GROUP CERTIFICATE

Contact no :9494578278 , 9949848475.

Reff no: Nrt/2023/96 Date: 16.10.2023

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Mrs. MOHAMMAD IMRAN [20E31A0302],

MOHD DASTAGEER [20E31A0305], MOHD ARFATH [20E31A0304],
MOHAMMED ARSALAN [20E31A0303], SYED FARDEEN [20E31A0308].They are
studying in B.E(Mechanical,4th year) in MAHAVEER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD, has successfully completed Internship program on
“CNC“conducted by our organization with a span of“15/09/2023 to 16/10/2023"
30 days training he/she has very punctual and his/her conduct is satisfactory with
his internship, hope that he learning's he/she had with us shell help his/her in
accomplishing his/her future goals.
We Wish Them All the Best

C12, Eureka Court, above k s Bakery ,opp ,RS Brothers,Ameerpet.Hyderabad .500073.

Email id: nirajatechnologies@gmail.com

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project work carried out as a part of our academic requirements

for obtaining the B.Tech degree was a wonderful experience. We take
opportunity to thank all the people who motivated and helped us to
complete the project successfully.

We would like to thank our guide Dr.V.V.PRATHIBHA

BHARATHI. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, for his valuable guidance and support.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Head of the

Department. Professor B. VENKATESWAR REDDY. Department
of Mechanical Engineering and our principal Dr. B.V. SANKER
RAM, Mahaveer Institute of Science and Technology for granting us
permission to carry out our project. We are also thankful to members
of Mechanical Engineering department.

We would also like to thank our parents, relatives and friends for their
wholehearted support and encouragement towards fulfillment of the
degree.

1. MOHD IMRAN 20E31A0302

2. MOHAMMED ARSALAN 20E31A0303
3. MOHD ARFATH 20E31A0304
4. MOHD DASTAGEER 20E31A0305
5. SYED FARDEEN 20E31A0308

ii
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project report is done in "MAHAVEER

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY" under the
guidance of Dr.V.V.PRATHIBHA BHARATHI Assistant Professor,
and Department of Mechanical Engineering. The project is submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
B. Tech in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

This is a record of bonafide work carried out by us and the results

embodied in this project have not been reproduced or copied from any
other source. The results embodied in this project have not been
submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any other
degree

1. MOHD IMRAN 20E31A0302

2. MOHAMMED ARSALAN 20E31A0303
3. MOHD ARFATH 20E31A0304
4. MOHD DASTAGEER 20E31A0305
5. SYED FARDEEN 20E31A0308

iii
 ABSTRACT
computer numerical control (CNC),is the automated control of tools by means of
a computer. It is used to operate tools such
as drills, lathes, mills, grinders, routers and 3D printers. CNC transforms a piece of
material (metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, stone, or composite) into a specified shape by
following coded programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly
controlling the machining operation.
A CNC machine is a motorized maneuverable tool and often a motorized
maneuverable platform, which are both controlled by a computer, according to specific
input instructions. Instructions are delivered to a CNC machine in the form of a
sequential program of machine control instructions such as G-code and M-code, and
then executed. The program can be written by a person or, far more often, generated
by graphical computer-aided design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
software. In the case of 3D printers, the part to be printed is "sliced" before the
instructions (or the program) are generated. 3D printers also use G-Code.[2]
CNC offers greatly increased productivity over non-computerized machining for
repetitive production, where the machine must be manually controlled (e.g. using
devices such as hand wheels or levers) or mechanically controlled by pre-fabricated
pattern guides (see pantograph mill). However, these advantages come at significant
cost in terms of both capital expenditure and job setup time. For some prototyping and
small batch jobs, a good machine operator can have parts finished to a high standard
whilst a CNC workflow is still in setup.
In modern CNC systems, the design of a mechanical part and its manufacturing
program are highly automated. The part's mechanical dimensions are defined using
CAD software and then translated into manufacturing directives by CAM software. The
resulting directives are transformed (by "post processor" software) into the specific
commands necessary for a particular machine to produce the component and then
are loaded into the CNC machine.
Since any particular component might require the use of several different tools
– drills, saws, etc. – modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell".
In other installations, several different machines are used with an external controller
and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine.
In either case, the series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and
produces a part that meets every specification in the original CAD drawing, where
each specification includes a tolerance.

iv
Sections Contents Page No.

