Ge 3 Module This Covers The Full Lecture of Contemporary World

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GE 3 Module - This covers the full lecture of Contemporary

world
Contemporary world (Mindanao State University – General Santos City)
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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
GE 3
ROSELYN M. CLEMEN
2021
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
GE 3
ROSELYN M. CLEMEN
2021
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato

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Author’s Declaration
Ideas, concepts, diagrams and/or illustrations depicted in this learning

material are excerpts from established references and properly noted in the list
of literatures cited herein. The author in this learning material remains a
compiler and does not claim full and authentic ownership of all the contents of
this module, nor in any manner willfully infringe the copyright law and other
existing provisions appertaining thereto.
This learning material is printed for the sole use of classroom or

distance/remote learning of USM and is not intended for commercial purposes.
Any use or reproduction in part or in full, whether electronic or mechanical,
photocopying or recording in any information storage and retrieval system,
other than what it is intended for requires the consent of authorized and
competent authority of the University of Southern Mindanao.
GE 3: The Contemporary World

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USM VISION
Quality and relevant education for its clientele to be globally competitive,

culture sensitive and morally responsive human resources for sustainable
development
USM MISSION
Help accelerate socio-economic development, promote harmony among
diverse communities and improve quality of life through instruction, research,
extension and resource generation in Southern Philippines.
UNIVERSITY QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT
The University of Southern Mindanao, as a premier university, is

committed to provide quality instruction, research development and extension
services and resource generation that exceed stakeholders’ expectations
through the management of continual improvement efforts on the following
initiatives.
1. Establish Key Result Areas and performance indicators across all
mandated functions;
2. Implement quality educational programs;
3. Guarantee competent educational service providers;
4. Spearhead need-based research outputs for commercialization,
publication, patenting, and develop technologies for food security,
climate change mitigation and improvement in the quality of life;
5. Facilitate transfer of technologies generated from research to the
community for sustainable development;
6. Strengthen relationship with stakeholders;
7. Sustain good governance and culture sensitivity; and
8. Comply to customer, regulatory and statutory requirements.

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PREFACE
This course is a GE subject and provides a general introduction to the

study of Contemporary World. This course covers major concepts, ideologies,
and theories in the study of Contemporary World and offers empirical analyses
of the different government and global politics. The course covers a
comprehensive range of global issues, including the formation of the nation-
state, democratization, authoritarianism, political culture, political development,
comparative political economy, nationalism, ethnic politics, politics of religion,
and political institutions.
The course will also discuss some Global issues concerning the social,
economic, political, and environmental aspects that have been important in the
policy-making community at the present time as well as sustainable
development and its impact to the developing countries.
For your guidance these are the parts of the Module.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter I. Introduction to the Study of Globalization 1
Lesson 1. Concepts and Its Underlying Philosophies 1

of Globalization
Lesson 2. Theorization of Globalization 6
Chapter II. The Structures of Globalization 11
Lesson 1. The Global Economy 11

a. Actors in Globalization 16
b. Modern World System 18
c. Global Economic Integration 19
Lesson 2. Market Integration 21

a. International Financial Institutions 21
b. Attributes of Global Corporation 24
Lesson 3. Global Interstate System 26

a. Effects of Globalization on Government 28
b. Institutions Governing International Relations 29
c. Internationalism vs. Globalism 30
Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance 31

a. Roles and functions of the United Nations 31
b. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st 33
Century
Chapter III. A World Regions 35
Lesson 1. Global Divides: The North and the South 35

a. North and South 35
b. Global South vs. The Third World 36
Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism 38

a. Regionalization vs. Globalization 39
b. Integration of Asia 40
Chapter IV. A World of Ideas 42
Lesson 1. Global Media Culture 42

a. Evolution of Media and Globalization 42
b. Cultural Globalization Processes 43

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c. Globalization of Culture and Media 44

d. Cultural Imperialism 45
Lesson 2. The Globalization to Religion 47

a. Effects of Globalization to Religion 48
b. Types of Religious Organization 49
c. Five Major World Religion 50
Chapter V. Global Population and Mobility 51
Lesson 1. Global City 51

a. Attributes of Global Cities 52
b. World’s Best-Known Global Cities 52
c. Reasons of Increase in Global Cities 53
Lesson 2. Global Demography 55

a. Demographic Transition 56
b. Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of Population 57
c. Effects of Global Population 58
Lesson 3. Global Migration 60

a. Factors of Global Migration 61
b. Push and Pull Factors of Migration 61
c. Overseas Filipino Workers 63
Chapter VI. Sustainable World 66
Lesson 1. Sustainable Development 66

a. Stability vs. Sustainability 67
b. Sustainable Development Goals 68
Lesson 2. Global Food Security 70

a. Model of Global Food Security 70
b. Factors Influencing Global Food Security 71
c. Challenges of Global Food Security 72
Lesson 3. Global Citizenship 74

a. Ethical Obligations of Global Citizenship 75
REFERENCES 77
APPENDICES 80

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COURSE GUIDE
This module was prepared for you to work diligently and honesty. Remember
that this is meant for you to deepened your knowledge and increase your
awareness about globalization.
1. Focus your attention
2. Do your best in answering questions
3. Submit on time
4. Write neat and legibly and make sure no erasure
5. Make your answers complete and concise as possible
6. Do not allow yourself to copy other’s work just work independently.
Course Information
Course Title The Contemporary World
Course Code GE 3
Pre-requisite/Co-
requisite
Course Description
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

multifaceted phenomenon of globalization.
Using various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic ,

social, political, technological and other transformations that have created an
increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around
the globe.
To this end the course provides an overview of the various issues in global
governance, development and sustainability.
Course Objectives/Outcomes
Upon passing the course, you must be able to:
1. Describe the different interpretations and approaches to globalization
and the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural
systems.
2. Identify the various contemporary drivers of globalization and related
issues.
3. Describe issues confronting the nation-state in the context of
globalization.
4. Discuss the ethical implications of global citizenship

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Course Learning/Study Plan/Schedule

Week/Date Topic Teaching Learning Assessment
(Deadlines) and Materials
Learning
Activities
Course Requirements/Assessment and Evaluation

Scheme/Grading System
Mid-term Period shall be based in accomplishing the following tasks:
Answer and submit all the exercises comprising of selected response

items and the open-constructed response items (Self-help Task), and
take the Mid-term Examination on the 10th week. Exact date will be
announced via online / mobile means or through the learning hub.
Final-term Period shall be based in accomplishing the following tasks:
Answer and submit all the exercises comprising of selected response

items and the open-constructed response items (Self-help Task), and
take the Final-term Examination on the 18th week. Exact date will be
announced via online / mobile means or through the learning hub
Grading System : Mid-term Grade + Final-term Grade = Semestral Grade
House Rules/Class Policies

1. Follow directions the first time you are given.
2. Be punctual. Get to work and answer immediately. Turn in all your
work (homework, modules, classwork, projects, workbooks, portfolio)
on time.
3. Be prepared. Come with an open mind and ready to learn. Bring all
the necessary materials to class. Practice and prepare well for
presentations.
4. Be honest. Cheating will not be tolerated. Do your own work and study
for tests/ quizzes/ exams.
5. Be successful. Work until time is up and follow the objective posted

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CHAPTER I
Introduction to the Study of Globalization
Intended Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic/chapter, you must be able to:
1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization
2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalization
Lesson 1: Concepts and Its Underlying

Philosophies of Globalization
Conceptions of Globalization
The emergence of globalization brought us to become more sociable and
increases our awareness on technological aspect through this we have
interactive movement on different sphere such as political, social, cultural,
economic and technology which we best describe as “ globalization” .
Before, the “ global age, ” people, things, information, places, and objects
tended to harden over time. Their common characteristics was “ solidity, ”which
is the characteristic of being limited to one place. Wherein solidity also refers
to the persistence of barriers that prevented free movement of people,
information, and objects in that period. Although solidity persists yet it is “
fluidity ” that is more describe the face of the “ global age. ” Many years it
seemed solid has tended to “ melt ” and become increasingly mobile or turn
into liquid state.
Consequently, a range of technological developments in transportation and
communication have enabled far greater global movement of what was
previously solid. ” Globalization is increasingly characterized by flows of liquid
phenomena including people, objects, decisions, information, and places. In
spite of greater liquidity and ever - more flows of various types, the world is still
characterized by great inequality. While globalization flows more easily through
the developed world, it bypasses many locales in the less developed world.
Such concept of globalization can be also assess through metaphors of heavy,
light, and weightless. In the early years , there has been movement from that
which is heavy to that which is light and most recently to that which approaches
weightlessness. Pre - industrial and industrial societies were characterized as
“ heavy, ” by that which is difficult to move. Moreover, advances in
transportation and technology made goods, people, and places lighter. Since
we are currently in an era defined not only by lightness but also increasingly by
weightlessness.

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Different definitions from the

different authors:
Globalization is the worldwide integration

of economic, technological, political,
cultural, and social aspects between
countries (Hamilton, 2008).
Also the uprising of global economic, political, environmental and social

activities. Expanding international capitalism, mainly through the reach of
multinational corporations; the activities of the more important international
political organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, International
Monetary Fund and World trade Organization
Globalization is reshaping how we have traditionally gone about studying

the social world and human culture and a field of globalization studies is now
emerging across the disciplines (Appelbaum and Robinson, 2005)
Globalization can be thought of to be the result of the opening-up of the global

economy and the concomitant increase in trade between nations. In other
words, when countries that were hitherto closed to trade and foreign investment
open-up their economies and go global, the result is an increasing
interconnectedness and integration of the economies of the world. This is a
brief introduction to globalization. Further, globalization can also mean that
countries liberalize their import protocols and welcome foreign investment into
sectors that are the mainstays of its economy. What this means is that countries
multinational corporations.
Schirato and Webb (2003) view ‘globalization’ as a ‘discursive regime, a

kind of machine that eats up anyone and anything in its path’. They suggest
that ‘globalization functions as a set of texts, ideas, goals, values, narratives,
dispositions and prohibitions, a veritable template for ordering and
evaluating activities, which is “filled in” or inflected with the interests of
whoever can access it’.
Globalization is an historical process that began with trade and migration in the
distant past, but has recently accelerated as a result of the international spread
of capitalism, rationalism, industrial production, and economic liberalism. Also
in globalization used then to refer to the ongoing growth of interconnections and
interdependencies in economics, politics, and culture in which social ties across
boundaries have become more regularized and routine.
The manifestations of globalization include the spatial reorganization of

production , the interpenetration of industries across borders, the spread of
financial markets, the diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant
countries, massive transfers of population. (Mittelman, 2000)

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Furthermore, there are broad approaches involved in globalization. In the first,

it is a process that has been going on since the dawn of history, hence a 5,000–
10,000 year time frame. In the second, it is a process coterminous with the
spread and development of capitalism and modernity, hence a 500 year frame.
In the third, it is a recent phenomenon associated with such processes of post-
industrialization, post modernization or the restructuring of capitalism, hence a
20–30 year frame. These mentioned approaches are the manifestation of
globalization in the global perspective.
Finally, There are six core claims of globalism in the study conducted by
STEGER, 2005
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of

markets
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
3. NOBODY is in charge of globalization
4. Globalization benefits everyone
5. Globalization further the spread of democracy in the world
6. Globalization requires a global war on terror
Formative Assessment 1
Activity 1: Design Thinking Process
Brainstorm yourself with the working concept of globalization and come up

with a design using the different materials on hand such as pencil, bags or
other things . Make a design relating to the different working concepts. You
can use those materials as your sign or symbols for globalization.
Place your design inside the space provided and write your discussion below
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

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FACTS about Globalization
Globalization in Economics
Refers to the prevalent international movement of goods, capital services,

technology and information. It is the increasing economic integration and
interdependence of national, regional and local economies across the
world.
Globalization in Politics
Politics can take place above the state through political integration patterns
such as the European Union and through intergovernmental organizations
such as the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank and the World
Trade Organization . Numbers of political activities can be transcend
through national borders through global movement and non-governmental
organization (NGO).
Globalization in Culture
Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world
in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.This process is
marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused
by the internet, popular culture media, and international level. And also to
processes of commodity, exchange and colonization which have a longer
history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe.
Globalization in Religion
Religion plays a vital role in globalization which all people’s come to live in
a single social unit . The impact of globalization have brought into a
religious pluralism and it provides a fertile ground for a variety of
noninstitutionalized religious manifestations and for the development of
religion as a political and cultural resource.
Globalization in Technology
Technology globalization is speeded in large part by technological

diffusion, the spread of technology across borders. The rapid improvement
in the spread of technology to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations.

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Global Issues
These are the contemporary
issues involve multifaceted
dimensions such as political,
economic, social historical and
geographic components. The
interconnected and series of event
happened in the global
perspectives affected all human
kind.
• Population - Our population is growing that no one will be startled by

that the rate of growth, and the fact that the present growth of population
is in unprecedented in human history.
• Food Production - How much food is produced in the world at present?
Is there enough for everyone? The answer maybe surprising that we
have enough food.
• The Energy - Climate Crisis are we running out of energy? Of course
not. Everything is made out of energy .These laws also state that energy
cannot be created; all we can do is to transform it from one state to
another.
• Military issues- major force in managing peace and security, especially
in inter - state relations.
• Economic - promote actions that would lead to reductions in global
inequality.
• Environmental - (e.g. pollution, hazardous wastes) which are dealt with
primarily through the United Nations Environment Programme.
• Poverty - International trade generally increases wealth. But it does not
always distribute that wealth equally. The International Monetary Fund
(IMF) reported that the gap between rich and poor countries has grown
within the past several decades. The gap between people within
countries has grown as well.
Impact of Globalization
The wider effects of globalization, increased global awareness and the growth
of illicit cross border activities. Moreover, the global interconnectivity which
probably facilated the illegitimate transaction of activities such black market and
other human trafficking.
For the people living in deprived parts of the world , global awareness raises
their expectations and lower their tolerance of the situation they are in. this is
probably a factor in the spread of democracy and growing demands for political
freedoms where these are still denied.

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For people in richer countries, the information revolution is helping to forge a

sense of global community and transnational solidarity. This is a manifestation
of global coalitions among nation states involving different universal issues
such as human rights, humanitarian aid and labor exploitation.
Unskilled and indigenous people are particularly the vulnerable one. The high
rising building and increase mobility of economic enterprise lead them to
displaced and massive dislocation , environmental degradation and violations
of human rights.
Lesson 2: Theorization of Globalization
Theorizing Globalization
These are the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization
1. Imperialism
- is a broad concept that describes
various methods employed by one
country to gain control (sometimes
through territorial conquest) of
another country (or geographic
area) and then to exercise control,
especially political, economic, and
territorial, over that country (or
geographic area), and perhaps
many other countries.
2. Colonialism
- generally involves settlers as well as
much more formal mechanisms of
political control than those of
imperialism.
Decolonization or “the process of

revealing and dismantling colonialist
power in all its forms. This includes
dismantling the hidden aspects of those
institutional and cultural forces that had
maintained the colonialist power and
that remain even after political
independence is achieved”.

