Results and Discussion

In this section, the results of the study are presented through charts according to the aim of the study. The
first part of this section discusses the results of the interview which mainly determine the factors that
affect abused women, their needs, and the deficiencies of the different government agencies that serve for
the welfare of women and children. The second part discusses the results of the survey which specifically
determine the functionality of the Barangay VAWC Desks through the DILG Tool.

1a. How do you define VAW?

14 100
12 1386.7 80
10
8 60
6 40
4
2 13.33 20
0 2 0
62
92

E
US
A.

AB
R.
RU

OF
TH

S
PE
W

TY
VA

T
EN
ES

ER
IN
EF

FF
-D

DI
E
1

TH
TO
G
IN
AD
LE
E
IF

Percent
W
D

Figure N.
AN
ND
BA

As Figure N illustrates, 86.7% of respondents characterize violence against women according to Republic
S
HU

Act No. 9262 (R.A. 9262). 13.33% of the sample size, six times lower than the highest percentage, define
N
EE
TW

violence against women as a disagreement between a husband and wife that results in various forms of
BE

abuse. This means that the majority of the sample size is knowledgeable and aware of the law that wholly
T
EN
M

describes Violence Against Women.

GU
AR
AN
AS
W
VA
ES
IN
EF
-D
2
 1b. What is the most common case reported?
8 50
46.67
7 45
40
6
35
5 30
26.67
4 25
7
3 20
15
2 13.33 4
10
1 2 6.67 6.67
5
1 1
0 0
1 - PHYSICAL 2 - ECONOMIC 3 - PHYSICAL & 4 - PHYSICAL & 5 - MULTIPLE
ECONOMIC EMOTIONAL ABUSES LEAD TO
PHYSICAL

Percent

Figure N.
Figure N shows that the majority, with a count of seven (7) agencies, mostly receive reports involving
physical abuse which totals to 46.67%. This is followed by multiple abuses leading to physical abuse with
a count of four (4) agencies which totals to 26.67%, economic abuse which is 13.33%, followed by
physical & emotional abuse and physical & economic which both have 6.67%.
Tu sum up, the most common case reported is physical abuse. However, from the interview with Atty.
Duka, a city prosecutor, physical abuse emanates from psychological abuse which has a wide coverage. It
was also mentioned by Mrs. Nancy Estolloso from Tuburan for Rural Women Empowerment and
Development Inc. that “the woman will only report when the violence becomes physical”. She also added
that verbal abuse, psychological, and emotional are the most unreported.
 2a. What are the deficiencies or struggles that hinder you from properly and
effectively administering the laws and guidelines for VAW?
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3 3
3
2 2
2
1
1
0

O
E

E
A

TS

S
S

O
C

IT

C
M

ER
W
N

IN

B
N
IL
EM

LA
TA

A
A

R
A

-T
EA
R
IL

FA
IS

F
O
ST
D

O
ES

-B

8
N
F
N
L

IG

TY
-D

O
A

O
L
C

K
C

U
TI
IA
1

TI

D
C
L

TA
LI

IC
IA

ED
-L

EN
O

D
C
-P

P
U
N

EM

IP
4

-J
A

U
2

IN

PL

EQ
5
-F

IM

N
-U
3

R
O

7
O
-P
6
FREQUENCY
Figure N.
The above figure shows the frequency of data gathered about the deficiencies and struggles that hinder
the agencies from properly and effectively administering the laws and guidelines for VAW. Lack of
facility has the highest rate of six (6) followed by victim’s desistance to push through the case which only
has one (1) point difference. Subsequently, taboo has a rate of four (4), followed by political dilemma and
financial constraints with the same rate of three (3). Judicial ignorance or lack of knowledge about the
law together, together with unequipped duty-bearers have a rate of two (2), followed by poor
implementation of laws that has a rate of one (1).
This figure identifies the most common deficiency that agencies struggle with which is the lack of facility.
It was said by the WCPC Officer of Dumaguete City Police Station, Ms. Jinky Alalong that they struggle
with the lack of equipment and inadequacy of space inside their office. Additionally, it was also
mentioned by Ms. Sandra Delfin, the representative of Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
that they cannot engage well to individuals and suggests of having a space allocated specifically for their
agency to provide services for the victims of abuse. To further assist the results, Mrs. Josie Columna from
the Gender and Development said that “most of the problems encountered by the LGUs in implementing
the law is that not all municipalities and cities have women’s crisis center”.
 2ai. What are the areas where your organization/facility/agency/institution
need to improve to effectively implement the VAW laws and guidelines and
provide help to the victims?
6 5
5 4
4 3 3
3 2 2
2
1
0