1 Introduction to NC DNC and CNC 01

1.1 Numerical Control 01

1.2 Direct Numerical Control 02

1.3 Computer Numerical Control 02

2 Control Panel of CNC 04

3 CNC Machineries 05

3.1 CNC Lathe 05-07

3.2 CNC Milling Machine 07-09

3.3 CNC Wire EDM 09-12

4 Structure of NC program 12

4.1 M-Codes 13

4.2 G-Codes 14

4.3 CNC Machine Start Procedure 15

4.4 Method of inserting new program 16

5 Typical sample programs 17

5.1 Sample program on Milling 17-18

5.2 Sample program on Turning 18-19

6 Advantages, disadvantages and applications of CNC 20

6.1 Advantages 20

6.2 Disadvantages 20

6.3 Applications 20

I Narration 21

II Self-Evaluation 22

III Appendix 23

IV References 26

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Figure Name Page Number

1.1 Numerical control system 1

1.3 Block diagram of CNC system 2

2 Control panel 4

3.1.1 CNC Lathe 6

3.2 CNC Milling Machine 7

3.3 CNC Wire EDM 9

4.3 Steps involved in starting CNC 15

machine.
4.4 Steps for inserting new program to 16
CNC machine
5.1 Milling sample 17

5.2 Turning sample 18

vi
 LIST TABLES

Table Number Table Page Number

3.1.1 CNC Lathe specification 5

3.2.1 CNC Milling specification 8

3.3.1 CNC Wire EDM specification 10

4.2 G-CODES 14

vii
1. INTRODUCTION TO NC DNC AND CNC

1.1 NUMERICAL CONTROL (NC)

Fig.1.1 Numerical Control Systems.

Numerical control (NC) systems are hardware controls in which most of functions are carried out
by electronic hardware based upon digital circuit technology. Numerical Control is a technique for
controlling machine tools or processes using coded command instructions. These coded command
instructions are interpreted and converted by NC controller into two types of signals namely; motion
control signals and miscellaneous control signals. Motion control signals are a series of electric
pulse trains that are used to control the positions and the speed of the machine table and spindle,
whereas miscellaneous control signals are set of ON/OFF signals to execute the spindle rotation
and direction, control of coolant supply, selection of cutting tools, automatic clamping and
unclamping, etc. In motion control signals, each pulse activates a motion of one basic length-unit
(BLU).

1
1.2 DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL (DNC)

Direct numerical control (DNC), also known as distributed numerical control (also DNC),
is a common manufacturing term for networking CNC machine tools. DNC networking or DNC
communication is always required when CAM programs are to run on some CNC machine control.

1.3 COMPUTERNUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC)

Fig.1.3 Block diagram of Computer Numerical control system

CNC controls are soft-wired NC systems as control functions are controlled by software
programs. Alternatively, Computer Numerical Control is the numerical control system in which
dedicated, stored program microprocessors are built into the control to perform basic and advanced
NC functions. Control signals in CNC systems are in the form of binary words, where each word
contains fixed number of bits, 32 bits or 64 bits are commonly used, representing different axial
positions.

A CNC system consists of the following 6 major elements:

a. Input Device
b. Machine Control Unit
c. Machine Tool
d. Driving System
e. Feedback Devices
f. Display Unit

2
1.3.1 PROGRAMME INPUT DEVICE

 The program input device is the means for part program to be entered into the CNC control.
 Three commonly used program input devices are punch tape reader, magnetic tape reader,
and computer via RS-232-C communication.

1.3.2 MACHINE CONTROL UNIT

The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used to perform the following
functions:

It read the coded instructions, decode the coded instructions. Implement interpolations (linear,
circular, and helical) to generate axis motion commands. and feed the axis motion commands to the
amplifier circuits for driving the axis mechanisms. And it receives the feedback signals of position
and speed for each drive axis. To implement auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle
on/off and tool change.

