Ar2 Doc 006 0004 00 Earthing Design Calc (Substation) Rev C

Document No: AR2-DOC-
Arayat-Mexico Phase 2 Solar Farm Project, Philippines 006-0004-00

Revision: C
DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

June 28, 2022
ARAYAT-MEXICO PHASE 2
SOLAR FARM PROJECT
PHILIPPINES
EARTHING DESIGN
CALCULATION (SUBSTATION)
Approved By:
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
GROUNDING SYSTEM CALCULATION

1. Purpose
Establish, as a basis for design, the safe limits of potential differences that can exist
in the Substation under fault conditions between points that can be contacted by the
human body.
Review grounding practices with special reference to safety, and develop criteria for
a safe design.
Provide a procedure for the design of practical grounding systems, based on these
criteria.
2. List of References
IEEE Std 80-2000

IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding
(IIEE) Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines

Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
3. Design Procedure Block Diagram
Fig. 33 IEEE Std. 80 - 2000

Revision: C

June 28, 2022
4. List of Tables
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
5. Grounding System Design Calculation
Step 1: Field Data (Refer to Annex A for area assumptions)
L = 48.13 m
W= 31.44 m
A = 1,513.21 m2
ρ = 10 Ωm, 1m depth, wet organic soil (Table 8, IEEE Std.80-2000 and
Soil Data used from AR-DOC-006-004-00 EARTHING DESIGN
CALCULATION (SUBSTATION)
Step 2-A: Conductor Size (Substation)
Amm2 = If 1
TCAP•10-4 ln K0 + Tm
tc αr ρr K0 + Ta
Equation 40, IEEE Std. 80-2000
Where:
Amm2 = conductor cross section, mm2
If = rms fault current = 20.053 kA from AR-DOC-002-0009-00 & AR-
DOC-002-0010-00 Load Flow & Short Circuit Study
Tm = maximum allowable temperature = 1083° C
Ta = ambient temperature = 40°C
Tr = reference temperature for material constants, °C
αr = thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temperature T r
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
= 0.00393 1/ °C
ρr = resistivity of ground conductor at reference temperature Tr
= 1.72 µΩcm
K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr ) – Tr = 234°C
tc = duration of fault current = 0.5 sec
TCAP = thermal capacity per unit volume = 3.72 J/cm2 °C
For Material Constants, refer to Table 1, IEEE Std. 80-2000.

Use copper, annealed soft-drawn for grounding conductor.
Amm2 = 20.053 1
3.72 x 10-4 In 234 + 1083

(0.5)(0.00393)(1.72) 234 + 40
= 20.053 1
0.1101 x 1.5699
= 20.053
0.41569
Amm2 = 48.24 mm2
Use: 125mm2 BCW Grounding Conductor based on NGCP Requirements
Step 3: Touch and Step Criteria
Etouch70 = (1000 + 1.5 Cs ρs) (0.157 /√ ts )

Estep70 = (1000 + 6 Cs ρs) (0.157 /√ ts )

Where:
Etouch70 = tolerable touch voltage for human with 70kg body weight, V
Estep70 = tolerable step voltage for human with 70kg body weight, V
Cs = surface layer resistivity derating factor
Cs =1 – 0.09 (1 – ρ )
ρs
2hs + 0.09
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
hs = surface layer thickness (gravel) = 0.15m

ρs = surface layer resistivity (gravel)
= 8,534.4 Ωm (Soil Data used from AR-DOC-006-004-00 EARTHING
DESIGN CALCULATION (SUBSTATION)
ts = duration of shock current = 0.5sec
ρ = resistivity of soil (wet organic soil)
= 10 Ωm, 1m depth, (Table 8, IEEE Std.80-2000 and Soil Data used
from AR-DOC-006-004-00 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION
(SUBSTATION)
Cs =1 – 0.09 (1 – 10 )
8534.4
2(0.15) + 0.09
= 1 – 0.09
0.39
Cs = 0.77
Etouch70 = [1000 + (1.5) (0.77) (8534.4)] ( 0.157 /√0.5 )
= 2,410.65V
Estep70 = [1000 + (6) (0.77) (8534.4)] ( 0.157 / √0.5 )
= 8,976.50V
Step 4: Initial Design
L = length of solar field = 48.13m

