2023-SI-Azizi 2023 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1183 012090

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Integration of rice-duck on growth and yield of paddy crops (Oryza sativa

L.)
To cite this article: M Azizi et al 2023 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1183 012090
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 182.3.8.133 on 05/06/2023 at 14:41

The 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Bio-industry (ICAGRI-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1183 (2023) 012090 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1183/1/012090
Integration of rice-duck on growth and yield of paddy

crops (Oryza sativa L.)
M Azizi1, S Syamsuddin2, B Basyah2*

1
Magister of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
23111, Indonesia.
2
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala,
Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
*Email: bakhtiar_fp@unsyiah.ac.id
Abstract. This study aims to examine the effect of the number of ducks on the growth and
yield of paddy. This research was conducted in Paloh Village, Samalanga District, Bireuen
Regency. This research started from July to November 2021. This study used a non-factorial
randomized block design with three replications. The treatments of this experiments were the
number of ducks per hectare, namely control (without ducks), 1,200 ducks.ha-1(3 ducks/Plot),
1,600 ducks.ha-1 (4 ducks/Plot), 2,000 ducks.ha-1 (5 ducks/ha Plot), 2,400 ducks.ha-1 (6
ducks/Plot), and 2,800 ducks.ha-1 (7 ducks/Plot). The experimental plots size were 5.0 m x 5.0
m and each plot was fenced with plastics. The observation parameters are plant heights, number
of tillers, weight of ducks, weed population, number of snails, panicles numbers, panicles
length, filled grain weight, empty grain weight, 1000 grains weight, yield potential, and rice
yield. The results of this study showed the number of duck on paddy crops had a very
significant effect on the parameters of plant height and the number of tillers at 30, 45, and 60
days after planting, filled grain, yield potential, rice yield, duck weight, number of snails, but
had no significant effect on the plant biomass (dry weight) parameters, panicles number,
panicles length, empty grain weight, and 1000 grain weight and was able to suppress weed
populations accurately.
1. Introduction
Paddy crop (Oryza sativa L.) is a rice-producing plant that is a carbohydrate source for most of the
world's population. Rice as a staple food is almost consumed by 95 % of the Indonesian population,
while every year the demand for rice is rising. Along with the increase in population, Indonesia as a
country with an immense population faces challenges in meeting these food needs [1].Indonesia's rice
production in 2019 was 54.6 million tons of milled dry grain increased in 2020 by 54.65 million tons,
while in 2021 the rice production decreased by 54.42 milled dry unhulled rice [2].
One of the main causes of the decline in rice production is the competition for nutrients between
plants and weeds. The mechanism occurs resulting in rice harvests decline, including the rice crops and
weeds competition during absorption of water, nutrients, sunlight, and growing space. According to [3]
rice yields can decrease drastically due to expansive attacks from weeds. Also, weeds have a significant
impact on reducing rice production by between 60-87% [4]. Data on the decline in rice production
nationally due to weed attacks reached 15-42% for lowland rice.
In response to this problem, one of the efforts that can be achieved is the application of integrated
farming technology for rice and ducks. This integrated farming system combines agricultural and
livestock activities on the same land. Despite increasing land productivity, it has become a diverse food
source for improving people's welfare.
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
The benefits of having ducks in the fields include helping fertilization of the resulting ordure. The
other benefits of having ducks are loosening the paddy soil due to duck activity in foraging, minimizing
weeds in the fields, reducing pesticide use, and reducing farmer production costs [5]. In addition, duck
droppings function as organic fertilizer to support rice growth. Duck activities in rice cultivation can
improve soil physical properties [6], loosen paddy soil, increase nutrient accumulation and translocation
in rice, reduce N leakage, change the oxidized layer from the soil surface, reduce subsoil, support
nitrification and denitrification. N fertilizer under loading conditions results in improving microbial
activity around the roots and N accumulation in the soil [7].
According to [8], the population of ducks that can be applied to paddy fields is 400-1200 ducks per
hectare. Lastly, the number of duck populations released in paddy fields is a major factor in rice- duck
farming [5]. Based on the description above, it is necessary to conduct research on the integration of
rice-duck on the growth and production of rice with the aim of studying the effect of the number of
laying ducks on the growth and production of rice.
2. Materials and methods

2.1. Time and site
This research was conducted in Paloh Village, Samalanga District, Bireuen Regency, Plant Breeding,
and Genetics Laboratorium, Seed Science and Technology Laboratory, from July to November 2021.
2.2. Materials and Tools

