Assignment-1

Human Population and the Environment

Submitted to: Vandna Choudhary

Submitted by:
Name: Mansi
Roll no: 19001005027

FAMILY WELFARE
Family planning means planning by individuals or couples to have only the children they want,
when they want them, this is responsible parenthood.

Family welfare includes not only planning of birth, but they welfare of wholes family by means
of total family health care. The family welfare programme has high priority in India because its
success depends upon the quality of life of all citizens.

HISTORY OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME

 It was started in the year 1951.
 In 1977, the government of India re-designated the NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING
PROGRAMME as the NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME also
changed the name of the ministry of health and family planning to ministry of health and
family welfare.
 It is a reflection of the government anxiety to promote family planning through the total
welfare of the family.
 It is aimed at achieving a higher end i.e. to improve the quality of life of the people.
 India is the first company in the world that implemented the family welfare programme at
government level.
 Health is a part of concurrent list but centers provides 100% assistance to states for this
programme.
 Government has concentrated on this programme in various five year plans through
higher priority was accorded to it after fourth five year plan.
 Due to bad effect of emergency and faulty propaganda family planning suffered major
setback, during 1977-1979.
 It was decided in national health policy in 1983, and then net reproductive rate should be
one by the year 2000.
 The 7th five year plan placed more emphasis on the use of emphasis on the use of spacing
methods between the births of two children.

GOALS OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME

Family welfare programme has laid down the following long term goals to be achieved by the
year 2000 AD:

 Reduction of birth rate from 29 per 1000(in 1992) to 21 by 2000 AD

 Reduction of death rate from 10 (in 1992) to 9 per 1000.
 Raising couple protection rate from 43.3(in 1990) to 60%.
 Reduction in average family size from 4.2(in 1990) to 2.3.
 Decrease in Infant mortality rate from 79(in 1992) to less than 60 per 1000 live births.
 Reduction of Net Reproductive Rate from 1.48(in 1981) to 1.
POPULATION GROWTH AND VARIATION AMONG
NATIONS
Population:
Population is defined as a group of individual belonging to the same species which live in a
given area at a given time.

Population growth:
In biology or human geography population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in
a population.

Cause of rapid population growth:

The rapid population growth is due to decrease in death rate and increase in birth rate.
The availability of antibiotics immunization, increased food production, clean water and
air decrease the famine-related deaths and infant mortality.
In agricultural based countries children are required to help parents in the fields that is
why population increase in the developing countries.

Characteristics of population growth

Exponential Growth:
When a quantity increases by a constant amount per unit time e.g. 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. it is a called a
linear growth. But when it increased by a fixed percentage it is known as exponential growth e.g.
10,102,103,104, or 2,4,6,8, etc. population growth takes place exponentially and the explains the
dramatic increases in global population in the past 150 years.

Doubling time:
The time needed for a population to double its size at a constant annual rate is know as doubling
time.

It is calculated as follows:

Td=70/r

Td= doubling time in years

r = annual growth rate

Infant mortality rate:

It is the percentage of infants died out of those born in one year. Even though this rate has
decreased in the last 50 years, the pattern differs widely in enveloping an developed countries.

Total fertility rate:

It is the average number of children delivered by a woman in her life time. The TRF value varies
from 2 in developed countries to 4.7 in developing countries.

Replacement level:
Two parents bearing two children will be replaced by their of spring. Due to infant mortality this
replacement level is changed. But, due to high infant mortality the replacement level is generally
high in developing countries.

Male female ratio:

The ratio of girls and boys should be fairly balanced in a society to flourish. But the ratio has
been upset in many countries including China and India.

In chine the ratio of girls is 100:104

In India the ratio of girls if 100:108

Demographic transition:
Population growth is generally related to economic development. The death rates and birth rate
fall due to improve living condition. This results in low population growth. The phenomena is
referred to as demographic transition.

Age structure:
In most types of populations, individuals are of different age. The proportion of individuals in
each age group is called age structure of that population. The ratio of the various age groups in a
population determines the current reproductive status of the population, thus anticipating its
future.