W = width of solar field = 31.44m
A = 1,513.21 m2 (Refer to Annex A for area assumptions)
D = maximum spacing between parallel conductors = 6m
Nr = total number of ground rods = 56 pcs
Lc = total length of ground conductor = 715m
Lt = total length of ground conductor and ground rods
= 715 + (56)(3) = 883m
Step 5: Determination of Grid Resistance
Rg = ρ 1 + 1 1 + 1
LT √ 20A 1 + h √20/A
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
Where:
Rg = Resistance of grounding system, Ω
Lt = Total effective length of grounding system conductor including grid &
grounds rods, m
A = total area enclosed by the ground grid, m2
h = depth of ground grid conductors, 0.5m
ρ = resistivity of soil (wet organic soil)
= 10Ωm
Rg = 10 1 + 1 1 + 1
883 √20(1513.21) 1 + 0.5√20 / 1513.21
= 10 [ 1.13x10-3 + 5.75x10-3 (1 + 0.95) ]
Rg = 0.123Ω
Step 6: Maximum Grid Current
Sf = Ig
3Io
If ≈ 3Io
Sf = Ig then Ig = Sf • If
If
and
IG = Df • Ig
IG = Df • Sf • If
Where:
IG = maximum grid current, A
Ig = rms symmetrical grid current, kA
Sf = fault current division factor between grounding grid & surrounding
earth = 0.5
If = rms fault current, 20.053 kA
Df = decrement factor for the entire duration of fault
for tf = 1 sec or more, Df = 1.0
IG = (1.0) (0.5) (20.053 kA)
= 10.03kA
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
Step 7: Determination of Grid Potential Rise
GPR = IG • Rg
Equation B.12, IEEE Std. 80-2000
= (10.03 kA) (0.123 Ω)
= 1,233.69 V
Etouch70 = 2,410.65V
Result:
GPR < Etouch70 Proceed to Step 12 Detailed Design
(Steps 8 to 10 are provided to show Mesh and Step Voltage Values)
Step 8:
a) Calculation of Mesh Voltage
Em = ρ • Km • Ki • IG
Lm
Where:
Em = mesh voltage at the center of the corner mesh, V
ρ = soil resistivity = 10 Ωm
IG = maximum grid current = 10.03 kA
Lm = effective length of Lc + Lr for mesh voltage, m
Km = spacing factor for mesh voltage
Km = 1 In D2 + (D+2+h)2 - h + Kii • In 8
2π 16hd 8Dh 4d Kh π(2n –1)
D = maximum spacing between parallel conductors = 6m

d = diameter of grid conductor (125mm2 BCW), A = π d2 /4
125mm2 = 3.14 x (d2 /4)
d = 12.62mm = 0.01262m
Kh = corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth
Kh = √ 1 + (h/ ho) , ho = 1m (grid reference depth)

h = depth of ground grid conductor = 0.5m
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
Kh = √ 1 + (0.5/1) = 1.225m
Kii = corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effects of inner
conductors on the corner mesh. For grids with ground rods along the
perimeter or with ground rods in the grid corners, Kii = 1
n = geometric factor composed of factors na, nb, nc & nd
n = na • nb • nc • nd
Equation 84 IEEE Std. 80-2000
na = 2 (Lc / Lp)
nb = 1 for square grids
nc = 1 for square & rectangular grids
nd = 1 for square, rectangular & L-shaped grids
Lc = total length of the conductor in the horizontal grid = 715m
Lp = peripheral length of the grid = 159.14m
na = 2 (715) = 8.99
159.14
n = 8.99(1) (1) (1) = 8.99
Km = 1 In 62 + (6 + 2 + 0.5)2 - 0.5
2π (16) (0.5) (0.01262) 8 (6) (0.5) 4 (0.01262)
+ 1 • In 8
1.225 π (2x8.99 - 1)
= 1 In 356.58 + 3.01 – 9.90 + 1 In 8

