Alice Guillermo
Icon – is physically the meaning
- a Palanca Awardee— is a
researcher, art critic,
professor, and renowned
writer. In her work titled
“Reading the Image,” she
provided guidelines for
analyzing or interpreting
images, whether from ads,
paintings, or text.
- She said that art should be
placed in society and history
because the two are always
connected."
the basic documentary information of
artwork includes the following:
A. Title of the work
B. Artist
C. Medium and technique
D. Dimensions/measurement
E. Date of the work
F. Provenance
FOUR PLANES OF ANALYSIS
A. Basic Semiotic Plane
- Semiotics is the study of signs.
According to Umberto Eco,
"Semiotics is concerned with
everything that can be taken as
a sign."
- the signified or the mental
construct is a symbol's idea or
meaning. It implies the
examination of time,
convention, and practice.
A.
that is represented. For instance, a
drawing of a bicycle represents an
actual bicycle.
B. Index – demonstrates what it
represents. An index describes the
relationship between the
signifier and the signified. Without
the presence of the signified, a
signifier cannot exist. In this case,
we sometimes use smoke to
represent fire.
C. Symbol – has no similarity
between the signifier and the
signified. One should learn the
link among both, culturally. A
symbol is not logically related to
what it stands for. It is often linked
to the idea that it embodies over
time. For example, the alphabet
and letters alone do not mean
anything.
B. Iconic Plane
- The iconic plane remains a part of
the semiotic method because it is still
based on a significant relationship.
- The image is an "iconic sign,” which
means beyond its narrow association
with religious icons in the Byzantine
style;
C. Contextual Plane
- In the contextual plane, you put the
work in context and its relationship to
society. It is often helpful to know
society's history and economic, political, and cultural conditions;

national and world art and literature; mythologies; philosophies; and different
cultures and world views.

D. Evaluative Plane

- An art critic should determine what is considered a value in your nation. Is it

depicted in the artwork? What are the underlying social issues conveyed in the
painting? It is concerned with an analysis of a work's values. It is impossible to
determine without learning the piece.

ART HISTORY

- According to Britannica.com (Accessed 2021), Art history, also known as

Art Historiography, is the historical study of visual arts focused on
identifying, classifying, describing, assessing, interpreting, and
comprehending art products.

ART CHIEF ARTISTS

HISTORICAL
PERIODS / CHARACTERISTICS ANS MAJOR
EVENTS
MOVEMENTS WORKS
 Lascaux Cave  Ice Age ends (10,000
Cave painting, B.C.–8,000 B.C.);
Stone Age Painting,
fertility goddesses,
(30,000 B.C.–  Woman of  New Stone Age and first
and megalithic
2,500 B.C.) Willendorf, and permanent settlements
structures
 Stonehenge (8,000 B.C.–2,500 B.C.)
 Sumerians invent writing
 Standard of Ur, (3,400 B.C.);
Mesopotamian Warrior art and
 Gate of Ishtar, and  Hammurabi writes his
(3,500 B.C.– narration in stone
539 B.C.) relief  Stele of Hammurabi’s law code (1,780 B.C.);
Code  Abraham founds
monotheism
 Narmer unites
Art with an afterlife  Imhotep, Upper/lower Egypt
Egyptian (3,100 focus, such as  Step Pyramid, (3,100 B.C.);
B.C.–30 B.C.) pyramids and tomb  Great Pyramids, and  Rameses II battles the
painting  Bust of Nefertiti Hittites (1,274 B.C.);
 Cleopatra dies (30 B.C.)
Greek and Greek idealism:  Parthenon,  Athens defeats Persia at
Hellenistic (850 balance, perfect  Myron, Marathon (490 B.C.);
B.C.–31 B.C.) proportions;  Phidias,  Peloponnesian Wars (431
 ART CHIEF ARTISTS
HISTORICAL
PERIODS / CHARACTERISTICS ANS MAJOR
EVENTS
MOVEMENTS WORKS
B.C.–404 B.C.);
architectural
 Polykleitos, and  Alexander the Great’s
orders (Doric, Ionic,
and Corinthian)  Praxiteles conquests (336 B.C.–323
B.C.)
 Julius Caesar
 Augustus of assassinated (44 B.C.);
Roman realism: Primaporta,  Augustus proclaimed
Roman (500
practical and down to  Colosseum, Emperor (27 B.C.);
B.C.– A.D. 476)
earth; the arch  Trajan’s Column, and Diocletian splits Empire
 Pantheon (A.D. 292);
 Rome falls (A.D. 476)
 Birth of Buddha (563
B.C.);
 Gu Kaizhi,
Indian, Chinese,  Silk Road opens (1st
Serene, meditative  Li Cheng,
and Japanese century B.C.);
art, and arts of the  Guo Xi,
(653 B.C.–A.D.  Buddhism spreads to
floating world  Hokusai, and
1900) China (1st–2nd centuries
 Hiroshige
A.D.) and Japan (5th
century A.D.)
