detached Preposition
(v) Disguised Preposition
29
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(vi) Phrasal Preposition
(vii) Participle Preposition
(i) Simple Preposition:
†h mKj Preposition g~jZ GKwU kã w`‡q MwVZ,
Zv‡`i‡K simple preposition e‡j|
Ex: Keep the book on the table.
(ii) Double Preposition:
†h mKj Preposition `yBwU Preposition Gi mgš^‡q
MwVZ, Zv‡K double preposition e‡j|
Ex: He came into the room.
(iii) Compound Preposition:
Preposition hLb noun, adjective A_ev adverb Gi
m‡½ Prefix Gi g‡Zv hy³ nq, ZLb D³ simple
preposition †K compound preposition e‡j|
Ex: She was walking along this road.
(iv) Detached Preposition:
†h mKj Preposition Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© bv e‡m
wew”Qbœ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b e‡m, Zv‡`i‡K detached preposition
e‡j|
Ex: Where have you come from?
(v) Disguised Preposition:
hLb of = o Ges on = a e¨envi nq, ZLb D³ of Ges on
†K disguised preposition e‡j|
Ex: (1) He came at 7 o‟clock (o‟ = of)
(2) The king went a hunting (a = on)
(vi) Phrasal Preposition:
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã hw` GKwU preposition Gi g‡Zv KvR
K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K phrasal preposition e‡j|
Ex: Amir Sir succeeded by dint of hard labour.
(Øviv, mvnv‡h¨)
(vii) Participle Preposition:
†h mKj Present Participle Ges Past Participle ev‡K¨
preposition iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K participle
preposition e‡j|
Ex: He kept silent regarding the topics.
** Special Preposition:
Than Ges But kãØq conjunction nIqv m‡Ë¡I gv‡S
gv‡S Giv preposition iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, ZLb G‡`i‡K
special preposition e‡j|
Ex: (1) I am older than he.
(2) None but the virtuous are blessed.
 Preposition Gi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv msL¨v †bB| ZvB G¸wji
ga¨ †_‡K KwZcq preposition wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:-
English Basic Lacture
 8. †Kv‡bv msL¨vi c~‡e© about em‡j D³ about Gi A_©
At, to = †Z, cÖwZ But = wKš‘
Across = AvovAvwo By = Øviv, w`qv, KZ…©K
n‡e→ cÖvq| Avi preposition Gig‡a¨ hw` k~b¨¯’vb
Around = PZzw`©‡K Before = c~‡e© Gici †Kv‡bv msL¨v _v‡K, Zvn‡j D³ k~b¨¯’v‡b Aek¨B
Above = Dc‡i Beside = cv‡k about e‡m|
On = Dc‡i Besides = e¨ZxZ Ex: About 25 years ago, I came here.
Over = Dc‡i Without = Qvov, e¨ZxZ 9. †Kv‡bv wKQzi †fZ‡i w¯’wZkxjZv †evSv‡Z→ in, Avi
Up = Dc‡i Except = Qvov, e¨ZxZ evB‡i †_‡K †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek †evSv‡Z→ into, Avi e¨w³ ev
Upon = Dc‡i Below = wb‡P
e¯‘i wfZ‡i †evSv‡Z→ inside, Avi Pviw`K †ewóZ †Kvb
About = m¤ú‡K© Behind = wcQ‡b
Against = weiæ‡× Beyond = eû`y‡i, RvqMvi ga¨¯’‡j Ae¯’vb †evSv‡Z→ Amidst, Avi wbw`©ó
Among = mevi g‡a¨ QvovBqv mg‡qi g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z→ within e‡m|
Between = `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ Beneath = Zj‡`k, wb‡¤œ Ex: (i) I saw three people in the room.
In = g‡a¨ Under = wb‡P (ii) I have come into my room.
Into = g‡a¨ Down = wb‡P (iii) There was a gold watch inside the box.
Inside = wfZ‡i, g‡a¨ During = PjvKvjxb (iv) My house is amidst a large flower garden.
Amid/Amidst = g‡a¨, Af¨šÍ‡i (v) I shall finish the work within an hour.
Within = g‡a¨ For = Rb¨
From = nB‡Z, †_‡K 10. eivei †evSv‡Z→ Along e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
After = c‡i
Along = eivei Since = nB‡Z, †_‡K Ex: They walked slowly along the road.
Like = gZ 11. AvbygvwbK ev cÖvq †evSv‡Z→ Around e‡m|
Near = wbK‡U Ex: He arrived around five o‟clock.
12. Pvwiw`‡K †evSv‡Z wKsev e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K cwi‡ewóZ Kiv
Of = i, Gi Till = ch©šÍ A‡_©→ Around e‡m|
Off = eÜ Until = †h ch©šÍ bv Ex: This is yard with a fence all around.
Out = evwni Towards = w`‡K, Awfgy‡L 13. †Kv‡bv eo ¯’v‡b wKsev GjvKvi g‡a¨ †evSv‡Z→ in e‡m|
Outside = evwni Through = ga¨ w`‡q Ex: I live in Bangladesh.
Out of = evwni With = mv‡_
14. Øviv, w`qv, KZ…©K A‡_© Passive verb Gi †k‡l
mvaviYZ by e‡m|
Ex: The floor was cleaned by them.
Rules of Preposition 15. wKfv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úvw`Z nq Zv †evSv‡Z→by e‡m|
1. wbw`©ó mgq †evSv‡Z mg‡qi c~‡e© at e‡m| Ex: The house is heated by gas.
Ex: We left the place at 2 o‟clock. 16. †Kv‡bv wKQzi ch©vqwfwËK weKvk †evSv‡Z→ by e‡m|
2. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i w`‡K †evSv‡Z at e‡m| Ex: They ar improving day by day.
Ex: He looked at me. 17. †Kv‡bv wKQz ÔAbymv‡iÕ †evSv‡Z→ by e‡m|
3. g~j¨ †evSv‡Z at e¨eüZ nq| Ex: Enter the room by serial.
Ex: Sugar sells at Tk. 65 per kg. 18. †Kv‡bv hvZvqvZ gva¨‡gi c~‡e©→ by e‡m|
4. †Kv‡bv wKQzi w`‡K ev Awfgy‡L †evSv‡Z to e‡m| Ex: We will go to Dhaka by launch/by bus.
Ex: He goes to madrasah. 19. c~‡e© Ges †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i m¤§y‡L †evSv‡Z→ before
5. ¯úk© Ae¯’vq Dc‡i †evSv‡Z→ on, Lvwj RvqMv †i‡L e‡m|
Dc‡i †evSv‡Z→ over, Avi ¯úk©nxb Ae¯’vq Dc‡i Ex: (i) The patient had died before the doctor came.
†evSv‡Z→ above e‡m| (ii) He appeared before the judge.
Ex: (i) The pen is on the table.
(ii) The birds flying over my head. 20. †Kv‡bv wKQzi Zzjbvq †ewk †evSv‡Z→ beyond e‡m|
(iii) The sky is above us. Ex: She has got nothing beyond her state pension.