1.3.3 MACHINE TOOL

CNC controls are used to control various types of machine tools. Regardless of which type of
machine tool is controlled, it always has a slide table and a spindle to control position and speed.
The machine table is controlled in the X and Y axes, while the spindle runs along the Z axis.

1.3.4 FEEDBACK SYSTEM

The feedback system is also referred to as the measuring system It uses position and speed
transducers to continuously monitor the position at which the cutting tool is located at any particular
instant. The MCU uses the difference between reference signals and feedback signals to generate
the control signals for correcting position and speed errors.

1.3.5 DRIVE SYSTEM

Drives are used to provide controlled motion to CNC elements drive system consists of amplifier
circuits, drive motors, and ball lead-screws. The MCU feeds the control signals (position and speed)
of each axis to the amplifier circuits. The motors used for CNC system are of two kinds-

1. Electrical –DC or AC Stepper motors and DC or AC servo motors

2. Fluid - Hydraulic or Pneumatic

3
2. CONTROL PANEL OF CNC

Fig.2 Control Panel

A CNC machine is normally controlled by a computer and software. However, most CNC
machines have a range of controls for manual use. It is rare for a CNC machine to be used manually
as simple operations are best carried out on cheap/basic/manual machines. When a CNC machine
is used manually it is being used well below its capability and specification.

2.1 RESET BUTTON

The most important control button is usually the reset button. When the CNC machine is turned
on, the reset button is pressed by the machine operator. This zero the cutter, moving the cutter to
coordinates 0, 0, 0 on the X, And Z axis. In simple terms, the reset button moves the cutter to the
corner of the machine, above the work table.

2.2 MANUAL CONTROL

The cutter can be controlled manually although this is rarely needed. The ‘X’ and ‘Y’ buttons
control the movement of the cutter along the horizontal surfaces. The ‘Z’ buttons control depth and
up / down movement.

2.3 STOP BUTTON

Most control panels have stop buttons. When pressed these stop the machine very quickly.

2.4 SPEED AND FEED

On some CNC machines it is possible to manually vary the speed and feed of the cutter.

4
3. CNC MACHINERIES
The CNC machines which we worked at GTTC are:

 CNC Lathe.
 CNC Milling.
 CNC Wire EDM.

3.1 CNC LATHE (FANUC SERIES OI-TC)

3.1.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Table.3.11 CNC Lathe Specification

EQUIPMENT UNIT RANGE

Made = Fanuc ---- ----
Chuck diameter mm 200
Max. cutting diameter mm 200
Max. cutting length mm 500
Spindle bore diameter mm 55
Spindle rotating speed rpm 45-4000
Main motor kW 11
power(AC)
Hydraulic unit power kW 1.5
motor
Chip conveyor motor kW 0.2
Coolant pump motor kW 0.55
Weight Kg 5000

5
 Fig.3.11 CNC Lathe.

3.1.2 ABOUT CNC LATHE

Some view lathes as the only universal CNC machine tool because a lathe can make all of
the parts needed for another lathe. A lathe spins the work-piece in a spindle while a fixed cutting
tool approaches the work-piece to slice chips off of it. The act of cutting a work-piece on a lathe is
called "Turning".

Computer numerical control (CNC) has been incorporated into a variety of new technologies and
machinery. One such machine of this sort that is used for a wide array of production processes is
known as a CNC lathe.
Due to technological advancements, CNC lathes are quickly replacing some of the older and
more traditionally used production lathes, such as the multi-spindle. CNC lathes come with a
number of benefits. They can be easily set up and operated. They offer tremendous repeatability,
along with top-notch accuracy in production.
A CNC lathe is typically designed to utilize modern versions of carbide tooling and
processes. A part can be designed for customization, and the machine’s tool paths are often
programmed using the CAD or CAM processes some prime examples of finished items as a result
of using CNC lathe machines include:
Baseball Bats, Bowls, Camshafts, Crankshafts Cue, sticks Dining, Room Table and Chair Legs,
Gun Barrels, Musical Instruments