DIFFERENT ART MOVEMENTS - Throughout Egyptian culture,
the principle of cohesion called
Cave Art ma'at, which was conceived at
- Art in a cave generally reveals the dawn of life and embraced
various paintings and the cosmos, was created. Ma’at
engravings from the Ice Ages, represents the beautiful
which is sometime between universe of gods; all Egyptian
40,000 and 14,000 years ago, in sculptures focus on a perfect
caves and shelters. Most cave equilibrium.
arts comprise red or black dye - Considering that these gods
artworks. gave every excellent gift to
- Relics were made from iron humanity, these artworks had
oxides (hematite), while blacks been invented and developed
were made from manganese for use.
and charcoal dioxide. - Egyptian sculptures have also
been practical first and
foremost.

Egyptian Art Greek Art

 - Much of this human civilization
has been integrated into our
collective consciousness. Greek
art includes images of epic
wars, scholarly philosophers,
gleaming white buildings,
- and limbless nudes (we now
understand sculptures and even
those that accessorize statues,
such as the Parthenon) thanks
to its remarkable archaeological
places,
- the well-known literary sources
and the impacts of the
Hollywood (e.g., the Clash of
the Titans).
Roman Art
- Ancient Greek art was
rediscovered from the 17th
century onward. Roman art has
suffered slightly from a
reputation crisis.
- Art criticism also discovered
that many of the most
significant Roman artworks
were simply duplicates or
influenced by Greek originals
that were earlier and mostly
destroyed. Roman art's
popularity, which succeeded in
the middle ages and the
Renaissance for all
Romanesque items, started to
decline. The meaning of what it
truly is another issue with
Roman art.
Medieval Period
- It featured a range of things
from glass mosaics, wall
paintings, and metalwork.
Byzantine art is traditional and
primarily religious.
- Most byzantine artworks are
associated with lower levels of
realism. Byzantine paintings
are white, with little to no
shadows to a hint of 3D, and
the themes are generally
seriousand somber.
Example:
Hagia Sophia, built in 537 AD
(Kirchmair, 2020)
Chinese Painting
- Chinese painting is among the
world’s oldest continuing forms
of art. In China today,
traditional painting is
recognized as “guóhuà,” which
means “ethnic” or “local
painting” in contrast to Western
decorative arts, which grew
popular in China in the 20th
For Chinese painting, the two
primary methods are as
follows:
- “Gongbi,” which means
“thorough,” uses specific
brushstrokes that precisely
identify details.
- Ink and wash painting in
Chinese, as one of the Chinese
Scholar-of-Scientific class
“Four Arts,” is also commonly
classified as water-colored
painting or brush painting.
 - This style is often called the France, Northern Italy, Spain,
“xieyi” style. Portugal, and then to Austria,
Southern Germany, and Russia.
- The Baroque style developed in
the 1730s to a much more
glamorous style known as
Renaissance Art rocaille or rococo, which
- In the context of religious appeared in France and Central
practices, many Renaissance Europe until the middle of the
artworks portrayed religious 18th century.
images, including the theme of
Example:
the Virgin Mary or Our Lady,
“The greatest Baroque project was the
and were seen by contemporary
completion of St. Peter's Basilica,”
audiences.
which was built over the early
- These artworks are still
Christian “Old” St. Peter’s Basilica.
considered good but used and
seen primarily as objects of
Rococo Art
devotion. Many Renaissance
- In the 18th century, Rococo
artworks were painted as
architecture, drawing,
altarpieces for inclusion in the
sculpture, and decorative arts
Catholic rituals and donated by
became popular in Europe. The
patrons who sponsored the
extravagant and lively Rococo
mass themselves.
first emerged in inner design
and decoration in reaction to
Example:
the baroque period's firmness.
“The painting Mona Lisa by Leonardo
The word” saloon” in French
Da Vinci is one of the most famous
means a living room;
and recognized paintings in history”
- Rococo salons refer to central
(Monk, 2021) because of the
rooms in the Rococo style. The
enigmatic smile.
concept of a “salon” is an era of
light that has turned the lounge
Baroque style
into a main space for
- contrast, motion, exuberant
aristocracy where guests may
details, profound light, scale,
entertain themselves and
and excitement are used to
engage in intellectual
build a feeling of admiration.
conversation.