6. mvaviYZ wbP †_‡K Dc‡i DVv A‡_© up e‡m| Avi upon
wU mvaviYZ on Gi A‡_©B e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
Ex: (i) He climbed up a tall tree to pick a mango.
(ii) They rely upon me.
7. †Kv‡bv wKQzi m¤úK© wb‡`©k Ki‡Z about e‡m|
Ex: Tell me about this.
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Commitment University Admission Coaching
21. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ e¯‘i mvg‡_©¨i evB‡i †evSv‡Z→ beyond
e‡m|
Ex: The situation is beyond our control.
22. †Kv‡bv Z‡ji wb‡P _vK‡j→ under e‡m| Avi Zj ¯úk©
K‡i _vK‡j→ bellow e‡m| Avi DuPz †_‡K wbPz ¯Íi
†evSv‡Z→ down e‡m|
Ex: (i) Keep the water bottle under the table.
English Basic Lacture
 (ii) There is a bag below the box. Conjunction
(iii) The stone rolled down the hill. Kinds of Conjunction
23. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i Rb¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ †evSv‡Z → for (i) Co-ordinating Conjunction
e¨eüZ nq| (ii) Sub-ordinating Conjunction
Ex: (i) There is a letter for you.
(ii) Let‟s go for a walk. (ii) Correlative Conjunction
24. cwigvY, mg‡qi Awfe¨w³, eqm BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ → of
e‡m|  Co-ordinating Conjunction:
Ex: (i) Tamim bought 2 kilos of potato‟s. ‡h me Conjunction `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mg‡kªYxi kã ev
(ii) HE is a boy of 12. k㸔Q‡K hy³ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Co-ordinating
(iii) This is the year of her birth. conjunction e‡j|
25. w`b ev Zvwi‡Li c~‡e©→ on em‡e| Avi gvm, FZz,
eQ‡ii bv‡gi c~‡e©→ in e‡m| Avi wbw`©ó mg‡qi c~‡e©→ Ex: Study hard or you will fail in the exam.
at e‡m|
Ex: (i) I joined the job at 8 am on Sunday in
Co-ordinating conjunction:
January in winter in 2007.
Nt Fan Boys