6
3.1.3 PREPARING AND USING OF CNC LATHE

 Checking to make sure the lathe is lubricated and learning to schedule routine maintenance
in accordance with workplace standards.
 Learning to translate product specifications and work instructions into a machine-readable
format.
 Establishing criteria for tool selection with efficiency and safety in mind.
 Installing work-piece handling devices and inserting tools into their corresponding slots.
 Learning to load a machining program into the CNC lathe and aligning its data points
according to project requirements.
 Producing sample parts to verify if they match specifications and operator instructions.

3.2 CNC MILLING MACHINE (SEIMENS CONTROLLER)

Fig.3.2 CNC Milling Machine

7
3.2.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Table.3.21 CNC Milling specification

CNC controller Siemens control

Axis Motor & Drive AC Servo (1.3 Nm)
Spindle Motor 1 HP with VFD (3PH).
Spindle Motor Speed 100 to 3000 rpm.
Lubrication System Automatic (Motorized).
Max. Depth Of Cut 1 mm Possible.
Axis Control 3 axis.
Axis Plane XY, XZ & YZ.
Max. Rapid Feed 4000 mm/min.
Table Load Capacity 100 Kg.

3.2.2 ABOUT CNC MILLING

CNC milling is a specific form of computer numerical controlled (CNC) machining. Milling
itself is a machining process similar to both drilling and cutting, and able to achieve many of the
operations performed by cutting and drilling machines. Like drilling, milling uses a rotating
cylindrical cutting tool. However, the cutter in a milling machine is able to move along multiple
axes, and can create a variety of shapes, slots and holes. In addition, the work-piece is often moved
across the milling tool in different directions, unlike the single axis motion of a drill.

CNC milling devices are the most widely used type of CNC machine. Typically, they are
grouped by the number of axes on which they operate, which are labelled with various letters. X
and Y designate horizontal movement of the work-piece (forward-and-back and side-to-side on a
flat plane). Z represents vertical, or up-and-down, movement, while W represents diagonal
movement across a vertical plane. Most machines offer from 3 to 5 axes, providing performance
along at least the X, Y and Z axes. Advanced machines, such as 5-axis milling centres, require CAM
programming for optimal performance due to the incredibly complex geometries involved inthe
machining process. These devices are extremely useful because they are able to produce shapesthat
would be nearly impossible using manual tooling methods. Most CNC milling machines also
integrate a device for pumping cutting fluid to the cutting tool during machining.

8
3.2.3 PREPARING AND USING CNC MILLING

 Work safely at all times, complying with health and safety legislation, regulations and other
relevant guidelines.
 Plan the CNC machining activities before you start them.
 Load/input the program to the machine controller and check the program for errors using
the approved procedures.
 Mount and set the required work holding devices, work-piece and cutting tools.
 Check that all safety mechanisms are in place, and that the equipment is set correctly for the
required operations
 Run the operating program, and check and adjust the machine tool speeds, feeds and
operating parameters to achieve the component specification.
 Measure and check that all dimensional and geometrical aspects of the component are to the
specification.
 Deal promptly and effectively with problems within your control, and seek help and
guidance from the relevant people if you have problems that you cannot resolve.
 Shut down the equipment to a safe.

3.3 CNC WIRE EDM (MITSUBISHI CONTROLLER)

Fig.3.3 CNC Wire EDM

9
3.3.1 SPECIFICATION

Table.3.31 CNC Wire EDM specification

DESCRIPTION MITSUBISHI RA90M MITSUBISHI RA90M

(AT)
Max. work piece 860 x 760 x 160 860 x 760 x 160
dimension [mm] (in)
Maximum work piece 350 350
weight
Table dimensions 572 x 478 572 x 478
Machining range (X x Y) 320 x 250 320 x 250
Table rapid-feed speed 1300 1300
[mm/min] (in/min)
Wire diameter [mm] (in) 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.3
Maximum wire feed rate 15 15
[m/min] (in/min)
Maximum work piece 160 -----
thickness [mm] (in)
Taper machining device Standard Standard
Z-Axis stroke (manual 150 150
operation)
Max. taper angle [mm] (in) 15 for work piece 100 mm 15 for work piece 100 mm
thick thick
Max. machining current 50A 50A
Minimum drive unit [u m] 0.05um 0.05um
(in)
CNC Controller Mitsubishi 64 bit Mitsubishi 64 bit

