Study of the braking performance on different natures and conditions of the road of the BMW M4

GTS model
 When a vehicle is travelling on the road there are many factors that contribute to its
performance and the amount of energy used. Besides the mass of the vehicle, an important role is
played by both its aerodynamics and tires. Other factors include the efficiency of energy conversion,
for example the engine and transmission and driving habits.

Today it is possible to estimate the relative contribution of the main performance factors
using vehicle efficiency simulation tools. The role of aerodynamics becomes more important as speed
increases, and conversely, rolling resistance is more important at lower speeds. The influence of mass
increases with higher speed variations and while driving on hilly roads.

The role of transmission is a very important factor in relation to vehicle efficiency and its
effect are twofold, the first relates to losses in the power line and the second to its influence on
engine usage. It is important to note that the losses can be dependent on the power transmitted or
they can be independent, as for example with oil pumping in the gearbox [1].

All loses due to the vehicle resistances are irrecoverable losses that contribute to the total
drag force on a moving vehicle [2].

The purpose of this study was to analyze the vehicle’s resistances and the factors that
influence them.

As important as the acceleration performance is the deceleration performance, using another

The performance of a braking system shall be
word, the braking performance.
determined by measuring the stopping distance in relation to the
initial speed of the vehicle and by measuring the mean fully
developed deceleration during the test.
First chapter presents a brief introduction and the necessity and objectives of this theme

The second chapter deals with the current state of research in the field of vehicles braking
performance and efficiency. Here are highlighted the vehicle’s braking systems and the performances
obtained and also all the factors that influence them.

The third chapter includes a brief presentation of the software used to analyze the vehicle’s
braking and it’s application in vehicle dynamics.

In the fourth chapter the vehicle braking for a chosen vehicle were modeled.

Fifth chapter presents, based on the fourth chapter, the influence of the coefficients of each
road type.

The seventh chapter includes the final conclusions and the author’s contributions on this
subject.
2. State of the art

A brake system helps to stop vehicles within the smallest

possible distance. This is achieved by converting the kinetic energy
of the vehicle into heat energy. It also functions on a mechanical
device where motion occurs, the brake is applied to stop it within a
short period of time.
Most brakes use friction on the two sides of the wheel, the collective press on the
wheel converts the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat. For example, regenerative
braking turns much of the energy to electrical energy, which may be stored for later use.
Eddy current brakes use magnetic fields to turn kinetic energy into electrical current in the
brake disc, blade, or rail, which is converted into heat.

The following are the most common types of braking systems in modern cars.

Hydraulic braking system:

This system runs on brake fluid, cylinders, and friction. By creating pressure within, glycol
ethers or diethylene glycol forces the brake pads to stop the wheels from moving.

• The force generated in the hydraulic braking system is higher when compared to the
mechanical braking system.
• The hydraulic braking system considered as one of the important braking systems for
modern vehicles.
• The chance of brake failure is very less in case of the hydraulic braking system. The direct
connection between the actuator and the brake disc or drum makes very less chance of
brake failure.

Electromagnetic braking system:

Electromagnetic braking systems can be found in many modern and hybrid vehicles. The
electromagnetic braking system uses the principle of electromagnetism to achieve
frictionless braking. This serves to increase the life span and reliability of brakes. Also,
traditional braking systems are prone to slipping while this is backed with the quick magnetic
brakes. So without friction or need of lubrication, this technology is preferred in hybrids.
Also, it is quite modest in size compared to the traditional braking systems. It is mostly used
in the trams and trains.

To make electromagnetic brakes work, a magnetic flux when passed in a direction

perpendicular to the rotating direction of the wheel, we see rapid current flowing in a
direction opposite to the rotation of the wheel. This creates an opposing force to the wheel
rotation and it slows down the wheel.

Servo braking system:

Also known as vacuum or vacuum-assisted braking. Among this system, the pressure applied
to the pedal by the driver is increased.

They use the vacuum that is produced in petrol engines by the air intake system in the
engine's intake pipe or via a vacuum pump in diesel engines.