Appropriate Preposition Nevertheless Therefore For And Nor But Or, Yet So,Still
Otherwise
Dc‡i Avgiv Preposition Gi mvaviY wKQz e¨envi †`Ljvg| On the contrary
cixÿvq G ai‡bi mvaviY e¨envi e¨ZxZ †ewkifvMB
Appropriate Preposition msµvšÍ e¨envi G‡m _v‡K| we:`ª: Co-ordinating conjunction ¸‡jv †h clause
Appropriate Preposition n‡”Q Òh‡_vchyK PrepositionÓ
A_©vr KwZcq ¯^Ztwm× e¨envi, †hLv‡b wbw`©ó word Gici ¸‡jv‡K hy³ K‡i †m¸‡jv Øviv mvaviYZ compound
wbw`©ó Preposition -B e¨eüZ n‡e| sentence MwVZ|
G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ Rule -Gi cÖ‡qvM †ZgbUv P‡j bv ej‡jB
P‡j| wb‡P AZxe Riæix KwZcq Appropriate  Sub-Ordinating Conjunction :
Preposition Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:- GKwU Principal clause Ges GKwU Subordinate
clause -‡K ‡h word hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Sub-Ordinating
Appropriate Preposition Conjunction e‡j|
01 Love for = fv‡jvevmv Ex : I will go if you come.
02 Many of = A‡b‡KB Sub-ordinating conjunction:
03 Sacrifice for = DrmM© Kiv (1) Who (24) Though
(2) Whom (25) Although
04 Indifferent to = DrmM© Kiv
(3) Whose (26) Even though
05 Think about = wPšÍv Kiv (27) As though
(4) Which
(28) As if
(5) What
(6) That
(7) When (29) As
(32)
(30) After
Because
(12) Whoever
(8) Where (33)
(34) Before
(31) Till
Since
(13) Whomever
(9) While
Conjunction-(ms‡hvRK Ae¨q) (14)
(10) Whichever
Why
(35) Until
con A_© GKÎ Ges junction A_© ms‡hvM| myZivs (15) Whenever
(11) How (36) I wish
Conjunction A_© GK‡Î ms‡hvM| A_©vr ‡h mKj Word (16) Wherever
(37) I fancy
GKvwaK kã ev evK¨‡K mshyKÍ K‡i Zv‡`i‡K (17) Whereas
Conjunction e‡j|
(18) If
Ex: Rahim and Rana are two brothers. (19) Even if
(20) Unless
(21) So that
31 (22) In order that
Commitment University Admission Coaching (23) Provided that English Basic Lacture
 (iv) Hello! How are you ?
we: `ª : Sub-Ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ clause I‡n! Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv|
(v) Hush! Someone is coming
¸‡jv me©`v Complex sentence MVb K‡i|
Qzc! †KD GKRb Avm‡Q
wet `ªt A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Yes,no,well Ges Indeed †K
 Correlative Conjunction : Interjection ejv nq| hw` †mUv cÖ‡kœi Dˇii cwie‡Z© bigvwj
†Kvb ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î exclamation mark
Co k‡ãi A_© ci¯úi Ges relate k‡ãi A_© hy³ nIqv |
Gi cwie‡Z© Yes,no,well Ges Indeed Gici Kgv e‡m|
myZivs Correlate k‡ãi A_© ci¯úi hy³ nIqv| A_©vr †h Ex: Yes, I will surely do that.
mg¯Í Conjunction GKwU Word ev Ask Aci GKwU
Word ev As‡ki mv‡_ wg‡j GKmv‡_ GKwU †hŠwMK
Conjunction-G cwiYZ nq Ges GKwUgvÎ Conjunction Sentence (evK¨).
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Correlative Conjunction Sentence→ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK A_©‡evaK kã Grammar-
e‡j Gi wbqgvbyhvqx cvkvcvwk e‡m g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡j,
Ex : You are as weak as a patient. Dnv‡K Sentence ev evK¨ e‡j| (A_©‡evaK k‡ãi mgwó)
Ex: Sujan is a good boy.
Correlative Conjunction :
Parts of Sentence
as........as either.......or