G
EN

S
-
T

IN
S

ER
Y
EN

D
IT
ES

R
O

N
M

IL

EA
W

U
D
N

-F
-B
ER

FA
W

ER

TY
A

6
V

A
V
O

U
PO

E
G

D
ID
A
E

IN
V
G
TH

-E

A
N
A

-R

R
F

-T
O

R
A

4
N

5
O
TI

EN
TA

TH
EN

G
EN
EM

TR
PL

-S
IM

2
R
PE
O
R
-P
1

FREQUENCY
Figure N.
To give aid to the previous results, Figure N shows the areas that the agencies would like to improve in
order to effectively implement the laws for VAW and to provide help to the victims. Providing a facility
has the highest rate of five (5), followed by proper implementation of the government which has a rate of
four (4). Subsequently, strengthening VAW desks and training of duty-bearers have a rate of three (3). The
areas the gained the lowest rate of two (2) are the funding and empowering women.

2g. What are the challenges that you faced when it came to dealing with
VAW victims, especially when it affects their safety and protection? What
are your inputs to prevent these challenges?
6
6
4
4 3
2
2 1 1 1 1 1

0
G

N
S

S
ED

IS
ES

IN
TT

O
ER
R

TI
TR
N

O
D

U
EN

EA

R
TE

IV
N

EC
O

IA

EA
IV

FU

C
R

V
EA

LL
H
TH

R
IS

IN

-B
C
F

SU
R

O
EC

TY
Y
O
TH

Y
E

C
PS
C

IF
D

SE
N

EA
IN

ST
C
IS

D
F
IE

A
A

O
TE

F
TY

D
'S

-L

B
R

O
K
M

PE

TA
R
FE

TO

TY
TI

FO
4
EX

A
SA

IC

LI
-L

-D
E
S
-V

A
ER
'S

9
EE

TA
ET

O
2

TI
Y

ID

C
PR
O

C
-D

U
PL

N
R

EL

U
TE
M

-F
R
-E

'S
-I

8
M
1

TI
IC
-V
6

FREQUENCY
Figure N.
When it comes to the victim’s safety and protection, Figure N shows the area that has highest rate (6) is
the threatened safety of the employees. It is followed by the victim’s indecisiveness which has a rate of
four (4), did not experience any threats (3), functionality of duty-bearers (2), and lastly, lack of funding,
reluctance, and differently abled victims have a rate of one (1).
The following figures below identify the factors that affect Violence Against Women.

3a. Does social economic class affect VAW?

12 80
73.33
11 70
10
60
8
50

6 40

30
4 26.67
4
20
2
10

0 0
1 - POOR WOMEN ARE PRONE TO ABUSE 2 - BOTH POOR AND WELL-OFF WOMEN ARE
PRONE TO ABUSE

Percent

Figure N.

3b. Has VAW been impacted by economic empowerment? If so, how?

16 93.33 100
12 14 80
60
8
40
4 20
0 6.67 0
1
W

T
VA

EN
M
TO

ER
S

W
AD

PO
LE

EM
T
EN

IC
M

OM
ER

ON
W
PO

EC
EM

T
OR
OF

PP
K

SU
AC
-L

TO
1

CE
AN
ST

Percent
SI
AS

Figure N.
L
IA
NC
NA
FI
ED
NE
I LL
W
DO
SW
-C
Figures N and N above show that economic class and economic empowerment affect VAW. From Figure
N, 73.33% of the total sample size said that women from the lower class are more prone to abuse while
26.67% said that both women, well-off or poor, are prone to abuse. From the interview of Mrs. Phoebe
Tan from the Center for Gender Studies of Silliman University, women from the lower class are not
empowered and they have no one to turn to, making them dependent on their husbands. It was also stated
by Atty. Duka that women who are married to an extremely rich men get their life controlled by their
husbands.
Subsequently, Figure N finds that economic empowerment plays a significant role in VAW. 93.33% of the
sample size agree that the lack of empowerment leads to violence while 6.67% says that they will need
funding to properly implement economic empowerment for women. According to Mr. Alvin Sulima, a
social worker from the City Social Welfare and Development, it would be better to empower women and
hone their skills to break the cycle of violence.