2π 1 .225 53.34
= 1 (5.86 - 1.55)
2π
Km = 0.69
Ki = Correction factor for grid geometry

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148n
= 0.644 + (0.148) (8.99)
= 1.97
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
Lm = Lc + 1.55 + 1.22 Lr LR
√ Lx2 + Ly2
For grids with ground rods in the corners, as well as along the perimeter &
throughout the grid:
Lr = length of ground rod at each location = 3m
LR = total length of ground rods, = 56x3 = 168m
Lm = 715 + 1.55 + 1.22 3 168
√48.132 + 31.442
= 986.10m
Em = 10 (0.69) (1.97) (10.03x103)

986.10
Em = 138.26V
b) Calculation of Step Voltage
Es = ρ • Ks • Ki • IG
Ls
Where:
Es = Step voltage between a point above the outer corner of the grid and
a point 1 m diagonally outside the grid
Ks = spacing factor for step voltage
Ls = effective length of LC & LR for step voltage
Ks = 1 1 + 1 + 1 (1 – 0.5n-2)
π 2h D+h D
= 1 1 + 1 + 1 (1 – 0.58.99-2)
π 2 (0.5) 6+0.5 6
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
= 1 1 + (0.154) + (0.165)
π
Ks = 0.42
Ls = 0.75Lc + 0.85LR
= 0.75 (715) + 0.85 (168)
= 679.05 m
Es = 10 (0.42) (1.97) (10.03x103)

679.05
= 122.21V
Step 9: Em Vs Etouch70
Em = 138.26 V
Etouch70 = 2,410.65V
Em < Etouch70 ok
Step 10: Es Vs Estep70
Es = 122.21V
Estep70 = 8,976.50V
Es < Estep70 ok
The conditions for Mesh & Step Voltage requirement have been satisfied.
A safe design has been obtained & final details can now be added to the design.
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PARAMETER
AC = ground conductor cross section (Substation) = 125 mm2

If = rms fault current at Substation = 20.053 kA
IG = maximum grid current = 10.03 kA
ρ = soil resistivity (wet organic soil), 1m depth = 10 Ωm
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
Rg = resistance of grounding system = 0.123 Ω

hs = surface layer thickness (dry soil) = 0.15 m
ρs = surface layer resistivity (gravel) = 8,534.4 Ωm
tc = duration of fault current = 0.5 sec
D = spacing between parallel conductors = 6m
2
d = diameter of grid conductor (38mm ) = 0.01262 m
h = depth of ground grid conductor = 0.5 m
A = total area enclosed by the ground grid = 1,513.21 m2
Etouch70 = tolerable touch voltage for human with = 2,410.65 V
70kg. body weight
Estep70 = tolerable step voltage for human with = 8,976.50 V
70kg. body weight
Em = mesh voltage at the center of the corner mesh = 138.26 V
Es = Step voltage between a point above the outer = 122.21 V
corner of the grid and a point 1 m diagonally
outside the grid
Lc = total length of the conductor in the horizontal grid = 715 m
Nr = number of ground rod (20mmdia x 3m long) = 56 pcs
LR = total length of ground rod = 168 m
.
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
ANNEX A
1. FIELD DATA USED FOR CALCULATION
Note:
Area considered for the calculation includes Phase-1 Substation area since
the grounding conductors for Phase-1 and Phase-2 Substations are
connected.
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
2. Soil Data
Reference Document:
AR-DOC-006-004-00 EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION (SUBSTATION)
3. Fault Current
Reference Document:
AR-DOC-002-0009-00 & AR-DOC-002-0010-00 Load Flow & Short Circuit
Study
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
4. CALCULATION OF BURIED GROUND CONDUCTORS
Peripheral
Length of buried Area enclosed by
Item Length of
Location ground the grounding
No. ground
conductors, m grid, m2
conductors, m
Substation Area (48.13m x 16.94m)
1 369 82.01
(Phase-2) 815.32
Substation Area (48.13m x 14.5m)