The research materials consisted of Ciherang variety rice seeds (5 kg), 75 ducks, Urea fertilizer, SP-36
and KCl, and poultry feed. The research tools consisted of tractors, hoes, machetes, buckets, sprayers,
scissors, bamboo, transparent agricultural plastics, meters, analytical scales, research nameplates,
writing instruments, and cameras, seed blowers, mini hullers.
2.3. Research design

Research design of this study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three
replications. The factor studied was the number of ducks containing of 6 treatment levels, namely I0 =
without ducks as a comparison, I1 = 1,200 ducks ha-1 (3 ducks/Plot), I2 = 1,600 ducks ha-1 (4
ducks/Plot), I3 = 2,000 ducks ha-1 (5 ducks/ha Plot), I4 = 2,400 ducks ha-1 (6 ducks/Plot), and I5 = 2,800
ducks ha-1 (7 ducks/Plot), in total 18 treatment units were obtained. Planting was conducted in a legowo
row system (2:1) system with a spacing of 25 x 12,5 x 50 cm. Each hole planted as many as 2 plant
seeds. Before being released, ducks were kept in a different location for 20 days and each plot was
fenced with plastics. The release of ducks to the experimental plot was carried out when the rice crops
were 20 days after transplanting.
2.4. Data Analysis

The data were analyzed using the F test, if the analysis of variance showed a significant effect, then it
was continued with the Least Significant Differences (LSD) test at an opportunity level of 5% (LSD
0.05) to compare the treatment averages.
2.5. Research Parameters

The variables observed were plant heights, number of tillers, ducks weight development, weeds
distribution, pest population, number of panicles per clump, panicles length, pithy grain weight, empty
grain weight, 1000 grains weight, yield potential, and rice yield.
2
3. Results and discussion

3.1. The effect of ducks on rice growth and yield
The results of the F test analysis showed that the treatment of the number of ducks in rice crops had a
significant effect on plant height and number of tillers at the age of 30, 45, and 60 days after planting,
pithy grain, potential yield and had a significant effect on rice yield. Meanwhile, The F test showed no
significant effect on plant biomass (dry weight). The number of panicles, panicle length, empty grain
weight, and 1000 grains weight can be seen in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
Table 1. The average plant heights and the number of tillers of rice crops in the treatment of the
number of ducklings.
Plant Heights (cm)
Treatments Ducks ha-1 30 days after 45 days after 60 days after
transplanting transplanting transplanting
Control 57,53 a 83,53 a 94,20 a
1.200 61,38 b 85,53 ab 94,35 ab
1.600 66,34 c 88,58 bc 103,35 c
2.000 67,79 c 89,03 c 103,28 c
2.400 76,02 d 94,23 d 109,34 d
2.800 74,39 d 96,47 d 109,11 d
LSD 0,05 3,01 2,71 2,55
-1
Treatments Ducks ha Number of Tillers
control 15,92 a 23,81 a 25,31 a
1.200 16,65 ab 25,93 ab 28,17 b
1.600 19,09 c 28,59 c 30,03 c
2.000 20,10 c 30,17 c 31,05 cd
2.400 21,62 cd 31,34 d 32,86 d
2.800 21,80 d 31,14 d 31,91 d
LSD 0,05 1,42 1,69 1,69
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different on the
probability level 5 % (LSD 0,05).
Table 1 shows that the tallest plants at the age of 30 and 60 days after transplanting were found in the
treatment of 2,400 ducks ha-1, 76.02 cm, and 109.34 cm, respectively, which were not significantly
different from the treatment of 2,800 ducks ha -1 but significantly different compared to other treatments.
The highest plant height at 45 days after transplanting treatments was found in the treatment of 2,800
ducks ha-1, which was 96.47 cm, which was not significantly different from the treatment of 2,400
ducks/ha (I4) but significantly different compared to other treatments. On the other hand, at the age of
45 and 60 days after transplanting the highest number of rice tillers was discovered in the treatment of
2,400 ducks ha-1, respectively 31.34 and 32.86 which were not significantly different from the treatment
of 2,800 ducks ha -1 but significantly different compared to other treatments.
Also, at the age of 30 days after transplanting the highest number of rice tillers was found in the
treatment of 2,800 ducks ha -1, namely 21.80 which was not significantly different from the treatment of
2,400 ducks ha-1, namely 21.80 which was not significantly different from the treatment of 2,400 ducks
ha-1, but different compared to other treatments. It is suspected that the activity of ducklings is able to
maintain the elements needed by plants resulting in the activity of nutrient absorption being maximized.
This is in line with [6] which states that the duck-rice system or especially duck activities also improves
the accumulation and nutrient translocation by increasing the physical soil properties. [7] This may
suppress nitrification, and enhance the accumulation of N in the soil and microbial activities around the
roots. Increasing the ability of plants to absorb nitrogen usage can directly affect plant growth and
production, because if the vegetative phase of plants grows optimally also will give a positive effect on
the generative phase of plants [9].
3
Table 2. The average number of panicles, panicle length, empty grain weight, and plant biomass (dry
weight) of rice crops in the treatment of ducklings.
Panicle plant biomass

