1. Some researchers consider developmental
Nonnormative influences are unusual events
psychology an applied research topic because
a. It is more easily applied to people's lives
than research such as behaviorism
b. Researchers apply findings and theories
from other areas of psychology to the
specific topic of human development.
c. Doing original research in this area is
difficult, so most of the research is
about application
d. Pure research is difficlt to gain support
for, especially when a researcher needs
to recruit children as
2. A theorist proposes that children learn language
by observing and imitating their parents, who in
turn reinforce the sounds and words their
children produce. In the nature versus nurture
debate, where does this theorist's proposal fit?
a. Nature
b. Interaction between nature and nurture
c. Reciprocation between nature and
nurture
d. Nurture
3. counselor is conducting an initial evaluation
with a client and asks questions to better
understand the client's feelings, relationships,
identity, and personality. This counselor is
exploring the of human development.
a. Physical domain
b. Cognitive domain
c. Lifespan domain
d. Psychosocial domain
4. Parents exclaim, "One day my baby was crawling
around on the floor, and the next day my
toddler was wobbling around the house on two
feet! It all happened so suddenly." Which
approach to describing how developmental
changes occur does the parents' statement
reflect?
a. Discontinuous development
b. Universal development
c. Sequential development
d. Continuous development
5.
that have major impact on individual lives
because they disturb the expected sequence of
the life cycle. Which of the following is not an
example of non-normative influences:
a. Death of a parent when a child is young
b. Surviving a plane crash
c. Deciding to have a baby in their mid-
fifties
d. Great depression
6. Adolescents typically gain in physical abilities,
but their facility in learning a new language
typically declines. Some abilities such as
vocabulary, often continue to increase
throughout most of the adlthood. This means
that:
a. Development is life-long
b. Development is multidimensional
c. Development is multidirectional
d. Development shows plasticity
7. A graduate student is considering topics for a
Master's thesis. The graduate advisor
recommends: "There are several sets of well-
developed ideas about that topic. You must first
review their explanations and use that to make
predictions for your research." The graduate
advisor is recommending that the student
review _______.
a. Hypotheses
b. Research
c. Observations
d. Theories
8. Teresa believes her cultural practices are the
best and right ones, and it is difficult for her to
understand the cultural practices of other
societies. Tanya expresses an appreciation for
cultural differences and a willingness to
consider the perspectives of people in other
cultures. Teresa's view demonstrates ____while
Tanya's view demonstrates_____.
a. a cohort effect; contextual intelligence
b. nonnormative influences; normative
history-graded influences
c. one dimensional culture;
multidimensional culture
d. ethnocentrism; cultural relativity
9. Researchers build upon eachother's work by
following up on suggested directions for future
research and addressing limitations of previous
studies. For example, a researcher might extend
a study that was originally conducted with an
urban sample to include people living in
suburban and rural areas. Which value of the
scientific method does this demonstrate?
a. The scientific method facilitates the
establishment of literature or
knowledge base
b. The scientific method allows for asking
only those individuals with whom we
are familiar to participate in a study.
c. The scientific method allows for the
researchers own biases and
assumptions in reporting findings.
d. The scientific method allows for
theories that cannot be falsified.
10. 10. Childcare practices differ across cultures,
and different practices have been found to
influence when and how children reach certain
developmental milestones, such as sitting,
crawling, and walking. Which approach to
human development is conveyed by this
finding?
a. Development is essentially the same, or
universal, for all children.
b. b. Development is a cumulative, smooth
process of improvement.
c. Development occurs in specific stages,
at specific times or ages.
d. Development can follow a different
course for each child.
11. Psychologists generally prefer the experimental
method to other research methods because
a. Experiments are more likely to suppport
psychologists hypothesis
b. Experiments can show cause-effect
relationships.
c. It is easier to obtain a random sample
for an experiement
d. Experiments are more likely to result in
statistically significant findings.
12. What does a researcher do in a longitudinal study?