 Pre-productive population (0-14years )

 Reproductive population (15-44years)
 Post reproductive population(above 45-years)

Pyramid shaped variation of population (increases)

 The large number of young age people will soon enter into reproductive age group
population which increases the population growth. But the less number of old age people
indicates less of population due to death.
  For e.g. India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia

Bell shaped variation of population (stable)

 Pre productive and reproductive age group populations are equal. So population growth is
stable.
 For e.g. France, UK, Canada etc.

Urn shaped variation of population (decreases)

Pre productive age group is less than the reproductive age group.
For e.g. Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan, etc.

Population explosion
The unprecedented growth of human population at an alarming rate is referred to a population
explosion.

Problems of population growth

Increasing demands for food and natural resource.
Inadequate housing and health services.
Loss of agricultural lands.
Unemployment and social political unrest.
Environment pollution.

Understanding population explosion

The population was near 1 billion till 1825.

In next 100 years, it reached 2 billion.

It grew to more than 3 billion in next 35 years only.

Another billion added to it in just 15 years.

And in next 12 years it reached another billion over, making 6 billion just before 2000.

And now it is around 7.2 billion.

Most of our natural resources are under threat because of the population growth. If the
exploitation of resource is going on this trend, the resource will be exhaust shortly.

Population explosion increases diseases, economic inequality and environment abuse. Therefore
we need population stabilization to achieve good health, education and prosperity.

Reason for population explosion

Increase in birth rate in developed countries due to illiteracy.

Invention of modern medical facilities reduces mortality rate.

Factors affecting population growth

Natality: It refers to a birth rate.

Mortality: It refers to a death rate.

Immigration: It is the number of individuals that have come into the country.

Emigration: it is the number individuals of the population who left the habitat.

HUMAN POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENT

Environmental pollution has direct as well as indirect effects on human health.

A physically fit person not suffering from any disease is called a healthy person. According to
World Health Organization (WHO) health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

Environment is defined as man along with his surroundings, which consists of biotic, abiotic and
sociology components. Therefore, when we cause danger to these components, which surrounds
us, they in turn affect our health.

The environment dangers created by man are many:

 Population explosion
 Unregulated urbanization
 Creating water
 Air and landscape pollution
 Deforestation
 Desertification
 Use of pesticides in agriculture etc.
Every one of these has implications for the health of the health of the individual as well as
society as a whole. None can be ignored because the scale of potential calamity is increasing day
by day.

Health hazards may be arising from:

 Water contamination or pollution
 Air pollution
 Use of pesticides enters though the food chain
 Radiation effect of nuclear water
 Diseases caused from improper disposals of solid wastes and also due to noise pollution.

Human rights
 Human rights mean that a human being must enjoy on this earth.
 Foundation of human was laid in 13th century. But positive hopes for all people for a
happy dignified and secured living condition we raised only after “Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (UNDHR) by UNO on 10.12.1948.
 It highlights on protection to all individuals against injustice and human right violation.
 UNDHR defines specific rights to life, liberty, security, freedom of thoughts, association,
freedom of movement right of equal pay for equal work, right to form or join union, right
to health care, education etc.
 Universal declaration rights are universal but disparity between developing and
developed countries.
 Poverty and population leads to violation of human rights.
Who estimates:-
i. -one out if every of every five is malnourished, lacks clean drinking water, lacks hygienic
conditions and health facilities.
ii. -one out of 3 lack fuel for cooking
iii. -1/5 is desperately poor
iv. -every year 40 million people die due to contaminated water.
 Acute scarcity of employment.
 Merit of universal education and child labour prevention is of much less importance than
his struggle for existence.
 Developed and developing country gives importance only to “respect to human rights”
and “non social – economic right” respectively.

WOMEN AND CHILD WELFARE

Women the entire world is dependent on them for its existence.

Women who is called as “Jannani” in Vedas means the birth gives the mother of life all this
sounds greater and these words used for her clearly depicts that she is one who is to be given the
highest respect in the society, but the truth lies somewhere really far from this statement.

Need of women welfare

The world depends on women for existence.

They are the victims of capitalism development.

They suffer in a number of ways because they are:

 Weaker
 Helpless
 Economically dependent
 Illiteracy
 Wide Gender Dependent

Problems faced by women

 Illiteracy
 Poverty
 Domestic Violence
 Female Feticide
 Improper Sanitation
 Child Marriage
 Abuse
 Dowry
 Lack of health care

What has been done?

