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o SSI NM NT 

o)o , c m9V osTg peRIDAv(: 3 3t: oocnPM p1ACI0C 7IM (

o)o)o hNST?2CTInNSc

xO ? i PYTE? NOTEBOOj ASSIGNMENT WILL OFTEN HAVE t ELEMENTSc W?ITTEN ANSWE?S: CODE ANSWE?S: AND Q Iy
ANSWE?S% O? W?ITTEN ANSWE?S: YO MAY INSE?T IMAGES OF YO ? HANDW?ITTEN WO?j IN CODE CELLS: O? W?ITE
YO ? ANSWE?S IN MA?jDOWN AND kA/Ew% O? Q Iy ANSWE?S: YO ? '$C9' % X 0LE WILL ?ECO?D YO ? ANSWE?
CHOICES IN THE Q Iy MOD LES FO? S BMISSION% *OTH YO ? Q Iy ANSWE?S AND CODE ANSWE?S WILL BE A TOG?ADED ON
4?ADESCOPE% /HIS ASSIGNMENT DOES NOT HAVE THE Q Iy PO?TION%

O? ALL ELEMENTS: , m / l ,- x /gd ]dkkr% 1 T YO ? ANSWE?S nNLY IN THE ANSWE? CELLS GIVEN: AND
,n NnT ,ELETE CELLS% -F YO FAIL TO FOLLOW THESE INST? CTIONS: YO WILL LOSE POINTS ON YO ? S BMISSION%

lAjE S ?E TO SHOW THE STEPS OF YO ? SOL TION FO? EVE?Y Q ESTION TO ?ECEIVE C?EDIT: NOT J ST THE 0NAL ANSWE?%
xO MAY SEA?CH INFO?MATION ONLINE B T YO WILL NEED TO W?ITE CODE60ND SOL TIONS TO ANSWE? THE Q ESTIONS
YO ?SELF% xO WILL S BMIT YO ? %IPYNB 0LE AND ?ECO?D%TXT TO G?ADESCOPE WHEN YO A?E 0NISHED%

o)o)3 iATE 1nLICYc

) ?ED CTION FO? THE 0?ST DAY AND oz) ?ED CTION AFTE?WA?DS FO? EVE?Y EXT?A DAY PAST D E%

o)o)t gnW Tn hNCL2,E xn2? lATH v?ITTEN NSWE?Q

xO CO LD SE INLINE k /dw IN MA?jDOWN p?ECOMMENDED( O? SE MA?jDOWNS” INCL DE IMAGE F NCTIONALITY TO

S BMIT YO ? W?ITTEN ?ESPONSES%

i 6dw p?ECnMMEN,E,( gE?E IS A FANTASTIC T TO?IAL F?OM ]AL/ECH ABO T SING k /dw IN i PYTE? mOTEBOOj%%
xO CO LD ALSO 0ND VA?IO S k /dw T TO?IALS AND CHEAT SHEETS ONLINE%

hNCL2,E hMAGES -F YO A?E STILL GETTING FAMILIA? WITH SING kA/Ew: HANDW?ITE THE ?ESPONSE ON PAPE? O?
THE STYL S% /AjE A PICT ?E O? SC?EENSHOT OF YO ? ANSWE?: AND INCL DE THAT IMAGE IN THE i PYTE? mOTEBOOj% *E

o
S ?E TO INCL DE THAT IMAGE IN THE IMGr DI?ECTO?Y% kET”S SAY YO HAVE YO ? .o ?ESPONSE SAVED AS IMGr +o% NGs
THE MA?jDOWN SYNTAX TO INCL DE THAT IMAGE IS =b+o[pIMGr +o% NG(%

o)3 hMP9RTANT m9TIC

xO M ST CHECj BOTH S BMISSION O TP T ON THE G?ADESCOPE p rrIGNM$N f h m9 $B99 AND rrIGNM$N f

h lAN2AL 4'A ING( CO??ECTLY ?EECTS YO ? WO?j AND ?ESPONSES% -F YO NOTICE INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN YO ?
NOTEBOOj AND THE lAN AL 4?ADING PO?TION: YO NEED TO MAjE A 1IAyyA POST: AND WE CAN HELP YO WITH THAT%

3 . STI9N oc 9NC PT AL . STI9NS

rELECT THE CO??ECT OPTIONpS(% mOTE THAT THE?E MIGHT BE M LTIPLE CO??ECT OPTIONS%

v?ITE YO ? SOL TION AS A LIST OF ST?INGS BY ?EPLACING THE · “

dX%c bq q[ IF YO THINj THE ANSWE? IS : AND bq q: q]q[ IF YO THINj THE ANSWE?S A?E AND ](%