This style originated in Rome at
the beginning of the 17th
Neoclassical art
century and spread quickly to
 - refers to simplification with its
focus on asymmetry, bright
colors, and decoration. With the
growing popularity of the
Grand Tour, the collection of
antiquities as mementos seemed
to be popular.
- This collecting practice laid the
groundwork for many brilliant
art pieces and extended the
traditional Renaissance across
Europe and America.
Example:
The Cathedral of Vilnius is the main
Roman Catholic Cathedral of
Lithuania.
Impressionism
- may be the most important
movement. In the 1860s, a
group of young artists
decided to paint what they
could see, think, and feel
vividly. They did not want to
portray the history, mythology,
or the life of great men and
visual appearances; they did not
seek perfection.
Post-Impressionism
- Post-impressionism includes a
wide variety of different artistic
styles that respond to the
impressionist movement
optically.
Example:
The Starry Night, which is one of Van
Gogh’s most well-known works, sits
within an oeuvre of his works that
were created between 1885 and 1890.
Neo-Impressionism
- Various artists have initiated
and resurrected the original
trend of expressionism at the
beginning of the 20th However,
Georg Baselitz, who led the
rebirth that overtook German
art in the 1970s, was
inaugurating the most
prominent return to
expressionism.
- During the 1980s, this revival
was a part of the global return
to the sensuality of painting and
sparseness of minimalism and
reproduction, which was not
stylistic or remote.
DIFFERENT ART MOVEMENTS
(Part 2)
Symbolism
- In contrast to impressionism,
which emphasizes the realities
of a painting's generated
surface, symbolism implies
ideas through symbols and
stresses the meaning behind
shapes, lines, forms, and paints.
Art Nouveau
- Art Nouveau sought to
modernize the design and avoid
diverse historical styles that are
previously common.
- Artists were influenced by
organic and geometric shapes
 that emerged in elegant designs
that brought together flowing,
natural forms resembling plants
and blooms.
Fauvism
- The Fauves were a loosely
associated community of
French painters with common
interests. Many of these
painters were the pupils of
Gustave Moreau.
- He was a symbolist that
admired the older artists’ focus
on self-thought, such as Henri
Matisse, Albert Marquet, and
Georges Rouault.
Example:
Matisse’s "Le Bonheur de Vivre (The
Joy of Life)" is characterized by
unnatural colors and simplified forms.
Expressionism
- Expressionism has emerged as
an answer to the widespread
concern over the increasing
division between humankind
and the world and
- the lost feelings of legitimacy
and spirituality in different
cities around the globe at the
same time.
Cubism
- Through a focus on the
underlying nature of the shape,
Paul Cezanne utilized several
points of view to fragment
photos into forms.
- The objects are represented as
complex arrangements of
masses and planes where
background and foreground
combined instead of
constructed shapes in an
illusionist vacuum.
Futurism
- The Futurists concentrated on
change and progressivism and
attempted to eradicate and
replace conventional artistic
conceptions with a robust
affirmation of the era of
technology.
- Emphasis was on developing a
creative and vibrant future
vision and artists integrating
urban landscape representation
and emerging technology, such
as trains, cars, and aircraft, in
their depictions.
Dadaism
- Dada's aesthetics is
characterized by the spiteful
ridicule of materialism and
nationalism that strongly
influenced artists in several
urban areas, including Berlin,
Hannover, Paris, New York,
and Cologne. The trend
disappeared from the
development of surrealism, but
its concepts became the
foundation of different styles of
contemporary and modern
artworks.

Surrealism
- Surrealists attempted to
incorporate the unconscious to
open creativity. Surrealists
assumed that the rational brain
was disdainful for rationality
and literary realism and
strongly influenced by
psychoanalysis, and the force of
creativity was suppressed by
tabus.
- Inspired by Karl Marx, they
believed that the psyche would
have the strength to expose and
spur revolution on
contradictions in the daily
world.
Constructivism
- It drew inspiration from
Cubism, surrealism, and
futurism. However, in essence,
it was a completely new
approach to create objects,
which attempted to remove
through composition
conventional artistic
considerations and substitute
them for “construction.”
- Constructivism required
rigorous scientific study of new
materials and intended to
develop innovations for mass
manufacturing that suited the
aims of a new, communist state.
De Stijl
- The De Stijl transformation in
the Netherlands involves an
abstract wall-down aesthetic
concentrating on important
design content such as
geometric shapes and primary
colors.
- The decreased quality of De
Stijl art was seen as a universal
visual style suitable to
contemporary days in a new,
spiritualized global order as a
reaction in part to the
decorative exaggerations of Art
Deco.