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3. Neo – Liberalism
Neo-liberal and laissez-faire

economic ideologies favoring free
trade, free circulation of capital, and
freedom to invest anywhere have
encouraged the growth of a complex
international system of economic
interdependence that transcends
national borders. (Filmer 1995).
In the context of modernization

theory it tends to view the West as a
map for global development . There are more modern practices and modes of
thought developed over the traditional ways which modern societies adopted
and these can be introduced from without, so that the West has a central role
to play in the modernization of developing social orders (Hulme and Turner,
1990)
Also in the study of Robinson, 2007, Globalization theories there are three
broad approaches. In the first, it is a process that has been going on since the
dawn of history, hence a 5,000–10,000 year time frame. In the second, it is a
process coterminous with the spread and development of capitalism and
modernity, hence a 500 year frame. In the third, it is a recent phenomenon
associated with such processes of post-industrialization, post -modernization
or the restructuring of capitalism, hence a 20–30 year frame.
Activity 2
Queries to Ponder
1. How can these
people survive in
the midst of
globalization?
2. Can globalization
help improve their
lives?
1.____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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CHAPTER EXAM
I. Multiple Choice:
1. An investment by a firm in one nation - state in a firm in another nation - state

with the intention of controlling it.
a. Colonialism c. Foreign direct investment
b. Transnational d. Multinational Corporation
2. The methods employed by one nation- state to gain power over an area(s)
and then to exercise control over it.
a. Imperialism c. Liberalism
b. Colonialism d. Conservatism
3. A theory that emphasizes the fact that the kinds of programs discussed
above led not so much to the development of the nation - states of the South,
but more to a decline in their independence in specially in US.
a. Dependency c. Neo-liberalism
b. Colonialism d. World System
4. Development of the nation- states of the South contributed to a decline in
their independence; to an increase in their dependence on the North.
a.World System Theory c.Dependency Theory
b.Marxist Theory d. System Theory
5. The process that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific
geo -p olitical borders.
a. Transnationality c. Imperialism
b. Globalization d. Transnationalism
6.Globalization flows more easily through the developed world , it bypasses

many locales in the _______ developed world.
a. More b. less c. highly d. remotely
7. Pre - industrial and industrial societies were characterized as “______” by

that which is difficult to move.
a. city b. light c. urban d. heavy
8.The map for global tends to views West as ________ theory.
a.Imperialism b. Migration c. Modernization d. Laize Faire
9. Unskilled and ________ people are considered as vulnerable one in
globalization.
a. old b. indigenous c. ignorant d. victim

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10. ________ “the process of revealing and dismantling colonialist power in

all its forms. This includes dismantling the hidden aspects of those institutional
and cultural forces that had maintained the colonialist power and that remain
even after political independence is achieved”.
a. Imperialism b. Colonialism c. Decolonization
d. Neo-Liberalism
II. Matching Type :Connect pictures to the given words below . (2x2pts)
1. a. energy
2. b. economic
3. c. poverty
4. d. environmental
5. e. Military
f. Food production

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III. Identification
1. Name the two words that explain what globalization is. 10pts.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Identify at least 2 global issues and relate to your actual observation in

your own community 20pts
________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Activity 3: (SELF TASK)
Essay Questions (Write At least 2,500 words per question)
1. How does Globalization encourage global awareness and

community?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. What are the chief Concerns about the impacts of

Globalization?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

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CHAPTER II
The Structures of Globalization
Lesson 1: The Global Economy

a. Actors in Globalization
b. Modern World System
c. Global Economic Integration

1. Define economic globalization
2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization
3. Define the world system theory
Lesson 1: The Global Economy
Economy is the basic foundation which should be given primary importance and
it also influences the condition of the society as well as the politics. In which the
worldwide economic status of one country clearly shows that economic mobility
is consider as major factor in competing in the global arena. Where the rich
become more richer and the poor become poorer.
Economic relationship was established then where Philippines bartered goods

with China such as porcelains, silk, and other goods. The Galleon trade which
was implemented by the Spaniards in the Philippines. The silk road which was
introduced by China as the oldest international trade route where goods
transported to the other side of the globe.
The fears of another Depression

after World War II led to the Bretton
Woods system in 1944. This was an
attempt to create institutional
structures which would foster
international economic cooperation
and encourage the free flow of
capital around the world. The US
dollar was adopted as the standard,
almost a “ global currency, ” in order
to establish stable international
exchange rates.
The Bretton Woods system led to the creation, either directly or indirectly, of
various global economic structures. While the International Trade Organization
(ITO) was unsuccessful because of a lack of US support, the General

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Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) sought to facilitate the liberalization of

trade by the reduction of tariff barriers. GATT was eventually replaced by the
World Trade Organization (WTO), which added a concern for the reduction of
non - tariff barriers.
This included the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), protection

of intellectual property through TRIPS, and TRIMS measures that allow a
nation- state to control the distorting effects of foreign investment. The WTO is
a forum for international negotiations on trade, with member countries
participating in successive “ rounds ” of discussions. Bretton Woods also led to
the creation of the International Monetary Fund in order to create a stable global
monetary system.
According to Hamilton ,2008 . One of

the dimensions of globalization is the
economic globalization it involves
trading and investing between
countries. Trade is a driving force
behind international relations and trade
impacts nearly every aspect of society.
This global economy has involved the global decentralization of production

simultaneous to the centralization of command and control of the global
production system within global cities. Here Sassen draws on the basic insight
from the sociology of organization that any increase in the complexity of social
activity must involve a concomitant increase in the mechanisms of
coordination.(Robinson, 2008)
Global trade operates through various economic networks such as supply

chains, international production networks, global commodity chains and, most
importantly, global value chains. Global value chains follow the creation of value
through different stages, from the creation of a product, to its disposal after use.
Commodities are often the first link in this chain. The demand for commodities
is sky - rocketing, fueled primarily by enormous demand in the developed
countries and increased consumption in developing countries (especially
China). Oil is a case in point. Not only are prices escalating because of
increased demand, but it is also becoming increasingly difficult to procure oil.
These problems will be exacerbated in the future by a decrease in the global
supply of oil, as well as by the fact that some of the current oil - exporting
countries will start to import (rather than to export) oil to meet their domestic
needs. Some countries stimulate trade and investment through low prices and
low wages. This often leads to a “ race to the bottom ” among countries vying
for increased investment and export business. However, some theorize that
after a point, there is a move toward industrial “ upgrading. ”
Countries that entered the world market at the bottom, such as China and
Mexico, move on to produce higher - value products at higher wages. However,
as some countries upgrade, others enter at the bottom, guaranteeing a supply
of low - priced, low - wage products to the North.

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Outsourcing is also an important global flow. Offshore outsourcing involves

contracting work to companies located in other countries. Apart from the
economic domain, this process is also prevalent in the health care and military
domains. Not only does the process operate at a macro - level, but increasingly,
it can also be observed at micro - and meso - levels.
Over the past few decades the political economy significantly changes , in the
way that it is organized and governed by collaborating nations. These changes
have repercussions that not only affect the flow of goods and services between
countries, but also the movement of people.
Interconnection of worldwide economic activities known as Global Economy

that take place between multiple countries. These economic activities can have
either a positive or negative impact on the countries involved.
CHARACTERISTICS comprising Global Economy:
Globalization describes a process by which national and regional

economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through the
global network of trade, communication, immigration, and transportation.
International trade: International trade is considered to be an impact of

globalization. It refers to the exchange of goods and services between
different countries, and it has also helped countries to specialize in
products which they have a comparative advantage in.
International finance: Money can be transferred at a faster rate between

countries compared to goods, services, and people; making international
finance one of the primary features of a global economy.
Global investment: This refers to an investment strategy that is not

constrained by geographical boundaries. Global investment mainly takes
place via foreign direct investment (FDI).

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➢ Why is the global economy important?
The increase in the world’s population

has led to emerging markets growing
economically, making them one of the
primary engines of world economic
growth. The growth and resilience
shown by emerging markets is a good
sign for the world economy. Before
delving into the next point, you need to
understand the concept of
microeconomics. It refers to the study of
the behaviour of households,
individuals, and firms with respect to the
allocation of resources and decision-
making. In simpler terms, this branch of
economics studies how people make
decisions, what factors affect their
decisions, and how these decisions
affect the price, demand, and supply of
goods in the market. Therefore, from the perspective of microeconomics, some
of the largest firms with high market value and a few of the richest individuals
in the world hail from these emerging markets, which has helped in the higher
distribution of income in these countries. However, many of these emerging
countries are still plagued by poverty, and work still needs to be done to work
towards eradicating it.
➢ How does the global economy work?
The functioning of the global economy can be explained through one word —
transactions. International transactions taking place between top economies in
the world help in the continuance of the global economy. These transactions
mainly comprise trade taking place between different countries. International
trade includes the exchange of a variety of products between countries. It
ranges all the way from fruits, and foods, to natural oil and weapons. Such
transactions have a number of benefits including: providing a foundation for
worldwide economic growth, with the international economy set to grow by 4%;
encouraging competitiveness between countries in various markets; raising
productivity and efficiency across countries; and helping in development of
underdeveloped countries by allowing them to import capital goods(machinery
and industrial raw materials) and export primary goods (natural resources and
raw materials).
➢ What are the effects of global economy?
The main cause of these effects is economics — based on the production and
exchange of goods and services. Restrictions on the import and export of goods
and services can potentially hamper the economic stability of countries who
choose to impose too many

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➢ What are the benefits of global economy?
Free trade: Free trade is an excellent method for countries to exchange

goods and services. It also allows countries to specialize in the production
of those goods in which they have a comparative advantage.
Movement of labor: Increased migration of the labor force is

advantageous for the recipient country as well as for the workers. If a
country is going through a phase of high unemployment, workers can look
for jobs in other countries. This also helps in reducing geographical
inequality.
Increased economies of scale: The specialization of goods production

in most countries has led to advantageous economic factors such as
lower average costs and lower prices for customers.
Increased investment: Due to the presence of global economy, it has

become easier for countries to attract short-term and long-term investment.
Investments in developing countries go a long way in improving their
economies.
FACTORS affecting Global Economy
According to the latest economic news, here are some of the key factors that
influence and affect how well the global economy works:

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A. Actors in Globalization
Process of interconnecting involved many forces which are very influential in

the result of globalization. This major actors played important roles and have
been categorized either intergovernmental or supranational organization.
CATEGORY of Organization
Intergovernmental Organizations or International Organization

An organization composed primarily of sovereign states , or of other
intergovernmental oganizations. IGO are established by a treaty that acts as a
charter creating group. Treaties are formed when lawful representatives of
several states go through a ratification process, providing the IGO with an
international personality.
• World Trade Organization
• World Health Organization
• Asian Development Bank
Supranational Organization
Organizations that extend beyond the borders of three or more states that
seeks to promote economic, political, or cultural unity between members.
• United Nations
• International Labor Organization
• European Union
International Non –Governmental Organizations

Organization extends the concept of a non-governmental organization to an
international scope . NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen
as two types , advocacy NGOs, which aim to influence governments with a
specific goal and operational NGOs , which provide services.
• Amnesty International
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• International Chamber of Commerce
Multinational Corporation(MNC)
Also known as global corporation, is an entity that owns and controls production
of goods or services in one or more countries aside from their home country.

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Transnational Corporation (TNC)

A commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities that does business
in more than one country. It is usually a large corporation incorporated in one
country which produces or sells goods or services in various countries.
The two main characteristics of TNCs are their large size and the fact that their
worldwide activities are centrally controlled by the parent companies. They are
often:
• Importing and exporting goods and services
• Making significant investments in a foreign country
• Buying and selling licenses in foreign markets
• Engaging in contract manufacturing – permitting a local manufacturer in
a foreign country to produce their products.
• Opening manufacturing facilities or assembly operations in foreign
countries.

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B. Modern World System

World System Theory
In the study of Wallerstein ,1979 he cited that a social system is known as world
system which one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of
legitimation and coherence. Its life is made up of the conflicting forces which
hold it together by tension and tear it apart as each group seeks eternally to
remold it to its advantage.
There are also
semiperipheral areas which
are in between the core and
the periphery on a series of
dimensions, such as the
complexity of economic
activities, strength of the
state machinery, cultural
integrity, etc. Some of these
areas had been core-areas
of earlier versions of a given
world-economy. Some had
been peripheral areas that
were later promoted, so to speak, as a result of the changing geopolitics of an
expanding world-economy. The semiperiphery is a necessary structural
element in a world-economy. These areas play a role parallel to that played,
mutatis mutandis, by middle trading groups in an empire. They are collection
points of vital skills that are often poetically unpopular. These middle areas (like
middle groups in an empire) partially deflect the political pressures which
groups primarily located in peripheral areas might otherwise direct against core-
states and the groups which operate within and through their state machineries.
On the other hand, the interests primarily located in the semi periphery are
located outside the political arena of the core-states, and find it difficult to
pursue the ends in political coalitions that might be open to them were they in
the same political arena. (Thompson, 2005)
The states must be strong enough to stand and protect their own economies
outside the control of other players in the economic field in order that
sovereignty of the state will be maintained.
The BRANDT LINE
The Brandt Line is an invisible line

across the world that divides the rich
north from the poor south.
The Brandt Line corresponds with

the divide between economically
developed and industrialized
countries and those countries that
are less economically developed.

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Where the Brandt Report is the

report written by the Independent
Commission, first chaired by Willy
Brandt in 1980, to review
international development issues.
The result of this report provided
an understanding of drastic
differences in the economic
development for both the North
and South hemispheres of the
world.
C. Global Economic Integration

The economic integration is not a new phenomenon. Since the travels of Marco
Polo , global economic integration has been a trend to civilization. There are
number of factors that contributes to global economic growth such as the
privatization, deregulation, foreign direct investment, trade liberalization and
regional integration.
FACTORS that contributes to Global Economic Growth:
Privatization the transfer of ownership , property or business from the

government to the private sector is termed privatization The government
ceases to be the owner of the entity or business.
Deregulation is the process of removing or reducing state regulations, typically

in the economic sphere.

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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling

ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country.
It is distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct
control.
Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on

the free exchange of goods between nations. These barriers include tariffs,
such as duties and surcharges, and nontariff barriers, such as licensing rules
and quotas. Economists often view the easing or eradication of these
restrictions as steps to promote free trade.
Regional integration is the process by which two or more nation-states agree

to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth.
Usually integration involves one or more written agreements that describe the
areas of cooperation in detail, as well as some coordinating bodies representing
the countries involved.
Formative Assessment 1
Activity 1: Identify at least 5 Multinational Corporations and

describe their role in the society .
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. __________________________
Guide Questions :
a. How can they help boost our economy?
b. Are their presence affect out economic relationship with other countries?

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Lesson 2 : Market Integration

a. International Financial Institutions
b. Attributes of Global Corporation

1. Explain the role of international financial institutions
2. Describe the global market integration
3. Identify the characteristics of global corporation
Lesson 2: Market Integration
Market integration in a term that is used

to identify a phenomenon in which
markets of goods and services that are
somehow related to one another being to
experience similar patterns of increase or
decrease in terms of the prices of those
products. The term can also refer to a
situation in which the prices of related goods and services sold in a defined
geographical location also begin to move in some sort of similar pattern to one
another. (Tatum, 2020 ) At times, the integration may be intentional, with a
government implementing certain strategies as a way to control the direction of
the economy. At other times, the integrating of the markets may be due to factor
such as shifts in supply and demand that have a spillover effect on several
markets.
EFFECT of Integration on Market Development
1. Market integration provides opportunity to expand market coverage by selling

local products in the global market.
2. Market integration help to reduce market failure
3. Difference in the prices in integrated market should be equal if they are well
integrated.
A. International Financial Institutions

In the International Financial Institutions, with the Bretton Woods Agreement
that currencies were pegged to the price of gold and the US dollar was seen as
a reserve currency which linked to gold standard. Bretton Woods had its most
powerful effects on global trade, the global monetary order, and global
investment (Peet, 2003 ).
According to the study of Mofatt, 2020 under the Bretton Woods System the
central banks of countries other than the United States were given the task of
maintaining fixed exchange rates between their currencies and dollar which
they did this by intervening in foreign exchange markets

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• In terms of global trade , a key was the idea of the “ unconditional most -
favored nation ” which “ required governments to offer the same trade
concessions [reductions in trade barriers, non- discrimination against a
nation’s products] to all” (Frieden 2006 : 288). Restrictions on international
trade were reduced over the years through various meetings (“ rounds” )
under the auspices of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and
later the WTO.
• In terms of the monetary order, it was the IMF that took center stage. The goal
was to provide security, as well as flexibility, to the monetary order. What
emerged between 1958 and 1971 was a system in which the US could not
change the value of its dollar, while all other countries could, but as
infrequently as possible. This made exchange rates stable enough to
encourage international trade and investment which otherwise would have
been discouraged by dramatic fluctuations in rates.
• In terms of global investment , a key role was envisioned for the World Bank,
but massive US aid through the Marshall Plan, and rapid European post - war
recovery, made its work in that period of much less significance than had been
anticipated. A key development in terms of investment involved MNCs,
especially American based firms in fields like automobiles and computers,
constructing their own plants and/or investing in indigenous companies in
other countries.
In many countries specially the welfare of the state global openness encourage
by Bretton Woods contributed to the emergence or expansion of social welfare
program. Welfare states sought to deal with various problems – recession,
layoffs, reductions in wages, and bankruptcies of uncompetitive firms. In the
process, it gave a nation and its entrepreneurs the cover they needed to be
actively involved in the global marketplace.
Hence, to eliminate
restrictions on the use of
currency for international
trade, the member states
decided to come up with an
agreement known as the
General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
GATT focused on trade in
goods, the WTO also took
on responsibility for the
increasingly important trade
in services. While GATT was simply a forum for the meeting of representatives
of countries, the WTO is an independent organization.
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Correa

2000 ) was negotiated through the WTO, which involves intangible ideas,
knowledge, and expressions that require their use to be approved by their
owner. Involved here is a wide range of intellectual property, such as movies,

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books, music recordings, and computer software, which exists, or whose value
lies, largely in the realm of ideas.
Trade- Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) “ are a range of operating or

performance measures that host- country governments impose on foreign firms
to keep them from having a distorting effect on trade in goods and services”
(Grimwade 2007 : 1178).
World Trade Organization (WTO)
The WTO is a multilateral

organization headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland, with, as of
2008, 152 member nations
(Krueger 2000; Trachtman 2007:
1308– 1 5). Its focus on trade
places it at the heart of economic
globalization and has made it a
magnet for those opposed either
to the broader process of trade
liberalization and promotion or to
some specific aspect of WTO
operations.
While GATT focused on tariff reduction, the WTO has come to focus more on
nontariff- related barriers to trade.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
The goal of the IMF is macroeconomic stability for both

member nations and, more generally, the global
economy (Cardim de Carvalho 2007: 658– 6 3)
World Bank
The World Bank (officially the International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development [IBRD]), a
specialized agency of the UN, is the most important
element of the World Bank Group (WBG) (Gilbert and
Vines 2000 ; Bradlow 2007:1262 – 7). The IBRD was
established in 1944 at Bretton Woods and began
operations in 1946. Membership is open to all member states of the IMF and
as of this writing it includes 184 nations. It provides funds to government-
sponsored or - guaranteed programs in so - called Part II countries (member
states that are middle-income or creditworthy poorer nations).

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B. Attributes of Global Corporation
In the world of finance and investing, a global corporation is one that has
significant investments and facilities in multiple countries and lacks a dominant
headquarters. Global Corporations are governed by the laws of the country
where they are incorporated. A global business connects its talent, resources
and opportunities across political boundaries. Because a global corporation is
more invested in its overseas locations, it can be more sensitive to local
opportunities and also more vulnerable to threats.
Global companies or MNCs operate on a global scale which means they have
huge assets in almost all countries in which they operate. Their turnovers can
also be incomprehensibly large. Also, these corporations have unity of control.
The management of the offices in other countries is controlled by one head
office located in the home country. So while they have many branches in many
countries, the main control will remain with the head office in its country of
origin. Multinational corporations keep growing even as they operate in other
countries, they strive to grow their economic size by constantly upgrading and
by conducting mergers and acquisitions.
And in order to achieve substantial growth, they have at its disposal huge
amounts of wealth and capital-intensive technology. This allows them to use
the best technology
available for production and
marketing to boost their
products and their company.
Furthermore, these
companies employ only the
best managers, those who
are capable of handling
large amounts of funds,
using advanced technology,
managing workers, and
running a huge business
entity.