3)o o)o i9 ISTIC Q R SSI9N

]HOOSE ALL THE VALID ANSWE?S TO THE DESC?IPTION ABO T LINEA? ?EG?ESSInN AND LnGISTIC ?EG?ESSInN F?OM THE
OPTIONS BELOWc

% kINEA? ?EG?ESSION IS AN NS PE?VISED LEA?NING P?OBLEMs LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION IS A S PE?VISED LEA?NING P?OBLEM%

*% kINEA? ?EG?ESSION DEALS WITH THE P?EDICTION OF CONTIN O S VAL ESs LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION DEALS WITH THE P?EDICh
TION OF CLASS LABELS%

]% vE CANNOT SE G?ADIENT DESCENT TO SOLVE LINEA? ?EG?ESSION% -NSTEAD: WE CAN ONLY SE THE CLOSEDhFO?M
SOL TION TO TACjLE THE LINEA? ?EG?ESSION P?OBLEM%

,% kINEA? ?EG?ESSION IS A CONVEX OPTIMIyATION P?OBLEM WHE?EAS LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION IS NOT%

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-N b [c G'A $'%C>$C pq+ouoq(

3
3)3 o)3 r PP9RT u CT9R lACgIN prul(

-N THE IG ?E o: WE SE A BLACj LINE TO MA?j THE DECISION BO NDA?Y OF A LINEA? rul CLASSI0E? PA?AMETE?IyED
BY WEIGHT VECTO? W AND BIAS 𝑌% -F WE STA?T TO INC?EASE THE MA?GIN OF THE CLASSI0E?: WHAT WO LD HAPPEN TO Wq
prul IS EXPECTE, Tn aE CnVE?E, nN mnV osTH)(

LINEA? rul CLASSI0E? WITH DATA POINTS

% /HE MAGNIT DE OF W DOES NOT CHANGE%

*% W WILL HAVE SMALLE? MAGNIT DE%

]% W WILL HAVE G?EATE? MAGNIT DE%

,% mONE OF ABOVE%

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-N b [c G'A $'%C>$C pq+ou3q(

3)t o)t i9S ISTIC Q R SSI9N

SS ME WE HAVE A T?AINING DATASET 𝑃 ; ] X𝑔 + 𝑔 + 𝑓 ; + } + |: AND WE WANT TO T?AIN A LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION

CLASSI0E? ON THIS T?AINING SET%

. ESTIONc vHICH IS THE CO??ECT ANSWE? FO? THE OPTIMAL SOL TION OF MODEL PA?AMETE?S W AND 𝑌q

𝑖
% W∘ + 𝑌∘  ; A?G MIN A0𝑎 ∈𝑔;4 { LN 4
∗ w 𝑧 
4𝑏{ 

𝑖
*% W∘ + 𝑌∘  ; A?G MAX A0𝑎 ∈𝑔;4 { LN 4
∗ w 𝑧 
4𝑏{ 

𝑖
]% W∘ + 𝑌∘  ; A?G MIN A0𝑎 { LN ∈𝑔;4 4
∗ w 𝑧 
4𝑏{ 

𝑖
,% W∘ + 𝑌∘  ; A?G MAX A0𝑎 { ∈𝑔;4 4
∗ w 𝑧 
4𝑏{ 

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t
-N bs[c Qout 8 bq q[ n r#k2/-#m

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3)5 . STI9N 3 i9 ISTIC Q R SSI9Nc e9RM LATI9N

SS ME IN A BINA?Y CLASSI0CATION P?OBLEM: WE NEED TO P?EDICT A BINA?Y LABEL  ≥ ]{+ | FO? A FEAT ?E VECTO?
𝑤 ; =𝑤2 + 𝑤4 [∗ % -N LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION: WE CAN ?EFO?M LATE THE BINA?Y CLASSI0CATION P?OBLEM IN A P?OBABILISTIC
F?AMEWO?jc vE AIM TO MODEL THE DIST?IB TION OF CLASSES GIVEN THE INP T FEAT ?E VECTO? X% rPECI0CALLY: WE
CAN EXP?ESS THE CONDITIONAL P?OBABILITY PpYbX( PA?AMETE?IyED BY pW: B( SING A LOGISTIC F NCTION% SS ME THE
P?OBABILITY OF THE POSITIVE P?EDICTION   ; X IS ?EP?ESENTED ASc