3c. Do factors such as Filipino culture and religion affect VAW?

16 120
15
14
100 100
12
80
10

8 60

6
40
4
20
2

0 0 0
0
1 - YES 2 - NO

Percent

Figure N.
 3d. Do gender roles and stereotypes in the Philippines affect VAW? If so,
how?
16 120

14 15
100 100
12
80
10

8 60

6
40
4
20
2

0 0 0
0
1 - YES 2 - NO

Percent

Figure N.

Figures N and N show that Filipino culture and religion, together with the gender roles and stereotypes in
the Philippines have a direct effect on VAW. It is indicated in Figure N that 100% of the sample size agree
that culture and religion affect VAW. It was also said by the Barangay Captain of Barangay Looc, Mrs.
Ragay that it is in our culture that men are the leader and provider, and the wife will stay at home which
makes the women become dependent on their husbands. In addition, Atty. Duka also mentioned that
Philippines is patriarchal, and we got used to the belief that the husband is the king of the house.
Similarly, Figure N shows that 100% of the sample size agree that gender roles and stereotypes in the
Philippines affect VAW. Additionally, Ms. Sandra Delfin said that in our culture, men are scared to be
overpowered by women that is why most of the wives stay at home with the kids.
 3e. What do you think are the other factors that affect VAW?
9 8
8
7
6
5 4
4
3 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1
1
0

IA
E

H
TY
T
Y

EM
ES

E
E

ED
S
C

EN

C
IT

O
ED
N

ER
IC

R
U

ST

M
N
O
N

M
A

U
LT

-M

PI
V
LI

A
V

SY
R

H
ER

LI

N
U

O
TO
E

U
LE

-C
TH

FI
-P
SC

S
C
W

L
IN
O

R
A
O

E
PO

8
A

-T

TO
7
IN

TH
N
IS
M

O
EM

PI

C
E
2

TI
D
IC

LI

FA
C

O
N
X

FI
A

C
O

LE
O

TY

L
SB

U
L
-T

A
K

A
IO

LI

N
U
C

-E
V

IO
A
1

-H
A

R
-L

IT
C

10

O
TI

IA

D
M
3

ES

D
TR

A
G
M

IN
A

O
O

-P

-N
ER
-D

12
4

O
-L
11
FREQUENCY
Figure N.
Figure N shows that the patriarchal Filipino culture has highest rate which totals to eight (8) as another
factor that contributes to VAW followed by lack of empowerment which is half lower than the highest
rate. Tolerance, domestic violence in the home, poverty, and media have a rate of two (2) while toxic
masculinity, educational system, and lowering morality are at the lowest rate of one (1). This means that
the patriarchal belief of Filipinos has a massive effect on Violence Against Women.
 4a. What are the projects created by the organization/facility/agency/institu-
tion that spread VAW awareness?
14 100
1386.67 90
12
80
10 70

8 60
50
6 40
4 30
20
2
10
6.67 6.67
1 1
0 0
1 - THRU TRAININGS, SEMINARS, 2 - NONE 3 - MAKE & MANDATE LAWS
WORKSHOPS, & ADVOCACY
PROGRAMS

Percent

Figure N.
Figure N identifies the projects created by the agencies that spread VAW awareness. Trainings, seminars,
workshops, and advocacy programs have the most number which totals to 86.67% of the sample size
followed by the creation and mandating of laws that has a percentage of 6.67.

4c. How does the organization taken to protect the safety of women who
have been previously abused?
6 40 40
6
30
4
20 20
2 13.33 3 13.33 13.33
2 2 2 10
0 0
CE

SE
RT
ED

ES
AN

ON
FO
US

CI
EN
ST

EF

SP
AB

SI

RE

AG
T
Y

AS

EN
SL

ER
NM

T
AL
OU

IA

TN
EG

ED
VI

ER

R
-L
E

PA
OV
PR

M
2

TO
-G

-I
R
FO

AL
3
Y

ER
IT

EF
UN

-R
M
OM

5
-C
1

Percent

Figure N.
In this figure (Figure N), 40% of the sample size have or will have a community for the victims of abuse
to protect the safety of women. Followed by government effort that is 20% from the sample size, while
immediate response, referral to agencies, and legal assistance similarly have 13.33%.