a. Make use of controlled and experimental
groups of articipants.
b. Follow the same individuals from early to
later age or developmental level
c. Select and study only one age group of
individuals at each age group
d. Pick out at random same individuals for
conclusion.
13. Theoretically, random assignment should eliminate
a. Sampling error
b. The need to use statistics
с. Many confounding variables
d. The need for representative sample
14. In order to minimize attrition in studies with infants
and children, researchers are advised to ______.
a. provide more enticements in the form of rewards
b. withhold snacks until the study is complete
c. minimize breaks for rest
d. design the study to be as short as possible
15. The best sampling design because every member in
the population has an chance of inclusion in the sample
is
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Systematic random sampling
d. Cluster sampling
16. A researcher conducted an in depth study of a child
who was raised in isolation and had no contact with
same-age peers until age 10. This researcher detailed
the child's development in a number of spheres:
physical/motor, language/cognitive, social and
emotional. What kind of research method is this?
a. Observational study
b. Survey
c. Content analysis
d. Case study
17. Charlotte, a nursery school student, hypothesizes
that boys have fights with the finger paints more than
girls do. She tests her hypothesis by casaully watching
the finger-painting table for three days of nursery
school. What method is she using?
a. Field experiment
b. Social experiment
c. Etnography
d. Naturalistic observation
18. In a health class for middle schoolers, the instructor
discusses puberty, to the embarrassment of the
students, and reviews the biological factors involved in
how their bodies are changing, the cognitive factors
involved in more advanced thinking skills, the emotional
factors involved in regulating feelings, and the social
factors involved in navigating relationships. This
illustrates which of Baltes' key principles of lifespan
development?
a. Development is multidimentional
b. Development is multidisciplinary.
c. Development has gains and losses.
d. Development is plastic
19. Millennials, those born between 1982 and 2000, are
considered tech-savvy because they grew up with
technology and rely on it for daily activities. Millennials
are defined by characteristics that were formed while
growing up with advancements in technology as part of
their world and culture. Which of Baltes' contextual
influences does this represent?
a Normative age-graded influences
b. Nonnormative influences
C. Normative contextual intelligence
d. Normative history-graded influences
20. Evolutionary perspectives on lifespan development
have been criticized for _______.
a. proposing discrete stages rather than a continuous
process of growth and learning
b. insufficent attention to environmental and social
factors involved in behavior
c. underestimating what children are capable of given
the right circumstances
d. focusing on behaviors that are reflexively elicited and
not new behaviors
21. A researcher studies how children make sense of
new information either by making it fit into known
information (e.g., calling all round objects "ball") or by
modifying their thinking (e.g., learning new words for
various round objects). This researcher's work is
grounded in Piaget's _______.
a. Social Cognitive Theory
b. Classical Conditioning
c. Operant Conditioning
d. Theory of Cognitive Development
22. Social cognitive theory (social learning theory)
proposes that ________ whereas Piaget's theory of
cognitive development proposes that _______.
a. there are distinct stages of development; learning is
unique to each person,
b. learning is universal for everyone; development
follows many courses
c. learning is unique to each person, there are distinct
stages of development
d. development is more influenced by nature than
nurture; development is more influenced by nurture
than nature.
23. A teacher uses a kind of guided assistance to model
problem solving and provide levels of support as
needed, which enables children to understand concepts
and gain more language skills. What term would
Vygotsky use to describe this?
a. Zone of proximal development
b. Information processing
c. Formal operations
d. Scaffolding
24. A student is close to mastering a new language skill,
but the student needs more practice and assistance
before performing the skill independently. According to
Vygotsky, this gap between what a student can and
cannot do without help is referred to as _______.
a. The zone of proximal development table together. Throughout that day, Lila was much
more engaged with other students than she would
b. information processing
normally have been. Which aspect of Bandura's Social
c. formal operations Cognitive Theory does this demonstrate?