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One of the most effective survival strategies of global corporations is spending

a huge amount of money on marketing, advertising, and promotional activities.
They target an international audience, so effective marketing becomes
necessary.
Activity 2: Modified True or False

If the statement is TRUE write T and if the statement false write the word.
_______1. Recession after World War II led to the Bretton Woods system in
1944.
_______2. WTO is a forum for international negotiations on trade, with member
countries participating in successive “ rounds ” of discussions.
_______3. Free trade is an excellent method for countries to barter goods and
services.
_______4. Global corporations are governed by the laws of the country where
they are incorporated..
_______5. Social system is known as nation -states which one that has
boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation and
coherence.

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Lesson 3: Global Interstate System

a. Effects of Globalization on Government
b. Institutions Governing International Relations
c. Internationalism vs. Globalism

1. Explain the effects of globalization on governments
2. Identify the institutions that governs international relation
3. Describe the nation-state
Lesson 3: Global Interstate System

The origin of the modern nation - state is traced to the Treaty of Westphalia
which led to the notion that nation - states are autonomous. Later developments
led to the fusion of the cultural concept of a nation and the structure of the state;
to the idea of the nation - state. With globalization, the nation - state faces
innumerable challenges, leading to a significant loss of control over economic
flows and transnational organizations. A debate has emerged over whether the
“ nation - state is dead. ” Although the role of the nation - state has declined, it
is still an important political structure.
However, in the global age, the “ porosity ” of the nation - state, the increasing
global flows through it, should be a focal concern. Benedict Anderson ’ s “
imagined community ” is an important idea in thinking about the nation - state.
As a result of the development of “ print capitalism, ” it came to be conceived of
as being actively constructed, socially and politically, by people who identify
with the community that is represented by the nation - state. This concept is
extended further by examining how the nation - state transcends its geographic
boundaries in the face of rapidly developing technology and increasing
immigration flows. Emphasis is placed on the “ re - imagining ” of the nation -
state in the light of such global flows.
ATTRIBUTES of Global System
• countries or states are

independent and
govern themselves;
• these countries interact
with each other through
diplomacy;
• international
organizations facilitate
these interactions (i.e.
UN);
• international
organizations also take
on lives of their own.

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Nation-States
Nation-state–relatively modern phenomenon in the human history whereby

it composed of two non-interchangeable terms: nation and state.
Nation, according to Benedict State refers to a country and its

Anderson, is an “imagined government where a community of
community” and does not go beyond persons more or less numerous
a given “official boundary”. It is occupying a definite territory
inherently limited and sovereign. It completely free of external control
has boundaries, meaning not anyone and possessing an organized
can be a Filipino. - this refers to large government to which the great body
group of people who share common of inhabitants render habitual
characteristics such as language, obedience.
traditions, and ethnicity.
Moreover, Interstate system is system of competing and allying states.

Wherein, Treaty of Westphalia is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the
Thirty Years’ War between the major continental powers of Europe. It was
designed to avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers
exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle
in each other’s affairs and provide stability for the nations of Europe.

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PRINCIPLES of Interstate system:
Nationalism –a doctrine and/or a political movement that seeks to make the

nation the basis of a political structure especially a state. It is a sense of national
consciousness that generally exalts one’s own nation above others, and
focuses on the promotion of interests.
Internationalism- desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and
people. In a more comprehensive definition, it is a political principle that places
the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations and argues
for cooperation among nations for common good. This can be divided into two
broad categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism.
A. Effects of Globalization on Government

Political Globalization
Nation-states, the primary actors in this system, engage in diplomatic relations

partly in the context of regional and global intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs). Nation-states and IGOs, consult with and are lobbied by transnational
corporations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs in particular
have distinct interactions with IGOs such as the United Nations, where they
both play both an advisory role and take on activities such as relief,
environmental protection, and protection of human rights.
Nation-States and Intergovernmental Organizations
Nation-states engage in international relations to establish trade, maintain

boundaries, enforce rules, settle disputes, manage migration, etc. Most of these
tasks were historically accomplished through negotiations among
representatives of two or more states. During the last two centuries, however,
nation-states have formed large intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) that
are now responsible for many of these tasks. To maintain the sovereignty of
nation-states, IGOs operate on principles inter-governmentalism, requiring
unanimity among their members before agreements can be finalized. Some
IGOs do however incorporate elements of supranationalism, in which majority
rule may force member-states to implement IGO decisions or leave the
organization. IGOs may be regional (e.g. the EU) or global (e.g. the WTO). As
the number of IGOs has grown and their membership has expanded to include
many new nation-states, the structure and organizational characteristics of
nation-states have become more similar. This growing isomorphism implies
that a normative process, affecting new nation-states, is occurring on a global
scale.
The End of the Nation State
Arguably the power of the nation-state is waning. While still the major actors in
international relations and sovereign within their own territories, countries are

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increasingly divesting themselves of responsibility for their citizens’ welfare.

Transnational corporations are taking on former state responsibilities through
privatization and corporatization, profiting from providing public goods like
water, health care, agricultural products, and education. At the same time, the
dominant corporations in the global economy are using their wealth to gain
power by influencing political and social institutions. NGOs, in both the role of
international monitors and providers of relief services, have likewise taken over
former state responsibilities, and some claim that IGOs aspire to become
supranational regional or global governments with authority over states in
federalist political system.
Activity 3: Let’s Reflect
What are the roles of GATT, WB, IMF and WTO in promoting economic
independence among member states?
1.GATT_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.WB_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3.IMF_________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4.WTO________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. Institutions Governing International Relations

International Institutions
form a vital part of
contemporary international
relations. They are the
central focus of policy
making efforts around the
world these are
organizations with
international membership,
scope or presence. As
mentioned in the other
chapter we have the
international non-
governmental organization
(INGO) and
intergovernmental
organizations(IGO)

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C. Internationalism vs. Globalism

The decisions of other nations
to cooperate with one another
in political , economic and
cultural aspects for the
promotion of the common good
and welfare of the people
known as the principle of
Internationalism whereas
Globalism is an ideology based on the belief that people , goods and
information ought to be able to cross national borders unfettered. It is the
attitude of putting the interests of the entire world above the interest of individual
nations.
Activity 4
A. Identify one international organization and discuss their role and function in
the international economic arena. (AT least 150 Words)
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
B. Answer the following essay question , you will write 2,000-word per question.
1. How do we make globalization more just?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. How is the state affected by globalization? How is the nation affected

by globalization? Do these institutions/concepts remain relevant?
Why/why not?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance

a. Roles and Functions of the United Nations
b. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st
Century

1. Identify the roles
2. Identify the Challenges of global governance
3. Explain the effect of global governance to nation state
Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance

Governance -- defined as establishment of
policies and continuous monitoring of their
implementation by members of the governing
body.
Global Governance –collection of governance

related activities , rules and mechanism, formal
and informal, existing at a variety of levels in the
world todays (Kams and Mingst)
Global Governance is necessary because humanity increasingly faces both

problems and opportunities that are global in scale. Presently, transnational
problems such as violence and pandemics routinely reach across borders
affecting us all. An effective global governance will allow us to end armed
conflict which deal with new and emerging problems such as technological risks
and automation, and to achieve levels of prosperity and progress( Bailey,2018)
A. Roles and Functions of the United Nations

United Nations is an intergovernmental
organization that promotes international
cooperation and creates and maintains
international order. It replaces the ineffective
League of Nations and was established after
World War II on October 24, 1945 to prevent
another global conflict. In this context, the United
Nations emerges as an actor with distinct
advantages, including the equal representation
of its 192 Member States under the UN Charter.
Even so, the global landscape requires further
improvement in the General Assembly in four key
areas.

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The United Nations is an international organization of countries. It was created

for many reasons:
• There should be peace and security in the world after the Second World
War
• Countries should be friendly to each other
• Countries should help each other solve problems
• Human rights should be respected everywhere in the world.
The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council,
the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International
Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established in 1945 when the
UN was founded.
ACHIEVEMENTS of The United Nations
• The UN has helped many countries become democratic and peaceful

states.
• The UN plays an important role in protecting our environment. The
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was a big conference about
climate control other problems of our environment.
• The International Atomic Energy Agency is a UN organization that
controls the nuclear weapons of countries and sees to it that they
don’t build an atomic bomb.

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• Since 1950, the UN has given help to over 50 million refugees. These
people had to leave their countries because of war, hunger or
diseases.
• Africa is the poorest continent in our world. The UN has given African
countries money and other kinds of help so that they can feed people
and give them work to do.
• It helps give developing countries safe and clean water .
• It fights drug abuse and improves the lives of children who live in
poverty.
• It helps people learn how to read and write.
• It helps farmers in poor countries where it is too hot or too dry.
B. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st

Century
Weis (2015) identified five global
governance gaps knowledge,
normative, policy, institutional and
compliance. The UN’s relationship to
these gaps is explored through case
studies of some of the most problems
of this time including terrorism, nuclear
proliferation, humanitarian crises,
development aid, climate change ,
human rights and other borderless
diseases (Flu virus).
Since knowledge is a valuable core asset which is both intangible and concrete,
a general and specific source . It is a knowledge that makes cooperation among
member states. System organizations ahould not focus on explicit and
quantifiable knowledge only .
Other challenge is the normative role of the UN which has been fundamental
since the creation of the organization. Member-states are committed to review
and reform their norms and standards. There should be a balance of norm
setting and norm implementation.. Once norm is being identified norn could be
set to address issues.
Thus, Global governance must be challenge to comply the gaps to implement

policies effectively or enforce penalties to those who violated it. Such violation
could be a great threat to one state to another which will pose a danger to the
peace and security.
Berucci 2001, To ensure that globalization benefits are enjoyed equally by both
developed and developing countries , good governance is a must

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Activity 5
A. Let’s Reflect
1. What are the roles of IMF, World Bank, GATT and WTO in promoting
economic independence between and among member
states?___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. . What are the problems encounter by nation states upon the
existence of multinational corporation?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B. WORD SEARCH
Identify the words that describe the concepts below. Encircle the words .
H U M A N R I G H T S T G P A
U O R G A N I Z A T I O N E F
G S E C U R I T Y N A T I A R
A H U M A N I T A R I A N C I
N S E C R E T A R I A T L E C
D F P E A C E J U S T I C E A
A R I O D E J A N E I R O O Z
G O V E R N A N C E L U N I T
U N I T E D N A T I O N S I N
Guide Questions:
1. ____________ is an intergovernmental that promotes

international cooperation and creates and maintains
international order.
2. ____________ should should be respected everywhere in the
world..
3. ____________ one of the main organ of UN.
4. ____________ is the poorest continent in our world
5. Earth Summit in _____________.

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CHAPTER III
A World Regions
Lesson 1: Global Divides: The North and the South

a. North and South
b. Global South vs. The Third World

1. Define and understand the existence of the global economic division
2. Differentiate the Global North and the Global South
Lesson 1: Global Divides

The world comprises of different
countries, people and natural
features which was situated in the
different location. Countries
composed of different regions which
create an association to have a
common purpose for their security
and peace.
The North-South Divide is the socio-economic and political division that exist
between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North”,
and the poorer developing countries (least developed countries) or “the South”.
The North is mostly correlated with the Western world and the First World, along
with much of the Second World, while the South largely corresponds with the
Third World and Eastern world. The two groups are often defined in terms of
their drifting levels of wealth, development, income inequality, democracy,
political and economic freedom, as defined by freedom indices.
A. North and South

The division between rich and
poor countries which most of the
developed countries located at
Northern Hemisphere and the
most of the developing countries
is in the Southern Hemisphere.
It is considered a s a socio-
political division which created a
development gap among nation-
states.
The North–South divide is a socio-economic and political division of Earth

popularized in the late 20th century and early 21st century. Generally, Global

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North are characterized by established democracy, wealth, technological

advancement, political stability, aging population growth, and dominance of
world trade and politics. This include the United States, Canada, almost all the
European countries, Israel, Cyprus, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia,
and New Zealand.
The Global South refers to the less–developed countries of the world. The term
“Global South” emerged in the 1950s .The Global South is not as economically
sound and politically stable as their global North counterparts and tend to be
characterized by turmoil, war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny (Odeh,
2010). This represents mainly agrarian economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin
America and the Caribbean, Pacific Islands, and the developing countries in
Asia, including the Middle East. It is home to the BRIC countries: Brazil, India
and China, which, along with Indonesia and Mexico, are the largest Southern
states in terms of land area and population.
Global North Global South

✓ Comprised of only one quarter (25%) ✓ Accounts for the three-quarters (75%)
of the total global population of the global population BUT only
✓ Richer and more economically accounts a fifth (20%) of the globally
developed region earned income
✓ Accounts for over 90% of all ✓ Poor and less developed region
manufacturing industries ✓ Relatively low GDP and the high
✓ About 95% of the population have population
enough basic needs and have access ✓ Only 5% of country’s population has
to functioning education systems enough food and shelter
✓ Source of raw materials and labor for
the “North”
✓ The economies of most countries in
the South rely on imports from the
North and have low technological
penetration
B. Global South vs. The Third World
During Cold War, the Global Divide was made official with the West Power
(United States and Allied countries) and the East Power (Soviet Union and
China). They divided the world into three (3) categories that embodies 3 types

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of countries along the globe: the First World, Second World, and the Third
World.
The term “Third World” is referred as underdeveloped or developing countries.

These countries were those that were well on their way to becoming rich and
“developed”. The Third World was the non-aligned World, distinct from the First
(capitalist) and Second (socialist/communist) Worlds. But pretty quickly the
Third World became a quick-and-easy referent for the “Poor World” because it
has been under-developed by the Rich or “First World”, through processes of
globalization and capitalist expansion (Rigg, 2007)
The “Three Worlds Theory”
Composed of industrialized and

democratic countries, which most
members were assumed to be allied with
the US against Soviet Union. (Canada,
Australia, Japan , Western Europe, etc)
Former communist countries that aren't

quite in poverty but aren't prosperous
either (East Germany, Georgia, Poland,
Ukraine, etc)
Non-aligned world and as the global

realm of poverty and under-development.
(Afghanistan, Latin America, Asian
countries, etc.)
The “three world theory” made no longer sense when in 1989-1991, the Second
World ceased to exist as the Soviet Union collapsed. After the demise of the
Second World, new terms were adopted for the socio-economically divided
planet, differentiating a wealthy “Global North” from an impoverished “Global
South”. The “Global North” mostly covers the First World, with much of the
Second World. While “Global South” covers the countries from the Third World.
The emergence of the term “Global South” is normally used to mean countries
that are faced with social, political and economic challenges – for instance
poverty, environmental degradation, human and civil rights abuses, ethnic and
regional conflicts, mass displacements refugees, hunger, and diseases. The
nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia are collectively
known as the “Global South”. The concept of the Global South shares some of
the limitations of the concept of the Third World. It evokes imaginations of a
geographical North-South divide, which does not correspond to the complex
entanglements and uneven developments in the real world.

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Lesson 2: Asian Regionalism

a. Regionalization vs. Globalization
b. Integration of Asia

1. Distinguish the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian
Region
2. Discuss how different Asian States confront the challenges of
Globalization and Regionalization
Lesson 2: Asian Regionalism
Asia was colonized by a variety of major powers, including Portugal, Spain, the
Netherlands, France, Britain, the United States and Japan. Each colonizer left
behind specific social, political and economic legacies. The multiplicity of
colonial experiences only served to emphasize the differences among the
countries and societies of Asia. More recently, the Cold War also divided the
Asian region.
ASEAN was the first major regional player to emerge and has been at the centre
of regional developments including APEC, ARF, ASEAN Plus Three and the
East Asian Summit as East Asian regionalism has evolved over time ASEAN’s
pivotal regional role has also been accepted by China and Japan in good part
because they need the ASEAN members as followers if they ever want to be
considered global leaders. This relationship has in turn given ASEAN
considerable leeway in terms of the activities of its member governments in
region-building endeavor .
As the result of Asian regionalism it does not only make Asian economies grown
richer but also they become closer together. Asian regionalism is the product
of economic interaction, not political planning. As a result of successful, outward
oriented growth strategies. (Beeson and Stubb, 2012)

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A. Regionalization vs. Globalization

The processes of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980s
and heightened after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s. At first, these two
processes are contradicting since globalization, by definition is global while
regionalization is naturally regional. Jacoby and Meunier, 2010, p.1 defined
Globalization as “the increased flows of goods, services, capita, people, and
information across borders” while according to Hurrell, 2007, p.4
Regionalization is “the societal integration and often undirected process of
societal economic interaction”. Further, Regionalization is the formal process of
intergovernmental collaboration between two or more states (Ravenhill, 2008,
p. 174)
Regionalism is a political process characterized by economic policy

cooperation and coordination among countries (Claudio,2018). The goal of
regionalism became encapsulated in the concept of an East Asian community.
Although removing economic barriers was the principal thrust of most
agreements to promote regionalism, a ‘community’ connotes shared values and
joint responses to security threats.
DIFFERENCE between Regionalization and Globalization
Regionalization Globalization
Nature Divides an area into Promotes integration of
smaller segments called economies across state
regions borders all around the
world
Market Monopolies are more likely Allows many
to develop. Monopoly corporations to trade on
means one producer international level; it
controls supply of a good allows free market
or service, and where the
entry of new producers is
prevented or highly
restricted.
Cultural & Societal Does not support Acceleration to
Relations multiculturalism multiculturalism through
free and inexpensive
movement of people
Aid A regionalized area does Globalized international
not get involved in the communities are more
affairs of other areas willing to aid countries
stricken by disasters
Technological Advanced technology is Globalization has driven
Advancement rarely available in one great advances in
country or region technology

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B. Integration of Asia
Regional Integration is the process by which two or more nation-states agree

to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability, and wealth.
The entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable. In Asia, the
Southeast Asian countries have already formed ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) including APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Council),
ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum), ASEAN Plus Three and the East Asian
Summit. This regional power block appears to work fine, the members states fit
very well together due to these factors that leads the Asian Region into greater
integration:
• TRADE: The world economy is intertwined with each other and we all
want and need something from another part of the world, including global
trade facilities, and since these nations are geographically located near
each other they can readily supply each other’s needs.
• SIMILAR CULTURE: The cultures of Asia is diverse, but they do share

many things. This makes it an easier fit during times of negotiations.
• COMMON GOALS: The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of a

slow integration, and that is to accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development and to promote peace.
• SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS: aside from small localized rebels, this

association needs only to contend with foreign-supported terrorist
groups which are usually handled well.