mvaviYZ Sentence -Gi 2wU Ask _v‡K| h_vt
so.............as neither.....nor
(i) Subject (D‡Ïk¨)
the same....as both .......and
(ii) Predicate (we‡aq, Lei)
such........as no sooner...than
such ........that hardly....before Predicate-Gi Avevi 2wU Ask _v‡K| h_vt
scarcely..when (i) Verb (wµqv)
(ii) Object (Kg©) / Complement (cwic~iK)
Extension (ev` evwK Ask)
we : `ª : Giv †Rvovq †Rvovq e¨eüZ nq
wb‡¤œ Q‡Ki gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
Sentence
 Interjection :
‡h Word Avb›`, `ytL, cÖksmv, wZi®‹vi, Subject (D‡Ïk¨) Predicate (we‡aq Lei)
AvnŸvb,mZK©xKiY, we¯§q, N„Yv cÖf…wZ g‡bi Abyf~wZ
Verb (wµqv) Object / Complement (Kg©)
cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Interjection e‡j| Extension
wet `ªt Verb †K (†K ev Kviv) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv
Ex : Hurrah! we have won the game.
hvq Zv‡K Subject ev KZ©v e‡j| GKwU ev‡K¨ ev‡` evwK hv
_v‡K meB Predicate. Predicate Gi ga¨Kvi Ask¸wj wb‡q
(i) Avb›` ‡evSv‡Z Hurrah ( wK gRv) e‡m| wb‡¤œ we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(ii) `ytL †evSv‡Z Alas (nvq)e‡m|
Object (Kg©)
(iii) cÖmskv †evSv‡Z Bravo (mvevm)e‡m|
Verb ‡K (wK ev Kv‡K) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, †mB
(iv) wZi®‹vi †evSv‡Z Fie (wQt)e‡m| word/phrase wU n‡jv Object ev Kg©|
(v) AvnŸvb †evSv‡Z Hello (I‡n)e‡m| Ex: He gave me a mobile.
(vi) mZK©xKiY †evSv‡Z Hush (Pzc)e‡m| ind. obj. drct. obj.
Ex:
(i) Alas ! I am undone Kinds of Objects
nvq! Avwg †kl Bnv 2 cÖKvi| h_v t-
(ii) Bravo! you are doing well (i) Indirect Object :‡hUv Øviv e¨w³ †evSvq
mvevm! Zzwg fv‡jv Ki‡Qv. (ii) Direct Object: ‡hUv Øviv mvaviYZ welq ev e¯‘
(iii) Fie! you are so bad
†evSvq|
wQ! Zzwg G‡Zv Lvivc
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
wet `ªt ev‡K¨ hw` GKwU _v‡K Object Zvn‡j †mUv‡K Direct  Objective Complement : Bnv mvaviYZ 2 cÖKvi|
Object e‡j| Avi ZvB e¨vw³ †evSv‡jB Ges welq †evSv‡jB h_v:-
Direct Object †mUv Avm‡j wVK bv| Z‡e cÖv_wgKfv‡e Avgiv 1. Word/phrase as objective complement.
†mUv ej‡Z cvwi| 2.Clause as objective complement.
Shortcut wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
(i) I. O. + D. O 1. Word/phrase as objective complement: ‡Kv‡bv kã
(ii) D. O. + Preposition + I. O ev k㸔Q hw` objectGi complement Z_v cwic~iK wn‡m‡e
Ex. He gave me a mabile KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K objective complement e‡j|
I. O D. O Ex: (i) I found talking. (GLv‡b ÔhimÕ Gi complement
He gave a mabile to me n‡jv Ôtalking Õ)
D. O pre I. O (ii) I appointed him my bodygourd. (GLv‡b ÔhimÕ Gi
wet `ªt complement n‡jv Ômy bodygourdÕ)
(i) Object †hUv †hLv‡bB emyK bv †Kb A‡_©i †ejvq GKB
n‡e| 2. Clause as objective complement: ‡Kvb evK¨vsk hw`
(ii) ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ GKB mv‡_ `yBwU Object -B _vK‡j
object Gi complement wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K
Direct Object wU Verb Gi Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| Avi
Clause as objective complement e‡j|
Indirect Object wU Direct Object Gi Kvh© m¤úv`b
Ex: I called the girl who is meritorious.
K‡i|