d. scaffolding a. Attention

25. A store clerk witnesses the following exchange that b. Initiation

she has seen numerous times between a parent and
c. Motivation
child who are regular customers. A child asks for a toy.
The parent refuses to get it. The child throws a temper d. Reciprocal Determinism
tantrum. The parent puts the toy in the shopping
29. You hear an annoying beeping sound if you try to
basket. The child stops crying. The store clerk thinks,
exit your car with the keys still in the ignition. The next
"Behavior is controlled by its consequences," and is
time you park your car, you are more likely to take your
referring to ______.
keys out of the ignition before exiting. What principle of
a. classical conditioning operant conditioning does this reflect?

b. a Skinner Box a. Law of effect

c. observational learning b. Unconditioned response

d. operant conditioning c. Conditioned stimulus

26. A student is bullied at school and now associates d. Observational learning

school with fear. According to Pavlov's classical
30. A therapist advises a client who is struggling to feel
conditioning paradigm, the fear, anxiety, and
motivated to complete schoolwork to watch a favorite
nervousness this student experiences when
TV show after finishing an assignment. This therapist is
approaching school is a(n) ______.
recommending that the client use _______.
a. unconditioned response
a. an unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
b. reciprocal determinism
c. conditioned stimulus
c. initiation
d. conditioned response
d. a reinforcer
27. Students in an acting class watch instructors
31. Children who are seriously reflecting on the future,
demonstrate stage combat techniques. These students
imagining what they want to be when they grow up and
must be able to execute the behavior (i.e., the stage
planning what it might take to get there have reached
combat techniques) they are trying to learn. Which part
Piaget's ________ stage of cognitive development.
of Bandura's observational learning process does this
represent? a. concrete operational
a. Initiation b. preoperational
b. Retention c. formal operational
c. Motivation d. sensorimotor
d. Attention 32. During a test of cognitive ability, a student is asked
to repeat a series of digits backwards. According to an
28. A shy student, Lila, shows up for her first day at a
information processing approach to cognitive
new school. She would prefer to slip to the back of the
development, this ability to retain information while
class unnoticed. Instead, a friendly, outgoing student,
actively manipulating it is an example of _______.
Alex, approaches Lila and invites her to sit at the same
a. cognitive neuroscience
b. working memory
c. theory-of-mind
d. reversibility
33. Piaget's traditional approach to cognitive
development has been extended by Neo-Piagetian
theorists who consider how ________.
a. neural connections in the brain influence thinking and
problem solving.
b. abstract logic, moral reasoning, and problem solving
capabilities develop
c. schemas, assimilation, and accommodation influence
cognitive development
d. experience, culture, and interactions with others
influence cognitive development
34. A child development researcher established a
password for her lab computers. The password, was
created in honor of the person who established the first
scientific journals that published child development
research, and who was also the first president of the
American Psychological Association.
a. G. Stamely Hall
b. John B. Watson
c. Sigmund Freud
d. James Mark Baldwin
35. An infant smiles when something feels good and
cries when something feels bad. The infant's parent, a
psychotherapist whose work is based on Sigmund
Freud's theory, jokes, "This baby is all id." Which of
Freud's principles is this parent referring to?
a. The reality principle
b. The neurosis principle
c. The oral principle
d. The pleasure principle
36. A parent tells a school counselor, "I am concerned
that my child has developed an inferiority complex. My
child feels like he does not measure up to peers."
According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial
development, this child may be struggling to accomplish
the developmental task of the Industry versus Inferiority
stage of development, which is ________.
a. competence
b. care
c. will
d. purpose
37. Two young adult friends are talking about their
dating preferences. One friend says, "I prefer to go to
the movies by myself. I believe you have to know
yourself and be good company for yourself before you
can be good company for someone else." Erik Erikson
would agree that we must have a strong sense of self
before we can develop successful intimate relationships.
This statement describes the key developmental
task in which stage of psychosocial development?
a. Identity versus Role Confusion