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Activity 1
I. Enumeration
1.Make a list of at least 10 countries who are members of the APEC.

a._______________________ f. _______________________
b._______________________ g._______________________
c._______________________ h._______________________
d._______________________ i. _______________________
e._______________________ j. _______________________
2. What are the benefits of one’s country as member of the APEC?

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
II. Multiple Choice
1.Global South refers to the less –developed countries of the world. The term
“ Global South” emerged in the ______.
a.1904 c.1950
b. 1820 d. 1990
2. North-South divide is a socio-economic and _______ division of Earth
popularized in the late 20th century and early 21st century.
a. religion c. social
b. cultural d. political
3. ASEAN’s pivotal regional role has also been accepted by China and Japan
in good part because they need the ASEAN members as followers if they ever
want to be considered global _____.
a. international c. global
b. local d. national
4.Among the given countries which is not included in Global North .

a. United states c. Cyprus,
b. Canada d. Greece
5. To promote regionalism, a ‘____________ connotes shared values and

joint responses to security threats.
a. Nation c. Community
b. Regions d. States

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CHAPTER IV
A World of Ideas
Lesson 1: Global Media Culture

a. Evolution of Media and Globalization
b. Cultural Globalization Processes
c. Globalization of Culture and Media
d. Cultural Imperialism

1. Explain and understand the evolution of media
2. Determine how global media influences different cultures and affects
global integration
Lesson 1: Global Media

Culture
The media have an important impact
on cultural globalization in two
mutually interdependent ways: first,
the media provide an extensive
transnational transmission of cultural products and second, they contribute to
the formation of communicative networks and social structures (Hjarvard,1999).
The rise of the “new” global media (e.g. Apple’s iTunes, Facebook, Twitter,
Google, Microsoft), with great power has imposed their systems on large
portions of the world (McChesney 1999: 11 – 15). The global media (this applies
to traditional media such as newspapers, TV, and movies, as well as to the
newly emerging media on, or related to, the Internet) are increasingly
dominated by a relatively small number of huge corporations. The impact of the
global media order is complex as reception of the cultural products is never
uniform. Media flows and contra-flows create part of the wider struggle over
information flows which define power relations in the global information
economy.
A. Evolution of Media and Globalization

Media is part of everybody’s life today and in the past.
Development of speech and communication is a
great breakthrough in the lives of the people. Lule
(2014) gave five periods to the study of globalization
and media: oral, script, print, electronic and digital.

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EVOLUTION of Media
• Oral Communication- Language was developed around 1.75millions

years ago. Language helps man to settle down, improve social,
economic, and political life. Man, through language is not only confined
within his territory but created a cross-continental trade which created
cities and later, civilization.
• Script- It is any particular system of writing/ the written means of human
communication. First writing was recorded over 4,000 years ago. With
its discovery, it makes communication easier, wider in scope and can
last longer.
• Print (Printing Press)- Invented around 4th and 5th century AD. Its
discovery led to two important consequences: first, it changed the very
nature of knowledge. It preserved and standardized knowledge. Second,
it encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because
of its ability to circulate different views.
• Electronic Media- It was introduced in the beginning of 19th century.
This requires electromagnetic energy – electricity to use. Examples are:
telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. In 1973, invention of
cellphones dominated the world.
• Digital Media- Refers to audio, video and photo content that has been
encoded (digitally compressed). Computer is considered the most
popular and influential digital media to globalization.
B. Cultural Globalization Processes
Cultural globalization refers

to the sharing of ideas,
meanings, hobbies, and
values around the world in
such a way as to extend and
intensify social relations.
This process is marked by
the common consumption of
cultures that have been
diffused by the Internet,
popular culture media, and
international travel.
This has added to processes of commodity exchange and colonization which

have a longer history of carrying cultural meaning around the globe. The
circulation of cultures enables individuals to partake in extended social relations
that cross national and regional borders. The creation and expansion of such
social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization
involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people
associate their individual and collective cultural identities.

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Cultural globalization is a phenomenon by which the experience of everyday

life, as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a
standardization of cultural expressions around the world. Propelled by the
efficiency or appeal of wireless communications, electronic commerce, popular
culture, and international travel, globalization has been seen as a trend toward
homogeneity that will eventually make human experience everywhere
essentially the same (Watson, 2015).
Hybridization - Jan Pieterse suggested that cultural globalization involves

human integration and hybridization, arguing that it is possible to detect cultural
mixing across continents and regions going back many centuries.
Homogenization - emphasizes the transfiguration of worldwide diversity into a

pandemic of Westernized consumer culture. The dominance of American
culture influencing the entire world will ultimately result in the end of cultural
diversity which lead to a human monoculture. This process, understood as
cultural imperialism is associated with the destruction of cultural identities,
dominated by a homogenized and westernized, consumer culture.
Conflict intensification - "Clash of Civilizations" Samuel Huntington

emphasizes the fact that while the world is becoming smaller and
interconnected, the interactions between peoples of different cultures enhance
the civilization consciousness that in turn invigorate differences. The
differences in culture sharpened by this very process of cultural globalization
will be a source of conflict.
C. Globalization of Culture and Media

The globalization of culture is often chiefly
imputed to international mass media. After all,
contemporary media technologies such as
satellite television and the Internet have
created a steady flow of transnational images
that connect audiences worldwide
The mass media are seen today as playing a

key role in enhancing globalization, facilitating
culture exchange and multiple flows of
information and image between countries
through international news broadcasts, television programming, new
technologies, film and music. If before the 1990’s mainstream media systems
in most countries of the world were relatively national in scope, since then most
communication media have become increasingly global, extending their reach
beyond the nation-state to conquer audiences worldwide. International flows of
information have been largely assisted by the development of global capitalism,
new technologies and the increasing commercialisation of global television,
which has occurred as a consequence of the deregulation policies adopted by
various countries in Europe and the US in order to permit the proliferation of
cable and satellite channels.

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D. Cultural Imperialism
The idea of cultural imperialism (Tomlinson, 2012) indicates that one or more
cultures are imposing themselves, more or less consciously, on other cultures
thereby destroying local culture, in whole, or more likely in part. There are many
examples of cultural imperialism in the world today, with local cultural practices
being threatened, or even being destroyed, by the flow of culture from other
parts of the world, especially from the North to the South.
Cultural imperialism occurs when the traditions and way of life of a group of
people, whether an ethnic minority or an entire nation, are displaced by those
of another. This may be a conscious process, in which a dominant group
intentionally suppresses another culture by suppressing its language, music,
religion, symbols, or other practices. More often, however, it results from global
market capitalism’s drive to increase profits through rationality, homogeneity,
and parsimony.(Ritzer, 2011)
CORE CONCEPT of Cultural imperialism:
Based on theory of cultural imperialism the less economically prominent

cultures essentially import examples of culture from wealthier countries mainly
from Western countries, which have the economic means necessary to produce
a majority of the world's cultural media mostly via the global transmission of
media. As one society exerts cultural influence over another, the latter society
adopts its customs, philosophies, worldviews and general ways of life. Under
the imposition of another culture, the “lesser” culture is thought to lose some of
its own cultural

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Examples of Cultural Imperialism
An examples of American cultural imperialism include brand name products,

mass-produced food and, perhaps of primary importance, video media. While
this have some positive effects showing women's rights or racial equality,
potentially exerting a negative effect on the viewer's perception of his own
country or other non-American cultures. Herbert Schiller's book
“Communication and Cultural Domination” first coined the phrase in 1976, the
concept of cultural imperialism is often used to refer to the idea of America
exerting cultural influence over the rest of the world, with a particularly powerful
imposition on Third World countries.
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism
The concept assumes that human beings lack of free will, describing them as
mindlessly assimilating what they absorb through media without retaining their
own personal frame of reference. Other critics note that while economic aspects
of cultural imperialism can be concretely measured, the cultural component is
subjective and difficult or impossible to quantify
Activity 1
I. Write your answer based on your daily experience.
1.How global media affects your daily life?
2.Which is more beneficial to you ,the community without technology or

community with technology? Briefly explain your answer.

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Lesson 2: The Globalization of Religion

a. Effects of Globalization to Religion
b. Types of Religious Organization
c. Five Major World Religion

1. Examine how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs
2. Discuss the characteristics of each type of religious organization
3. Describe the relationship of globalization with the world’s major
religions
Lesson 2: The Globalization of Religion
Globalization refers to the historical process by which all the world's people
increasingly come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and
religions in several ways. From religious or theological perspectives,
globalization calls forth religious response and interpretation. Yet religion and
religions have also played important roles in bringing about and characterizing
globalization. Among the consequences of this implication for religion have
been that globalization encourages religious pluralism. Religions identify
themselves in relation to one another, and they become less rooted in particular
places because of diasporas and transnational ties. Globalization further
provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized religious
manifestations and for the development of religion as a political and cultural
resource.
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the

current considerable revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most
religions are not relegated to the few countries where they began. Religions
have, in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale.
There are three paradigms regarding the role of religion in the globalization
process:
The Modernist
The Post-modernist
The Pre-modernist

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A. Effects of Globalization To Religion

Many of the religions have
crossed many boundaries,
having been spread by
immigrants, refugees,
aggressors, or by the founders
of this country. Finally, cultural
differences have changed
religious beliefs and traditions
within religious practices
(Blanco., et.al,2006).
Meknes – Religion and globalization persistently engage in a flexible

relationship in which the former relies on the latter in order to thrive and flourish
while at the same time challenging its (globalization’s) hybridizing effects. In
order to emerge and spread, therefore, religions make good use of the
technologies of globalization since . Though religion is strengthened and
fortified by globalization, it represents a challenge to its (globalization’s)
hybridizing effects. Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light of
globalization. As a result, different religious identities come to the fore and
assert themselves.
As Turner, S. Bryan explains, globalization transforms the generic ‘religion’ into

a world-system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of
institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented
cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has
therefore had the paradoxical effect of making religions (via their religious
leaders and clites) more self-conscious of themselves as being ‘world religion.
Such conflicts among the world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming the
erosion and the failure of hybridity. Globalization, as stated in the above
excerpt, makes religions more conscious of themselves as being ‘world
religions’ reinforcing their respective specific identities. These identities get
strengthened by globalization and cannot in any way intermingle or hybridize.
Such religions tend, as a result, to be more inclined towards clashes and
competition. Since globalization is said to bring the world cultures, identities,
and religions in direct contacts with each other and make everything hybrid, the
competition and conflicts of religions that it gives rise to constitute a challenge
to it and its hybridizing effects.
The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges

of religion to globalization. To put it in other words, while religion takes caution
against the norms and the values related to globalization, it challenges the latter
since it (religion) does not approve its hybridizing effects (El Azzouzi, 2013).

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B. Types of Religious Organization

Many types of religious organizations exist in
modern societies. Sociologists usually group
them according to their size and influence.
Categorized this way, three types of religious
organizations exist: church, sect, and cult
(Emerson, Monahan, & Mirola, 2011). A church
further has two subtypes: the ecclesia and
denomination.
• Church is a large, bureaucratically

organized religious organization that is closely
integrated into the larger society.
• Ecclesia, a large, bureaucratic religious organization that is a formal part of

the state and has most or all of a state’s citizens as its members. As such, the
ecclesia is the national or state religion. People ordinarily do not join an
ecclesia; instead they automatically become members when they are born. A
few ecclesiae exist in the world today, including Islam in Saudi Arabia and
some other Middle Eastern nations, the Catholic Church in Spain, the
Lutheran Church in Sweden, and the Anglican Church in England.
• Denomination, a large, bureaucratic religious organization that is closely

integrated into the larger society
but is not a formal part of the state.
In modern pluralistic nations,
several denominations coexist.
Most people are members of a
specific denomination because
their parents were members. They
are born into a denomination and
generally consider themselves
members of it the rest of their lives, whether or not they actively practice their
faith, unless they convert to another denomination or abandon religion
altogether.
• Sect, a relatively small religious organization that is not closely integrated into
the larger society and that often
conflicts with at least some of its norms
and values. Typically a sect has broken
away from a larger denomination in an
effort to restore what members of the
sect regard as the original views of the
denomination. Because sects are
relatively small, they usually lack the
bureaucracy of denominations and
ecclesiae and often also lack clergy
who have received official training. Members of many sects typically
proselytize and try to recruit new members into the sect.

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• Cult, a small religious organization that is

at great odds with the norms and values of
the larger society. Cults are similar to
sects but differ in at least three respects.
First, they generally have not broken away
from a larger denomination and instead
originate outside the mainstream religious
tradition. Second, they are often secretive
and do not proselytize as much. Third,
they are at least somewhat more likely than sects to rely on charismatic
leadership based on the extraordinary personal qualities of the cult’s leader.
C. Five Major World Religion

Globalization brings a culture of pluralism,
meaning religions “with overlapping but
distinctive ethics and interests” interact with
one another. Essentially, the world’s leading
religious traditions— Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism —teach
values such as human dignity, equality,
freedom, peace, and solidarity. More than 70
percent of the world's population identify with
one of these five religions around the world.
All of these religions have their own religious
books and believe in life after death.
• Christianity is the world's biggest religion, with over 2.1 billion followers
worldwide. Christians follow the teachings of Jesus Christ in the Bible, and
Christian holy days include Easter and Christmas. The religion played an
important role in the development of Western civilization, and the three largest
branches are the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and
Protestantism.
• Islam, the second largest religion, with over 1.5 billion followers. The Islamic
religion is based on the teachings of the prophet of Muhammad in their holy
book the Quran. Followers of Islam are based primarily in the Asia Pacific
region and in the Middle East.
• Hinduism is considered the oldest religion in the world and is the world's third
largest religion, boasting almost one billion followers. The Vedas, Upanishads
and Bhagavad Gita are its most important religious scriptures.
• Buddhism has more than 350 million followers worldwide, and its followers
believe attaining nirvana is the ultimate goal.
• Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions, and the religion's texts
have influenced Christianity and Islam.

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CHAPTER V
Global Population and Mobility
Lesson 1: Global City

a. Attributes of Global Cities
b. World’s Best-Known Global Cities
c. Reasons of Increase In Global Cities

1. Identify the attributes of a global city
2. Analyze the roles of cities as engines of globalization
3. Determine the cause of increase in global cities
Lesson 1: Global City

The “global city” also called
world city or sometimes alpha
city or world center, is a city that
enjoys significant competitive
advantages and that serves as
a hub within a globalized
economic system. A global city
has wealth, power and
influence to other countries as
well as hosts the largest capital
markets.
Global Cities transitioned from being colonial entrepots to become major

financial hubs and destinations centers. The nodal points in the global city
network have formed themselves in places where networks already existed
(Bracken, 2015 ). It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where
we can see most clearly the phenomena associated with their activities,
whether it be changes in the structure employment, the formation of powerful
partnerships, the development of monumental real estate, the emergence of
new forms of local governance, the effects of organized crime, the expansion
of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks or the spatial isolation and
social exclusion of certain population groups.
Cosmopolitanism is a phenomenon mostly associated with the global city.

Large diverse cities attracting people, material, and cultural products from all
over the world. It usually evokes pleasant images of travel, exploration and
“worldly” pursuit by the citizens of the world. A consumerist world of malls and
supermarkets, of theme parks and leisure centers offerings, a cross-cultural
variety of food, fashion, entertainment and various consumables and artifacts.

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A. Attributes of Global Cities

Global cities as engines of globalization provide spaces for industries that
produce commodities and firms that provide services such as accounting ,
banking, information processing, etc. Moreover, global cities offer convenience
through proximity and just-in-time production of products and services. The
following are the characteristics of global cities:
• A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance,

real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major
financial institutions
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
• Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global
level
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture,
and politics
• Centers of media and communications for global networks
• Dominance of the national region with great international significance
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and
information sector
• High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities,
international student attendance, and research facilities
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical.
And entertainment facilities in the country
• High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
B. World’s Best-Known Global Cities

In the past century, the greatest global cities were generally the largest and
centers of the world’s great empires: London, Paris, New York and Tokyo. The
standard methods of evaluating the global importance of cities include
assessing the concentration of support services available for multinationals,
such as financial and accounting firms, or the size of the overall economy.
Efficiency and access to capital and information is more critical to being an
important global city than number of jobs (Kotkin, 2014).

