DAY -5

SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Population Growth:
The rapid growth of the global population for the past 100 years from the difference
between the rate of birth and death.

Causes of rapid population growth:

 The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in
birth rate.
 Availability of antibiotics, immunization, increased food production, clean
water and air decreases the famine-related deaths.
 In agricultural based countries, children are required to help parents in the field
that is why population increases in the developing countries.

Characteristics of population growth:

 Exponential growth
 Doubling time
 Infant mortality rate
 Total fertility rate
 Replacement level
 Male/female ratio
 Demographic transition.
Variation of population based on age structure:

 Pre-productive population (0-14 years)

 Reproductive population (15 – 44 years)
 Post reproductive population (above 45 years)

1. Pyramid shaped – India, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia. [Large no of young people enter into
reproductive age group, hence Population growth increases].

2. Bell shaped – France, USA, and UK. [Pre-productive age group population &
reproductive age group population are almost equal, hence population growth is stable].

3. Urn shaped - Germany, Italy, and Japan [Pre-productive population is less that
reproductive age group, hence population growth decreases].
Population Explosion:
The enormous increase in population due to low death rate and high birth rate.

Doubling Time:
The number of years needed for a population to double in size.

Causes of population explosion:

 Modern medical facilities reduces death rate & increases birth rate,
 Increase of life expectancy,
 Illiteracy.

Effects of population explosion [PE]:

 Poverty → infant mortality is the tragic indicator of poverty.
 PE leads to Environmental degradation.
 PE causes over – exploitation of natural resources.
 Renewable resources like forests are under threat.
 Increase in population, increase in disease, communal war.
 Overcrowding leads to development of slums.
 Lack of basic amenities like water, education , health etc.,
 Unemployment and low living standard of people.

WOMANS WELFARE
Need of Women Welfare:
 Women suffer gender discrimination.
 Devaluation at home, matrimony, workplace, public & power.
 Dowry death, rape, domestic violence, mental torture to women.
 Human rights are violated, decision making are neglected.

Objectives
 To provide education
 To impart vocational training
 To generate awareness
 To improve employment opportunities
 To restore dignity, equality and respect.
 To aware problems of population.
CHILD WELFARE:

Reason for child Labors:

 Poverty → work in unhealthy conditions
 Want of Money → parents need money for their family

Various Organization towards Child Welfare:

1.UN Conventions on Rights of Child or International Law → promote &
protect children in our society
Rights of the Child:
 The right to survival → emphasizes on good health, nutrition, standard of
living
 The right to participation → freedom of thought to the child
 The right to development → ensures education, care, support, social
security & recreation
 The right to protection → freedom from exploitation, inhuman treatment
& neglect

2. World summit on children → wellbeing of the children is targeted

3. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) → concentrate on
child’s health, education, nutrition
4. Environmental degradation & child welfare → children are most
affected due to pollution, even child in mother’s womb is affected by
environmental toxins
5. Center for Science & Environment (CSE) → keeping environment
clean for healthy life of children.