CONGRUENCE AND Chapter 17

Page 351
TRANSFORMATIONS
 Chapter 17A
17A: TRANSFORMATIONS Page 352
EXAMPLE 1 – Page 353
EXAMPLE 2 – Page 353
 2 units

3 units

2 units
5 units

3 units

1 unit 3 units
3 units

4 units 3 units

a) 5 units right d) 4 units left, 1 unit up

b) 3 units down e) 3 units right, 3 units down

c) 2 units right, 2 units down f) 3 units left, 3 units down

If Object A is translated 5 units right and 3 units down to A’, then the
translation from A’ to A would be the opposite.

Therefore, the translation would be 5 units left and 3 units up.

A = (1, 1) A’ = (-3, 1)
B = (2, -1) B’ = (-2, -1)
C = (1, -2) C’ = (-3, -2)
A = (-2, 2) A’ = (0, 1)
B = (-1, 2) B’ = (1, 1)
C = (0, 1) C’ = (2, 0)
D = (-3, 1) D’ = (-1, 0)
A = (0, -1) A’ = (-3, 3)
B = (2, -1) B’ = (-1, 3)
C = (2, -2) C’ = (-1, 2)
D = (1, -2) D’ = (-2, 2)
E = (1, -3) E’ = (-2, 1)
F = (0, -3) F’ = (-3, 1)
EXAMPLE 3 – Page 355
a)
A has moved 1 unit up and 3
units right to A’, whilst B has
moved 1 unit up and 5 units
right to B’.
Therefore, not a translation.
b)
A to A’, B to B’, C to C’ and
D to D’ have all moved 2
units right and 3 units down.
Therefore, this is a
translation (2 right, 3 down).
c)
C has moved 5 units right to
C’, whilst D has moved 6
units right to D’.
Therefore, not a translation.
 6 units

5 units
5 units

7 units

a) Figure I - (5 units left, 6 units down) c) A=E

B=F

C=I
b) Figure D - (7 units right, 5 units up) G=D

H=?

Therefore, Figure H
EXAMPLE 4 – Page 357
EXAMPLE 5 – Page 357
a)
c)

b)
a) When the point (a, b) is reflected in the x-axis,
the image has coordinates (a, -b).

b) When the point (a, b) is reflected in the y-axis,

the image has coordinates (-a, b).
a) Yes, A' is a reflection of A b) No, A' is not a reflection c) No, A' is not a reflection
in the x-axis. of A in the x-axis. of A in the x-axis.
a) Figure A and Figure C are reflections of each other.

b) Figure A and Figure C are reflections in the x-axis.

c) Figure A and Figure D are translations of each other.

(6 units right, 7 units down)
EXAMPLE 6 – Page 359
 D
A
a)
90⁰ Therefore, Derek
D O B C O A will be sitting in
Chair D.

C
B

A B
b)
270⁰ Therefore, Derek
D O B will be sitting in
A O D
Chair B.
C
C
 A C
c)
Therefore, Derek
D O 180⁰ B will be sitting in
B O D
Chair C.
C
A
EXAMPLE 7 – Page 360

a) The triangle has vertices A(-2, 4), c) The rotated triangle has vertices
B(-1, 4) and C(-2, 1). A’(4, 2), B’(4, 1) and C’(1, 2).

b)
a) P(0, -2) b)

Q(2, -1)

R(2, -4)

c) P(2, 0)

Q(1, 2)

R(4, 2)
a) b)

A B

D C

c) A(-3, 4)
B(-3, 1)
C(-4, 1)
D(-4, 4)
a) C

b) 180⁰
 Chapter 17B
17B: CONGRUENT FIGURES Page 361
EXAMPLE 8 – Page 362

a) The figures do not have the same shape, so they are not congruent.

b) The figures are identical in size and shape even though one is rotated.
Therefore, they are therefore congruent.

c) Although the figures have the same shape, they are not the same size.
Therefore, they are not congruent.
a) The figures are identical in size and b) Although the figures have the same
shape. Therefore, they are therefore shape, they are not the same size.
congruent. Therefore, they are not congruent.

c) These figures have roughly the same d) The figures are identical in size and
shape but are not the same size. shape even though one is rotated.
Therefore, they are not congruent. Therefore, they are therefore congruent.
a) Length of side [EF]
is the same as length
[AB].
= 10 cm

# is
b) Size of angle F𝐺𝐻
'
the same as angle B𝐶𝐷
= 98⁰

c)
Perimeter = 12cm + 10cm + 7.8cm + 8cm
= 37.8cm
EXAMPLE 9 – Page 364
a) A translation of 5 right b) A translation of 2 left c) A reflection in the
and 4 down. and 3 down. x-axis.

d) A clockwise rotation of e) A reflection in the f) A clockwise rotation of

90⁰ about O. y-axis. 180⁰ about O.
a) Reflect A in the x-axis, b) Rotate A anticlockwise c) Reflect A in the y-axis,
and then translate it 2 through 90⁰ about O, and then and then translate it 1 left
right and 1 down. translate it 2 left and1 up. and 4 up.

f) Reflect A in the x-axis, rotate

d) Rotate A about O through e) Reflect A in the x-axis, it 90⁰ anticlockwise about O,
180⁰, and then translate it 1 and then translate it 5 left then translate it 5 right and 5 up.
right and 1 down. and 1 down.
a) Rotate about O through
180⁰, and then translate it 4
units down and 3 units right.
Therefore, this shape is
congruent.
b) These figures are not the c) These figures are not
same shape. Therefore, they the same shape.
are not congruent. Therefore, they are not
congruent.
 Chapter 17C
7C: CONGRUENT TRIANGLES Page 366
EXAMPLE 10 – Page 368

a) Yes (RHS) b) Yes (SAS)

c) No. This is not AAcorS as the equal sides are not in corresponding
positions. One is opposite angle 𝛼, the other is opposite angle 𝛽.