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CATEGORIZATION of the Global Cities
First Tier “truly global cities” as

the most powerful global
financial articulations
➢ London
➢ New York
➢ Tokyo
Second Tier cities based on the

level of their multinational
articulations
➢ Miami
➢ Los Angeles
➢ Frankfurt
➢ Amsterdam
➢ Singapore
Third Tier cities based on their

importance of their national
articulations
➢ Paris
➢ Zurich
➢ Madrid
➢ Sydney
➢ Seoul
➢ Bangkok
➢ Taipei
➢ Sao Paulo
➢ Mexico City
Fourth Tier cities based on subnational and regional articulations

➢ Osaka-Kobe-Kansai in Japan
➢ Hongkong and the Pearl River Delta in China

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C. Reasons of Increase In Global Cities

The increase in global cities has been linked
with two globalization-related trends: first,
the expansion of the role of transnational
corporations (TNCs) in global production
patterns and, second, the decline of mass
production along Fordist lines and the
concomitant rise of flexible production
centred within urban areas.
There are many reasons why some cities

develop into major megacities, but not all
megacities go on to dominate international
markets and politics so are not world cities.
According to Sassen, 2013, these are the
cause pushing the increase in global cities:
1. The geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization, along

with the simultaneous integration of such geographically dispersed activities, is
a key factor feeding the growth and importance of central corporate functions.
2. These central functions become so complex that increasingly the headquarters

of large global firms outsource them: they buy a share of their central functions
from highly specialized service firms.
3. Those specialized service firms engaged in the most complex and globalized
markets are subject to agglomeration economies.
4. The more headquarters outsource their most complex, unstandardized

functions, particularly those subject to uncertain and changing markets, the
freer they are to opt for any location.
5. These specialized service firms need to provide a global service which has
meant a global network of affiliates ... and a strengthening of cross border city-
to-city transactions and networks.
6. The economic fortunes of these cities become increasingly disconnected from

their broader hinterlands or even their national economies.
7. One result of the dynamics is the growing informalization of a range of

economic activities which find their effective demand in these cities, yet have
profit rates that do not allow them to compete for various resources with the
high-profit making firms at the top of the system.
Criticisms of Global Cities
Despite playing significant roles in the global economy, global city has been known for
being a threat to state-centric perspectives. These cities have been accused of
focusing their reach to other global cities and neglecting cities within the national
outreach. These cities are more connected to the outside world than to their domestic
economy.

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Lesson 2: Global Demography

a. Demographic Transition
b. Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of
Population
c. Effects of Global Population

1. Discuss the global demography - trends and patterns.
2. Explain demographic transition and its impact on global population
3. Determine the effects of global population in relation to globalization
Lesson 2: Global Demography
Demographic patterns were reasonably stable; human populations grew slowly,

and the age structures, birth rates, and death rates of populations changed only
gradually. Epidemics and pandemics had huge effects on populations, but
these effects were short-lived and had little bearing on long-term trends.
In the past 50 years, on the contrary this trend of long-term stability has given
way to the biggest demographic upheaval in history, an upheaval that is still
running its course. In the developed world, a sharp post-war rise in fertility was
followed by an equally sharp fall. These changes in fertility transformed age
structures through the creation of a ‘baby boom’ generation. The ageing of this
generation and continued declines in fertility and old-age mortality are shifting
the population balance in developed countries from young to old. In the
meantime, the developing world has experienced a population explosion, the
result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical care.
Global Demographic Trends

and Patterns The global
population, which stood at just
over 2 billion in 1950, is 6.5
billion today. The world is
currently gaining new
inhabitants at a rate of 76
million people a year
(representing the difference, in
2005, between 134 million
births and 58 million deaths).
Although this growth is slowing,
middle-ground projections
suggest the world will have 9.1
billion inhabitants by 2050,
when growth will be
approximately 34 million a year.

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These past and projected additions to world population have been, and will
increasingly be, distributed unevenly across the world. Today, 95 per cent of
population growth occurs in developing countries (see Figure 1). The population
of the world's 50 least-developed countries is expected to more than double by
the middle of this century, with several poor countries tripling their population
over the period. By contrast, the population of the developed world is expected
to remain steady at around 1.2 billion, with population declines in some wealthy
countries.
Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.

Global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or
1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.774
billion in 2020.
A. Demographic Transition
Demographic transition is a model used to represent the movement of high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-
industrial to an industrialized economic system. It works on the premise that
birth and death rates are connected to and correlate with stages of industrial
development.

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STAGES of Demographic Transition Model
Many births and many deaths = Population is steady

Until the Industrial Revolution
Many births and death rate falls very fast = Very fast increase of the Population
Examples: The poorest developing countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Bangladesh,
Afghanistan...)
Birth rate falls and death rate falls slowly = Rapid increase of the population
Examples: The richest developing countries (Brazil, Mexico, India...)
Birth rate is still falling and death rate is still falling = Slow increase of the
population
Examples: The developed countries (Europian countries, USA, Japan...)
Birth rate is still falling and death rate is stable = Decrease of the population
Examples: Italy, Sweden or Germany in the nearest future
B. Criticisms of the Malthusian Theory of Population

The most well-known theory of population is the
Malthusian theory by Thomas Robert Malthus on “Principle
of Population” in 1798. His theory is very simple “By nature
human food increases in a slow arithmetical ratio; man
himself increases in a quick geometrical ratio unless want
and vice stop him. The increase in numbers is necessarily
limited by the means of subsistence Population invariably
increases when the means of subsistence increase, unless
prevented by powerful and obvious checks.”
In the Marx Theory of Population the general assumptions are:

➢ There can be no natural or universal law of population
➢ Population growth is related to the economic system and both
are inseparable
➢ To Marx poverty and unemployment were not due to
increased population, but due to capitalist system which failed
to provide jobs.
As opposed by Marxist Theory

➢ Poverty and unemployment are, therefore only the result of the
workers’ natural propensity to reproduce beyond the available
means of subsistence.
➢ Marx, rejects the Malthusian solution to the problems created by
the contradictions inherent in the capitalist system. Tn the process
of capital does not remain constant; it changes and it is this
change which is most important to understand the effect of capital
accumulation and expansion upon the working population.

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C. Effects of Global Population

Globalization has direct effects on demographic processes. Those include
movements of people within and across national borders, health and fertility
outcomes, and changes in age structure. Historically, population growth has
served as an impetus for global exploration, international migration, and
colonization. In recent years, population dynamics have influenced
globalization through effects on the distribution of labor and capital.
Moreover, population growth and globalization have contributed to an increase

in greenhouse gas emissions because most processes used to generate the
energy needed and the processes for providing food (particularly livestock) for
a growing population with greater wealth, generates greenhouse gas
emissions. Furthermore, population growth increases food demand and
therefore the demand for agricultural land. Since rationally acting agents use
the economically most suitable resource first, additional agricultural land is
likely to be less profitable.
The effect of overpopulation are the following

a. Pressure on limited resources
b. Deforestation
c. Lack of Fresh water (water shortage)
d. Increase in industrial and community waste
e. Air, water, and land pollution
f. Increased density of population.
d. More mining of mineral resources
These are the impact of Population growth as shown below:

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Activity 1
I. Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and if it is

FALSE write the correct word on the space provided:
__________ 1. The underdeveloped world has experienced a population

explosion, the result of improved nutrition, public health infrastructure and
medical care.
__________ 2. Poverty and unemployment are, therefore only the result of the
workers’ natural propensity to reproduce beyond the available means of
subsistence.
__________ 3. Marx, accepts the Malthusian solution to the problems created
by the contradictions inherent in the capitalist system.
__________ 4. The world is currently gaining new inhabitants at a rate of 76
million people a year.
__________ 5. Marx poverty and unemployment were not due to increased
population, but due to democratic system which failed to provide jobs.
II. Essay
1. What are the problems you have encounter in your community or as what
you have observe concerning over population?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. List 10 problems and provide alternative solutions that you can recommend
to the government as part of their policies.
Problems Solutions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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Lesson 3: Global Migration

a. Factors of Global Migration
b. Push and Pull Factors of Migration
c. Overseas Filipino Workers

1. Identify factors of Global Migration
2. Examine the problems encountered by the OFW
3. Explain the cost and benefits of the country’s labor export policy
Lesson 3: Global Migration
Global migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries,

especially to find work. Most global migration is from developing countries to
developed one.
International migration has four components – “the in - migration of persons to

a country other than that of their place of birth or citizenship; the return migration
of nationals to their home country after residing abroad; the out - migration of
nationals from their home country, and the out - migration of foreigners from a
foreign country to which they had previously immigrated” (Kritz 2008). Our
primary concern in this section will be with the out - migration of nationals and
their in - migration to other countries.
There are interesting and important changes in the nature of today’s migrants.
First, the proportion of international migrants from the developed world has
actually declined. Second, there has been a large increase in the number of
migrants from the developing world Global
Migrant Pattern: The map shows the route of Human Migration from 1, 600, 000
– 10, 000 B.C. years ago….

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A. Factors of Global Migration

Global migration can be understood as a
cause and effect relationship, though the
causes are just as numerous as their
effects. People move across international
borders for a variety of reasons:
Economic Factors: Lack of employment

opportunities or differentials in employment
opportunities and wages; the lure of a well-
paid job in a wealthy country is a powerful
driver of international migration.
Political Factors: The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack

of basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable water, and inadequate health
care facilities) and industrial ventures in countries have also encouraged
international migration.
Social Factors: Socially factors are things that affect someone’s lifestyle.
These could include wealth, religion, buying habits, educational level, family
size and structure, and population density. Lack of educational institutions
across developing countries has also tremendously contributed to the reasons
for migration.
Cultural Factors: The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications

for translation and, despite the differences of opinion as to whether language is
a part of culture or not, the two are connected. Culture range from syntax,
ideologies, religion, ,language and dialect, to art and literacy.
B. Push and Pull Factors of Migration

Push and pull factors of migration are driven by the push of conflict, extreme
hardship, war, lack of economic opportunities, etc. combined with the pull of
more jobs, the promise of a better life, freedom to practice one’s religion, etc.

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Push Factors: “Reasons to leave” -

are those that make people decide to
leave their country and go somewhere
else. Generally, migrants leave their
countries because they are escaping
poverty, unemployment, and fear of
either political persecution or violent
crime.
There can also be social push factors that are often linked to economic reasons
which could include the lack of suitable medical facilities in the country of origin,
the lack of free or affordable education of an acceptable standard, or anything
else that would offer them a better standard of living in a different country, also
including a high crime rate in the country of origin. Also, people tend to migrate
to countries where they already know people they are close to, for example,
friends or family.
These are the most common political and economic push factors:
• Poor infrastructure that results in services that fall short of being adequate.
• Famine often caused by bad crops or unfavorable weather conditions.
• Lack of adequate medical care.
• High levels of long-term unemployment.
• Extreme poverty and lack of socio-economic upward mobility.
• Few career and educational opportunities.
• The fear caused by high crime rates.
• Poor standards of living.
• The fear of political persecution that could even result in jail time
Pull Factors: “Reasons to Migrate” - are the ones that make people decide to
go to a different country. A useful way of thinking about pull factors is what
attracts migrants to go to a specific country. So, the main pull factors that attract
migrants to the United States, Canada, Australia, and the most prosperous
European countries include the following (Ramos, 2017):
• Migrants are in search of personal and financial safety; or opportunity in

terms of employment, education, social class mobility. They are also looking
for freedom and stability.
The most common political and economic pull factors:

• Better infrastructure that results in inadequate facilities and services.
• Better healthcare and medical facilities such as hospitals.
• Better job and educational opportunities.
• Lower crime rates as a result of a combination of generally higher living
standards and better, less corrupt, and more efficient police force.
• Democratic political stability.
• A generally higher standard of living.
• More entertainment and better cultural options, which are a result of higher
standards of living, higher education levels, and more disposable income.

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C. Overseas Filipino Workers

Overseas Filipinos are people of full
or partial Filipino origin, i.e. people
who trace their ancestry to the
Philippines and who live reside
outside of the country. This term
generally applies both to people of
Filipino ancestry and to citizens
abroad. As of 2019, there are over
12 million overseas Filipinos.
In recent years, the improvement of the economy often attributed to their

remittances further cemented their mark in the Philippines. To recognize their
invaluable contribution to the Philippines, December each year is marked as
the Month of Overseas Filipinos through Proclamation No. 276 signed by
President Corazon Aquino in 1988.
The sacrifices overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) make just to provide a better
life for their families earned them the title of the nation’s bagong bayani (new
heroes). Here are important facts about the Philippines’ bagong bayani:
1. Number of OFWs deployed are increasing each year.
According to the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA),

there were a total of 1,844,406 OFWs in 2015 – 1,437,875 land-based and
406,531 sea-based. Data over the years suggest that there is an increasing
trend in the number of OFWs.
COMMON CHALLENGES that OFWs face abroad and ways on how

to cope with them.
1. Homesickness – One of the biggest challenges of an OFW is

homesickness. It is distressing when they miss important events, special
occasions and not seeing their kids grow up. Good thing, nowadays, it is
easy to communicate with their loved ones through Facebook, Viber, or
Skype.
2. Communication gap and culture differences – Working in another country,

dealing with the locales and communicating with them can be exhausting.
It may take awhile to adjust and adapt, but don’t stop learning their
language and understanding their culture. There are lots of ways to do it,
given that information is just at the tip of your fingers.
3. Financial – Most Filipinos think that working abroad will earn them big
money but sometimes, they don’t receive the high income that they
expected. Since they send almost all of their income to their families back
home, they need to make sacrifices and even neglect their basic needs
while living abroad.

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4. Maltreatment and other possible risks – We have heard stories told by

OFWs about how they were maltreated abroad.
As an OFW, keep these three things in mind: (a) know the location of the
Philippine Embassy; (b) know the nearest offices that oversee the needs of
Filipino workers abroad; (c) be aware of the REPUBLIC ACT No. 10022.
Activity 2
I. Multiple Choice
_____1.Which of the statement does not belong the group?

a. Better infrastructure that results in inadequate facilities and services.
b. Better healthcare and medical facilities such as hospitals.
c. Better job and educational opportunities.
d. Better salary and enjoyable life.
_____2. The emergence of a “__________” which seeks to contain the

movement of migrants not only between, but even within, national borders.
a. population c. community
b. illegal migrants d. mobility regime
_____3. _______ factors are those that make people decide to leave their
country and go somewhere else.
a. Economic c. Pull
b. Push d. Crisis
_____4. One of the biggest challenges of an OFW is _________. It is

distressing when they miss important events, special occasions and not seeing
their kids grow up.
a. Parental Problems c. Homesickness
b. abusive employer d. no salary

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____ 5. The most common political and economic push factors are the following
but which not included in the group.
a. Poor infrastructure that results in services that fall short of being adequate.
b. Famine often caused by bad crops or unfavorable weather conditions.
c. Lack of adequate medical care.
d. High levels of long-term employment.
II. Write T if the Statement is True and Write F if the statement is False.
__________1. Most Filipinos think that working abroad will earn them big
money but sometimes, they don’t receive the high income that they expected.
__________2. Migrants are in search of personal and financial safety.
__________3. Push factor only of migration are driven by the push of conflict,
extreme hardship, war, lack of economic opportunities.
__________4. A key development in terms of investment involved TNCs,
especially American based firms in fields like automobiles and computers.
__________5. If nations routinely lost large numbers of such workers, their
ability to compete in the global marketplace would suffer.
III. KEY WORDS: You can based your discussion on the given pictures
A. How do the factors affects the Global Migration ?

B. Explain each factors.(Based on the given pictures above)
IV. Let’s Reflect
Interview an OFW (Ex-OFW or a present OFW) based on their personal views

or opinion let them answer this following question. You can interview them
online or mobile phone to avoid direct contact with them.
Guide Questions:
1. How their life as an OFW?

2. For you ,What do you mean by Economic Crisis?
3. Being an OFW , is it an obligation to help our country? Yes? Why…. No?
Why……..

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CHAPTER VI
Sustainable World
Lesson 1: Sustainable Development

a. Stability vs Sustainability
b. Sustainable Development Goals

By the end of this topic/chapter, you must be able
to:
1. Describe sustainable development and
differentiate stability and sustainability
2. Determine each sustainable development
goals and its impact
Lesson 1: Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is best describe as the organizing principle for
meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability
of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on
which the economy and society depends. And also , Sustainable Development
is development that meets the needs of the present , without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The said development is
driven by one particular need, without fully considering the wider or future
impacts. We are already seeing the damage of this kind of approach which can
cause, from large-scale financial crises caused by irresponsible banking, to
changes in global climate resulting from our dependence on fossil fuel-based
energy sources. The longer we pursue unsustainable development, the more
frequent and severe its consequences are likely to become, which is why we
need to take action now.