2 346 77.13
(Phase-1) 697.89
Total 715 1,513.21 159.14
a. Estimated quantity of buried ground conductors (125mm2): 715 m

Estimated peripheral length of ground conductors: 159.14m
b. Estimated area enclosed by grounding grid:
Field Data used: L= 48.13 m
W= 31.44 m
A= 1,513.21 m2
Revision: C

June 28, 2022
ANNEX B
1. BILL OF MATERIALS
Ground 125mm2
Item Ground Well
Location Rod Ground
No. Qty
Qty Conductor
Substation Area (Phase-2),

1 Existing materials from 10 1 132
Phase-1
Substation Area (Phase-2), 237

2 18 2
New materials
Substation Area (Phase-1),

Existing materials from 346
3 28 1
Phase-1
TOTAL 56 4 715
1.1 Ground Rod Copper-Clad Steel, 20mm DIA. X 3m Long: 56 pcs.

1.2 Ground well: 4 pcs.
1.3 Estimated length of Ground conductor (125mm2): 715m

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Document No: AR2-DOC-

Arayat-Mexico Phase 2 Solar Farm Project, Philippines 006-0004-00

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

GROUNDING SYSTEM CALCULATION

IEEE Std 80-2000

(IIEE) Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

3. Design Procedure Block Diagram

Fig. 33 IEEE Std. 80 - 2000

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

5. Grounding System Design Calculation

Step 1: Field Data (Refer to Annex A for area assumptions)

Step 2-A: Conductor Size (Substation)

Equation 40, IEEE Std. 80-2000

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

For Material Constants, refer to Table 1, IEEE Std. 80-2000.

3.72 x 10-4 In 234 + 1083

Amm2 = 48.24 mm2

Use: 125mm2 BCW Grounding Conductor based on NGCP Requirements

Step 3: Touch and Step Criteria

Etouch70 = (1000 + 1.5 Cs ρs) (0.157 /√ ts )

Estep70 = (1000 + 6 Cs ρs) (0.157 /√ ts )

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

hs = surface layer thickness (gravel) = 0.15m

Etouch70 = [1000 + (1.5) (0.77) (8534.4)] ( 0.157 /√0.5 )

Estep70 = [1000 + (6) (0.77) (8534.4)] ( 0.157 / √0.5 )

Step 4: Initial Design

L = length of solar field = 48.13m

Step 5: Determination of Grid Resistance

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

883 √20(1513.21) 1 + 0.5√20 / 1513.21

= 10 [ 1.13x10-3 + 5.75x10-3 (1 + 0.95) ]

Step 6: Maximum Grid Current

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Step 7: Determination of Grid Potential Rise

a) Calculation of Mesh Voltage

Equation 81, IEEE Std. 80-2000

D = maximum spacing between parallel conductors = 6m

Kh = √ 1 + (h/ ho) , ho = 1m (grid reference depth)

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

= 1 In 356.58 + 3.01 – 9.90 + 1 In 8

Ki = Correction factor for grid geometry

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Lm = 715 + 1.55 + 1.22 3 168

Em = 10 (0.69) (1.97) (10.03x103)

b) Calculation of Step Voltage

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Es = 10 (0.42) (1.97) (10.03x103)

Step 10: Es Vs Estep70

SUMMARY OF DESIGN PARAMETER

AC = ground conductor cross section (Substation) = 125 mm2

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

Rg = resistance of grounding system = 0.123 Ω

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

1. FIELD DATA USED FOR CALCULATION

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

4. CALCULATION OF BURIED GROUND CONDUCTORS

Substation Area (48.13m x 14.5m)

Total 715 1,513.21 159.14