A brake where power assistance is used to reduce the human effort. In a car, engine vacuum
is often used to make a large diaphragm flex and operate the control cylinder.

• Servo braking system boosters used with the hydraulic brake system. The size of the
cylinder and the wheels are practically employed. Vacuum boosters increase the braking
force.
• Pushing the brake pedal releases the vacuum on the side of the booster. The difference in
the air pressure pushes the diaphragm for breaking the wheel.

Advantages of Electromagnetic braking system:

• Electromagnetic braking is fast and cheap.

• In electromagnetic braking, there is no maintenance cost like replacing brake shoes
periodically.
• By using electromagnetic braking, the capacity of the system( like higher speeds, heavy
loads) can be improved.
• A part of the energy is delivered to the supply consequently the running cost is reduced.
• In electromagnetic braking, a negligible amount of heat is generated whereas in
mechanical braking enormous heat is produced at brake shoes which leads to a brake
failure.

Mechanical braking system:

The mechanical braking system powers the hand brake or emergency brake. It is the type of
braking system in which the brake force applied on the brake pedal is carried to the final
brake drum or disc rotor by the various mechanical linkages like cylindrical rods, fulcrums,
springs etc. In order to stop the vehicle.

Mechanical brakes were used in several old automobile vehicles but they are archaic
nowadays due to their less effectiveness.

Types of Brakes:
DISC BRAKE

The disc brake is a mechanism for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel from its
motion. A disc brake is normally made of cast iron, but in some cases, it is also made of
composites such as carbon-carbon or ceramic -matrix composites. This is linked to the wheel
and/or the axle. To stop the wheel, friction material in the form of brake pads is forced
against both sides of the disc. Friction caused, on the disc wheel will slow or stop.

DRUM BRAKES

A drum brake is a traditional break in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or pads
that press against a rotating drum-shaped part called a brake drum.

The term \"drum brake\" usually means a brake in which shoes press on the inner surface of
the drum. Where the drum is pinched between two shoes, similar to a standard disk brake ,
it is sometimes called a \"pinch drum brake\", although such brakes are relatively rare.
3. MATLAB IN VEHICLE DYNAMICS

MATLAB is a programming language and numeric computing environment developed by

MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms, creating graphical user interfaces and interfacing with programs written in other
programming languages.

MATLAB is a programming language and numeric computing environment developed by

MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of
algorithms, creating graphical user interfaces and interfacing with programs written in other
programming languages.

Both MATLAB and Simulink are used in Vehicle Dynamics topics because of their capacity in
handling mathematical operations. Simulink also has a „Vehicle Dynamics Blockset” with provide fully
assembled reference application models that simulate driving maneuvers in a 3D environment. The
blockset includes components for modelling propulsion, steering, suspension, vehicle bodies and
tires. The pre-built scenes can be used to visualize roads, traffic signs, trees, buildings and other
objects around the vehicle.

The „Vehicle Dynamics Blockset” also provides a standard model architecture that can be
used throught the development process. It supports ride and handling analysis, chassis controls
development, software integration testing and hardware-in-the-loop testing. By integrating vehicle
dynamics models with a 3D environment, you can test ADAS and automated driving perception,
planning and control software:
 4. SIMULINK RESISTANCES MODEL

The vehicle chosen for modeling is a BMW M4 CS. Based on the vehicle’s parameters and on
the formulas mentioned before, first step was to model it’s braking system:
1. M. Juhala, “Improving vehicle rolling resistance and aerodynamics,” Altern. Fuels Adv. Veh.
Technol. Improv. Environ. Perform. Towar. Zero Carbon Transp., pp. 462–475, 2014.
2. D. E. Hall and J. C. Moreland, “Fundamentals of rolling resistance,” Rubber Chem. Technol.,
vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 525–539, 2001.
3. R. N. Jazar, Reza_N._Jazar_auth._Vehicle_Dynamics_Theory_and_Application.
4. A. Todorut, “Bazele dinamicii autovehiculelor.”
5. John H. Mathews, Kurtis D. Fink - “Numerical methods using MATLAB-Prentice Hall (1998).