Comlement (cwic~iK) Disparity (cv_©K¨) between object and complement

Extension
Comlement : Sentence-G Subject Gi c~Y©Zvi Rb¨
Verb Gic‡i †h word/phrase wU e‡m Zv‡K ev cwic~iK Object → Kg© Complement → cwic~iK Ask
Comlement e‡j| Object A_©→Kg© Complement A_©→Kg
Ex: I am happy. Object `yB cÖKvi Complement 5 cÖKvi
Object e‡m mvaviYZ Complement e‡m mvaviYZ
Transitive verb Gici lingking verb Gici
Kinds of complement
Subject Ges verb Gi cieZ©x Ask Øviv hw` GKB
(i) Subjective Complement (‡hUv Subject †K welq‡K †evSvq Zvn‡j D³ cieZ©x Ask‡K ejv nq→
Bw½Z K‡i) Complement. Avi hw` subject Ges verb Gi cieZ©x
(ii) Objective Complement (‡hUv Object†K Bw½Z Ask Øviv GKB welq‡K bv †evSvq Zvn‡j D³ cieZ©x
K‡i)
Ask‡K ejv nq→ object. Avi †hUv object †mUviB Aci
 Subjective complement Avevi 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
bvg→ Extension Ges †hUv complement †mUviB Aci
1. Noun Complement
2. Adjective Complement bvg→ Extension.
3. Adverb Complement kU©KvU †UKwbK.
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t Verb †K gy‡Q H RvqMv‡Z is w`‡j hw` Dfqcvk GKB nq
1. Noun Complement : ‡h Complement ev‡K¨ Noun
Zvn‡j cieZ©x Ask‡K ejv n‡e→ complement. Avi hw`
ev Noun phrase Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Noun Complement
Dfqcvk GKB bv nq Zvn‡j cieZ©x Ask‡K ejv n‡e→
e‡j|
Ex: He is a doctor. Object.
2. Adjective Complement: ‡h Complement ev‡K¨
Adjective Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Noun Complement e‡j|
Ex: She is happy.
3. Adverb Complement : ‡h Complement ev‡K¨
g‡b ivL‡e:
Adverb Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Noun Complement e‡j|
 ïay verb e¨envi K‡iI predicate MwVZ
n‡Z cv‡i|
Ex:He sings well.
 AšÍZ GKwU subject I GKwU predicate
Qvov sentence nq bv|
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
  Sentence→G mvaviYZ subject cÖ_‡g 2) Interrogative sentence: †h sentence Øviv †Kvb
Ges predicate c‡i e‡m| wKQz wRÁvmv Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K Interrogative
sentence e‡j|
Kinds of Sentence (Sentence Gi cÖKvi‡f`) Structure of Interrogative sentence
Bnv‡K `yBwU `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_vt (i) Auxiliary verb+sub + g~j verb+ext + q. mark
i) According to meaning (A_©MZ w`K †_‡K)| (ii) Wh-question +auxiliary verb+ext + q. mark
ii) According to structure (MVbMZ w`K †_‡K)| Ex: (i) Have you gone there?
(ii) What is your name?
 A_©MZ w`K †_‡K Bnv 5 cÖKvi|
Interrogative sentence -G cÖ‡kœi aib 2 iKg n‡q
1) Assertive sentence (wee„wZg~jK evK¨)
_v‡K|
2) Interrogative sentence (cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨) i) Yes A_ev no Question
3) Imperative sentence ii) Direct Question (mivmwi cÖkœ)
(Av‡`k, wb‡la,Aby‡iva, Dc‡`k, cÖ¯Íve, AbygwZg~jK
evK¨)
i) Yes A_ev No Question: †hme cÖ‡kœi DËi Yes
4) Optative sentence (cÖv_©bvg~jK evK¨)
A_ev no w`‡q ‡kl Kiv hvq †mme cÖkœ‡K Yes A_ev
5) Exclamatory Sentence (we¯§qm~PK evK¨)
no Question e‡j|
wet `ªt British Ges American Grammar Abyhvqx
Question : Do you go to school ?
A_©‡f‡` Sentence 4 cÖKvi| Optative Sentence †K
Answer : Yes or no
Bnviv g~jZ Assertive Sentence Gi Ab¨iƒc wn‡m‡e
aviYv K‡i|
ii) Direct Question: †hme cÖ‡kœi DËi cy‡ivcywi GKwU
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i msÁv Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt sentence ej‡Z A_ev wjL‡Z nq, †mme cÖkœ‡K
1) Assertive sentence: †h sentence `¦viv †Kvb Direct Question (mivmwi cªkœ) e‡j|
wee„wZ ev eY©bv cÖ`vb Kiv †evSvq Zv‡K Assertive Question: What is your name ?
sentence e‡j| Answer: My name is Amir.
Avevi cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ †gvU 4 ai‡Yi| h_v:
Structure of Assertive sentence (i) Yes/No Question
sub + verb + extension (ii) Wh Question
Ex: I go to school (iii) Tag Question
Assertive sentence Gi cÖKvi‡f`: (iv) Embedded Question
Bnv Avevi `yB cÖKvi| h_vt G¸wj‡K Avjv`v Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i we¯ÍvwiZ
(i) Affirmative sentence (nu¨v †evaK evK¨)| eywS‡q †`Iqv n‡e|
(ii) Negative sentence (bv †evaK evK¨)| 3) Imperative sentence: †h sentence Øviv
i) Av‡`k
(i) Affirmative sentence: †h sentence Øviv †Kvb ii) wb‡la
wKQz ¯^xKvi Kiv eySvq Zv‡K Affirmative sentence iii) Aby‡iva
e‡j| iv) AbygwZ
Ex: He has a pen v) Dc‡`k
