BSK3503 FUNCTIONAL FOOD

ASSIGNMENT 1
No Name ID No
1 SYAFIQAH BINTI SULAIMAN SA19022
2 NURUL SYIFAIZZAH BINTI AMRAN SA19024
3 NUR HAJARRUL ATIKA BINTI ADNAN SA19025

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Comments
QUESTION 1

Based on the journal, functional group that was suggested is Barley. Barley is a cereal
grain that people can use in bread, beverages, stews, and other dishes. Barley is the main cereal
produced and also the major whole grain consumed worldwide, in addition to wheat, corn, oat
and brown rice. Barley is a conventional food. This is because barley does not add any bioactive
compound but contain nutritional compounds that support functionality. Barley naturally has
all the nutrition without addition of other compounds. Covered barley must be processed to
remove the hull. Blocking is the first stage of processing, where only the major part of the hull
is removed. Barley that is blocked can then be steam rolled, cut into grits, pearled, ground into
a meal, or roller milled similarly to wheat. Based on the processed of barley, it shows that
barley does not add any other bioactive compounds. So that, barley was categories as
conventional food.

QUESTION 2
The beneficial is it has proved for health claim on blood cholesterol reduction. Barley
fibre is mostly insoluble fibre, thus there are less fermentable and generally used as faecal
bulking agent to improve bowel function. Although viscous fibres are considered as the anti-
diabetic fibre, it has been realized that insoluble cereal fibres are more potent in reducing type
2 diabetes (T2D) risk, when compared with vegetable and fruit that are rich in soluble fibre.
Next, as an important source of dietary fibre, typical barley contains as high as 15-24g of
dietary fibre per 100g of whole grain. Based on WHO, the preferred intake for fibre per day is
20 to 35g for Malaysian.

Barley is well known for the high content of mixed linkages β-(1→3, 1→4)-glucans
(β-glucans). The whole grain barley and extracted barley linkages β-glucans have been widely
studied for the effects on glycaemic control. Furthermore, BIF and BSF provided protection
for liver function. For AX in cereals, it has low solubility thus it has been suggested to be
caused by the extent of physical entanglement and the cross link with other cell wall materials.
AX has been attracting the great deal of interest due its beneficial effects in regulation of blood
glucose, blood lipid, blood cholesterol and immune system.
QUESTION 3
Whole-grain barley and extracted barley beta-glucans have been widely studied to the
effect of glycemic control such as postprandial blood glucose, and etc. The rest part of barley
fiber is mostly insoluble fiber, including cellulose, arabinoxylans (AX) and lignin. AX is
composed of a linear backbone of (1 to 4)- β-D-xylopyranosyl residues that mainly substituted
with α-L-arabinofuranosyl residues at position O-2 and/or O-3. The low solubility of AX in
cereals has been suggested to be caused by the extent of physical enlargement and the cross
link with other cell wall materials such as covalent ester bonds between AXs hydroxyl groups
and the carboxylic acid group of uranic acid or the formation of diferulic acid bridges between
adjacent AX chain.

AX has been attracting the great deal of interest from researchers, due to its beneficial
effects in regulation of blood glucose, blood lipid, blood cholesterol and immune system. There
is two types of model which is conventional and T2D model. In conventional model, oral
administration of BIF and BSF did not affect the level of FBG in the normal rats, when
compared with the control diet. The BIF- and BSF groups had a similar level of serum GSP as
the control group. While in T2D model, HFD/STZ treatment tremendously increased the level
of FBG, as well as the fasting blood insulin and the value of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR and
QUIKI) in the control groups (p < 0.01). Interestingly, administration of BIF or BSF prevented
the progress of T2D, reflected by the reduced level of FBG compared with the control diabetes
group in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th week of the experiment (p < 0.01; at 4th week, p < 0.05).
Furthermore, serum level of insulin and the values of HOMA-IR were found to be reduced in
the BSF-treated diabetic rats compared with those in the untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.01). The
increased value of QUICKI confirmed the effects of BSF treatment on insulin sensitivity (p <
0.01). BIF treatment did not alter serum level of insulin and insulin sensitivity. Neither of BIF-
and BSF treatments changed the serum level of GSP

BIF and BSF isolated from barley could effectively reduce the elevated FBG level in
the T2D rats induced by high-fat diet and STZ injection. This again provided a direct evidence
for the hypoglycaemic effect of cereal insoluble fibres. Although both of the two isolated barley
fibres share the same hypoglycaemic effect, they might control blood glucose in a different
manner, as suggested by the different profile in the serum insulin and ceacal SCFAs of tested
rats together with the dissimilar property in physico-chemistry per se.
 The soluble fiber is physico-chemical different from the insoluble one in barley, which
is not only due to the water solubility but also because of the dietary fiber composition. Soluble
barley fiber is mainly comprised of β-glucans, which accounts for approximately 82% of the
total soluble fiber, whereas arabinoxylans take up of about 51% of mass in the insoluble
counterpart. This is consistent with our results on water-soluble barley fiber and alkaline
soluble barley fiber (data not shown). Furthermore, it is now generally accepted that gut
microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of T2D, and tools targeting microbiota, such as
dietary fiber, has been proposed to provide benefits for improvement of the disease.

Liver function is consistently correlated with T2D, and the vicious cycle between the
two has been reviewed elsewhere. In the current study, we found that BSF- and BIF treatments
prevented the elevation of ALT, a common and robust indicator for liver injury. Several
mechanisms might be involved. Firstly, the attenuated T2D condition, indicated by reduced
FBG, might relieve the liver dysfunction. A recent meta-analysis study identified that T2D is
a risk factor to accelerate the progression of liver disease in non-alcohol fatty liver disease that
characterized by increased hepatic fat deposit.