  ; X ;
  { A∗ 𝑡𝑎

3)5)o 3)o

1LEASE DE?IVE THE FO?M LATION OF   ; {X%

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sxP, xnt. lru,. g,.,: .,Pi ahle Tghr T,wTp

5
3)5)3 3)3

1LEASE SHOW THAT  X ; 4𝑏{

4
∗ w𝑧 %

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sxP, xnt. lru,. g,.,: .,Pi ahle Tghr T,wTp

t . STI9N tc i9 ISTIC Q R SSI9N hNF R NC

vE HAVE A LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION CLASSI0E? FO? A 3hDIMENSIONAL FEAT ?E VECTO? X ; 𝑤4 + 𝑤3 c

+ IF 4𝑏{ 4… { … ≠ .+

 X ; )
{+ OTHE?WISE


WHE?E  X ≥ ]{+ | IS THE P?EDICTED LABEL% 1LEASE SOLVE THE FOLLOWING P?OBLEMS%

t)z)o .2ESTInN t)o

,?AW THE DECISION BO NDA?Y OF THE LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION CLASSI0E? AND SHADE THE ?EGION WHE?E THE CLASSI0E?
P?EDICTS o%

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n 1LOT TH LIN
n >INTc xOU <AY US c PLT)PLOT
L % L9 pXou_AL2$r: X3u_AL2$r( n r#k2/-#m

n ILL TH AR A LO TH LIN
n >INTc xOU <AY US c PLT)FILLu T N
L %!ILLuB$ W$$NpXou_AL2$r: X3u_AL2$r: ht: C9L9'8"9'ANG$": AL >A8z%t( n r#k2/-#m

n XIS LA LS AND LI<ITS

L %XLAB$Lp"Xo"(
L %YLAB$Lp"X3"(
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n ,RA TH FI UR
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7
t)z)3 .2ESTInN t)3

/HE?E A?E TWO NEW DATA POINTS 𝑤4 ; + . AND 𝑤3 ; .+ % 1?EDICT THE CO??ESPONDING LABEL 4 + 3 ≥ ]{+ |
FO? 𝑤4 AND 𝑤3 SING THE GIVEN LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION CLASSI0E?%

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Y3 8 o n r#k2/-#m

-N b [c G'A $'%C>$C pq+tu3q(

;
t)z)t .2ESTInN 5

-N THIS SECTION WE WANT TO CALC LATE LOSS VAL ES FO? A PE?CEPTION MODEL WITH PA?AMETE?S W AND 𝑌% /HE LOSS
F NCTION IS DE0NED ASc
ℝ X𝑔 + 𝑔  ; MAX .+ {𝑔 W∗ X𝑔  𝑌

AND THE G?ADIENT OF THE LOSS WITH ?ESPECT TO THE PA?AMETE? W FO? THE DATA POINT X𝑔 ISc

ℝ X𝑔 + 𝑔  .+ IF 𝑔 ; SIGN W∗ X𝑔  𝑌+
;)
W {𝑔 X𝑔 + OTHE?WISE

vE HAVE A PE?CEPTION MODEL FO? A 3hDIMENSIONAL FEAT ?E VECTO? X ; 𝑤4 + 𝑤3 c

 X ; SIGN 𝑤4 { 𝑤3  

/HE O TP T OF  IS THE P?EDICTED LABEL%  X ≥ ]{+ |%

t)z)5 .2ESTInN 5)o inSS ]ALC2LATInN

4IVEN FO ? DATA POINTS AND THEI? LABELSc a X4 ; {+ {s 4 ; { a X3 ; + .s 3 ;  a X1 ; + s 1 ; 
a X ; + {s  ; 

1LEASE CALC LATE THE LOSS VAL E ℝ X𝑔 + 𝑔  FO? EACH DATA POINT%

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-N bof[c n kuIc LOSS VALU FOR TH IhTH DATA POINT

kuo 8 3 n r#k2/-#m
ku3 8 z n r#k2/-#m
kut 8 t n r#k2/-#m
ku5 8 z n r#k2/-#m

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t)z) .2ESTInN 5)3 4?A,IENT ]ALC2LATInN

w 0𝑥 
1LEASE CALC LATE  A : THE G?ADIENT OF LOSS F NCTION WITH ?ESPECT TO W FO? THESE FO ? DATA POINTS
] X𝑔 + 𝑔 + 𝑓 ; + + + |%

e
gINTc /HE G?ADIENT CO LD BE A VECTO? O? z% O? CONSISTENCY IN YO ? ANSWE?S: ?EP?ESENT THE G?ADIENT AS A LIST
OF LENGTH 3: S CH AS |t: 5[% he THE G?A,IENT IS z: PLEASE 2SE bz: z[ INSTEA, ne A SINGLE z%