b. Generativity versus Stagnation
c. Intimacy versus Isolation
d. Integrity versus despair
38. A researcher whose study of higher order thinking
skills in children is influenced by Vygotsky's sociocultural
theory would
be likely to investigate ______.
a. the role of positive and negative reinforcement on
language and learning processes
b. the role of congruence and incongruence on language
and learning processes
c. the role of biology and neural connections on
language and learning processes
d. the role of social interaction and culture on
language and learning processes
39. School administrators and teachers meet yearly to
review the school philosophy, daily routines, assessment
methods, and other elements of the school system
because they know these factors can affect a child's self-
image, learning, and sense of accomplishment. These
educators and their concerns represent which element
of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?
a. Microsystem Piaget's stages of cognitive development, these infants
have not yet developed _____.
b. Mesosytem
a. conservation
c. Macrosystem
b. object permanence
d. Exosytem
c. reversibility
40. A child therapist believes that it is important to
understand all the forces that shape and impact d. egocentrism
children's lives: individual, family, neighborhood,
44. A couple expecting their first child discuss how they
society, and culture. This therapist subscribes to which
plan to provide their child with a sense of value and
approach to development?
positive self-concept that is not attached to specific
a. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory accomplishments or conditions of worth. Carl Rogers
would describe the parents as providing _______.
b. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
a. freedom of choice
c. Rogers' humanistic theory
b. organismic trust
d. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model
c unconditional positive regard
41. A research team is interested in studying the genetic
contributions to addictive behavior, such as Internet d. an existential lifestyle
gambling. They use twin, family, and adoption studies to
45. A client laments to his therapist, "Who I am and who
compare the health and behavior outcomes of
I want to be don't match up." The therapist, whose
individuals who share the same environment or
approach to psychotherapy is influenced by Carl Rogers,
hereditary lineage. Which type of scientific research is
describes this as a state of ______.
this team conducting?
a. congruence
a. Behavioral genetics
b. unconditional positive regard
b. Microsystems
c. conditional positive regard
c. Sociocultural
d. incongruence
d. Cognitive neuroscience
46. Human service agencies that provide food, water,
42. A researcher states, "In order to understand human
clothing, and shelter to people in need are focused on
development, we must consider how our genetic
helping others meet which of Maslow's hierarchy of
inheritance determines behavior and personality and
needs?
seek to understand which traits became adaptive
through a process of natural selection. This researcher is a. Physiological
a proponent of which perspective?
b. Love and belonging
a. The ecological perspective
c. Esteem
b. The exosystem perspective
d. Safety
c. The ethology perspective
47. A child development expert publishes a book on the
d. The evolutionary perspective impact of global advances in technology on children's
development. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological
43. Infants younger than 5 months old do not search for
systems model, what would be a good subtitle for the
objects once they have been removed from their sight.
author's book?
According to
a. Mesosystem View
b. An Exosystem View
c. A Microsystem View
d. A Macrosystem View
48. Which two approaches to lifespan development
have the following in common: development is
continuous, there are many courses of development,
and development is more influenced by nurture than
nature?
a. Psychosexual theory and psychosocial theory
b. Social cognitive theory and Piaget's theory of
cognitive development
c. Humanistic theory and sociocultural theory
d. classical conditioning and operant conditioning
49. A therapist, whose approach to psychotherapy is
based on Sigmund Freud's theory, explains that a
patient's problematic behavior is based on ______.
a. being stuck in the developmental task of trust vs.
mistrust
b. unconscious motives, fears, and anxieties
c. observational learning without consequences
d. a classically conditioned response
50. What is the difference between a sperm and an egg?
a. The sperm is the female gamete, while the egg is the
male gamete.
b. The sperm causes monozygotic twins, while the egg
causes dizygotic twins.
c. The sperm contains only Y chromosomes, while the
egg contains both X and Y chromosomes.