5a. What are your comments and/or suggestions despite the organization’s
efforts to address violence against women and make it more effective?
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2 2 2
2

0
1 - EDUCATION 2 - GOVERNMENT 3 - EMPOWERMENT 4 - COOPERATION AND 5 - FACILITATES 6 - INCLUSION OF ROLE
IMPLEMENTATION PARTICIPATION OF TRAININGS IN CRISIS CENTER
PROGRAMS

FREQUENCY
Figure N.
In Figure N, the most common suggestion to address violence against women and make it more effective
is empowerment which has a rate of five (5), followed by facilitating trainings (4), inclusion of role in
crisis center (3), and education, government implementation, and cooperation and participation have a
rate of two (2). This means that in order to address violence against women, the agencies propose
empowering the women.
 5b. In your opinion, is there a need for Dumaguete City to have a Women’s
Crisis Center?
16

14

12

10

0
1 - YES 2 - NO

FREQUENCY
Figure N.
In this figure, all of the agencies interviewed agreed that there is a need for Dumaguete City to have a
Women’s Crisis Center.

R.A. 9262
800

700 687
666
637 632
600 614
566
500 492 506
458
400

300
263
200

100

0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

R.A. 9262
Figure N.
This figure shows the cases under Republic Act No. 9262 in the past 10 years in Dumaguete City. It is
shown that the number of cases has remained high. In 2013, there were 687 cases while in 2022, there
were 614 cases which only has a difference of 73 cases.

VAW Cases per Barangay

25
23.33

20

15

10 10 10 10
10
6.67 6.67 6.67
7
5
3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 3 5 6 7 9 13 15 20 30 34 60

Count Percent

Figure N.
In the figure above, seven (7) of the barangays have zero (0) cases in the past three (3) years. However,
one of them answered that their barangay had a total of 60 cases. Summarizing the data, Dumaguete City
has 11 to 12 cases every three (3) years.
However, comparing Figure N and Figure N, it is evident that during the pandemic years, 2019 to 2021,
the number of cases has lowered. This means that in Figure N, the average number of cases (11.50) in the
city has the possibility of increasing now that we are back to normal.
 Number of Beds per Barangay
80

70 66.67

60

50

40

30
20
20
20 13.33
10
6
0 4
0 1 2

Count Percent

Figure N.

Summarizing the datasets above, the number of cases has a total mean of 11.50 while the number of beds
per barangay has a mean of 0.933. Comparing the two datasets, the VAWC Desks in the city cannot
accommodate the number of victims given that there is only an average of zero (0) to one (1) bed while
the number of cases has an average of eleven (11) to twelve (12) women.

Communal Spaces
25 23.33
20
20

15
10 10
10
6.67 6.67
5 7 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33
6
3 3
0 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
/A

s
en

er
es

es

ea
er

es

y
es

l
na
ce

ea

dr
th
ac

N
h

ac
th

Ar

ac
ac
tc

Ar
pa

un
O

tio
Sp

Sp
O

sp
Sp
Ki

y
ls

dr
l,

ty

la
ea
ng

ng

na

or
g

vi
na

cr
n

t
in
vi

ep
vi

o
cti
au
ti o

Re
iv

o
Li

td
Li

xc
L

A
ati
ea

,L

ou
s,
,

le
g,

g,
re
cr
en

ea
om

in

in
Re

ec

Al
y,
h

Ar
iv

iv

dr
,r
tc

Ro

ty
Ki

or

un
g,

g,
g

vi
do
in

in

la
in

cti
n

n
ut

t
A

ep
Di

Di

Di
,o

g,

xc
,

in
en

en
i ty

en

le
n
h

h
tiv

Di

Al
tc

tc

tc
Ac
Ki

Ki

Ki

,
en
h
tc
Ki

Count Percent

Figure N.
Figure N identifies the communal spaces that every barangay VAW desk lacks. As the highest, 23.33% of
them don’t have communal spaces. Subsequently, 20% have living space only, 10% have kitchen. The rest
have communal spaces but are not complete which is the requirement of Department of Local and Interior
Government. This means that the Barangay VAWC desks in the city do not comply with the requirements.

