MAHARASHTRA STATE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mast/Ms. AKSHAY RAJENDRA BANKAR Roll No. 38 of

Semester 6th of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of Institute STE's Sou. Venutai
Chavan Polytechnic (Code:0040) has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject
Automobile Engineering for the academic year 2021 - 2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Program code: ME6I Enrolment No.2000400061

Course code: 22656 Exam. Seat No. 144466
Place: PUNE
Date:

Subject Teacher Head of Department

 Annexure-1

Micro-Project Proposal
(Format for Micro-Project Proposal about 1-2pages)

Title of Micro-Project
Collect information of Automobile Braking system.

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

Collect information of Automobile Braking system.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:

a) Select suitable braking and steering systems for different applications.

3.0 Proposed Methodology: (Procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro
project) in about 100 to 200 words).
This micro project elaborates about automobile braking system. Initially selected a relevant
topic for the micro project. Collected some information through internet and also took
reference from the textbook. Studied and got familiar with components of Solar Street Light
system. Also studied about working, types, advantages/disadvantages and applications,
added images which were required. Finally arranged all the data in the required manner and
prepared report on it.
 4.0ActionPlan: (Sequence and time required for major activity)

Sr. No. Details of activity Planned Start date Planned Finish date

1 Discussion and finalization of topic

2 Preparation and submission of

Abstract
3 Literature Review
4 Collection of Data
5 Collection of Data
6 Discussion and outline of Content
7 Formulation of Content
8 Editing and proof Reading of
9 Content Compilation of Report and
Presentation
10 Seminar
11 Viva voce
12 Final submission of Micro Project

5.0 Resources Required: (major resources such as raw material, some machining facility,
software etc.)

S. Name of Specifications Qty Remark

No Resource/material . s
.

1 Google https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/ 1
2018/06/types-of-braking-
system.html#:~:text=In%20an
%20automobile%20vehicle%2C
%20a,which%20in%20turn%20stops
%20or
2 Automobile Engineering Nirali Prakashan. 1
6.0 Remarks:

Roll Name of Student Marks out of ___ Marks out of ___

No. for performance in for performance in Total out of
group activity oral/ presentation ____
(D5 Col. 8) (D5 Col. 9)

38 AKSHAY .R.
BANKAR

(Signature of Faculty)
INTRODUCTION
The automotive system will have been a killing instrument if not for the braking system designed
to it. Braking systems have been to existence ever since the first design of the automobiles. The
system inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system.
Over the years, the advancement of technology has brought different designs and types and
braking systems to vehicles. The fact is, they are inevitable on vehicles. Well, brake system
components vary depending upon the model and types, but the fact is they serve the same
purpose and have the same working principle. A braking system can be designed on any
mechanical device where motion occurs, not just on automobiles. The system must meet some
requirements which will be explained in this article. Some working performance must be meet
especially on high-performance vehicles because they are now designed to go very fast. A huge
amount of energy or stopping power is required to reduce the speed as well as stopping the
vehicles.

What is a brake system?

A brake is a mechanical device designed to restrain motion by absorbing energy from a moving
system usually by the means of friction. It is used to slow or stop a moving vehicle, wheels, axle,
etc. The braking system is a complication device with a lot of parts, but its working seems very
easy. After all, pressing a single pedal will activate all brakes on the four wheels. The slowing
down is achieved by hydraulic fluid, which is often bleed to get the best performance of the
breaking. Air is not allowed in the system else the component won’t work well.
Most brakes are designed to use friction between two surfaces, they’re pressed to convert the
kinetic energy of the moving object into heat. Though several methods of energy conversion are
now employed. In an automobile, friction brakes store braking heat in the drum brake or disc
brake which then gradually converts into the air.
On modern vehicles, the brake pedal is pushed against the master cylinder. There is a piston that
pushes the brake pad against the brake disc, which slows the wheel down. On the brake drum,
the cylinder pushes the brake shoes against the drum to slow down the wheel.
Functions of the automotive braking system
Functions braking system used in the automotive engine:
 A brake system helps to stop vehicles within the smallest possible distance. This is
achieved by converting the kinetic energy of the vehicle into heat energy.
 It also functions on a mechanical device where motion occurs, the brake is applied to stop
it within a short period of time.