d. The sperm is the male gamete, while the egg is the
female gamete.
51. Brayson's son was diagnosed with having a
chromosomal abnormality. If you were Brayson's friend,
how would you explain the cause of chromosomal
abnormalities?
a. inheriting too many or too few chromosomes
b. two eggs being fertilized by two sperm
c. a zygote that fails to separate completely
52. What causes the most common chromosomal
abnormality, called Trisomy 21?
a. A missing chromosome on #21
b. An extra X chromosome only on #21
c. An extra Y chromosome only on #21
d. An extra chromosome on #21
53. Which of the following describes a difference
between how monozygotic and dizygotic twins develop?
a. Dizygotic twins come from a single zygote, while
monozygotic twins come from two zygotes.
b. Monozygotic twins come from a single zygote, while
dizygotic twins come from two zygotes.
c. Monozygotic twins are caused by a double X
chromosome, while dizygotic twins are caused by a
combination of one X and one Y chromosome
d. Monoxygotic twins come from an egg that was
fertilized in the fallopian tube, while dizygotic twins
come from an egg that was fertilized in the uterus
54. What event occurs at the end of the germinal
period?
a. the egg is fertilized by the sperm
b. the parents' DNA is passed on to the child
c. the zygote is implanted into the uterus lining
d. the zygote divides and multiplies
55. At which point during prenatal development are the
internal organs developed fully enough to allow the
baby to survive outside the womb if born prematurely
(age of viability)?
a. 16 weeks
b. 37 weeks
c. 40 weeks
d. 24 weeks
56. Which of the following is true about the effects of
alcohol during prenatal development?
a. It can only have negative effects when consumed
during the second month of prenatal development
b. It can lead to a s spectrum of symptoms that include
physical and behavioral abnormalities
c. it can lead to problems with the kidneys, bones, and
heart, that go away after birth.
d. It can only have negative effects when consumed
through patterns of binge drinking.
57. What is the difference between anoxia and hypoxia?
a. Hypoxia occurs when the infant experiences total lack
of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage, while
anoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of adequate
oxygen and experiences mild brain damage
b. Hypoxia is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain,
while anoxia is caused by gestational diabetes
c. Hypoxia is caused by gestational diabetes, while
anoxia is caused lack of oxygen to the brain
d. Hypoxia occurs when the infant is deprived of
adequate oxygen and experiences mild brain damage,
while anoxia occurs when the infant experiences total
lack of oxygen and experiences severe brain damage
58. Sue just told Teresa that she has reached the end of
stage 1. Which event marks the end of stage 1 of a
normal delivery?
a. The dilation of the cervix to 10 cm.
b. The delivery of the umbilical cord
c. The passage of the baby through the birth canal
d. The delivery of the placenta
59. Which of the following is true about complications
that can be experienced during pregnancy?
a. Major complications only occur in women who
become pregnant later in life, such as after age 35.
b. Major complications only occur when pregnant
women make poor health decisions during pregnancy.
c. Major complications are always caused by the
pregnant woman's increased susceptibility to infections.
d. Major complications often require special care and
may include gestational diabetes and hypertension.
60. A child is born with a normal birth weight and
length, but over the next few months, the child falls
below the 20th percentile for these figures. What term
most accurately describes this baby's development?
a. Premature
b. Failure to develop
c. Failure to thrive
d. Malnourished
61. This portion of the brain, responsible for planned
decision- making and emotional regulation, is the last to
develop in an infant's brain.
a. Myelin
b. Prefrontal cortex
c. Hypothalamus
d. Neurons
62. Infants develop motor skills in an organized manner,
with motor skills developing in a top-down and center-
out manner. What two principles describe this process
of development?
a. Dendritic and proximodistal development
b. Sensation and perception
c. Cephalocaudal and gross motor development
d. Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development
63. Erikson and Freud disagreed on many aspects of
child-rearing, including the amount of attention the
parent should give a child. According to Freud,
overindulging the child would leave the child orally
fixated. Erikson, however, believed children would
accomplish what task?
a. Believing the world is a safe place
b. Learning how to regulate emotions
c. Developing a sense of pride and self-esteem
d. Becoming overly reliant on parental praise