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We live within our environmental limits which one of the central principles of
sustainable development whereby one implication of not doing so is climate
change. But the focus of sustainable development is far broader than just the
environment. It is also about ensuring a strong, healthy and just society. This
The meaning of sustainable development is to meet the diverse needs of all
people in existing and future communities, promoting personal wellbeing, social
cohesion and inclusion, and creating equal opportunity.
Furthermore, Sustainable development is about finding better ways of doing

things, both for the future and the present. We might need to change the way
we work and live now, but this doesn't mean our quality of life will be reduced.
Sustainable development provides an approach to making better decisions on

the issues that affect all of our lives. By incorporating health plans into the
planning of new communities, for instance, we can ensure that residents have
easy access to healthcare and leisure facilities. (By encouraging more
sustainable food supply chains, we can ensure the UK has enough food for the
long-term future.)
A. Stability vs Sustainability
Re-establishing the equilibrium among humanity, nature,
societies and spirituality was a prevailing theme and a great deal of
contemporary attention while much of this is specifically directed to
environmental matters and human resource sustainability.
Sustainability is a comprehensive approach to management of the

organizations which is focused on creating and maximizing long-term
economic, social, and environmental value. It is the capacity to endure in a
relatively ongoing way across various domains of life. It is the process of people
maintaining change in a homeostasis-balanced environment, in which the
exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of
technological development, and institutional change are all in harmony and
enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and
aspirations. Sustainability is also defined through the following interconnected
domains or pillars: environmental, economic, and social which is according to
Capra, F., is based on the principles of systems thinking.
Meanwhile, stability generally means the ability of the system to keep it in the
given parameters. The stability of the enterprise is a dynamic, complex,
multifaceted category which include such aspects: industrial technological,
social, environmental, and marketing. There are four approaches to the concept
of economic stability: first, involves the use of term “Steady state” which reflects
the dynamic equilibrium of the economic system; second, identifies economic
stability of businesses with its financial position (financial stability); third, use as
a basis the concept of sustainable economic growth, which characterizes the
dynamic equilibrium of the economic system; and fourth, provides review of the
problem of stability under the provisions of the concept of “sustainable
development” or “sustainability”.

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B. Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goals are a call for action by all countries – poor,
rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity while protecting the planet.
They recognize that ending poverty must go hand -in-hand with strategies that
build economic growth and address a range of social needs including
education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling climate
change and environmental protection. More important than ever, the goals
provide critical framework for COVID-19 recovery.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals

designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for
all". The SDGs, set in 2015 by the United Nation General Assembly and
intended to be achieved by the year 2030, are part of UN Resolution 70/1, the
2030 Agenda.
The Sustainable Development Goals are:
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10.Reducing Inequality
11.Sustainable Cities and Communities
12.Responsible Consumption and
Production
13.Climate Action 1
14.Life Below Water
15.Life On Land
16.Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals
The goals are broad based and interdependent. The objective was to produce
a set of universal goals that meet the urgent environmental, political, and
economic challenges facing our world. The 17 sustainable development goals
each has a list of targets which are measured with indicators. In an effort to
make the SDGs successful, data on the 17 goals has been made available in
an easily-understood form. A variety of tools exist to track and visualize
progress towards the goals. Achieving the SDGs requires the partnership of
governments, private sector, civil society and citizens alike to make sure we
leave a better planet for future generations.

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Activity 1
I. Lets Reflect:
A. Examine the pictures and make a description regarding the situation that
could relate to your understanding about sustainable development goals.
Please write your answer below.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
B. Among the given Sustainable Goals , select at least 5 goals and explain
each.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Lesson 2: Global Food Security

a. Model of Global Food Security
b. Factors Influencing Global Food Security
c. Challenges of Global Food Security

1. Analyze the concept model of Global Food Security
2. Identify the causes of global food insecurity
3. Determine the challenges of Global Food Security with its solutions
Lesson 2: Global Food Security
The Global Food Security Index considers the core issues of affordability,
availability and quality across a set of 113 countries. The index is a dynamic
quantitative and qualitative benchmarking model constructed from 34 unique
indicators, that measures these drivers of food security across both developing
and developed countries. This index is the first to examine food security
comprehensively across the three internationally established dimensions .
Moreover, the study looks beyond hunger to the underlying factors affecting
food security. The GFSI now includes an adjustment factor on natural resources
and resilience. This category assesses a country’s exposure to the impacts of
a changing climate; its susceptibility to natural resource risk’s and how the
country is adapting to these risks.
A. Model of Global Food Security

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B. Factors Influencing Global Food Security
Food security is defined as physical and economic access to sufficient food to

meet the dietary requirements for a productive, healthy life. The World Food
Summit of 1996 proposed that food security involves food availability, food
access, and food utilization, and that all of these factors are interrelated. On
other hand, food insecurity is defined as inadequate physical, social, or
economic access to food. Achieving food security, one of the vital Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs; SDG-2), along with adequate nutrition, is a basic
necessity since an undernourished or hungry population hampers economic
productivity. Undernutrition has a profound effect on growth, development of
acute and chronic diseases, survival, and economic productivity .
Global data suggested that >800 million people around the world were
considered food insecure in 2012–2014. Asians, sub-Saharan Africans, and the
Pacific Islanders constitute the majority of the world's population, with 30% of
the food-insecure population (276 million) living in South East Asia. Multiple
factors are responsible for food insecurity worldwide, including population
growth, climate change, increasing cost of food, unemployment, poverty, and
loss of biodiversity (Khanam, et al., 2020)
The concept of food insecurity is complex and goes beyond the simplistic idea
of a country's inability to feed its population. The global food situation is
redefined by many driving forces such as population growth, availability of
arable lands, water resources, climate change and food availability,
accessibility and loss. The combined effect of these factors has undeniably
impacted global food production and security.
In this globalized era of the 21st century, many determinants of food security
are transboundary and require multilateral agreements and actions for an
effective solution. Food security and hunger alleviation on a global scale are
within reach provided that technological innovations are accepted and
implemented at all levels (Premanandh, 2011).

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C. Challenges of Global Food Security
Food security is both a complex and challenging issue to resolve as it cannot

be characterized or limited by geography nor defined by a single grouping, i.e.,
demography, education, geographic location or income. Currently,
approximately one billion people (16% of global population) suffer from chronic
hunger in a time when there is more than enough food to feed everyone on the
planet. Therein lies the Food security challenge to implement an ability to deal
with increasing food shortages, caused by a combination of waste and an ever
expanding world population. At current levels prediction state that we must
increase global food production by 70% on already over exploited finite
infrastructures before 2050.
Global food security - Issues, challenges & technological solutions
Food security occurs when all people are able to access enough safe and
nutritious food to meet their requirements for a healthy life, in ways the planet
can sustain into the future. However, food security faces a number of
challenges across both production and consumption which research will be
essential to solve.
Many countries are facing the double burden of hunger and undernutrition
alongside overweight and obesity, with one in three people across the globe
currently suffering from some form of malnutrition. Indeed it is not unusual to
find people with different forms of malnutrition living side-by-side in one country,
in one community, or even in the same household.
The United Nations has set ending hunger, achieving food security and
improved nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture as the second of its
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the year 2030. In order to
achieve these objectives we will need to address a host of issues, from gender
parity and ageing populations to skills development and global warming. Which
the agriculture sectors will have to become more productive by adopting
efficient business models and forging public-private partnerships and must be
sustainable by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use and waste.
These are the challenges to global food security

• Food price volatility
• Energy / Biofuels
• Population growth and demographic changes
• Land and water constraints
• Climate Change
• Conflicts

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Activity 2
I. Make a critical analysis regarding this situation using the different concepts
that you have learned from this chapter.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
II. Complete Sentences:
1. Food security occurs when all people are able to _____ enough safe and
nutritious food to meet their requirements for a healthy life.
2. The index is a dynamic quantitative and qualitative benchmarking model

constructed from 34 unique indicators, that measures these _______ of food
security across both developing and developed countries.
3. The global food situation is redefined by many driving forces such as

_________, availability of arable lands, water resources, climate change and
food availability, accessibility and loss.
4. Food security faces a number of challenges across both production and

_______which research will be essential to solve.
5. These are the challenges to global food security such as _______ volatility,
energy / biofuels and population growth and demographic change.

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Lesson 3: Global Citizenship
a. Ethical Obligations of Global Citizenship

1. Relate with your personal definition of global citizenship
2. Discuss the ethical obligations of global citizenship and how it works in
globalization
Lesson 3: Global Citizenship

Global citizenship can be defined as a moral
and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of local
and global contexts and remind them of their
relative responsibilities within various
communities. Global citizens are the glue
which binds local communities together in an
increasingly globalized world.
Many of newly emerging global citizens are actively engaged in global efforts –
whether in business ventures, environmentalism, concern for nuclear weapons,
health or immigration problems. Rather than citizenship, being the result of
rights and obligations granted by a central authority, the lack of such authority
gives primacy to the global citizens themselves: not a top-down but a down-up
scenario. While various types of global citizens exist, a common thread to their
emergence is their base in grassroots activism. We may identify different types
of global citizens, yet many of these categories are best summarized by their
emergence despite a lack of any global governing body. It is as if they have
spontaneously erupted of their own volition (Carter, 2001).
To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and

proactive. They need to be able to solve problems, make decisions, think
critically, communicate ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups.
These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to
succeed in other areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces.
These skills and qualities cannot be developed without the use of active
learning methods through which pupils learn by doing and by collaborating with
others
Are you a global citizen? (adapted Teachunicef .org) You must:
1. Understand we were born of this world

2. Protect our country, the world, when called upon to do so.
3. Stand up and defend against the injustice we see
4. Understand the interconnectedness
5. Respect and value diversity
6. Take action in meaningful ways.

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A. Ethical Obligations of Global Citizenship

Ethics of global citizenship are the principles including respecting others,
obeying rules and laws, and setting a good example to others. Global citizens
feel a sense of responsibility to help others no matter where in the world they
live which help citizens overcome social problems, building rapport with one
another, maintaining peace and stability and realizing justice and equality
among people from different cultures. For Oxfam, he defined global citizen as
someone who :
• Is aware of the wider world and

has a sense of their own role as
a world citizen
• Respects and values diversity
• Has an understanding of how the
world works economically,
politically, socially, culturally,
technologically and environmentally
• Is outraged by social injustice
• Participates in and contributes to the community at a range of levels from
local to global
• Is willing to act to make the world a more sustainable place
• Takes responsibility for their actions
Why is Global Citizenship education needed?
With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is
not ‘out there’; it is part of our everyday lives, as we are linked to others on
every continent:
• socially and culturally through the media and telecommunications, and

through travel and migration
• economically through trade
• environmentally through sharing one planet
• politically through international relations and systems of regulation.
The opportunities our fast-changing ‘globalized’ world offers young people are
enormous. But so too are the challenges. Young people are entitled to an
education that equips them with the knowledge, skills and values they need in
order to embrace the opportunities and challenges they encounter, and to
create the kind of world that they want to live in. An education that supports
their development as Global Citizens.
Moreover, it is the idea that one identity transcends geography or political

borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in
broader class called “humanity”. And someone who feels like they are part of
an emerging world community and someone who works to contribute to this
society’s values and beliefs. Which a citizens view the world as a whole , value
diversity and understand global issues.

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Activity 3
I. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
____________ 1. Global citizens are the glue which binds local communities
together in an increasingly globalized world.
____________ 2. Participates in and contributes to the community at a range

of levels from local to global.
____________3. As an effective Global Citizens, young people need to be

flexible, creative and active.
____________ 4. Global is ‘out there’; it is part of our everyday lives, as we are

linked to others on every continent.
_____________5. Global Citizen is the idea that one identity transcends

geography or political borders.
II. Essay: Explain concisely.
1. How do you describe yourself as a Global citizen?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. In your own view, What values can the global citizen can share to the
community in general?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. As a Filipino? Can you describe yourself as a global citizen?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
FINAL EXAMINATION will be given after the full compliance of the

requirements

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References
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Books, London, UK.

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Rigg, J. (2007). An Everyday Geography of the Global South, 34p. Routledge

Taylor & Francis Group. London and New York.
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Robinson, W. I. (2007). The Blackwell Companion to Globalization: Theories
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Oxford.
Robinson, W. I. (2008) Latin America and Global Capitalism: A Critical
Globalization Perspective. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Sassen, S. (2013): Global Cities. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New
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Schirato, T., et al. (2003). Understanding globalization. SAGE Publications
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10(1), 11–30. Carfax Publishing, England, United Kingdom.
Wallerstein, I. (1979). The Capitalist World-Economy. Cambridge University
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Journals/ Articles
Azzouzi, M.E. (2013). Religion and Globalisation: Benefits And Challenges.
https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/01/75121/religion-and-
globalisation-benefits-and-challenges/
Bailey, R. (2018). Why do we need global governance?
https://www.visionofearth.org/social-change/global-governance/
Cardim de Carvalho, F. (2007). The IMF as Crisis Manager: An Assessment
of the Strategy in Asia and of Its Criticisms. Journal of Post Keynesian
Economics, Winter.
Carter, A. F. (2001). The Political Theory of Global Citizenship.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37621479_The_Political_Theory
_of_Global_Citizenship
Hjarvard, S. (1999). Global Media Cultures: A Research Programme on the
Role of Media in Cultural Globalization. Department of Film & Media
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Hurell, A. (2007). “One World? Many Worlds? The Place of Regions in the
Study of International Society”. Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan., 2007), pp. 127-146 (20
pages). Published by Oxford University Press.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122043

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Jacoby W. and Meunier S. (2010). Europe and the Management of

Globalization. Journal of European Public Policy, 17: 3, 299 — 317. 07.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501761003662107
Khanam, M., et al. (2020). Factors Affecting Food Security in Women Enrolled
in a Program for Vulnerable Group Development. Current Developments in
Nutrition, Volume 4, Issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa037
Kotkin, J. (2014). The World's Most Influential Cities.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2014/08/14/the-most-influential-
cities-in-the-world/?sh=73cf578c7ad0
Kritz, M. (2008). Migration: International. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of
Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosm102
Mofatt, M. (2020). Understanding The Bretton Woods System: Tying World
Currency to the Dollar. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-bretton-woods-
system-overview-1147446
Odeh, L. E. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global North And Global South
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No.3, 2010) ISSN: 1520-5509. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion,
Pennsylvania
Premanandh, J. (2011). Factors affecting food security and contribution of
modern technologies in food sustainability. Journal of the Science of Food
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Ramos, J. (2017). Push And Pull Factors Of Migration.
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migration/
Ravenhill, J. (2008). Global Political Economy, p. 174. Oxford: Oxford
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Tatum, M. (2020). What Is Market Integration?.
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Thompson, J. B. ( 2005). The New Visibility: Volume: 22 issue: 6, page(s): 31-
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Tomlinson, J. (2012). Cultural Imperialism. The Wiley‐Blackwell Encyclopedia
of Globalization. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog129
Watson, J. (2015). GLOBALIZATION IN ASIA: Anthropological Perspectives.
University of California Press. California.
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Weiss, T.G. (2015). Global Governance: Why? What? Whither?. Oxford: Polity
Press 180pp. (pbk).

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APPENDICES

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ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER I
Activity 1 Design Thinking Process
Globalization is the worldwide integration of economic, technological, political,

cultural, and social aspects between countries. The design depicts globalization
as characterized by the interconnectedness of people from different nation-
states as symbolized by the hands holding together as a sign of agreement of
common interest. The production of raw materials and the flow of trade from
one state to another on products (bag & pencil), foods (wheats and fruits), and
technology by means of transportation(airplane) as well as the dissemination
of information by means media (mobile phone ) around the globe signifies that
globalization is moving in a light manner.
Activity 2
1. How can these people survive in the midst of globalization?
These people living in deprived parts of the world can survive in the midst
of globalization by means of global awareness spreading democracy
and growing demands for political freedoms will lead to provision of
assistance and support from another state with interest or exchange
trading of goods, products and services to another state. Referring to
unskilled and indigenous people who were greatly affected when a
development in their area occurs, they can survive through making
mutual agreements and policies with other party involved for their proper
displacement areas, benefits and environment assessments for
compliance.
2. 2.Can globalization help improve their lives?.

Yes, globalization can help improve their lives in the manner that the
development in their area simply leads to the economic advantage since
roads, railways, buildings, etc. were built. Therefore, transportation will
be easy access for trading and there is a possibility of increase in tourism
in the community which will give them work opportunities. Moreover,
policies and programs which will provide assistance will help them adjust
and improve their way living.
Chapter Exam
I. Multiple Choice
1. c
2. a
3. a

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4. c
5. b
6. b
7. d
8. c
9. b
10. c
II. Matching Type

1. e
2. d
3. c
4. b
5. a
III. Identification
3. Name the two words that explain what globalization is. 10pts.
According to Steger, 2005 Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
4. Identify at least 2 global issues and relate to your actual observation in

your own community 20pts
a. Population
b. Food Production
c. The Energy
d. Military issues
e. Economic
f. Environmental
g. Poverty
IV Essay Questions (Write At least 2,500 words per question)
a. How does Globalization encourage global awareness and

community?
Globalization encourage global awareness and community
through a range of technological developments in
transportation and communication which enabled far greater
global interactive movements on different spheres such as
political, social, cultural, economic and technology.
Globalization is a transplanetary process involving increasing
liquidity and growing multi -directional flows as well as the
structures they encounter and create. This process has effects
on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic developments and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.
Globalization by means of technological developments
specifically on transportation has spurred increase in cross-
border trade, investment, and migration by which the
governments negotiated reductions in barriers to commerce

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and have established international agreements to promote

trade in goods, services and investments. Therefore, it
encourages global awareness among state-nations in terms
of cross-border trading, global marketing and international
financial business. It also encourages the community in terms
of accessibility in transportation among locals in delivering
their raw materials, goods and services. Meanwhile,
advances in information technology and communication have
dramatically transformed economic life speeded in large part
by diffusion, and spread of information across borders. The
rapid improvement in the spread of communication to
peripheral and semi-peripheral nations. Information
technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors
– consumers, investors, businesses – valuable new tools for
identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including
faster and more informed analyses of economic trends around
the world, easy transfer of assets, and collaboration with far-
flung partners. In conclusion, advancement on information
technology and communication contributes global awareness
by providing fast and accurate data and information on trends
to contend with the demands and latest updates around the
globe. At the same time, it encourages the community to
develop economically and raise their standards of living.
b. What are the chief Concerns about the impacts of Globalization?
The wider effects of globalization increased global awareness

and the growth of illicit or illegal cross-border activities.
Moreover, the global interconnectivity which probably
facilitated the illegitimate transaction of activities such black
market and other human trafficking. For the people living in
deprived parts of the world , global awareness raises their
expectations and lower their tolerance of the situation they are
in. this is probably a factor in the spread of democracy and
growing demands for political freedoms where these are still
denied. Further, the unskilled and indigenous people are
particularly the vulnerable one. The high rising building and
increase mobility of economic enterprise lead them to
displaced and massive dislocation, environmental
degradation, and violations of human rights. Globalization is
deeply controversial since the creation of an unrestricted
international free market has benefitted multinational
corporations in Western world at the expense of local
enterprises, local cultures, and common people. As business
people and governments try to manage the flow of capital,
labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of
globalization, resistance to globalization has therefore taken
shape both at a popular and governmental level.