vi) cÖ¯Íve eySvq Zv‡K Imperative sentence e‡j|
(ii) Negative sentence: †h sentence Øviv †Kvb wKQz
A¯^xKvi Kiv †evSvq Zv‡K Negative sentence e‡j| Stricture of Imperative sentence
Ex: He has not a pen. (i) g~j verb + extension
(ii) Let + objective + g~j verb + extension
Ex: i) Do the work.
ii) Let us go home.
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Commitment University Admission Coaching English Basic Lacture
wet`ªt g~j verb Iqvjv Imperative Sentence -G
mvaviYZ You subject wU Dn¨ _v‡K|
4) Optative sentence: †h sentence Øviv
i ) g‡bi B”Qv
ii) †`vqv
iii) cÖv_©bv
iv) Avkxe©v` BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Optative
sentence e‡j|
Structure of Optative sentence
May + Assertive sentence
Ex: May Allah bless you
wet `ªt Optative sentence -G e¨eüZ ÔMayÕ GKwU
Adverb. Z‡e May ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m †k‡l hw`
Question mark e‡m Zvn‡j D³ n‡e Model verb.
Ex; May I help you ?
5) Exclamatory sentence: †h sentence Øviv
i) Avb›` v) `ytL
ii) Djøvm vi) †e`bv
iii) Avðh© vii) nl©
iv) we¯§q viii) welv`
ix) N„Yv
x) g‡bi AvKw¯§K fve BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq
Zv‡K Exclamatory sentence e‡j|
Structure of Exclamatory sentence
(i) Interjection word + exclamation mark +
assertive sentence.
(ii) What a / an A_ev how + adjective +
subject + verb + exclamation mark.
Ex: i) Alas! I am undone
ii) How beautiful the scenery is!
wet `ªt Exclamatory sentence e¨eüZ What Ges How
ejv nq|
MVbMZ w`K †_‡K Bnv 3 cÖKvi| h_vt
i) Simple sentence (mij evK¨)
ii) Complex sentence (RwUj ev wgkÖ evK¨)
iii) Compound sentence (‡hŠwMK evK¨)
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i msÁv I D`vniY Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt
1) Simple sentence: †h sentence→ G
i) GKwU gvÎ subject _v‡K
ii) GKwU gvÎ finite verb _v‡K
iii) Ges †hUv GKwU gvÎ principal clause-G nq,
Zv‡K Simple sentence ev mij evK¨ e‡j|
Ex: I saw the boy playing in the field
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Commitment University Admission Coaching
2) Complex sentence: †h sentence G
i) GKwU principal clause _v‡K
ii) GK ev GKvwaK sub-ordinate clause _v‡K|
iii) Ges D³ principal clause Ges subordinate
clause ¸wj subordinating conjunction Øviv
hy³ _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Complex sentence
e‡j|
Ex: We know that he is the founder of this
college.
3) Compound Sentence: †h sentence -G GKvwaK
principal clause _v‡K| Avi D³ principal
clause ¸wj co-ordinating conjunction Øviv hy³
_v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K compound sentence e‡j|
Ex: I went to school and met my friends.
Clause → evK¨vsk.
Clause→ subject I finite verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` cwic~Y©
GKwU evK¨ wn‡m‡e e¨envi bv n‡q ev‡K¨i Ask wn‡m‡e e¨envi
nq, Z‡e H evK¨vsk‡K clause ev evK¨vsk e‡j|
Ex: Amir sir is a man who is my teacher.
Clause ↓ Clause
Clause marker
Kinds of Clause
Bnv cÖ_gZ 3 cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Principal clause / Main clause / Independent
clause
(ii) Sub-ordinate clause / Dependent clause
(ii) Co-ordinate clause
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †ck Kiv n‡jv:
(i) Principal clause→ †h clause Zvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨
Ab¨ †Kvb clause Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv, Zv‡K
Principal clause e‡j|
Ex: Monir is a man who is honest.
Principal clause ↓ Sub-ordinate clause
Clause marker
(ii) Sub-ordinate clause→ †h clause KL‡bv
Principal clause Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R A_©
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K Sub-ordinate clause
e‡j|
Ex: Monir is a man who is honest.
Principal clause ↓ Sub-ordinate clause
Clause marker
wet`ªt Sub-ordinate clause Gic~‡e© mvaviYZ Sub-
ordinating conjunction hy³ _v‡K| Avi ZvB Avgiv
English Basic Lacture
 ej‡Z cvwi †h, Sub- ordinating conjunction hy³
clause †K Sub-ordinate clause e‡j Avi Sub- (ii)
ordinating conjunction hy³ sentence †K mvaviYZ
Complex sentence e‡j|
Noun clause
Adjective clause→ †h clause wU noun A_ev pronoun
†K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective clause e‡j|
Ex: The man who came here is my brother.
Adjective clause