64. Barbara has a toddler, a boy, and another child, a
girl, on the way. She's accustomed to her boy's
fussiness, so she thinks she will be just fine adjusting to
her second child's temperament. What is Barbara failing
to take into
consideration?
c. Children understand less than they can hear, so sign
language helps them express confusion.
d. Children understand more than they can vocalize, and
gestures help convey meaning.
68. Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word,
ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech
does this shortened use of a word represent?

a. If one child is a boy and the other is a girl, she is not a. Underextension

prepared for gender differences b. Holophrasic speech

b. Temperament and goodness of fit may differ. c. Babbling

c. She may have to rearrange her schedule to fit two d. Overextension

children's needs
69. Nils believes children learn language through
d. Boy's and temperaments are inherently different reinforcement and repetition. With which school of
thought do Nils' beliefs align?
65. Noah doesn't seem to know what to expect from his
mother, so he is fearful, easily upset, and confused. The a. Nativist
world does not make a lot of sense to him. What type of
b. Pragmatist
attachment does Noah probably have with his mother?
c. Expressionist
a. Disorganized
d. Behaviorist
b. Insecure-avoidant
70. Children in kindergarten are usually between 4 and
c. Insecure- resistant
6 years of age. Which one of Piaget's developmental
d. Secure stages does this coincide with?

66. Simon believes his toddler is learning language to a. Sensorimotor.

interact with others and to survive in the world. Which
b. Preoperational
language learning theory does Simon likely subscribe
to? c. Formal Operational.
a. Behaviorism d. Concrete Operational
b. Nativism 71. Sam is 4 years old, and she is learning to utilize
language effectively and think about the world
c. Social pragmatics
symbolically. Which of Piaget's developmental stages is
d. Reinforcement Sam currently in?