3.3.2 ABOUT WIRE EDM

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a controlled metal-removal process that is used

to remove metal by means of electric spark erosion. In this process an electric spark is used as the
cutting tool to cut (erode) the work piece to produce the finished part to the desired shape.

10
 The wire-cut type of machine arose in the 1960s for the purpose of making tools (dies) from
hardened steel. The tool electrode in wire EDM is simply a wire. The first CNC EDM machine was
produced in 1976. EDM wire cutting uses a metallic wire to cut a programmed contour in a work
piece. Extrusion dies and blanking punches are very often machined by wire cutting. Cutting is
always through the entire work piece. To start machining it is first necessary to drill a hole in the
work piece or start from the edge. On the machining area, each discharge creates a crater in the
work piece and an impact on the tool. The wire can be inclined, thus making it possible to make
parts with taper or with different profiles at the top and bottom. There is never any mechanical
contact between the electrode and work piece. The wire is usually made of brass or stratified copper,
and is between 0.1 and 0.3 mm diameter. Depending on the accuracy and surface finish needed, a
part will either be one cut or it will be roughed and skimmed. On a one cut the wire ideally passes
through a solid part and drops a slug or scrap piece when it is done. This will give adequate accuracy
for some jobs, but most of the time, skimming is necessary. A skim cut is where the wire is passed
back over the roughed surface again with a lower power setting and low pressure flush. There can
be from one to nine skim passes depending on the accuracy and surface finish required. Usually
there are just two skim passes. A skim pass can remove as much as 0.002" of material or a as little
as 0.0001". During roughing (i.e. the first cut) the water is forced into the cut at high pressure in
order to provide plenty of cooling and eliminate eroded particles as fast as possible. During
skimming (accuracy / finish cuts) the water is gently flowed over the burn so as not to deflect the
wire.

3.3.4 PREPARING AND USING OF WIRE EDM

 Work safely at all times, complying with health and safety legislation, regulations and other
relevant guidelines.
 Plan the CNC machining activities before you start them.
 Load/input the program to the machine controller and check the program for errors using
the approved procedures.
 Mount and set the required work holding devices, work-piece and cutting tools.
 Check that all safety mechanisms are in place, and that the equipment is set correctly for the
required operations
 The whole operation should take place inside water.
 Run the operating program, and check and adjust the machine speeds, feeds and cutting
parameters to achieve the component specification.

11
  Measure and check that all dimensional and geometrical aspects of the component are to the
specification.
 Deal promptly and effectively with problems within your control, and seek help and
guidance from the relevant people if you have problems that you cannot resolve.
 Shut down the equipment to a safe

4. STRUCTURE OF NC PART PROGRAM

In general, several commands are grouped together to accomplish a specific machining
operation, hence the use of a block of information for each operation. Each command gives a
specific element of control data, such as dimension or a feed rate. Each command within a block is
also called a word. The way in which words are arranged within the block is called block format.
Three different block formats are commonly used, (Fixed sequential format, Tab sequential format
and Word address format) With this type of format, each type of word is assigned as address that is
identified by a letter code within the part program. Thus the letter code specifies the type of word
that follows and then its associated numeric data is given. For example, the code T represents a tool
number. Thus a word of the form T01 would represent tool number 1. Theoretically, with this
approach, the words in a given block can be entered in any sequence and the controller should be
able to interpret them correctly. With the word address format only the needed words for a given
operation have to be included within the block. The command to which the particular numeric data
applies is identified by the preceding address code. Word format has the advantage of having more
than one particular command in one block something that would be impossible in the other two
formats.