(iii) Adverbial clause→ †h clause wU verb †K modify

Sub-ordinating conjunction: K‡i, Zv‡K Adverbial clause e‡j|
Ex: I shall go where he lives.
(1) Who (24) Though Adverbial clause
(2) Whom (25) Although
(3) Whose GB KwVb clause wKfv‡e kU©KvU cixÿv n‡j †ei Ki‡eb GB wel‡qi
(26) Even though `yÕGKwU †Mvcb K_v ewj| Clause Av‡Q †gvU- 3wU|
(27) As though (i) Noun clause
(4) Which
(28) As if (ii) Adjective clause
(5) What
(iii) Adverbial clause
(6) That * cixÿvq Ackb _v‡K 4wU K‡i:
(7) When (29) As
(30) Because (i) A
(8) Where (ii) B
(9) While (31) Since
(iii) C
(10) Why (32) After (iv) D
(11) How (33) Before Zvn‡j 4wU Ack‡b gvÎ 3wU clause em‡e evwK †h Ackb _vK‡e Zv
(12) Whoever ev` w`‡eb, GB 1wU Ackb ev` †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y Avcbvi KvR 50% n‡q
(34) Till †M‡Q| Gevi Kv‡Ri K_vq Avwm| †Kvb clause †Kvb Dcv‡q kV©KvU
(13) Whomever
(35) Until †ei Ki‡eb|
(14) Whichever
(15) Whenever (1) Noun clause: GB clause -G underline Gi eive‡i (it)
(36) I wish ewm‡q hw` evK¨wU c~Y© A_©cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e eyS‡eb GwU Aek¨B
(16) Wherever
(37) I fancy Noun clause Avcbv‡K verb Gi→
(17) Whereas
(i) Av‡M
(ii) c‡i
(18) If (iii) wcQ‡b
(19) Even if (iv) Preposition Gic‡i
(20) Unless (v) Appositive wn‡m‡e GB RvqMvq
(21) So that Noun clause e‡m GB jwRK Avi wkL‡Z n‡e bv| ïay (it) ewm‡q
(iii) (22) In order that
Co-ordinate clause→ †h clause `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK evK¨ c~Y© n‡jB Noun clause
mg‡kÖProvided
(23) Yxi clausethat
†K co-ordinating conjunction Ex: That he is a criminal is known to all.
Øviv hy³ K‡i Zv‡K co-ordinate clause e‡j| Avi We don‟t know what he is talking about.
co-ordinating conjunction hy³ sentence †K
Compound sentence e‡j| GLv‡b 1bs I 2bs eªv‡KU Gi cwie‡Z© (it) emv‡j evK¨ c~Y© A_© n‡e|
Co-ordinating conjunction: A_©¨vr Giv Noun clause
Nt Fan Boys (i) It is known to all.
(ii) We don‟t know it.
Nevertheless Therefore For And Nor But Or, Yet So,Still
Otherwise
On the contrary (2) Adjective clause: Underline AskwU nv‡Zi AvOzj w`‡q
†X‡K w`‡q hw` evK¨ c~Y© A_© nq ZLb eyS‡eb Aek¨B GwU
Sub-ordinate clause Avevi 3 cÖKvi| h_v: Adjective clause.
(i) Noun clause
Ex: The boy who doesn‟t know to manner is my brother.
(ii) Adjective clause
(iii) Adverbial clause GLv‡b underline AskwU GKcv‡k †i‡L w`‡j nq = The boy
is my brother. wek¦vm bv n‡j eB Ly‡j wb‡R †`Lyb|
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †ck Kiv n‡jv|
(i) Noun clause→ †Kv‡bv clause hw` noun Gi KvR K‡i (3) Adverbial clause: GwU †Pbv AZ¨šÍ mnR KviY 3wU Ackb
_v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Noun clause e‡j| †_‡K it w`‡q ev AvOzj †P‡c ai‡jI Noun clause, Adjective
Ex: That he is very intelligent is known to me.
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 clause †Kv‡bvwUB bv n‡j a‡i wb‡eb 100% clause wU Structure of Adverbial phrase
Adverbial clause. Preposition + Noun

wet`ªt Adjective phrase Ges Adverbial phrase

Phrase → k㸔Q. Gi structure GKB iKg n‡jI Zv‡`i KvR g~jZ wfbœ|
Phrase→ subject I finite verb wenxb †Kv‡bv k㸔Q hw` Adjective phrase Gic~‡e© noun A_ev pronoun
GKwU parts of speech wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K _vK‡e| Avi Adverbial phrase Gic~‡e© mvaviYZ
phrase ev k㸔Q e‡j| verb _vK‡e|
Ex: Mr. Amir bought a costly car.
(iv) Verbal phrase→ †h phrase wU verb Gi KvR K‡i
↓
Phrase _v‡K, Zv‡K Verbal phrase e‡j|
Kinds of phrase Ex: He gives up smoking.
Verbal phrase
Bnv mvaviYZ 7 cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Noun phrase (v) Prepositional phrase→ †h phrase wU
(ii) Adjective phrase preposition Gi gZ KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Prepositional
phrase e‡j|
(iii) Verbal phrase
Ex: The man sat in front of his house.
(iv) Adverbial phrase Prepositional phrase
(v) Prepositional phrase
wet`ªt Prepositional phrase mvaviYZ preposition w`‡q
(vi) Conjunctional phrase ïiæ nq Ges preposition w`‡q †kl nq|
(vii) Interjectional phrase

(vi) Conjunctional phrase→ †h phrase wU GKvwaK

wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i msÁvmn we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
(i) Noun phrase→ †Kv‡bv phrase hw` noun Gi KvR clause A_ev sentence †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K
K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K noun phrase e‡j| Conjunctional phrase e‡j|
Ex: He is a man of letters. Ex: He came as soon as I left.
Noun phrase
Conjunctional phrase

(ii) Adjective phrase→ †h phrase wU noun A_ev

pronoun †K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective
phrase e‡j
Ex: It is a ring of gold.
Adjective phrase
Structure of Adjective phrase→ Preposition +
Noun
(iii) Adverbial phrase→ †h phrase wU Adverb Gi
KvR K‡i A_©vr noun Ges pronoun e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨
parts of speech †K modify K‡i, Adverbial
phrase Zv‡K e‡j|
Ex: Our class begins in November.
Adverbial phrase
(vii) Interjectional phrase→ †h phrase wU Øviv Av‡eM,
Avb›`, welv`, `ytL BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq| Zv‡K
Interjectional phrase e‡j|
Ex: What a pity! oh my god!
wet`ªt GQvov AviI 2wU phrase i‡q‡Q| h_v:
(i) Participle phrase
(ii) Infinitive phrase
Gender (wj½)
Gender: ‡h c×wZi gva¨‡g noun ev pronoun Gi Sex Z_v
wj½ wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K Gender ev wj½ e‡j|