Pop Art
- The subjects were not
conventional “great art” but
spiritual, mythological, and
historical stories; instead,
modern artists depicted
ordinary artifacts and characters
to lift popular culture to the
level of fine art.
- Pop art may have become one
of the most recognized forms of
visual art due to the
introduction of advertising
images.
Example:
Roy Lichtenstein’s “Whaam!” is a
large, two-canvas painting similar to a
comic book strip of a rocket explosion
in the sky.
Minimalism
- Modern art prefers sleek over
“dramatic;” minimalist works
are mostly made of recycled
 resources and stressed abstract
expressionism’s anonymity.
- Artists avoided the open-ended
metaphors and emotional
substance instead of the
materiality of their art.
Conceptual Art
- Conceptual art is a trend that
rewards concepts about the
visual or formal components of
pieces of art. Conceptualism
has adopted many forms,
including performance, events,
and ephemera instead of a
firmly unified movement.
Example:
Ewa Partum’s Active Poetry in 1971
is an example of conceptual art. Ewa
Partum used performance as a means
of creating her poetry.
Photorealism
- Photorealists (also known as
hyperrealists or superrealists)
refer to artists who rely heavily
on photographs and often
project them onto canvas to
reproduce images correctly and
accurately.
Example:
Brooklyn-born photorealist Robert
Cottingham is best known for his
depiction of urban American
landscapes and typefaces,
Installation Art
- Installation art is a term that is
widely used to characterize
artworks found in 3D interior
spaces because “install”
denotes inside something else.
- His artwork is also site-
specific; it was built to provide
an architectural, abstract, or
social connection, whether
temporal or permanent, with
space or environment.
GENRES OF MUSIC
A. Baroque Music - known for its
grand, dramatic, and energetic
spirit, as well as its stylistic
diversity. It prevailed during the
period from approximately 1600 to
around 1750. Some of the notable
composers that use this genre are as
follows:
1. Johann Sebastian Bach- was
trained in Eisenach by his father,
similar to other composers born to a
musical family. Given that this father
died in 1695, he visited the schools in
Eisenach, Ohrdruf, and Lüneburg with
his pupil Ohrdruf and his uncle
Johann Christoph. In 1703, Bach was
appointed as an organist in Arnstadt,
where he remained until 1707 and
then in Mühlhausen for one year.
2. Antonio Vivaldi- was born in
Venice and raised as a child in music
but became an ordained priest in
1703. Although he had the moniker
“Il Prete Rosso” (meaning red priest)
because of his red hair, his pictorial
surname soon became the only
remnant of his priesthood as he
withdrew from his vocation.
3. George Fredric Handel-
showed considerable musical promise
in Halle, similar to his friend
Telemann but was encouraged instead
to study law. He became a violinist at
the Hamburg Opera House a year
later, and he was admitted in 1702 to
the University of Halle. His first two
operas, “Almira” and “Nero,” were
produced in this town in 1705, and the
operas “Daphne” and “Florindo” were
produced in 1708. Handel then moved
to Italy. The first operas he created
there include “Rodrigo in Venice”
(1707) and “Agrippina in Florence”
(1708).
4. Arcangelo Corelli- was born in
Fusignano and studied composition
and violin in Bologna, which is close
to his hometown. After 1675, Corelli
engaged in the concerts of some of
Rome’s most prominent artistic
patrons; among them was Queen
Christina of Sweden.
5. François Couperin (1668)- was
born in Paris and was the son of the
Parisian organist Charles Couperin
(1638–1679). Couperin finally
became a clapping player on
Versailles when he took over his
dad’s place at 18. Couperin has been a
nonconformist from the beginning of
his life. Couperin divided his works
into orders instead o the more
traditional suites of his clavichord
music publications and often avoided
standard dance movements to favor
the evocative bits of character.
6. Johann Pachelbel- was a German
composer who was “known for his
works for organ and one of the great
organ masters of the generation before
Johann Sebastian Bach. Pachelbel
studied music at Altdorf and
Regensburg and held posts as an
organist in Vienna, Stuttgart, and
other cities. In 1695, he was appointed
organist at the St. Sebalduskirche in
Nürnberg, where he remained until his
death. He also taught organ; one of his
pupils was Johann Christoph Bach,
who gave his younger brother Johann
Sebastian Bach his first formal
keyboard lessons.” (Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 2020)
7. Franz Peter Schubert- was an
Austrian composer of the late
Classical and early Romantic eras.
Despite his short lifetime, Schubert
left behind a vast oeuvre, including
more than 600 secular vocal works, 7
complete symphonies, sacred music,
operas, incidental music, and a large
body of piano and chamber music.