The empowerment of women is one of the central issues in the process of development of
countries all over the world.
The government of India had made Empowerment of Women as one of the principal
objectives of the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) and also declared 2001 as the year of
‘Women’s Empowerment’.
Also, Year 2003 was regarded as the Year of Adolescent Girls.

Policies and Programmes

  From the Fifth Year Plan (1974-1978) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach
to women’s issues from welfare to development.
 The National Commission for women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to
safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of Women.
 The 73rd and 74th Amendment (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for
reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women.
 National Policy for the Empowerment of Women was formulated 2001.
 Women health Volunteers (Accredited Social Health Activitist) started during 2005-2006
with an objective of providing health services in rural sector.
 Girl Child Protection Scheme (GCPS) launched in 2005 by Child Welfare and Disabled
Welfare (JJ) Department.

Role of NGO’S
 ALARIPPU

Works on awareness generation, education and training, health and nutrition among women
and youth.

 JAGORI

A resource center focusing on women’s issues:

o Violence against Women

o Alternative Health System
o Sexual Violence
o Communication
o Trafficking of Women and Children

 SAHARA

Runs a care home for HIV+ women.

 UNIFEM

The UN’s development fund for women; provides financial and technical assistance to
innovative programmes and strategies that promotes women’s human rights, political
participation and economics security.

 NAZ FOUNDATION (INDIA) TRUST

Has programmes on women’s sexual health, clinical intervention (to control STDs and bring
about behavior change to check the spread of HIV), research and a care home.
  INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES TRUST(ISST)

Conducts research and action programmes to promote social justice and equality for the
under-privilege with focus on women.

What needs to be done?

 Legal-judicial system should be made more responsive and gender sensitive to women’s
needs, especially in cases of domestic violence and personal assault.
 New laws should be enacted and existing laws reviewed to ensure that justice is quick
and apt punishment is given.
 Social Empowerment of Women.
 Need of psychological reforms of the people about the rights.

CHILDREN CITIZENS OF TOMORROW

Children are considered to be important assets for a country’s future. In India, a child is born
in every one second.

In our country, a large number of children below the age of 6 live in economically and
socially deprived environment which hinders their physical and mental development.

Poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition and under nutrition, diseases and infections, lack of
primary health care, limited access to primary health care, limited access to primary
education are some of the main factors which affects the children in India.

Nutritious foods along with educational and recreational facilities are basic child rights.

A significant number of new born infants are abandoned every year due to socio-economic
reasons.

More than 12 million children below the age of 14 years are working as child labours in
hazardous occupations. These include matchstick industry, firework industry, diamond kilns,
etc.

Government of India in August 1947 proclaimed a national policy on children declaring

children as “supremely important assets”.

Need for child welfare

 Lack of nation-wide uniform practices in child welfare.
 A need for a more child-oriented approach in child welfare.
 Practical operators.
 Social work researches.
 New Child Welfare Act commenced on 1 January 2008 – aims at early support,
preventive work, child-oriented method, systematic working approach, uniform decision-
making, increased cooperation between authorities.

Problems faced by children

o Child Labour
o Malnutrition
o No Education
o Undergo many dreadful disease like:
* Pneumonia
* Measles
* Diarrhea
* Malaria
o Working in hazardous places to feed themselves.
o Undergo many respiratory problems due to pollution in the environment.

Child Protection
 Orphans, abandoned & destitute children
 Missing or run-away children
 Street & working children
 Children for sex workers
 Abused, tortured and explained children
 Children indulging in substance abuse
 Children affected by HIV/AIDS
 Children affected by natural calamities, emergencies and manmade disasters.
 Children with disabilities
 Child beggars
 Child suffering from terminal/incurable diseases

Policies and Programmes

 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
 The first ICDS project was launched in India with 33 Project in all over the country
on 2nd October 1975.
 Setting up of Aanganwadi centers.
 JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) ACT 2000.
 SETTING UP OF JUVENLINE SHELTERS HOMES.
 State Commission for protection of Child Rights.
 FINANCIALS ASSISTANCE SCHEMES
 Girls Child Protection Schemes.
 National Creche Fund (1994).
 National Charter for Children (2004).
 National Plan of Action for Children (2005).