Components of the braking system

Below are the components used in the automotive braking system:

 Brake pedal: the component of a brake system is used to activate the brake by pressing it
down by foot. It’s located in the middle of the accelerator and clutch pedal inside the
vehicle.
 Fluid reservoir: The fluid reservoir is the housing where the brake fluid or brake oil is
store.
 Fluid lines: The fluid lines are the pipes through which the brake fluid flows in the
vehicle.
 Brake pads: The brake pad is a steel backing plate employed on disc brakes. It’s often
made of ceramic, metal, or other hard-wearing composite materials.
 Brake shoes: Brake shoes are two pieces of sheet steel joined together so it can carry the
brake lining.
 Brake drum: The brake drum is a rotating drum-shaped component used in the drum
brake system.
 Rotor: The rotor is a cast-iron brake disc connected to a wheel or axle, sometimes made
of reinforced carbon-carbon, ceramic matric, or some other composite.
 Brake lining: A brake lining is a heat-resistant, soft but also tough material with high
friction characteristics. It’s enclosed inside the brake shoe.

Diagram of an automobile braking system:

Need of a Braking System
In an automobile vehicle braking system is needed –
To stop the moving vehicle.
To de accelerate the moving vehicle.
For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat surface or on a slope.
As a precaution for accidents.
To prevent the vehicle from any damage due to road conditions.

Classification of Braking System

As we have already discussed the evolution of braking system from vintage carts to modern cars,
from vintage carriages to modern trucks has given us various different purpose braking systems
which are classified on the basis of various needs and purposes of an automobile vehicle. so let’s
just discuss them-

1. On the Basis of  Power Source

The power source which carries the pedal force applied by the driver on brake pedal to the final
brake drum or brake disc in order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle the braking systems are of 6
types-
 Mechanical braking system
 Hydraulic braking system
 Air or pneumatic braking system
 Vacuum braking system
 Magnetic braking system
 Electric braking system

2. On the Basis of Frictional Braking Contact

On the basis of the final friction contact made between the rotating brake components i.e. brake
drum or disc rotor and the brake shoe the braking systems are of 2 types-
(i) Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes)
(ii) External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes)

3. On the Basis of Application-

On the basis of method of applying brakes, braking systems are of 2 types-
(i) Foot or service brakes
(ii) Hand or parking brakes

4. On the Basis of Brake Force Distribution

(i) Single acting brakes
(ii) Dual acting brakes
Detailed Description of Different Types of Braking Systems

On Power Source Basis

1. Mechanical Brakes-
It is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the driver on the brake pedal
is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor through the various mechanical linkages like
cylindrical rods, fulcrums, springs etc. In order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle.
Mechanical brakes were used in various old automobile vehicles but they are obsolete now days
due to their less effectiveness.

2. Hydraulic Brakes- 
It is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the driver on brake pedal is
first converted into hydraulic pressure by master cylinder (for reference read article on master
cylinder) than this hydraulic pressure from master cylinder is transferred to the final brake drum
or disc rotor through brake lines.
Instead of mechanical linkages, brake fluid is used in hydraulic brakes for the transmission of
brake pedal force in order to stop or de accelerates the vehicle.
Almost all the bikes and cars on the road today are equipped with the hydraulic braking system
due to it high effectiveness and high brake force generating capability.

3. Air or Pneumatic Brakes-

It is the types of braking system in which atmospheric air through compressors and valves is
used to transmit brake pedal force from brake pedal to the final drum or disc rotor.
Air brakes are mainly used in heavy vehicles like busses and trucks because hydraulic brakes
fails to transmit high brake force through greater distance and also pneumatic brakes generates
higher brake force than hydraulic brake which is the need of the heavy vehicle.
The chances of brake failure is less in case of pneumatic brakes as they are usually equipped
with a reserve air tank which comes in action when there is a brake failure due to leakage in
brake lines.
High end cars these days are using air brakes system due to its effectiveness and fail proof
ability.
4. Vacuum Brakes-
It is the conventional type of braking system in which vacuum inside the brake lines causes brake
pads to move which in turn finally stops or de accelerate the vehicle.
Exhauster , main cylinder , brake lines , valves along with disc rotor or drum are the main
components that combines together to make a vacuum braking system
Vacuum brakes were used in old or conventional trains and are replaced with air brakes now
days because of its less effectiveness and slow braking.
Vacuum brakes are cheaper than air brakes but are less safe than air brakes.

5. Magnetic Brakes– 
In this types of braking system, the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets is used to
cause the braking of the vehicle.
It works on the principle that when we pass a magnet through a cooper tube, eddy current is
generated and the magnetic field generated by this eddy current provide magnetic braking.
This is the friction less braking system thus there is less or no wear and tear.
This is the advanced technology in which no pressure is needed to cause braking.
The response to the braking in this is quite quick as compared to other braking systems.