Counseling Room
25
20
20 16.67
15 13.33 13.33

10 6.67 6.67
5 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33 3.33
6 5
4 4
0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
A

e)
N/
ce

y
ide

t
ac

ac

ple
pa

nc
ide

ac
y

e
ide
ins

iv

iv
ide

ac

nc
es

t ra

iv

om
ns

pr

pr
ns

iv

t ra

pr
m

ns
at

en
di

pr

l (c
io

al
di
ro

di
qu

al
en
ke

ud

isu

ve
io
df

ke

Al
isu
ke
de

oc

ud

ve

ati
v
oc
ke

oc

dv
sa

pt
l

pt
ati
a

rn
l
oc

be
l

xce
be

no

xce

an
Ha

be

rn

lt e
l

n
be

lt e
n

le
,

le

io
ca
n

a
de
ca
ca

ud
no
Al
n

Al
y,

si
Ca

y,

no
e,

a
ac

ut

ut
ac
nc

pt
no
iv

lb
iv

ce

xce
tra

pr
pr

Al
pa
se
en

le
l
ua
dio

es
be

Al
v is
e

au

at
tiv

qu
&

ca
na

,
ce

de
dio
er

pt
pa

a
alt

xce
Au
es

no
le
,

t
ce

ut
ua

Al
pa

lb
eq
es

Al
Ad
t
ua
eq
Ad

Count Percent
Figure N.
Figure N shows that 20% of the Barangay VAWC Desks do not have a counseling room. 16.67% have all
the requirements for a counseling room, followed by the four (4) barangays which is 13.33% of the
sample size have everything but lacks alternative entrance for the victims. This figure shows that more
than half of the barangays are not complete with the requirements from DILG for a counseling room.
 Child-minding Area
80
73.33
70

60

50

40

30

20 16.67 22

10 6.67
3.33
5
0 1 2
Has toys & books for children Has room/area for child-minding N/A Toys & books, room/area for child-minding

Count Percent

Figure N.
Furthermore, Figure N finds that 73.33% of the barangays, which is 22 out of 30, do not have child-
minding area for victims with children. Only one (1) barangay or 3.33% of the sample size have an area,
and five (5) of them only have toys which is 3.33%, and only two (2) barangays have both area and toys.
This signifies that more than half of the sample size do not have an area for child-minding.

Rating
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
63%
60% 57%

50%
43% 43%
40%
40% 37%
33%
30% 30%
30% 27%
23% 23%
20% 20%20%
20% 16%
13%
10% 10% 10% 10%10%
10% 7% 7%
0% 0%
0%
Policy-Related Facilities (Physical) Personnel Services Research, monitoring, Information and Financial Resources
evaluation Advocacy

Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Figure N.
Lastly, Figure N shows the rating of the Barangay VAWC Desk Officers to their own assigned desk. In
each category, one of the highest percentages is agree, which mean

https://hbr.org/2007/05/why-employees-are-afraid-to-speak --
https://letsgrowleaders.com/psychological-safety-why-people-dont-speak-up-at-work/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13520-022-00155-0 -- Supervisors who are open to changes,
understanding, and practice being ethical leaders always motivate their subordinates and support them in
expressing their views (Detert and Treviño, 2010; Liu et al., 2017). An employee would always analyze
the pros and cons of speaking up, considering the internal and external factors. Such actions play a vital
role in deciding to execute voice behavior or practice silence (Morrison & Milliken, 2003). Past study has
demonstrated that power lies in the hands of the manager to recompense or exploit voice behavior (Detert
et al., 2007); managers play a crucial role in creating an environment where employees feel secure and
worthy to speak up.

4b. What efforts have been done by your organization/facility/agency/insti-

tution to spread VAW awareness through different social media platforms?
16 100
93.33
14 90
14
80
12
70
10 60
8 50

6 40
30
4
20
2 10
6.67
0 1 0
1 - YES 2 - NO

Percent