B. Classical Music – produced or
enraptured in Western traditions,
both liturgical (religious) and
secular. “This article is about the
wider time span from the pre-6th
century AD to this day, which
includes the classical and other
periods; however, more precisely, it is
also used to refer to the period 1750 to
1820 (the Classical period). The key
norms of this era, which is known as
the traditional practice age, were
codified between 1550 and 1900.”
(Excellence Reporter, 2020)
1. Franz Joseph Haydn- was a
great composer who reflected the
essence of classical composition.
However, his work was always true to
form, although it was not as
glamorous as that of Mozart, who was
younger than him. In contrast to most
composers, Haydn had “trustworthy
and reliable” employment with
musicians from the royal Esterhazy
house responsible for directing,
teaching, performance, and
management. During this period,
Haydn wrote several musical pieces
for the orchestra. He is often called
“father of the symphony” or the
“father of the string quartet” by his
astonishing work, including more than
100 symphonies and 60 quartet lines.
2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart-
was born in 1756, and at the age of
five, he became a musical prodigy
who started composing. His father
took his sister with him to tours
shortly after his talent was noticed.
Mozart died suddenly at 35 years of
age. Although his life was short,
Mozart advanced significantly with
more than 600 compositions from the
classical period. He was even more
flamboyant in his compositional style
and frequently blamed for “too many
notes” during his lifetime.
3. Antonio Salieri- People
speculated that Salieri poisoned
Mozart because he envied Mozart’s
artistic talent. The famous
Kapellmeister was Salieri, who was
best known for his work on the opera.
However, Salieri began suddenly
composing operas in 1804 and then
played music for the church. Salieri
became Haydn’s friend and taught
Ludwig van Beethoven to compose
music.
4. Muzio Clementi- was a
dominant and articulate proponent of
the piano as “the father of
pianoforte." Clementi was a
musician, a composer, a writer, a
teacher, a builder, and even an
instrument maker.
5. Ludwig van Beethoven- was a
German composer and pianist whose
music ranked among the most
performed of the classical music
repertoire; he remained one of the
most admired composers in the
history of Western music. His works
spanned the transition from the
classical period to the romantic era in
classical music.
 6. Luigi Boccherini- stayed with
Haydn. Musicologists occasionally
refer to Boccherini as the “wife of
Haydn.” Unfortunately, the music of
Boccherini never surpassed Haydn’s
popularity. He died in poverty.
C. Romantic Music – The theory of
romanticism is an intellectual and
artistic literary movement that became
popular in Europe from about 1800 to
1910. In the context of romantic
literature, poetry, art, and philosophy,
romantic composers sought to make
music that was individual, emotional,
dramatic, and often programmatic.
Romantic art is generally inspired by
nonmusical stimuli such as nature,
literature, poetry, or plastic art (or was
tried to evoke them elsewhere).
1. Frederic Chopin- was a Polish
pianist and composer (born Fryderyk
Franciszek Chopin) known for his
piano pieces. He specialized in etude,
mazurka, night-time, waltz, and
Polish. He charged large amounts for
private education because of his
popularity and his propensity to work
exclusively in intimate settings for
social elites.
2. Franz Joseph Liszt- is probably
one of the greatest pianists to have
ever lived; he was a Hungarian
composer and pianist. He was a leader
and a prominent figure of the New
German School. He was recognized
for many aspects, including the
capacity of transcribing and
popularizing major orchestral works
for the piano.
3. Giuseppe Verdi- was a famous
Italian composer, including
Jerusalem, Rigoletto, and Aida, for his
operas. He is one of the most famous
romantic composers because his
operas reach his psyche and lift
intense emotion.
4. Clara Wieck Schumann- was
another great female composer in the
Romantic period. She was a prolific
German composer and pianist. Clara
started to visit numerous towns at the
age of 8 and continued to act for more
than 60 years.
5. Carl Maria von Weber- was a
German composer, conductor,
virtuoso pianist, guitarist, “and critic
who was one of the first significant
composers of the Romantic era. He is
best known for his operas. He was a
crucial figure in the development of
romantic opera.”
6. Wilhelm Richard Wagner- was a
German composer, theatre director,
polemicist, and conductor who is
mainly known for his operas. In
contrast to most opera composers,
Wagner wrote the libretto and the
music for each of his stage works.
7. Jacques Offenbach- was a
German-born French composer,
cellist, and impresario during the
Romantic period. “He is remembered
for his nearly 100 operettas of the
1850s to the 1870s and his
uncompleted opera, ‘The Tales of
Hoffmann.’” (Wikipedia, n.d.)
8. Johannes Brahms- was a
German composer, pianist, and
conductor during the Romantic
period. He was born in Hamburg into
a Lutheran family. Brahms spent
much of his professional life in
Vienna.
9. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky- was a
Russian composer during the
Romantic period. He was the first
Russian composer whose music made
a lasting impression internationally.
He was honored in 1884 by Tsar
Alexander III and awarded a lifetime
pension. (Wikipedia, n.d.)
10. Richard Georg Strauss- was a
German composer, conductor, pianist,
and violinist. Considered a leading
composer of the late Romantic and
early modern eras, he is a successor of
Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt.
(Wikipedia, n.d.)
D. Modern Music – The defining
characteristic of contemporary music
(including modern art in general) is
the breakdown of all conventional
aesthetics that unleashes complete
freedom in any esthetic dimension,
including melody, rhythm, and
chord growth. Most composers (see
tonality) completely rejected the
tradition of major-minor tonality
(already heavily emphasized by
Wagner and his successors). Only the
definition itself of "rock" has been
redefined.
1. Claude Debussy- was a French
composer born on August 22, 1862
and died on March 25, 1918.
Although he opposed the concept
strongly, he is known as the first
impressionist composer. In the late
19th and early 20th year, he became
the most popular composer.
2. Arnold Schoenberg-
Schoenberg's approach became one of
the most influential in harmonic
thought in the 20th century. Several
composers from Europe and the USA
from at least three centuries enlarged
his imagination knowingly, while
others responded intensely.
3. Joseph-Maurice Ravel- was a
French composer, pianist, and
director. He and his elder
contemporary Claude Debussy are
frequently associated with
impressionism, although they opposed
the term. Ravel was considered the
best living composer in France in the
1920s and 1930s.
4. John Cage- was one of the most
prominent composers of the 20th
century and was a pioneer in the body
of music that he described as forte
which includes over 16 percussion
scores from 1930 to 1950. In his
fifties, he introduced new methods of
composition, incorporating elements
of chance and attempts to isolate the
variable from the phase of
composition.
5. Philip Glass- was born in
Baltimore on January 31, 1937. He
trained for the Philip GLASS
Ensemble with Nadia Boulanger and
Ravi Shankar. His first opera,
“Einstein on the Beach,” earned him
praise and eventually received Oscar
awards for scoring the films “Kundun:
The Hours” and “Notes on a
Scandal.” Glass is known to work
with artists from a range of
backgrounds with his distinctive
modern minimalism.
SOUL-MAKING
- Soul creation is an alternate
way to learn and explore the
extent and the actual meaning
of what we do in our daily
lives. It intends to enhance the
artist and creativity in us. It is
actively exploring and using
creativity and imagination. It is
a type of craft that turns short
memories into pictures, and
signs connect to people who
understand cultural identity and
embody sensitivity and
tranquility. Imagination plays a
significant role in art creation
as an inspiration. It may be an
inherent or acquired talent or a
mixture. Soul creation has
several forms, such as crafting
images, crafting tales, crafting
instruments, crafting gestures,
and crafting strategies.
Crafting a Poem
1. Seizing Inspiration. Look for an
idea that will spark and inspire you to
write a poem.
2. Fleshing it out. Expand the idea.
3. Structure and form. Think of the
idea that will suit your ideas, such as
structured, free verse, fragmented
verse, couplet, and sonnet.
4. Start to put everything in place in
the poem. You may now begin the
actual writing of poetry.
5. Voice and Imagery. Pay attention
to the poetic devices that you will use
in the poem.
6. Word Choice. Choose the
appropriate words that will help
convey the meaning you want to
communicate with the reader.
7. Concept and Clarity. Ensure that
words and devices used are working
together to communicate the idea you
want to share with the readers.
8. Line Length. Consider the line
length of your poem concerning the
form that you choose.
9. Rhythm and Sound. Examine the
tensions, delays, tone replay,
progression, and action throughout the
poem. How does our choice of words
lead to the rhythm and sounds that
best express the poem's tone, mood,
and tenor? Support the poem by
alliteration? Rhymes slanting? Close
to rhymes? Rhymes exactly?
Assumption?
10. Read it aloud. The presentation
of a poem shows its flaws and powers
in a manner that no visual analysis
can do.
Crafting Stories
1. Show Do Not Tell. You begin the
cycle of making them look after until
they are in your shoes to ensure that
the story is much less likely to be
abandoned at an early stage.
2. Shock and Surprise. Start with
something you were not waiting for
your readers. Marketers are doing a
lot of this, trying to shock the
audience. However, when you write a
short story or a novel, this aspect is
important. Make it shocking and
unexpected where you need it to hook
your readers.
Writing is compelling, real, and
grudgeful. Writing pulls no punches.