6. Electrical Brakes-
It is type of braking used in electric vehicle in which braking is produced using the electrical
motors which is the main source of power in electric vehicles, it is further divided into 3 types-
(i) Plugging Brakes-When the brake pedal is pressed in the electric vehicle equipped with
plugging braking, the polarity of the motors changes which in turn reverses the direction of the
motor and causes the braking.
(ii) Regenerative Braking- It is the type of electrical braking in which at the time of braking the
motor which is the main power source of the vehicle becomes the generator i.e. when brakes are
applied, the power supply to the motor cuts off due to which the mechanical energy from the
wheels becomes the rotating force for the motor which in turn converts this mechanical energy
into the electric energy which is further stored in the battery.
Regenerative braking saves the energy and are widely used in today’s electric vehicles.
Tesla Model-S provides the most effective regenerative braking.
(iii) Dynamic or Rheostat Braking- It is the type of electrical braking in which resistance
provided by the rheostat causes the actual braking, in this type a rheostat is attached to the circuit
that provides the resistance to the motor which is responsible for de acceleration or stopping of
the vehicle.

On Frictional Contact Basis

1. Drum Brakes or Internal Expanding Brakes

It is the type of brake system in which a drum which is the housing of the brake shoes along with
actuation mechanism is attached with the wheel hub in such a fashion that the outer part of the
drum rotates with the wheel and inner part remains constant.
When brakes are applied the actuating mechanism (wheel cylinder or mechanical linkage.)
causes the brake shoes to expand due to which the outer frictional surface of the brake shoes
makes frictional contact with the rotating drum part which in turn stops or de accelerate the
vehicle.

2. Disc Brake or External Contracting Brakes –

It is the types of braking system in which instead of a drum assembly a disc rotor attached to the
hub of the wheel in such a fashion that it rotates with the wheel, this disc rotor is clamped in
between the caliper which is rigidly fixed with the knuckle or upright of the vehicle.
This caliper used is the housing of the brake shoes along with the actuation mechanism
(mechanical linkages or caliper cylinder).
When the brakes are applied the actuation mechanism contracts the attached brake shoes which
in turn makes the frictional contact with the rotating disc rotor and causes the braking of the
vehicle.
On Application Basis

1. Service Brake or Foot Brakes-

It is the type of brakes in which the brakes are applied when the driver presses the brake pedal
mounted inside the cockpit or at the foot space of the vehicle with his foot, this pedal force
applied by the driver is further multiplied and sent to the braking drum or disc either by
mechanical linkages or by hydraulic pressure which in turn causes braking.
In cars foot operated brakes are used and in bikes the combination of foot and hand operated
brakes are used.

2. Hand Brake or Parking Brake–

This type of brakes are also known as emergency brake as they are independent of the main
service brake, hand brakes consists of a hand operated brake lever which is connected to the
brake drum or disc rotor through the metallic cable.
When hand brake lever is pulled, tension is created in the metallic rod which in turn actuates the
brake drum or disc rotor mechanism and final braking occurs.
Hand brakes are usually used for stable parking of the vehicle either on flat road or slope that is
why it is also called parking brakes.

On Brake Force Distribution Basis

1. Single Acting Brakes-

It is the type of braking in which brake force is transferred to either a pair of wheels(in cars) or to
the single wheel(in bikes) through single actuation mechanism(mechanical linkages or master
cylinder).
These types of braking system is commonly used in bikes or in light purpose vehicles.
2. Dual Acting Brakes-
It is the type of braking in which the brake force is transferred to all the wheels of the vehicle
through dual actuation mechanism (tandem master cylinder or mechanical linkages).
This type of braking is used in cars as well as in heavy purpose vehicle.

Application of Different Types of Braking

Mechanical brakes- Cars like Ford Model Y and bikes like Bajaj pulsar 180cc.
Hydraulic brakes- Modern cars like Maruti Suzuki swift and bikes like KTM Duke 390.
Air brakes – Volvo buses and various heavy vehicles
Vacuum brakes- old trains
Magnetic brakes- Bugati veyron and various hyper cars.
Electric braking- Tesla Model S Use regenerative type electric braking.
Drum brake- Old Maruti 800 and Tata 407
Disc brake- All modern cars like Hyundai i20.
Hand brake and foot brake– All automobile vehicles.
Single acting – TVS Appache 180 front disc.
Dual acting- All 4 wheel cars and trucks.