Kinds of Genders
Bnv mvaviYZ 4 cÖKvi| h_v:-
(1) Masculine Gender (cyiæl wbY©vqK kã ev cyswj½)

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 (2) Fiminine Gender (gwnjv wbY©vqK kã ev ¯¿xwj½) (2) Masculine Gender Gi †k‡l `ess` †hvM Kivi gva¨‡g
(3) Common Gender (cyiæl-gwnjv wbY©vqK kã ev Fiminine Gender Letter.
Dfq wj½) Masuline Fiminine
(4) Neuter Gender (Roe¯‘ wbY©vqK kã ev K¬xewj½ ev Author (†jLK) Autheress (†jwLKv)
lifeless things) jew (Bûw`) jewess (Bûw` igbx)
wb‡¤œ Bnv‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
(1) Masculine Gender : ‡h mKj noun ev pronoun (3) k‡ãi †k‡l GK ev GKvwaK Letter †hvM Kivi gva¨‡g
Øviv cyiæl ‡evSvq Zv‡K Masculine Gender ev cyswj½ e‡j| Masculine Gender †_‡K Fiminine Gender.
Ex: Father, Man. Masuline Fiminine
wet `ªt Masculine kãwU adjective, hv male bvgK noun Hero (exi ) Heroine (exi½bv)
†_‡K Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| Sultar (ev`kv) Sultana (m¤ªv½x)
(2) Fiminine Gender : ‡h mKj noun ev pronoun Øviv
Wisdom (wecZ¥xK) Widow (weaev)
cyiæl ‡evSvq Zv‡K Fiminine Gender ev ¯¿xwj½ e‡j|
Ex: Mother, woman
(4) Comopund A_ev Hyphened word †K Masculine
wet `ªt Fiminine kãwU adjective, hv female bvgK noun
†_‡K Fiminine.
†_‡K Drcbœ n‡q‡Q|
(3) Common Gender: ‡h mKj noun ev pronoun Øviv Masuline Fiminine
cyiæl ev ¯¿x DfqB ‡evSvq Zv‡K Common Gender ev ¯¿xwj½ Beggar-man Beggar-woman
e‡j| Boy-friend Girl-friend
Ex: Presnt, Passenger Fisherman Fisherwoman
(4) Neuter Gender : ‡h mKj noun ev pronoun Øviv Landlord Landlady
Roe¯‘ ev lifeless things ‡evSvq Zv‡K Neuter Gender ev
¯¿xwj½ e‡j| e¨Zxµgag©x wKQz welq
Ex: Pen, Computer (i) kw³, mvnm, gnË¡ I †kÖôZ¡ wb‡`©kK kã Masculine
Gender wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| G‡`i‡K Ab¨iKg
(i) Neuter Gender Gi pronoun wn‡m‡e ÔÔ It ÕÕ e¨envi Personified object e‡j| Avi GB¸wji Pronoun
Kiv nq| wn‡m‡e He ev It DfqB e¨envi Kiv hvq|
(ii) Aejv cÖvYx, cvMj I wkï GK_vq Ávbnxb cÖvYx‡`i‡K Ex: Sun, Death, Love, Summer, Anger
Gender fvev nq| (ii) ‡mŠ›`h©, †KvgjZv, b¤ªZv I De©iZv wb‡`©kK kã
Ex: Dog, Cat, Baby, Child etc. Fiminine Gender wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Avi GB¸wji
(iii) Common gerder Gi Aci Neutral bvg ev Dual Pronoun wn‡m‡e She ev It DfqB e¨envi Kiv hvq|
gender. Ex: Moon, Earth, Modesty, Peace, Autumn.
(iv) Common gerder ¸‡jvB mvaviYZ Common noun wet `ªt Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i A‡bK Kwe ev †jLK Zv‡`i mvwnZ¨Kg©
Gi AšÍf©y³| Personified object e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Avi ZvB GB welqUv
†R‡b ivLv AZxe Riæix| we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ covi
Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ †ÿ‡Î|
Masculine Vs Feminine = Common Gender
Masculine Feminine Common
Brother Sister Sibling
Husband Wife Spouse
King Queen Manarch
Boy Girl Child
Man Woman Person
Sir Madam Teacher

Masculine ‡_‡K Feminine Gender Kivi wbqgvmg~nt

Masculine ‡_‡K Feminine Gender Kivi ‡KvbwKQz wbqg
wb‡b¥ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t -
(1) m¤ú~Y© bZzb kã †hvM Kivi gva¨‡g Masculine †_‡K
Feminine
Ex:
Masuline Fiminine
Boy Girl
Husband Wife
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