67. Many children learn sign language as infants and a. Sensorimotor.

toddlers. How does this enhance their communication
abilities?
a. Children have more acute vision than hearing, so
seeing signs is easier than hearing words.
b. Sign language negates the need for speech until the
child is able to articulate full thoughts.
b. Concrete operational.
c. Formal operational.
d. Preoperational.
72. Jake is 4 years old, and learning to use language and
think about the world symbolically. His older sister
Jaimie is 13 years old, and progressing into puberty.
Jake's younger sister, Taylor, just turned a year old.
Which of these children - Jake, Jaimie, or Taylor - are
considered to be in the preoperational stage of
development according to Piaget's theory?
a. Jake
b. Taylor
c. Jamie
d. None of them
73. Karen is 4 years old, and she often assumes that
everyone shares the same perspective as her. This
limitation in early childhood thinking is known as:
a. Animism
b. Conservation
c. Centration
d. Egocentrism
74. Michael is 3 years old, and while playing outside he
falls and scrapes his knee. When his grandmother later
asks him what happened, he tells her that the driveway
was being mean and made him fall. Which limitation of
childhood thinking does this belief reflect?
a. Animism
b. Conservation
c. Centration
d. Egocentrism
75. Young children tend to lack the awareness that
altering a substance's appearance does not change its
basic properties. What is this awareness called?
a. Animism.
b. Centration.
c. Conservation
d. Egocentrism
76. The theory of mind is:
a. the understanding that the mind is comprised of
biological structures and various chemicals.
b. the understanding that the mind creates memories
that are almost exact pictures of what happened.
c.the understanding that cognition changes throughout
childhood and subsequent stages of development.
d. the understanding that the mind holds people's
beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions
77. Kayla is 3 years old. Her teacher shows her a crayon
box and asks her what she thinks is inside. She says,
"crayons." The teacher opens the box, showing Kayla
that there is chalk inside. She asks Kayla again what she
thought was in the box at first, and Kayla says, "chalk."
The teacher does the same thing with Mitch, who is 5
years old. After seeing the chalk, when asked what he
thought was in the box at first, he says, "crayons." Based
on their responses, which child (Kayla or Mitch) has
started to develop theory of mind?
a. Kayla.
b. Mitch
c. Both
d. Neither
78. Kayla is 4 years old. She learns new words by
connecting them to concepts that she already
understands. What is this process called?
a. Overregularization
b. Private speech
c. Scaffolding
d. Fast-mapping
79. Melanie and Lucas are both 4 years old. Melanie
comes from a family of high socioeconomic status (SES),
while Lucas comes from a family of low SES. According
to research by Hart and Risley, why is it likely that these
two children will experience different academic
outcomes in school?
a. Children from high SES families are exposed to fewer
words than children from low SES families, and
therefore have an advantage when starting school.
b. Children from high SES families are exposed to better
use of linguistics than children from low SES families,
which gives them an advantage when starting school.
c. Children from high SES families are exposed to better
nutrition than children from low SES families, which
gives them an advantage when starting school
d. Children from high SES families are exposed to more
words than children from low SES families, and
therefore have an advantage when starting school.
80. Edgar can sound out most three-letter words, but
when he sees a long eight-letter word, he turns to his
teacher instead of trying to sound it out. His teacher
encourages him to go ahead and try to sound it out by
breaking it down into two parts. According to Vygotsky,
Edgar
a. is engaged in egocentric speech.
b. needs to practice his language overregularization.
c. is in the zone of proximal development
d. is developing his fast mapping skills
81. Molly views herself as a kind and generous person,
who is empathetic towards others and capable of
helping others in need This is Molly's:
a. Social self
b. Self-concept
c. Exaggerated sense of self.
d. Looking glass self
82. Which of the following describes Cooley's concept of
the looking-glass self?
a. After being told by others that she is an outgoing
person, Jessica begins to see herself the opposite way.
b. After being told by her mother that she is outgoing,
Jessica immediately sees herself the same way.
c. After being told by her mother that she is outgoing,
Jessica immediately sees herself the opposite way.
d. After being told by many other individuals that she is
an outgoing person, Jessica begins to see herself the
same way.
83. According to Mead's "I and me" theory, how does
the "l" differ from the "me?"
a. The "I" is the social definition of the individual, while
the "me" is spontaneous, creative, and innate.
b. The "I" is how an individual views him or herself,
while the "me" is how a single important person views
him or her.
c. The "I" is how a single important person view an
individual, while the "me" is how the individual views
him or herself.
d. The "I" is spontaneous, creative, and innate, while the