Treatments Ducks ha-1 Number of Length Empty Grain (dry weight on
Panicles (cm) Weight (gram) gram)
Control 20,33 26,51 2,98 100,20
1.200 23,27 26,82 3,07 109,80
1.600 22,00 27,15 2,78 115,08
2.000 21,48 26,93 2,89 115,98
2.400 22,54 26,93 2,94 115,32
2.800 23,44 26,79 3,15 110,12
Table 2 Shows the number of panicles, panicle length, empty grain weight and plant biomass (dry
weight) did not show statistically significant differences in all treatments, but it can be seen that the
values tend to be the highest at 2.000 ducks ha -1, 2.400 ducks ha-1 and 2.800 ducks ha-1. According to
[9] the availability of proper and balanced nitrogen can reduce the dose of fertilization, improve plant
growth, decrease dissolved nutrients and maintain production.
Table 3. Average pithy grain weight, 1000 grains weight, Potential Yield and Rice Yield of ducklings
treatments.
Treatments Ducks Full grains 1000 grains weight Yield potential Rice yield (%)
ha-1 weight (gram) (gram) (ton/ha)
Control 32,14 a 25,37 8,23 a 57,92 a

1.200 35,91 ab 26,17 9,19 a 64,18 ab
1.600 54,18 c 26,23 13,87 b 76,11 c
2.000 64,12 d 26,80 16,41 c 75,44 c
2.400 66,13 d 27,90 16,93 c 83,59 d
2.800 70,11 e 27,60 17,95 d 82,70 c
LSD 0,05 4,50 1,15 7,72
Table 3 shows that the highest weight of full grain was found in the treatment of 2,800 ducks ha-1, which
was 70.11 which was significantly different in all treatments. It is suspected that the treatment of
ducklings can maintain the availability of nitrogen and increase the absorption of plants because the
treatment of ducklings on rice plants results in the need for the formation of grain in rice plants can be
fulfilled. This is in line with [10], the availability of nitrogen, according to the stages and needs of plant
growth can increase the plant’s capability of nitrogen absorption. The role of nitrogen is to improve
internode prolongation, photosynthesis, rice growth, metabolism, and plant assimilation production.
[11] added that the ducks released on rice fields can improve grain nitrogen consumption and decrease
nitrogen loss. In addition, in the treatment of 2,800 ducks ha -1 is the highest potential yield (17,95
tons/ha) found in this research which was significantly different in all treatments. It is suspected that the
treatment of ducklings restores the physiological and environmental conditions to a good condition
resulting in supporting rice plants to produce high yields. This is in line with [12] changes that occur in
panicle weight are influenced by panicle length and number of panicles, besides that environmental
factors are also an important factor in panicle formation. The highest rise yield was found in the
treatment of 2,400 ducks ha-1, which was 83,59%. The highest 1000 grains weight was found in the
treatment of 2,400 ducks ha-1, namely 27.90 grams, and the lowest was found in the control treatment,
namely 25.37 grams. [13] added that yields will achieve high yields if the growing place or
environmental factors and biological factors are in optimal conditions and support.
4
3.2 Weed Population

Based on observations, it was shown that the treatment of ducklings against weeds in the field showed
that there were five species of weeds, two species from the broadleaf weed group, one species from the
grass group, and two species from the Sedges group. More details can be seen in Figure 1.
1 Sphenoclea zeylanica 2 Cyperus iria 3 Ludwigia prostrata

4 Eleusine indica Gaertn 5 Leptochloa chinensis
26.00
22.00
Number of Weed
8.00
7.67
7.33
7.67
5.67
5.33
3.67
3.00
3.33
2.67
2.33
2.67
2.33
2.00
1.67
1.67
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.00
1.00
0.67
0.67
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.00
0.00
I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
TR EATME NT S
Figure 1. Average of Weed Population.
Figure 1 shows that the highest average population of weeds was found in Control the average
number of weed species Sphenoclea zeylanica (22.00), Cyperus iria (7.67), Ludwigia prostrate (26.00),
Eleusine indica Gaertn (5.33), Leptochloa chinensis (2.67) and the lowest was found in treatment
2.800 ducks ha-1. The average number of Sphenoclea zeylanica (0.00), Cyperus iria (0.67), Ludwigia
prostrate (0.00), Eleusine indica Gaertn (0.33), Leptochloa chinensis (0.67). It is suspected that the
treatment of ducklings is able to suppress the growth and intensity of weeds due to the activity of the
ducks, namely by eating the weeds themselves (especially broadleaf weeds), disrupting the sediment,
and inhibiting weed germination. This is in line with [14] increasing mobility and the chance of weeds
being eaten by ducks can be achieved by expanding the density of ducks in paddy fields. Also, with
duck activities affect the same results as herbicide plots because duck activities in the fields also created
cloudy and muddy water conditions when carrying out activities that would prevent light from reaching
weed seeds.
3.3 Ducklings' Weight