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-N b3o[c n DkuD uIc D RIVATIV OF LOSS VALU ITH R SP T TO FOR TH IhTH DATA POINT
ku Wuo 8 bho:ho[ n r#k2/-#m
ku Wu3 8 bz:z[ n r#k2/-#m
ku Wut 8 bh3:ht[ n r#k2/-#m
ku Wu5 8 bz:z[ n r#k2/-#m

-N b [c G'A $'%C>$C pq+5u3q(

5 . STI9N c i9 ISTIC Q R SSI9N

SS ME IN A BINA?Y CLASSI0CATION P?OBLEM: WE NEED TO P?EDICT A BINA?Y LABEL  ≥ ]{+ | FO? A FEAT ?E VECTO?
𝑤 ; =𝑤2 + 𝑤4 [% -N LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION: WE CAN ?EFO?M LATE THE BINA?Y CLASSI0CATION P?OBLEM IN A P?OBABILISTIC
F?AMEWO?jc vE AIM TO MODEL THE DIST?IB TION OF CLASSES GIVEN THE INP T FEAT ?E VECTO? X% rPECI0CALLY: WE
CAN EXP?ESS THE CONDITIONAL P?OBABILITY  X PA?AMETE?IyED BY W+ 𝑌 SING LOGISTIC F NCTION ASc


 X ;
 {𝑥 A−w𝑎

WHE?E W ; =𝑝2 + 𝑝4 [∗ IS THE WEIGHT VECTO?: AND 𝑌 IS THE BIAS SCALA?% 4IVEN A T?AINING DATASET 𝑃rnAgigia ;
] X𝑔 + 𝑔 |+ 𝑓 ; + } + |: WE WISH TO OPTIMIyE THE NEGATIVE LOGhLIjELIHOOD LOSS ℝ W+ 𝑌c
𝑖
ℝ W+ 𝑌 ; {  LN  𝑔 X𝑔 
𝑔;4

AND 0ND THE OPTIMAL WEIGHT VECTO? W AND BIAS 𝑌 TO B ILD THE LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION MODELc

W∘ + 𝑌∘ ; A?G MIN ℝ W+ 𝑌
A0𝑎

-N THIS P?OBLEM: WE ATTEMPT TO OBTAIN THE OPTIMAL PA?AMETE?S W∘ AND 𝑌∘ BY SING A STANDA?D G?ADIENT DESCENT
ALGO?ITHM% SS ME 𝑔 ;  𝑔 X𝑔 : THE G?ADIENT FO? W AND THE G?ADIENT FO? 𝑌 A?E SHOWN AS FOLLOWINGc
𝑖
ℝ W+ 𝑌
; {   { 𝑔 𝑔 X𝑔
W 𝑔;4

𝑖
ℝ W+ 𝑌
; {   { 𝑔 𝑔
𝑌 𝑔;4

n
-N ?EALITY: WE TYPICALLY TACjLE THIS P?OBLEM IN A MAT?IX FO?Mc I?ST: WE ?EP?ESENT DATA POINTS AS MAT?ICES 𝑆 ;
=𝑤+ 𝑤+ + 𝑤[∗ AND 𝑋 ; =+ + + [∗ % /H S: THE NEGATIVE LOGhLIjELIHOOD LOSS kpW: B( CAN BE FO?M LATED
ASc
, ; SIGMOID 𝑋 ⋅ 𝑆W  𝑌o(
ℝ W+ 𝑌 ; {o∗ LN ,

WHE?E  ; =+ + + [∗ ≥ ∑𝑖 IS A NhDIMENSIONAL COL MN VECTO?: LNp…( IS AN ELEMENThWISE NAT ?AL LOGA?ITHM
F NCTION: SIGMOID  ; 4𝑏4 { IS AN ELEMENThWISE SIGMOID F NCTION: AND ·⋅“ IS AN ELEMENThWISE P?OD CT OPE?h
ATO?% rIMILA?LY: WE CAN HAVE THE G?ADIENT FO? W AND 𝑌 IN THE MAT?IX FO?Mc