"me" is the social definition of the individual.
84. Jovie is 2 and her older brother Chris is 5. Which of
Freud's stages do these children fit into?
a. Jovie is in the phallic stage, while Chris is in the anal
stage
b. Jovie is in the anal stage, while Chris is in the phallic.
c. They are both in the phallic stage
d. they are both in the anal stage.
85. Kodi is 4 years old. Throughout potty training his
parents have been harsh and ridiculed him often for
mistakes. According to Freud's theory, which of the
following is Kodi likely to be as an adult?
a. Messy, wasteful, and harsh.
b. Hyper, loud, and goal oriented.
c. Sluggish, quiet, and lazy.
d. Stubborn, neat, and stingy.
86. Dan is 5 years old, and progressing through Freud's
phallic stage of development. When he uses proper
manners, such as saying please and thank you, he
notices that his parents are happy, so he uses proper
manners more often. When he leaves his toys out after
playing with them, he notices that his parents are not
happy, so he avoids doing this in order to avoid loss of
love. What did Freud call this process?
a. Introjection
b. Oedipus complex.
c. Electra complex
d. Introspection
87. Which of the following reflect what Erikson believed
to be the main influence on personality development?
a. Perceptions of the self.
b. Trust in a primary caregiver.
c. Development of a self identity.
d. Relationships with other individuals.
88. Jenna is 4 years old, and is beginning to think of her
own ideas and initiate action. Which of Erikson's stages
of development is she in?
a. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
b. Trust vs. mistrust.
c. Initiative vs. guilt
d. Industry vs. Inferiority
89. Mike is 5 years old, and often comes up with new
things to do and try, such as building forts in the living
room with couch cushions. His older brother, Lucas, is a
teenager who is struggling to develop his own self-
identity. Which of the brothers would Erikson classify as
being in the initiative vs. guilt stage of development?
a. Lucas.
b. Mike
c. Mike and Lucas.
d. Neither Mike nor Lucas
90. Sadid is 2 years old and his older sister, Jenn, is 5
years old. While they're playing one day, Jenn puts a
barrette in Sadid's hair. Sadid gets upset and states that
he doesn't want to be a girl, and that he likes being a
boy. Jenn laughs because she understands that putting
the barrette in Sadid's hair did not make him a girl.
What has Jenn achieved that Sadid has not?
a. Gender identity.
b. Gender roles.
c. Gender Stereotyping.
d. Gender constancy.
91. Deion, who is 4 years old, is very surprised when he
meets a wornan firefighter who comes to his school. He
tells her that he thought only men were firefighters.
What does this reflect?
a. Gender stereotyping.
b. Gender identity.
c. Gender roles.
d. Gender constancy
92. Children raised with this parenting style may fail to
learn self-discipline and develop uncertainty toward
boundaries.
a. Authoritarian
b. Authoritative
с. Permissive
d. Uninvolved
93. Negative, stressful events in childhood that have
profound and lasting sociological, psychological, and
physiological effects are referred to as what?
a. generalized stress triggers
b. food insecurity
c. tolerable stress
d. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)
94. Devin is 4, and his little sister, Carmela, is 8 months.
How will Devin's appetite likely differ from that of his
infant sister?
a. Children in early childhood have more of an appetite
than infants.
b. Appetite remains constant from infancy into early
childhood.
c. Children are all so different that it is impossible to
compare appetites in children across infancy and early
childhood.
d. Children in early childhood have less of an appetite
than infants.
95. Jenna is 6 years old, and her sister Anna is 3 years
old. How are Jenna's physical proportions likely to differ
from those of Anna?
a. Jenna is likely to have a longer torso
b. Jenna is likely to have a smaller torso.
c. Jenna and Anna's physical proportions are likely to be
the same.
d. Jenna is likely to have more baby fat.
96. Sam is 15 and his cousin, John, is 4. How are John's
taste preferences likely to differ from those of his older
brother?
a. John's taste preferences are likely to be more
established.

b. John's taste preferences are likely to be the same as

Sam's.

c. Taste preferences have to relevance to age, so this is

impossible to predict.

d. John's taste preferences are likely to be less

established.

97. Shaelynn is a 4 year old girl. Mealtimes in her house

tend to be negative, and often involve tensions and her
parents arguing How is this likely to affect Shaelynn?

a. She is likely to develop problems in eating and

digesting food due to stress

b. The atmosphere at mealtime is not likely to have any

affect on her.

c. The effects of the negative atmosphere will only be

short-term.

d. She is likely to learn to block out negative

atmosphere.

98. Gross motor skills involve _________,

involve

a. exact movements of fingers and hands; large muscle

groups

b. the muscular system; the respiratory system

c. the respiratory system; the muscular system

d. large muscle groups; exact movements of fingers and

hands

99. __________ is gross motor skill, while ______ is a

fine motor skill.

a. Walking; running

b. Walking; coloring

c. Breathing; blinking

d. Writing; coloring