The results of the F test analysis showed that the release of ducklings in rice plants had a significant
effect on the parameters of duckling's weight, which can be seen in Table 4.
Table 4. The average of ducklings' weight.

Treatments Ducks ha-1 Weight Average
control 0,00 a
1.200 478,00 f
1.600 389,67 e
2.000 350,00 d
2.400 280,83 c
2.800 258,90 b
LSD 0,05 12,19
5
The results of observations on the preliminary weight of ducks (20 days after hatching) and the final
weight of ducks (40 days after release) can be seen in Figure 2.
600.00
478.00
500.00
389.67
Duck Weight
400.00 350.00
280.83 258.90
300.00
200.00
92.44 82.58 91.80 87.61 84.52
100.00
0.00
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
Preliminary weight Final weight
Figure 2. Population average of duckling’s weight.
Table 4 and Figure 2 show that in the treatment of 1,200 ducks ha -1 was the highest duckling
weight (478 grams) that was different in all treatments significantly. It is could be the density of ducks
affects the amount of food obtained by ducks which causes problems in the competition for food
resulting in an impact on the duck's growth and weight. This is in line with [17], the density of ducks will
affect the comfort of livestock. The higher the density of ducks will result in competition or struggle for
feed caused by narrow spaces and ultimately affect the ducks' growth.
3.4 Rice Snails Pest Population

Table 5 showed the ducklings' treatments gave a significant effect on the rice snail pest (F test analysis),
which showed in higher duck density treatment compared to control.
Table 5. The average number of rice snail pests.

Treatments Ducks ha-1 Average number of rice snail pest
control 10,00 e
1.200 5,33 d
1.600 5,00 d
2.000 2,66 c
2.400 1,00 ab
2.800 0,33 a
LSD 0,05 0,75
6
The results of observations of the preliminary number of rice snails (10/plot) and the average final
number of rice snails can be seen in Figure 3.
Preiminary amount Final amount

10
Number Of Snail
10
10
10
10
10
10
5.333333333
2.666666667
0.333333333
5
1
I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5
Figure 3. The preliminary and final population average of rice snail pests.
Table 5 and Figure 3 show that the highest rice snail pest population was found in the control (without
ducks) in the preliminary amount of rice field snails released was 10. The final amount was 10 and the
lowest was found in the treatment of 2,800 ducks ha-1, the preliminary amount of rice snails was 10 and
the final mean amount was 0.33. It is suspected that the treatment of ducklings on duck rice plants is
able to suppress the population of rice snail pests; ducks can act as a special biological control agent
against gold snails. This is in line with [18] producing more and healthier sustainable food, which can
also decrease the use of herbicides and pesticides, minimize weeds, and control damage by pests. Duck
rice is a method in which several ducks are kept in a field to feed on weeds, insects, and small aquatic
animals. The integration of the duck-rice system builds a mutualistic relationship between the rice and
the ducks resulting in advantages for both entities, for instance, ducks feed on weeds, seeds, insects,
pests, and goldfish [19], [15].
4. Conclusion
The treatment of ducklings can improve the growth and yield of rice plants, the best treatment was found
in 2400 ducks ha-1 (6 ducks/plot) and 2800 ducks ha -1 (7 ducks/plot)
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Integration of rice-duck on growth and yield of paddy crops (Oryza sativa

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 182.3.8.133 on 05/06/2023 at 14:41

Integration of rice-duck on growth and yield of paddy

M Azizi1, S Syamsuddin2, B Basyah2*

2. Materials and methods

2.2. Materials and Tools

2.3. Research design

2.4. Data Analysis

2.5. Research Parameters

3. Results and discussion

Panicle plant biomass

Control 32,14 a 25,37 8,23 a 57,92 a

3.2 Weed Population

1 Sphenoclea zeylanica 2 Cyperus iria 3 Ludwigia prostrata

3.3 Ducklings' Weight

Table 4. The average of ducklings' weight.

Preliminary weight Final weight

Figure 2. Population average of duckling’s weight.

3.4 Rice Snails Pest Population

Table 5. The average number of rice snail pests.

Preiminary amount Final amount

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