 N-CODE: Sequence number, used to identify each block with in an NC program and
provides a means by which NC commands may be rapidly located. It is program line
number. It is a good practice to increment each block number by 5 to 10 to allow additional
blocks to be inserted if future changes are required.
 G-CODE: Preparatory Word, used as a communication device to prepare the MCU. The G-
code indicates that a given control function such as G01, linear interpolation, is to be
requested.
 X, Y & Z-CODES: Coordinates. These give the coordinate positions of the tool.

COMMONLY USED WORD ADDRESSES

 F-CODE: Feed rate. The F code specifies the feed in the machining operation.

12
  S-CODE: Spindle speed. The S code specifies the cutting speed of the machining process.
 T-CODE: Tool selection. The T code specifies which tool is to be used in a specific
operation.
 M-CODE: Miscellaneous function. The M code is used to designate a particular mode of
operation for an NC machine tool.
 I, J & K-CODES: They specify the centre of arc coordinates from starting.

Sequence and format of words:

N3 G2 X+1.4 Y+1.4 Z+1.4 I2.0 J2.0 K2.0 F5 S4 T4

4.1 M-CODES

M00Mandatory Program Stop

M01 Optional Program Stop

M02 Program End

M03 Spindle Forward/Clockwise

M04 Spindle Reverse/Counter clockwise

M05 Spindle Stop

M06 Tool change

M07 Mist Coolant On

M08 Flood Coolant On

M09 All Coolant Off

M19 Spindle Orient

M30 Program End and Rewind

M40-M45 Gear Change

M47 Repeat Program from First Line

M48 Enable Feed/Speed Overrides

13
M49 Disable Feed/Speed Overrides

M98 Subprogram Call

M99 Return from Subprogram / Rewind

4.2 G-CODES

Table.4.2 G-CODES

14
4.3 CNC Machine Start Procedure

Fig.4.3 Steps involved in starting CNC machine.

15
4.4 Method of inserting new program

Fig.4.4 Steps for inserting new program to CNC machine

16
5. TYPICAL SAMPLE PROGRAMS

5.1 Sample program on Milling

Write a part program for milling operations being carried out on a CNC milling machine for the
figure shown below.

Fig.5.1 Milling sample

Program:

%1000

N1 G90 G54 G43 G17 G0 H1 Z50

N2 M03 S1500
N3 G0 X0 Y0
N4 G01 Z0 F500
N5 M98 P700 L15
N6 G0 G90 Z250
N7 M30
%700
N1 G92 Z-1 G0 F500
N2 G90 X0 Y25
N3 G03 X0 Y75
N4 G01 Y100
N5 X25
N6 G03 X75 Y100 R25
N7 G01 X100
N8 Y75

17
N9 G03 X100 Y25 R25
N10 G01 Y0
N11 X75
N12 G03 X25 Y0 R25
N13 G0 X0
M99

5.2 SAMPLE PROGRAMME ON TURNING

Write a part program for turning operations being carried out on a CNC turning center. Let us take
an exercise: Figure shows the final profile to be generated on a bar stock by using a CNC turning
center. After studying the required part geometry and features, the main program can be written as
follows.