d) Yes (AAcorS)
EXAMPLE 11 – Page 369

# = X𝑌𝑍
a) AB = XY, BC = YZ and A𝐵𝐶 #
∴△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ △ 𝑋𝑌𝑍 {SAS}

b) AC = XZ
' = Y𝑋𝑍
B𝐴𝐶 #

' = X𝑍𝑌
A𝐶𝐵 '
 c) No, equal sides are
a) Yes (SAS) b) Yes (RHS) not in corresponding
positions.

f) No, there are no equal

d) Yes (AAcorS) d) Yes (AAcorS)
sides.
a) We do not have b) Yes (SAS) b) Yes (SAS)
enough information.
Therefore, no.

d) No, the sides are not

of equal length.
e) Yes (AAcorS) e) Yes (AAcorS)
The 80⁰ is in
between 8m
and 5m.
A B C

D E F
(i) Yes (AAcorS) – △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ △ 𝑃𝑄𝑅

(ii) ' = P𝑅𝑄

• A𝐶B #
• BC = QR
• AB = PQ

(i) Yes (SSS) – △ JKL ≅ △ 𝑋𝑍𝑌

(ii) C = 𝑋𝑍𝑌
• J𝐾L '
' = 𝑍𝑋𝑌
• K𝐽L #
# = 𝑍𝑌𝑋
• K𝐿J #
(i) Not congruent

(i) Yes (SAS) – △ RST ≅ △ 𝑌𝑋𝑍

(ii) ' = 𝑌𝑋𝑍

• R𝑆T #
# = 𝑍𝑌𝑋
• T𝑅S #
• RS = YX
(i) Yes (AAcorS) – △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ △ 𝐸𝐷𝐶

(ii) # = 𝐸 𝐷𝐶
• A𝐵C C
• BC = DC
• AB = ED

(i) Yes (AAcorS) – △ PQT ≅ △ 𝑆𝑄𝑅

(ii) # = 𝑆𝑄𝑅
• P𝑄T #
• PQ = SQ
• PT = SR
(i) Yes (AAcorS) – △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ △ 𝐷𝐸𝐹

(ii) • ' = 𝐸 𝐷𝐹
B𝐴C C
• AB = DF
• AC = DE
• BC = EF

(i) Not congruent

 Chapter 17D
7D: PROOF OF CONGRUENCE Page 372
EXAMPLE 12 – Page 138

a) In triangles ABM and ACM:

• AB = AC {△ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is isosceles}
• BM = CM {M is the midpoint of [BC]} ∴ △ 𝐴𝐵M ≅ △ 𝐴𝐶𝑀 {𝑆𝑆𝑆}
• [AM] is common to both triangles.
' = 𝐶 𝐴𝑀.
Equating corresponding angles, B𝐴M '

b) In an isosceles triangle, the line joining the apex to the midpoint

of the base bisects the vertical angle
a) In triangles ABD and CDB:
• A𝐷B C = 𝐶 𝐵𝐷# (alternate angles)
• A𝐵D # = 𝐶 𝐷𝐵C (alternate angles)
• [BD] is common to both triangles.
∴ △ 𝐴𝐵D ≅ △ 𝐶𝐷𝐵 {𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑆}

b) Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

 Q S

a)

P R P R

In triangles PQR and PSR:

• 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑆 # = 𝑆𝑃𝑅
• Q𝑃R # (alternate angles)
• QR = SR # = 𝑆𝑅𝑃
• Q𝑅P # (alternate angles)
• PR is common to both triangles

b) In a kite, one diagonal bisects on pair of opposite angles.

 a) • 𝑌𝑊 = 𝑌𝑊 (common side)
𝛼 • 𝑊𝑋 = 𝑊𝑍 (given)
• 𝑌𝑋 = 𝑌𝑍 (given)
∴ △ 𝑊𝑋𝑌 ≅ △ 𝑌𝑍𝑊 {𝑆𝑆𝑆}
𝛼
# = 𝑍𝑊𝑌
b) • X𝑌W C (alternate angles)
c) and d)
By the AAcorS criterion, the two triangles
are congruent, which means that the
corresponding sides must be equal.
e) The opposite sides of a rhombus are
XY = WZ and XW = YZ parallel.
First, we suppose that ABCD is a parallelogram.
Compare △ 𝐵AC and △ DCA

• 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 (common side)
𝛼 ' = 𝐷 𝐶𝐴
' (alternate angles)
𝛽 • B𝐴C
' = 𝐷 𝐴𝐶
• B𝐶A ' (alternate angles)

∴ △ 𝐵𝐴𝐶 ≅ △ 𝐷𝐶𝐴 {𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑆}

𝛽
𝛼

Thus, by the AAcorS criterion, the two triangles are congruent, which means that the
corresponding sides must be equal.

Thus, AB = CD and AD = BC.

 1. In Isosceles Triangle △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
- BA = BC
B
2. Construct angle bisector BD for ⋖ 𝐸

𝛼 𝛼
# = 𝐶 𝐵𝐷
3. 𝐴𝐵𝐷 # (angle bisector)

4. 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐷 (common side)

∴ △ 𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅ △ 𝐶𝐵𝐷 {𝑆𝐴𝑆}

𝛽 𝛽
∴⋖ 𝐷 ≅ ⋖ 𝐹 A C
D
 DA = DC (definition of a kite)

Let O be the midpoint of A and C

O

DA = DC (definition of a kite)