If you want to keep your readers on
the hook, they must relate to the story.
3. Raise the Stakes. What can be the
worst thing your character can do
right now? Even if that is not true,
you must increase the investment of
your readers in your story. Now, you
cannot stop; you play with their
emotions. Making this too “standard”
will make your readers slip right out
of the hook once more.
4. Mining the Depths. You have got
the characters to come to life. It refers
to the small information that adds life
to the character. Anchor this
information with incidents in real life
similar to providing evidence at the
trial in adequate detail. Names,
positions, thoughts, feelings, and
emotions build information before
you feel like you testify.
5. Make It Memorable. Powerful
writing gives the reader a positive
memory that reminds them of you, the
author. Your intention is to make your
reader remember you, regardless of
whether you are a novelist or a social
media marketer.
Crafting Instruments
- The transformation of any
discovered or used material into
a musical instrument allows
you to discover harmony and
balance to produce a beautiful
and magical tone.
Crafting Movements
1. Select the right music. Choose
music to which you want to dance and
relax while you watch it again and
again! Choose an album with a strong
rhythm.

2. Start creating the dance step. Just
as you plan out writing a story with
the first words you write, you would
do the same with a dance routine.
Choose the way you will be standing
when the music begins. The intro of
the song usually sets the tone for the
rest of the song. (Bedinghaus, 2019)
3. Plan the chorus part. Your best
option is every time the chorus is
playing should follow the same series
of moves. Pick the best movements,
the most dramatic. Repeating is an
integral element of every
choreographic work. Yes, the public
understands consistency, thereby
creating a sense of ease and warmth
with the public and performers.
4. Plan the ending. Prepare the big
finale. You may take a firm stand on
the new comments. Keep the finish
spot for a couple of seconds.
5. Practice more. When the dance is
performed, the moves will be
memorized. Then, the dance is more
intuitive by repetitive practice. You
may notice your pattern is also
changing while dancing. The more
you do, the better the work will be.
6. Be ready for the performance.
When you are confident and believe
like you have choreographed a full
dance, it is time to show it. Make your
mini recital at home for family and
friends; you can even dress in a mask
or a lobby.
SEVEN (7) DA VINCIAN
PRINCIPLES
1. CURIOSITA (curiosity)- An
insatiable curiosity about life and a
constant desire for continuing
knowledge.
2. DIMONSTRATZIONE
(independent thinking)- A
dedication to creativity, patience, and
a desire to learn from failures of the
past. It is the scientific approach used
in everyday life.
3. SENSAZIONE (refine your
senses)- Continuous sensory
enhancement as a way of enlivening
memory. They ought to be mindful of
what is happening around them to be
creative. Effective communication is
one of the key business subjects. We
listen passively frequently in industry
and ignore critical knowledge that
may motivate a new idea.
4. SFUMATO (embrace
uncertainty)- The word is translated
into smoke. We can embrace
uncertainty, confusion, and
vulnerability. As the old saying goes,
uncertainty and transition are the only
two inevitable things in life.
5. ARTE/SCIENZA (art & science,
whole brain-thinking)- Developing a
balance between creativity and reality.
Creativity without rationality is a
daydream, and reality is dull without
creativity. The contrast between art
and science, as well as whole-brain
thought, are other words for this.
6. CORPORALITA (mind-body
care)-The aim is to keep the body
safe and the mind balanced. Have you
ever seen a completely sick artistic
person? While here and there are
several examples, they are rare. One
of Da Vinci’s core ideas is that our
bodies stay fit to keep our minds fit.
Fit minds give efficient and effective
ideas.
7. CONNESSIONE
interconnectedness)- This is a clear
realization that all events and
phenomena are related. When we
talked early, it is not just a matter of
coming up with something brand
different, often finding the similarities
in how to use old material in new
ways.
NARRATIVES,
APPROPRIATION,
BORROWING, AND
OWNERSHIP
Narrative – Narrative means the
choice of events to be linked and to
relate – so, instead of a story itself, it
is a depiction of the particular
manifestation of the story. The easiest
way to remind people of the
distinction between a story and a
narrative is to change events'
sequence. You have a new version of
the same past with a different case
sequence. The narrative translates the
story into facts, or better,
understanding for the receiver (the
viewer or the reader). Every story
incident is a unit of information
provided by the viewer. A story is
paradoxical since it tries to express
the facts by covering them.
