BSK3503 FUNCTIONAL FOOD

ASSIGNMENT 1
No Name ID No
1. NUR SHAHIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD NOOR SA19010
2. ULIA MAISARAH BINTI MUSNI SA19036
3. RABIATULADAWIYAH BINTI ABD RAHIM SA19013

Content Marks

TOTAL

Comments
 ASSIGNMENT 1
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 19 APRIL 2022

CODE COURSE: BSK3505

COURSE: FUNCTIONAL FOOD
LECTURER’S NAME: DR. NAZIKUSSABAH BINTI ZAHARUDIN

GROUP MEMBERS:

NO NAME ID NUMBER

1. NUR SHAHIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD NOOR SA19010

2. ULIA MAISARAH BINTI MUSNI SA19036

3. RABIATULADAWIYAH BINTI ABD RAHIM SA19013

Based On the Journal Article:

1. Suggest ONE (1) functional food and state its type of functional food.
Barley is one of functional food that promotes health or prevent diseases, demonstrated
to have physiological benefits beyond basic nutritional functions. Besides, barley is a
conventional food. The product that does not add any bioactive but contain nutritional
compounds that support functionality.

2. Describe its beneficial effects on human health.

Barley is a dietary fiber where it classified in two types as barley insoluble fiber (BIF)
and barley soluble fiber (BSF). Barley is claimed can reduce blood cholesterol. Besides,
insoluble fibers including cellulose, some hemicelluloses and lignin are a group of
fibers that are less fermentable and used as faecal bulking agent to improve bowel
function. AX is part of barley fiber has exhibited lower fasting and post-prandial blood
glucose and lower fasting blood cholesterol with metabolic syndrome. Based on the
journal, there are several beneficial effects on human health. One of them is it can
control human’s body weight. The intake of barley fiber also has direct effects on
hepatic lipids where it can recover liver from injury. Besides, barley fiber can improve
the liver function as BSF and BIF treatments recovered albumin level and reduced the
MDA level in the serum, suggesting an improved synthesis function and oxidative
status of liver. However, the BIF and BSF have showed different effect on the caecal
level of SCFAs where BSF-treatment increased the caecal level of total and butyric
acids while BIF-treatment increased the propionic acid and the three minor SCFAs.
Next, BIF and BSF isolated from barley can effectively reduce the elevated fasting
blood glucose (FBG). On the other hand, BIF and BSF did not change the serum level
of lipids but they reversed the reduction of serum level of HDL-C (good cholesterol).
HDL has an important role in the elimination of cholesterol from the body. Last but not
least, HDL-C level is inversely proportional to cardiovascular risk. Thus, BSF and BIF
treatments can induce elevation.

3. Discuss how this functional food affect blood glucose level.

β-glucans, pectin, guar gum, psyllium, and Konjac are examples of soluble fibres used
in blood glucose regulation. Because they have a high viscosity and the ability to gel,
they may reduce nutrient absorption in the small intestine and be extensively fermented
by gut microbes in the colon. Insoluble fibers, such as cellulose, certain hemicelluloses,
arabinoxylans (AX ), and lignin are less fermentable and are commonly used as a faecal
bulking agent to enhance bowel function. Although viscous fibers are thought to be
anti-diabetic, it has been discovered that insoluble cereal fibers are more effective in
reducing T2D risk than soluble fiber vegetables and fruits. The extent of physical
entanglement and crosslinking with other cell wall materials, such as covalent ester
bonds between AX's hydroxyl groups and the carboxylic acid group of uronic acids, or
the formation of diferulic acid bridges between adjacent AX chains, has been suggested
as a cause of AX's low solubility in cereals. The benefits of whole-grain barley and
extracted barley β-glucans on glucose tolerance have been extensively researched. BIF
and BSF extracted from barley were shown to successfully lower increased FBG levels
in T2D rats caused by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) injection that can cause
low blood glucose. Only the BSF raised the amount of butyric acid in the caecum of
rats in the T2D condition, along with better insulin sensitivity, whereas the BIF
increased the level of minor SCFAs in the caecum of rats. As a result, separate processes
exist for the two barely fibres in terms of gut fermentation. SCFAs are primarily created
by microbial fermentation of dietary fibre, and soluble fibre is thought to be easier and
faster digested by gut microbiota, resulting in a larger quantity of SCFAs than insoluble
fibre. Butyric acid may increase insulin sensitivity by regulating the activity of histone
deacetylases, increasing energy expenditure, and inducing mitochondrial function. T2D
rats that had greater caecal levels of isobutyric and isovaleric acids were treated with
BIF but not BSF. Because the gut microbiota produces isobutyric and isovaleric acids
from protein, the higher levels of these acids might imply that BIF therapy resulted in
more protein reaching the caecum. In the normal state, BIF, like BSF, was also efficient
in lowering blood total triglycerides and LDL-C. The lower total cholesterol level was
found in humans after consuming 3 g of barley-glucan per day but not seen in either the
BSF- or BIF groups. It is previously shown that dosage is the most important factor in
β-glucans hypochelesterolemic action.