ℝ W+ 𝑌
; {𝑆 ∗  { ,  ⋅ 𝑋 (
W
ℝ W+ 𝑌
; {o∗  { ,  ⋅ 𝑋 (
𝑌

FTE? OBTAINING THE LOGISTIC ?EG?ESSION MODEL IN dQ% o WITH THE OPTIMAL W∘ : 𝑌∘ F?OM G?ADIENT DESCENT: WE CAN
SE THE FOLLOWING DECISION ? LE TO P?EDICT THE LABEL  X5 W∘ + 𝑌∘  ≥ ]{+ | OF THE FEAT ?E VECTO? Xc

+ IF   ; X ≠ .+
 X5 W∘ + 𝑌∘  ; )
{+ OTHE?WISE

*ESIDES: THE E??O? 𝑠𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑒 ON THE T?AINING SET 𝑃𝑠𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑒 ; ] X𝑔 + 𝑔 | IS DE0NED ASc

 𝑖
𝑠𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑒 ;  o 𝑔 ⊤  X5 W∘ + 𝑌∘ (
 𝑔;4

AND WE CAN DE0NE THE TEST E??O? 𝑠𝑏𝑟𝑠 ON THE TEST SET 𝑃𝑠𝑏𝑟𝑠 IN THE SAME WAY%

-N b3s[c ) nN gf -NLIN$*AC $N %!IG2'$u!9'MA 8 "'$ INA"

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inA, THE Mn,I0E, h?IS ,ATASET

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w 8 I'Ir% A A n /H SHAP OF w IS pofz: 5(: HI H < ANS

n TH R AR ofz DATA POINTS: A H DATA POINT
n HAS 5 F ATUR S)

n > R FOR ONV NI N : DIVID TH t INDS OF FLO RS INTO 3 ROUPSc

oz
 n x 8 z pOR ALS (c r TOSA pORI INAL VALU z( s _ RSI OLOR pORI INAL VALU o(
n x 8 o pOR /RU (c _IR INI A pORI INAL VALU 3(

n /HUS US pIRIS)TAR T g o)f( TO DIVID TH TAR TS INTO 3 ROUPS)

n /HIS LIN OF OD ILL ASSI Nc
n xbI[ 8 /RU p HI H IS +UIVAL NT TO o( IF IRIS)TAR Tb [ g o)f p_IR INI A(
n xbI[ 8 ALS p HI H IS +UIVAL NT TO z( IF IRIS)TAR Tb [ l8 o)f pr TOSA s _ RSI OLOR(

x 8 pI'Ir% A'G$ g o%f(%'$r>A $pho:o(%Ar Y $p!L9A ( n /H SHAP OF x IS pofz: o(: HI H < ANS
n TH R AR ofz DATA POINTS: A H DATA POINT
n HAS o TAR T VALU )
xbx88z[ 8 ho

wuAN ux 8 N %>r AC ppw: x(( n rTA TH < TO TH R FOR SHUFFLIN )

N %'AN 9M%r$$ po( n r T TH RANDO< S D)
N %'AN 9M%r>2!!L$pwuAN ux( n rHUFFL TH DATA POINTS IN wuANDux ARRAY

'IN pw%r>A $(
'IN px%r>A $(
'IN pwuAN uxbz[( n /H R SULT SHOULD AL AYSc b f)e 5) o)3 z)3 z) [

pofz: 5(
pofz: o(
b f%e 5% o%3 z%3 ho% [

-N b3n[c n ,IVID TH DATA POINTS INTO TRAININ S T AND T ST S T)

wur>2!!L$ 8 wuAN uxbc:c5[
xur>2!!L$ 8 wuAN uxbc:5[

wu 'AIN 8 wur>2!!L$ bcozz[bc:bt:o[[ n rHAP c pozz:3(

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xu 'AIN 8 xur>2!!L$ bcozz[ n rHAP c pozz:(
xu 'AIN 8 N % $L$ $pxu 'AIN: 53: AXIr8z( n <OV A POINT FOR S PARA ILITY)
wu $r 8 wur>2!!L$ bozzc[bc:bt:o[[ n rHAP c pfz:3(
xu $r 8 xur>2!!L$ bozzc[ n rHAP c pfz:(
'IN pwu 'AIN%r>A $(
'IN pxu 'AIN%r>A $(
'IN pwu $r %r>A $(
'IN pxu $r %r>A $(

pnn: 3(
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C8"BL2$": LAB$L8"CLArr ho"(
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C8"'$ ": LAB$L8"CLArr o"(
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