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CHAPTER II
Activity 1: Identify at least 5 Multinational Corporations and describe their role

in the society .
1. Micosoft Corporation, Apple Inc., Amazon.com, Inc., and Google
LLC are multinational technology companies which design, develop,
manufacture, license, support and sell computer software, consumer
electronics, and related online services. These companies mainly focus
on e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming and artificial
intelligence. These are well-established industries through technological
innovation, Internet-related services and mass scale. Their role in the
society is to drive growth and advancement operations since industries,
companies or even individuals rely on technology to improve business
marketing and production, and for convenient learning and
communication.
2. Nestle, PepsiCo, Inc and Coco-Cola Company are multinational food
and beverages corporations which deal in manufacturing, marketing,
and distribution of foods, carbonated soft drinks, grain-based snacks,
beverages, and other products. These foods industries have universal
role in expanding economic opportunity because these foods are
essential to human life, provides consumers satisfaction, provides
product information and health benefits.
3. Nike, Inc. and Adidas are multinational corporation that are engaged in
the design, development, manufacturing and worldwide marketing and
sales of their products like shoes, clothing, and accessories. They
provide good quality of product for clothing which is vital for every
individual in the society as well as it gives a sense of fashion suitable for
any occasion.
4. HP- Hewlett & Packard commonly known as HP is an American
multinational information technology company. It has developed and
provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and
related to consumers, small and medium-sized businesses and large
enterprises.
5. Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company.
The company deals in music entertainment business, video game
console and publishing business. It also manufactures electronic
products for the consumer and professional markets.
6. . Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) and Colgate-Palmolive (India)
Ltd are multinational consumer goods and products corporation which
specialized in a wide range or broadly diversified mix of products of
household personal health/ consumer health and personal care as well
as hygiene products. Its product portfolio also included foods, snacks
and beverages.
7. Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automotive
manufacturer. Toyota is the global market leader in sales of hybrid
electric vehicles and one of the largest companies to encourage the
mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe.

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Guide Questions :
a. How can they help boost our economy?
Multinational Corporation has several advantages that can help improve
our economy. First, generation of employment, when multinational
corporations invest in a country they create employment opportunities in
hiring skilled workers and professionals for managerial, operation,
production, and marketing positions. Second, investment of foreign
capital, inward investment by multinationals creates much needed
foreign currency for developing economies. Multinationals engage in
foreign direct investments which helps create capital flows to
poorer/developing economies. Lastly, taxation revenues, countries that
host multinational corporations also benefit from tax revenues from the
companies.
b. Are their presence affect out economic relationship with other countries?
Yes, their presence affect our economic relationship with other countries
since economic activities of Multinational Corporation were spread over
many countries, they have greatly impacted and influenced in improving
international trading among countries in the exchange of their goods and
services.
Activity 2: Modified True or False
1. Depression
2. T
3. exchange
4. T
5. world system
Activity 3
What are the roles of GATT, WB, IMF and WTO in promoting economic
independence among member states?
1.GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement

between many countries which sought to facilitate the liberalization of trade by
the reduction or elimination of trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. The role
of GATT in integrating developing countries into an open multilateral trading
system had increased their participation in the GATT trading system and the
pragmatic support provided to them through the flexible application of certain
rules helped developing countries to both expand and diversify their trade
2.WB - World Bank role was to facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of
international trade, to promote exchange stability, to assist in the establishment
of a multilateral system of payments, to give confidence to members by making
the IMF's general resources temporarily available to them under adequate
safeguards.

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3.IMF – International Monetary Fund’s fundamental mission is to help ensure

stability in the international system. It does so in three ways: keeping track of
the global economy and the economies of member countries; lending to
countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving practical help to
members. The IMF’s mandate includes facilitating the expansion and balanced
growth of international trade, promoting exchange stability, and providing the
opportunity for the orderly correction of countries’ balance of payments
problems.
4.WTO – World Trade Organization works to help international trade flow

smoothly, predictably, and freely, and provides countries with a constructive
and fair outlet for dealing with disputes over trade issues. The WTO, and other
international organizations and donors often work together to help countries
improve their ability to trade. They create framework which provided trade-
related technical assistance to Least Developed Countries in order to support
them to be more active players in the global trading system by helping them
tackle supply-side constraints to trade.
Activity 4
A. Identify one international organization and discuss their role and function in
the international economic arena. (AT least 150 Words)
International Organizations: United Nations, World Bank, World Trade

Organization, World Health Organization, UNESCO, European Union,
International Monetary Fund, Asian Bank, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development, etc.
OECD or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, is an

international organization that promotes policy coordination and economic
freedom among developed countries. Their main purpose is to improve the
global economy and promote world trade as well as provide an outlet for the
government of different countries to work together to find solutions to common
problems as it includes working with democratic nations that share a
commitment to improving the economy and well-being of the general
population. OECD help governments around the world to improve confidence
in markets and the institutions that help them function, obtain healthy public
finances to achieve future sustainable economic growth, achieve growth
through innovation, environmentally friendly strategies, and the sustainability of
developing economies, and provide resources for people to develop the skills
they need to be productive. Hence, their overall goal is to promote economic
development in member countries, and they remain a powerful driver in
increasing economic efficiency and improving living standards around the
world.
B. Essay
1. How do we make globalization more just?
Openness and integration among countries brought by globalization led to
unprecedented economic progress over the years which resulted to

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international spread of capitalism, rationalism, industrial production, and

economic liberalism. Trade and investment between countries are the driving
force behind international relations in global economy and trade impacts nearly
every aspect of society. Globalization specifically economic globalization
brought advantages in every country since it created jobs, lowered the price of
the consumer goods, fueled innovation and improved access to technology as
well as promoted peace among nations. However, it fueled inequality, eroded
worker protections, reduced public revenues, and contributed to environmental
protection. With regards to this, we can make globalization more just by creating
opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared
better. Since the government can play a major role in making this possible, its
policies must protect the interests not only of the rich and the powerful but of all
the people in the country. The government must ensure that labor laws are
properly implemented, and the workers get their rights. Globalization needs
rules and a recognized framework to ensure that it benefits everybody,
delivering sustained and inclusive economic growth thru scrutinized legislation
by the international organization. Further, international cooperation is the only
way to achieve strong, sustainable, balanced, and inclusive global growth.
2. How is the state affected by globalization? How is the nation affected by

globalization? Do these institutions/concepts remain relevant? Why/why not?
Globalization has affected the state in many ways: politically through

interdependence and independence of states, socially through the problems
and threats of internal conflicts and deadly diseases, technologically through
the media and internet, and economically through the change from national to
global economies. While globalization has affected a nation since it creates a
sense of interdependence among nations, resulting to an imbalance of power
among nations of different economic strengths.
Nation and state are two non-interchangeable terms comprising the word
nation-state which is relatively modern phenomenon in the human history. The
role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the
varying definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been
defined in many ways, globalization is generally recognized as the fading or
complete disappearance of economic, social, and cultural borders between
nation-states which leads to nation-states, being inherently divided by physical
and economic boundaries will be less relevant in globalized world.
However, these concepts are still relevant even though globalization have
lowered the importance of the nation-states, but in the end, the states who
adapt to the changes their role makes or responsive to change will remain the
most successful in the face of globalization.
Activity 5
A. Let’s Reflect
1. What are the roles of IMF, World Bank, GATT and WTO in promoting
economic independence between and among member states?
same answer with activity 3

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2. What are the problems encounter by nation states upon the existence of
multinational corporation?
These are the problems encountered by nation-states upon the existence of
multinational corporation: first, environmental impacts and least concern for
priorities of host country, since Multinational Corporations produced goods
using least expensive methods possible worldwide, their desire to work cheaply
and efficiently often is at odds with sound environment practices. With their
economic importance to their host countries, they often find themselves in a
power position when lobbying for beneficial environmental regulations that
favor profits over nature. If host countries are at an economic disadvantage,
their desire for increased revenue can override their need to regulate
environmental impacts; second, adverse effect on domestic enterprises due to
transfer pricing, since MNCs reduce their tax liability in those countries that may
have a higher tax rate for their products and increase their liability in countries
with lower tax rate, which result to two or more different countries losing
valuable tax revenue because of financial loopholes in the tax laws; third,
change in culture and social impact, since the increasing number of MNCs is
creating a sort of homogenization effect, making much of the world look the
same and causing different countries to lose their identities. Also, they tend to
build in countries without strict health and safety laws, adding to the social
decline of host countries; lastly, worker exploitation, since MNCs can afford to
pick and choose when it comes to finding governments that enact employment
laws that benefit their business over the workers, hence, they’re free to set up
factories in economic deserts where people are eager to work for pennies a day
wherein workers are low-skilled, resulting in a general loss of quality in the
product line.
C. WORD SEARCH
H U M A N R I G H T S T G P A
U O R G A N I Z A T I O N E F
G S E C U R I T Y N A T I A R
A H U M A N I T A R I A N C I
N S E C R E T A R I A T L E C
D F P E A C E J U S T I C E A
A R I O D E J A N E I R O O Z
G O V E R N A N C E L U N I T
U N I T E D N A T I O N S I N
Guide Questions- ANSWERS

1. United Nations
2. Human Rights
3.Secretariat
4. Africa
5. Rio de Janeiro

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Chapter 3
Activity 1
I. Enumeration
1. APEC has 21 member countries. This are as follows:
1. Australia
2. Brunei Darussalam
3. Canada
4. Chile 11-12 Nov 1994
5. People's Republic of China
6. Hong Kong, China
7. Indonesia
8. Japan
9. Republic of Korea
10. Malaysia
11. Mexico
12. New Zealand
13. Papua New Guinea
14. Peru
15. The Philippines
16. Russia
17. Singapore
18. Chinese Taipei
19. Thailand
20. The United States
21. Vietnam
2. Benefits of one’s country as member of the APEC

1. Making it easier to trade across borders- APEC committed to
achieving Bogor goals of free and open trade and investment through
reducing trade barriers in the region and promoting the free flow of
goods, services and capital among APEC it member countries.
2. Making it easier to do business- APEC launched its Ease of Doing
Business Plan with the goal of making it cheaper, easier, and faster to
do business in the region. Member countries improved the ease of doing
business in Asia-Pacific.
3. Faster Customs Procedures- at the border, APEC member countries
have centralized export-import processes online, accelerating the time it
takes for goods to travel across borders.
4. Structural Reform- APEC worked to foster transparency, competition
and better functioning of markets in the Asia-Pacific through regulatory
reform, improving public sector and corporate governance, and
strengthening the legal infrastructure
5. Increased Energy Efficiency and Renewables- Members work toward
doubling the share of renewables in APEC’s energy mix, including in
power generation. APEC projects also support the development of smart
electricity grids that enable sources of clean power.
5. APEC improved physical infrastructure linkages, people mobility and
institutional ties across the Asia-Pacific through improving information

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technology and transportation infrastructure making it easier to travel

around region.
6. APEC also improve logistics and transport networks to enable
component parts and final goods to travel across multiple borders,
contributing to more efficient regional supply chain.
7. APEC encourage the development of clean technologies and greener
growth across region by lower tariffs on environmental goods. APEC
help develop low carbon model town plans for a series of cities
throughout the Asia-Pacific.
8. Enhanced the Social Equity in the Region- APEC ensures that all
members of the Asia-Pacific can participate in the growing economy by
providing computer skills training to vulnerable rural and urban
communities.
II. Multiple Choice

1. c
2. d.
3. c
4. d
5. c
CHAPTER IV
Activity 1
1.How global media affects your daily life?

The global media (this applies to traditional media such as newspapers, TV,
and movies, as well as to the newly emerging media on, or related to, the
Internet) are increasingly dominated by a relatively small number of huge
corporations. Global media has a vital role in the community and have become
a necessity in these present time in our daily lives. Everything now revolves
around technology and by means of that everyone relies on global media for
information, trading, socializing and communication purposes, and others.
Global media affects my daily life in a way that it helps me in my studies, and it
make my task works more easily, faster, and efficiently. For example, I use my
cellphone and laptop to search for ideas or general information in google and
other platforms specifically with regards to the topics discussed in the module
so I can answer my assignments. I also use messenger, google classroom,
zoom, etc to communicate with my friends and classmates so I can be informed
of the updates with our online classes. We read newspapers, watched
televisions, and used internet to be informed, entertained, and connected with
others virtually in different distant locations. And recently using applications
(such as amazon, shoppee, Lazada, etc) in purchasing goods and products
become a trend since lockdown. Therefore, one of the keys in globalization is
global media which affects everyone’s daily life in every part of the world.
2.Which is more beneficial to you, the community without technology or

community with technology? Briefly explain your answer.

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A community with technology is more beneficial for me since we are now

adapting with modernization which technology is essential in our daily lives
such as in our households, schools, hospitals, offices, transportations and
many more. In our homes, we use technology and electricity such as light
bulbs/incandescent lights to lighten our houses instead of using oil
lamps/candles. We also used may appliances such as fans, washing machines,
rice cookers and others to make our work easier and convenient. In schools,
there are some learning materials that requires the use of technology such as
projectors to make presentations/lectures more understandable and interesting
to students, the use of computers to provide easy access and wider range of
information for learning as well as the use of laboratory apparatus for
experimentations. In hospitals, technology is necessary to provide assistance
through laboratory scans and medical diagnoses, producing pharmaceutical
medicines and furthermore save the lives of patients during major operations.
In offices and transportation, technology is beneficial since it provides better
communication means, ease in mobility, cost efficient and it saves time making
every work more productive. Hence, a community with technology is more
beneficial compared to a community without technology in different aspects with
today’s contemporary world.
CHAPTER IV
Activity 1
I. Modified True or False

1. developing
2. True
3. rejects
4. True
5. capitalist
II. Essay
1. What are the problems you have encounter in your community or as what
you have observe concerning over population?
Some problems of overpopulation are the following: pressure on limited

resources; deforestation; lack of Fresh water (water shortage); increase in
industrial and community waste; air, water, and land pollution; increased
density of population; and more mining of mineral resources. In my community.
I observe that overpopulation brought an increase in our community waste
because as the people increase their consumption of industrial products (such
as cellophanes, plastic bottles, diapers, cans, etc) increase as well, which led
to the second problem which is pollution of air, water and land due to
mismanagement of waste and lack of discipline of people (throwing it anywhere
whether in the lakes, backyards, and streets). Also, I observed that the increase
density of population caused the decrease of agricultural land areas since it has
been converted to a residential area causing pressure on raw resources (such
as rice, vegetables, and fruits).

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2. List 10 problems and provide alternative solutions that you can recommend
to the government as part of their policies.
1. Environmental Degradation – Promote environmental projects such as tree
planting activities, fruits and vegetables gardening in households, and focus on
agriculture in providing assistance especially to farmers.
2. Depletion of Natural Resources- Create policies and programs which aims
to sustain our natural resources by upholding methods of culturing of fish,
poultry and livestock raising, farming, etc
3. Increase in Pollution – Strict implementation of waste management program
by imposing high penalties to those individuals who violate the law or caught in
the act of burning plastic waste, throwing their waste in any bodies of water and
not properly segregating and disposing their waste in the designated dumping
area.
4. Ecological Collapse – Promote community service programs for ecology and
environmental sustainability.
5. Water and food conflicts – Build water pumps or wells for general use in a
specific populated area and conduct a seminar to encourage them to plant
vegetables in their own households so they can have their own source of food.
6. Increase in Crime Rates – Promote programs like sports and other
entertainment activities with prices in the community to encourage the residents
to engage with these for them to enjoy and gain money as well. By this,
possibility of crimes due to bad influence especially to youth may be prevented.
7. Rise of unemployment – Upholding livelihood seminars and encouraging
those unemployed to create their own businesses in craftmanship, food
products, clothing, etc
8. Increasing costs of living and housing – Provide with housing assistance for
those who are poor families with vulnerable shelter and coordinate with the
Department of Social Welfare and Development for some social assistance.
9. Malnutrition and starvation – Provide food feeding programs and assistance
until they are capable enough of living and evaluate them afterwards.
10. Increasing probability of epidemics – Coordinate with the Department of
Health for community’s Immunization and vaccination programs and conduct
monthly evaluation on their area’s condition to maintain a clean and healthy
environment.
Activity 2
I. Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. D
II. True or False

1. T
2. T

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3. F
4. F
5. T
III.
A. How do the factors affects the Global Migration?
Factors such as health care, peace, education, money, food, city life and jobs
lead people to migrate to another state to find a better way of living or
opportunity. For example, people with severe illnesses tend to move to a
country where their healthcare services are technologically advance; also,
there’s peaceful atmosphere and strong security; the level of education is high
standard which creates a greater chance for employment; and it has high
economic and social standing with better job opportunities to earn money for
food and leisure. Some factors such as climatic disasters, farmer’s life, war and
poverty are the reasons for people to be forced to move away from their home
and live to another area with less environmental risks, good agricultural land,
areas with no violence and conflicts, and with various opportunities for
employment. These factors affect global migration in different aspects such as
economic, political, socio-cultural and demographic. It gives substantial
economic benefits – a more flexible labour market, greater skills base,
increased demand and a greater diversity of innovation. Also, it strengthens the
political relationship of one’s country to another by sending worker’s with skills
and contribute to human capital development of receiving countries with
positive static effects such as through return migration and remittances.
However, individuals who migrate experience multiple stresses that can impact
their mental well being, including the loss of cultural norms, religious customs,
and social support systems, adjustment to a new culture and changes in identity
and concept of self. It can also cause issues of overcrowding, congestion, and
extra pressure on public services.
B. Explain each factors.