Appropriation – Appropriations in
art and art history refer to artists' work
utilizing prior artifacts or pictures of
painting with no initial
transformation. Art of appropriation
poses questions of authenticity,
originality, and authorship, and it
belongs to the long-standing
Modernist art tradition, which
questions art itself. In the 1985 book,
The Avant-Garde originalité and
Other Modernist Myths, the American
writer Rosalind Krauss assisted artists
in adapting the 1934 article by the
German philosopher Walter
Benjamin, The Practice of Art in the
Age of Mechanical Reproduction.
Since the 1980s, artists have used
appropriation extensively.
Borrowing – Artists have also copied
other artists' works to learn about the
methods and processes of art. This
tradition has been widely practiced in
art schools in recent years. While this
type of work has usually only ever
been considered a learning activity,
other artists have taken pictures or
forms from their work, which they
can appreciate by reproducing and
using.
Ownership – Many artists' copying of
art was a vexing problem in modern
years; nevertheless, such a form of
copying was popular in art history.
We may choose to name certain
relations in an inspiration: Homer
influenced Virgil, the Virgil
influenced Dante, the Homer replied
James Joyce or the Valàsquez reaction
art, but with a certain appropriation.
Simple forgery and legitimized
examples of where an artist (Virgil
and company) steals from the other
(and problem cases, which are better
solved by copyright rather than by the
aesthetics book) exist. The other
things are generally best settled by
tradition as well, although they
include the concept of ownership, as
though someone who owns the art
would want to exploit it
commercially.
Copyright – All work of art,
including but not limited to photos,
drawings, sketches, maps, diagrams,
caricatures (static not moving
animations), logos, engravings,
sketches, designs, and architectural
models, can be liable to copyright.
Copyright extends to any work of
creative quality. Works of decorative
art, including sculpture, stones,
pottery, woodwork, and jewelry, also
receive security protection.
Copyright Ownership – Physical
possession varied greatly from
ownership of copyright. Copyright is
generally the artist or author's
property but may vary based on
conditions such as occupations or
licensing agreements. You can get
rights if you purchase original artwork
or you have a deal. When a fee is
charged for a painting, portrait, or
graving, the person commissioning
the work shall have the copyright until
an agreement is made.
FIVE ACTS OF CULTURAL
APPROPRIATION
Cultural Appropriation – According
to the critics of the custom, cultural
appropriation is distinct from
acculturation, assimilation, or even
cultural fusion because it is a form of
colonization. When members of a
majority society borrow cultural
features from a community of
marginalized communities, such
elements are incorporated without
their background and, occasionally,
against express wishes.
1. Object Appropriation – Physical
artworks will be the first kind of item
with which we will be dealing. It
refers to the appropriation of those
items as appropriations for objects.
Object appropriation occurs when the
ownership of a physical piece of art
(e.g., a statue or a drawing) is passed
from members of a particular group to
the people of the other.
2. Content Appropriation. The
second type of item that could be
appropriated is intangible. It might be
a musical composition, a story, or a
poem. Content appropriation is going
to be the mark for this kind of
possession. When this kind of
appropriation occurs, the artist has
made significant reuse of an idea first
expressed in an artist’s work from
another culture. A musician who sings
songs from another culture has
engaged in the appropriation of
content.
3. Style Appropriation. Something
less than an entire expression of an
artistic idea can be appropriated.
Often artists do not only replicate
works from another culture but also
take something from that culture.
Generally, for works of another
culture, artists produce works with
stylistic elements. A musician
appropriating African American
culture may not be part of that culture
but can compose original jazz and
blues. Anything similar may affect the
culturally traditional Australians who
paint in the style of native peoples.
This form of operation is a
subcategory that can be considered
style appropriation.
4. Motif Appropriation. Another
type of content appropriation can be
identified. This method of
appropriation is similar to style
appropriation, but only simple motifs
are appropriated. Such appropriation
can be referred to as motif
appropriation. It happens when artists,
without the production of pieces, are
inspired by the art of a society other
than theirs. For example, in
Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907),
Picasso appropriated ideas from
African carving, but his paintings are
not African. Similarly, Henri
Matisse’s The Green Stripe (1905) is
a Fauvian painting, but it consciously
incorporates specific African art
motifs.
5. Subject Appropriation. A final
appropriation that differs from the
other types can be identified. In
various discussions on cultural
appropriation, questions have been
raised about externals portraying
individuals or entities from another
society in their artworks. The cultural
council, which is the arts support
body of the Canadian federal
government, acknowledges the
portrayal of cultures other than the
individual, in fiction or nonfiction, as
a means of appropriation. No creative
item of cultural identity is
appropriated if this appropriation
occurs. Instead, artists are dealing
with a topic, that is, another culture or
its members. This is called subject
appropriation because it appropriates
a matter. Subject appropriation is
occasionally called “voice
appropriation,” especially where
outsiders represented the first person’s
lives.