Fig. 5.2 Turninig Sample

N1 G21 G99 G40

N2 G28 U0W0

N3 T0101 M06

N4 G92 S1200

N5 G96 M04 S200

N6 G0 X75 Z2

N7 G71 U0.2 R1

N8 G71 P9 Q15 U0.2 W0.2 F0.1

18
N9 G01 X0 Z0 G42

N10 G01 X20.0 Z-20.0

N11 X20.0 Z-45.0

N12 X40.0 Z-80.0

N13 X40.0 Z-105.0

N14 G03 X70.0 Z-120.0 R15.0

N15 G01 X70.0 Z-160

N16 G01 X100 Z2.0

N17 G28 UO WO

N18 M06 T0202

N19 G92 S2500

N20 G96 M04 S200

N21 G70 P9 Q13 F0.01

N22 X100 G40

N23 M09

N24 M30

19
6. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF
CNC SYSTEMS

6.1 ADVANTAGES
 The manufacturing process can be simulated virtually and no need to make a prototype or a
model. This saves time and money.
 Once programmed, these machines can be left and do not require any human intervention,
except for work loading and unloading.
 These machines can manufacture several components to the required accuracy without any
fatigue as in the case of manually operated machines.
 Savings in time that could be achieved with the CNC machines are quite significant.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES
 CNC machines are generally more expensive than manually operated machines.
 The CNC machine operator only needs basic training and skills, enough to supervise several
machines.
 Increase in electrical maintenance, high initial investment and high per hour operating costs
than the traditional systems.
 Fewer workers are required to operate CNC machines compared to manually operated
machines. Investment in CNC machines can lead to unemployment.

6.3 APPLICATIONS

 CNC was initially applied to metal working machinery: Mills, Drills, boring machines,
punch presses etchant now expanded to robotics, grinders, welding machinery, EDM's,
flame cutters and also for inspection equipment etc.
 CNC electrical discharge machining (EDM).
 CNC fabrication machines (sheet metal punch press, bending machine, or press brake)

20
 I. NARRATION

The internship started on 15th September 2023. In the first day of training all the students were asked
to assemble and campus tour was held. Introduction about various machines present in the institute
and their applications was taught. The next day, the students were divided into 2 batches and timings
were decided. The batches were allotted a trainer. Mr. ANURAG , our trainer, conducted classes for
4 hours from 9.30 am to 1.30 pm every day . Lectures were given on the theory of NC, mainly CNC
machines during the first few days. Various preparatory functions (G codes) and miscellaneous
functions (M codes) were taught. Basic programs on turning, milling using G codes and M codes
were taught. The theory sessions were followed by laboratory sessions on simulation. After some
days, we were given hands on training on CNC machines to perform basic turning and milling
operations. Demo on wire EDM operations were also shown. The internship ended on 10th of
October 2023 and the students were awarded with 4 weeks of internship certificate.

21
 II. SELF EVALUATION

During 4 weeks of internship at Niraja research and technology PVT LTD, we was given training
on CNC machines operations and their applications. we was eager to see the CNC operations as we
was seeing it for the first time. It was a new experience for us to see such huge machines in working
condition. The training started with some basic introduction to CNC machines.we gain a decent
knowledge about preparatoryfunctions (G codes) and miscellaneous functions (M codes). we came
to know about the differences between NC, CNC and DNC, and their operations, applications.
Practical sessions were the most interesting ones. After 2 hours of theory sessions, we used to have
practical sessions where we was allowed to have hands on experience on the machines.we also had
laboratory sessions in the simulation lab which was comparatively a bit boring. Working in CNC
machines was one of the most favourite parts. Our Trainer taught to write the programs really well
which helped us to do well in the practical. Simulation lab was a bit boring since it was not that
easy to understand. Evenafter trying for more than half an hour, we could not get the output. Another
thing which was not satisfactory was complexities in programming for different types of machines.
There are various types of machines such as SIEMENS, FANUC etc., for which we need to write
different programs since the machines have differences in specifications. In spite of these
drawbacks, it was a wonderful experience working as an intern in Niraja research and technology
PVT LTD,.

Hence we have successfully studied about the CNC machine tool and their function. With their G
&M codes and operation performed on these type of machine tool. The importance of lathes and
milling machines even if they are conventional cannot be undetermined. These machines have
played a vital role in bringing about industrial revolution and have laid the foundations. But the
bringing about of the new technology in the present era is very important. The conventional
machines are required in small quantities whereas the CNC machines must be increased to improve
the quantity and quality of production.

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 III. APPENDIX

Samples of work:

Milling samples

Turning samples

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INDUSTRIAL VISIT

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IV. REFERENCES

 https://cncmachines.com/what-is-a-cnc-machine
 https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/definition/computer-numerical-control-CNC
 https://astromachineworks.com/what-is-cnc-machining/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303370721_Study_on_computer_numerical_contro
l_CNC_machines

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