Health Care – People migrate to those places where they have better facilities
of health services especially for diagnosing and treating severe cases of
diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, disabilities, etc. since they
utilize advance technology for its treatment. Moreover, health practitioners
such as nurses, medical technicians and others from developing country are
motivated to work overseas due to their good working conditions compare to
their home country.
Peace – People living in an area where political conflicts, instability and scarcity
are present, leave their homes to migrate, settle down and live comfortably in
a place where peace policy is being upraised and maintained, security is well-
established, and development is top priority.
Education – One of the primary reasons of migration is education due to the

fact that other places have high standard level of education especially from
privilege schools or universities. People transfer to those schools because of
the opportunities which will lead them to a high chance of employment in the
future. Educational access affects the future life choices available to a child and
the extent to which that individual can contribute civically and economically to

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his or her community. Schooling represents a route out of poverty and a chance
to improve their and their family's economic situation.
Money – Earning more money by working in a country with high economic

status compare to its home country is one of the reason which motivates an
individual to temporarily migrate overseas for them to get a better job with high
paying salary, provide remittances to their families, or to help a family member.
In short, people mostly migrate to improve their circumstances.
Food – Food is a necessity to every individual or family in order to survive.

People who cannot produce food(refers to people who are not into agriculture
or farming), find their way and move to another place to earn an income to
purchase that food so their nutritional well-being is not compromised. Food
consumption can provide insights into the complex experience of migration,
because it plays a central role to the memory, comfort and all processes needed
to adapt to a new country and environment and even to social relations within
and beyond the family.
City Life – People are attracted to an urban lifestyle and the 'bright lights' of city
life. All of these factors result in both temporary and
permanent migration to urban areas. They are simply following the
employment. The big cities offer diverse opportunities, similar jobs to advance
their careers and a lifestyle for them and their families. These are the main
reasons the big cities are the main destinations of these large numbers of
skilled migrants.
Jobs – The root causes that drive people to migrate is to move to a place with
better job opportunities. Labour migration is the movement of persons from
their home State to another State for the purpose of employment. Today, an
estimated 86 million persons are working in a country other than their country
of birth and more than 30% of the migrants work abroad because it has better
working conditions (high paying salaries, insurances, advance facilities, etc).
Climatic Disasters – Smallholder family farmers, small-scale fishers, forest-

dependent communities and pastoralists are hardest hit by weather related
disasters, which are increasing in frequency and intensity. Depletion of natural
resources due to environmental degradation and climate change affect those
of agriculture specifically on rural areas. These brought related food price
volatility which increase poverty and hunger. That’s the reason for people
affected by this to leave their homes because they need to find viable options
elsewhere.
Farmer’s Life – Most available jobs in agriculture are associated with low and
unstable incomes, poor safety and health conditions, gender inequality in pay
and opportunities, and limited social protection. Due to restricted access to
training, financial and extension services and processing facilities, more
attractive prospects may be limited in rural areas. Moreover, land degradation
caused by increase in population affects land used for agriculture which
undermines farmers’ productivity and resilience. The dramatic state of land

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degradation is one of the main drivers for farmers’ to leave their homes and
move to urban areas or even overseas to earn money to send to their families.
War – Conflicts, violence and natural disasters are among the root causes of
migration and forced displacement. Many people are compelled to move
because of war or conflicts over economic resources, ethnic tensions,
socioeconomic tensions and burden on infrastructure and services in their
areas. These resulted to poverty, food insecurity, lack of employment
opportunities, limited access to social protection, natural resource depletion
and the adverse impacts of environmental degradation. As migration rates soar
to an all-time high, hugely as a result of war, the process of globalization
accelerates at a historical magnitude.
Poverty- Poor living conditions and the lack of opportunities for paid
employment in rural areas are push factors for people to migrate to urban areas
or even abroad. More than 75% of the world’s poor and food insecure live in
rural areas, mostly depending on agricultural production for their subsistence.
The rural poor, and especially smallholder family farmers, face considerable
difficulties in accessing credit, services, technologies and markets that would
allow them to improve the productivity of their natural resources and labour.
Migration becomes an important part of the strategies of rural households to
overcome poverty as well as improve their living.
IV. Let’s Reflect: OFW Interview
1. How their life as an OFW?

As an OFW there are times that I feel homesickness when I missed important
events, special occasions and not seeing their kids grow up. But I used it as a
motivation to work hard for them and I often communicate with my loved ones
through Facebook, Viber, or Skype. I also experience communication gap and
culture differences since I’m here in another country with far different language
and culture from my home country. So, sometimes I feel that dealing with the
locales and communicating with them can be exhausting. It takes me awhile to
adjust and adapt, but I keep learning their language and understanding their
culture. Fortunately, I earn high income here and send it to my family back home
and I never experience maltreatment and other possible risk while working
abroad.
2. For you, What do you mean by Economic Crisis?

For me, economic crisis is a situation of economic downfall due financial
problems in our country which leads to a severe and sudden upset in any part
of the economy including a stock market crash, a spike in inflation or
unemployment, or a series of bank failures. It is financial crisis where asset
prices see a steep decline in value, businesses and consumers are unable to
pay their debts, and financial institutions experience liquidity shortages. We are
experiencing economic crisis when our country gain huge amount of debt, the
inflation rate is high, the prices of products are increasing, the living conditions
from house rent, food consumption and business services becomes expensive,

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unemployment and poverty soared, and there’s a tendency of spreading

political riots and crime to overthrow the government in power.
3. Being an OFW, is it an obligation to help our country? Yes? Why…. No?

Why……..
Yes, as an OFW, we have the obligation and responsibility to help our country
since we are citizens and are under oath to the Republic of the Philippines.
While working overseas, we are still protected, and our rights are preserved
under the Philippine law. Furthermore, we are also receiving benefits and
opportunities from the government once we go back to our homes, therefore,
we are obliged to contribute at least with the remittances to the government for
the country’s economic development such as infrastructural projects, social
assistance, health assistance and others which could benefit the citizens of the
country including our families as well. The OFW remittances we take part to the
country close the gap between the poor and the wealthy by contributing to a
growing middle class. With improved living conditions and more disposable
income, the consumption of goods and services increases, which drives
the economy forward. And lastly, it is an honor for us as a citizen of the
Philippines knowing that by working overseas, we are also helping our
fellowmen who needs assistance and in poor living conditions.
CHAPTER VI
Activity 1
I. Lets Reflect:
A. The picture depicts positive and negative situations of development. The one
on the right side describes a positive situation of good health and well-being
(referring to the mother with a healthy child in a clean& green environment),
affordable and clean energy (referring to the windmill as source of energy),
climate action 1 (referring to the person with campaign materials promoting
sustainable development strategies) and life on land (referring to bright
atmosphere of people). While the other side represents a negative situation of
contaminated water and poor sanitation (referring to polluted river filled with
waste materials), irresponsible consumption and production (referring to
production factories and unmanage increasing its toxic waste products),
increase of inequality and gender inequality (referring to aged men and lady
having work issues or difficulties), and unsustainable cities and communities
(referring to polluted air, land degradation and stressful environment) . Good
health and well-being refers to healthy lives and promoted well-being for all, at
all ages by strengthening health systems and continuing scale up work in
primary health care at the community level to help combat non-communicable
diseases to end preventable maternal, newborn and child deaths and promote
the health and development of all children and adolescents. Affordable and
clean energy pertains access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all. The benefits of renewable energy go beyond physical health and
it prevents the release of toxic fumes. Climate Action 1 indicates an urgent
action to combat climate change and its impacts through effective response
plans or climate change strategies to protect the world’s children and fulfil their

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rights leading to live in a safe and clean environment. Life on land refers to
protection, restoration and preservation of all living things on the planet through
promoting sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, and halt
biodiversity loss which is important to the well-being of people, prosperity and
peace.
B.
1. No Poverty – This aims to end poverty in all its forms, everywhere. Poverty
denies people specifically children their fundamental rights to nutrition, health,
water, education, protection, shelter and more – diminishing their ability to build
a better future for themselves and generations to come. Without global action,
child poverty is likely to entrench social inequality and cut off the most
vulnerable girls and boys from the services they need to survive and thrive. The
goals are to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere; reduce at
least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in
poverty in all its dimensions; implement nationally appropriate social protection
systems and measures for all; ensure that all men and women, in particular the
poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as
access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of
13 property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and
financial services, including micro-finance; build the resilience of the poor and
those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to
climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental
shocks and disasters; ensure significant mobilization of resources from a
variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in
order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to
end poverty in all its dimensions; and create sound policy frameworks at the
national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-
sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty
eradication actions.
2. Zero Hunger – This aims to end hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Good nutrition is the bedrock of
child survival, health and development. Well-nourished children are better able
to grow and learn, to participate in their communities, and to be resilient in the
face of disease, disaster and other emergencies. The goals are to end hunger
and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable
situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round;
end all forms of malnutrition, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and
wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of
adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons; double the
agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in
particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers,
including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources
and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value
addition and non-farm employment; ensure sustainable food production
systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity
and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for

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adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other

disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality; maintain the
genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated
animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and
diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international
levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising
from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge,
as internationally agreed; increase investment, including through enhanced
international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and
extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene
banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing
countries, in particular least developed countries. Correct and prevent trade
restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the
parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export
measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha
Development Round; and adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of
food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to
market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme
food price volatility
3. Quality Education – Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for

all persons by ensuring that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective
learning outcomes; ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early
childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready
for primary education; to ensure equal access for all women and men to
affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including
university; substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have
relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent
jobs and entrepreneurship; eliminate gender disparities in education and
ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the
vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children
in vulnerable situations; ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of
adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy; ensure that all
learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable
development, including, among others, through education for sustainable
development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality,
promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship
and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable
development; build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and
gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning
environments for all; substantially expand globally the number of scholarships
available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small
island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher
education, including vocational training and information and communications
technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed
countries and other developing countries; and substantially increase the supply
of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher
training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small
island developing states.

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4. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure – Building resilient infrastructure,

promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation by
developing quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including
regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and
human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all;
promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, significantly raise industry’s
share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national
circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries; increase the
access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in
developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their
integration into value chains and markets; upgrade infrastructure and retrofit
industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency
and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and
industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their
respective capabilities; enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological
capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries; facilitate sustainable and
resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced
financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least
developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island
developing States; support domestic technology development, research and
innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy
environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to
commodities; and significantly increase access to information and
communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable
access to the Internet in least developed countries.
5. Responsible Consumption and Production – Ensuring sustainable

consumption and production patterns through implementation of programmes
on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with
developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and
capabilities of developing countries; achieve the sustainable management and
efficient use of natural resources; halve per capita global food waste at the retail
and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply
chains, including post-harvest losses; achieve the environmentally sound
management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in
accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their
release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on
human health and the environment; substantially reduce waste generation
through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage companies,
especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices
and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle; promote
public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national
policies and priorities; ensure that people everywhere have the relevant
information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in
harmony with nature; support developing countries to strengthen their scientific
and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of
consumption and production; develop and implement tools to monitor
sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and
promotes local culture and products; and rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel

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subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market

distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by
restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they
exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific
needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible
adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and
the affected communities.
Activity 2
I. Make a critical analysis regarding this situation using the different concepts
that you have learned from this chapter.
The situation in the given image implies discrimination, inequality. and injustice
since those poor people who experiencing hunger, with scarcity of resources
and under orthodox poverty were denied of assistance by those individuals with
power even though the economy is rising with adequate resources, furthermore
he even demands for them to sell everything knowing that they have nothing
left. World hunger is a growing and ever-changing grim issue as well as adverse
and aggressive weather conditions both contribute significantly to this. The
majority of these are in deserted countries that experience low or very low-
income levels linked to the food deficit, and even experience famine situations
in their local populations. If this situation of inequality and injustice continues
and prolongs it will lead to some internal armed conflicts. Too often, conflicts
and wars have a devastating effect that destroys small and medium-sized rural
farms that were the mainstay of many communities. The shortage suffered by
these populations, alongside low levels of income, hinders the production of
their own food and external access to it. The double burden of hunger and
undernutrition alongside overweight and obesity, with one in three people
across the globe currently suffering from some forms of malnutrition are faced
by many countries, in one community, or even in the same household.
Discrimination, inequality and injustice must be eliminated, and food security
must be uplifted so all people are able to access enough safe and nutritious
food to meet their requirements for a healthy life, in ways the planet can sustain
into the future.
II. Complete Sentences

1. access
2. drivers
3. population growth
4. consumption
5. Food price
Activity 3
I. True or False
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F

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II. Essay
1. How do you describe yourself as a Global citizen?

For me, being a global citizen means thinking about more than yourself. It
means realizing that we are all connected to one another in this emerging global
community. It means protecting the environment, uplifting the vulnerable and
advocating for equality. A global citizen is someone who is aware of and
understands the wider world – and their place in it. They take an active role in
their community and join work with others for local action that can create global
change making our planet more peaceful, sustainable, and fairer. Moreover, I’m
a global citizen that nurtures personal respect and respect for others including
obeying rules and laws and setting a good example to others. Also, I feel a
sense of responsibility to help when the rights of others are violated, no matter
where in the world they live as well as encourages individuals to think deeply
and critically about what is equitable and just, and what will minimize harm to
our planet.
2. There are three values which I believe a global citizen must possess and can
share to the community. First is being responsible by obeying the law and
respecting the authority which is a basic responsibility of any individual in
maintaining order within the community, also contributing to society and
community by performing civic duty and taking accountability in every response
and actions in helping improve the community. Second is being disciplined in a
way that can influence the people around by following diligently the policies
whenever I go, for example, proper waste disposal, following pedestrian rules,
and sticking with health protocols, as well as having moral courage to stand for
what is right and not tolerating the wrong that could bring negative effect to the
community. Lastly and most important is being respectful by having courtesy
and respect for the rights of others, showing empathy and compassion in
helping other when they are in need, and always consider and understand
people rather than criticizing them, so that you could give helpful advice and
encourage them to become a better person.
3. As a Filipino, I am considered a global citizen in a way that I respect the

cultural diversity and human right of my fellowmen as well as other nationalities
by communicating, understanding and learning their language, customs, and
traditions to be social and cultural sensitive. Also, in my own little way, I am
following the rules and policies to maintain the cleanliness of the surrounding
by recycling, reducing waste and proper management of it as well as energy
saving and water conservation which can lessen a negative impact on the
environment. I sometimes join volunteer works like tree planting, food feeding,
immersion programs and others by that I was able to help the community and
people who are in need. And whenever I travel to many places, I develop
cultural awareness, empathy and appreciate the place with the local people
who are striving with their work which leads me to at least help them by
promoting the place in social media to increase their tourism as well as I pick
trash and never loiter any waste when I leave the place. And lasty, I prioritized
my studies because I know education is key and essential in preparation to
thrive in the increasingly global community.

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Ge 3 Module This Covers The Full Lecture of Contemporary World

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Ge 3 Module This Covers The Full Lecture of Contemporary World

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GE 3 Module - This covers the full lecture of Contemporary

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

Ideas, concepts, diagrams and/or illustrations depicted in this learning

This learning material is printed for the sole use of classroom or

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

Quality and relevant education for its clientele to be globally competitive,

UNIVERSITY QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

The University of Southern Mindanao, as a premier university, is

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

This course is a GE subject and provides a general introduction to the

For your guidance these are the parts of the Module.

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

Lesson 1. Concepts and Its Underlying Philosophies 1

Lesson 2. Theorization of Globalization 6

Chapter II. The Structures of Globalization 11

Lesson 1. The Global Economy 11

Lesson 2. Market Integration 21

Lesson 3. Global Interstate System 26

Lesson 4. Contemporary Global Governance 31

Chapter III. A World Regions 35

Lesson 1. Global Divides: The North and the South 35

Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism 38

Chapter IV. A World of Ideas 42

Lesson 1. Global Media Culture 42

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

c. Globalization of Culture and Media 44

Lesson 2. The Globalization to Religion 47

Chapter V. Global Population and Mobility 51

Lesson 1. Global City 51

Lesson 2. Global Demography 55

Lesson 3. Global Migration 60

Chapter VI. Sustainable World 66

Lesson 1. Sustainable Development 66

Lesson 2. Global Food Security 70

Lesson 3. Global Citizenship 74

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the

Using various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic ,

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

Course Learning/Study Plan/Schedule

Course Requirements/Assessment and Evaluation

Mid-term Period shall be based in accomplishing the following tasks:

Answer and submit all the exercises comprising of selected response

Final-term Period shall be based in accomplishing the following tasks:

Answer and submit all the exercises comprising of selected response

Grading System : Mid-term Grade + Final-term Grade = Semestral Grade

House Rules/Class Policies

GE 3: The Contemporary World

Downloaded by Roanne Hallara (roannehallara13@gmail.com)

Intended Learning Outcomes