TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Ethics and Human Interface

2 Ethics - in Private Relationships

3 Ethics - in Public Relationships

Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and
4
Administrators; Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.
Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and
5
Behaviour; Moral and Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion
6 Moral and Political Attitudes

7 Social Influence and Persuasion

Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service
1. Integrity
2. Impartiality and Non-partisanship
3. Objectivity
8 4. Dedication to Public Service
5. Empathy
6. Tolerance
7. Compassion towards the weaker-sections

Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and

9
Governance.
Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems;
10
Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions
Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability
11
and Ethical Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance
12 Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding

13 Corporate Governance
Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and
14
Probity
15 Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information

16 Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct

17 Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery

18 Utilization of Public Funds

19 Challenges of Corruption

20 Ethics and Mythology

21 Ethics and Historical figures

22 Ethics and Contemporary personalities

23 Ethics and Books

24 Ethics and Movies

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25 Ethics and Civil Servants
Case Studies based on Public Sector
1. Following rules vs acting with compassion
2. Obedience to authority vs moral duty
26
3. Speaking up about unethical practices
4. Striking a balance between development and social costs

Case Studies based on Private Sector

1. Conflict between integrity and self-interest
27 2. Obedience to authority and following rules vs moral duty
3. Whistleblowing and speaking up

Case Studies based on Applied Ethics

1. Discrimination and inequality
2. Gender issues
28 3. Ethics in International ethics
4. Regulation of NGOs
5. Following rules vs acting with compassion

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Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions;
Dimensions of Ethics
"No one left behind" campaign: In 2018, the Indian government launched
a campaign called "No one left behind" to promote the inclusion of people
with disabilities. The campaign has helped to raise awareness of the rights
of people with disabilities, and it has inspired people to be more inclusive.

"The Akshaya Patra Foundation": This foundation provides free midday

meals to school children in India. As of 2023, they have served over 2 billion
meals to over 1.8 million children.

"The CRY Foundation": This foundation works to protect the rights of

children in India. They have helped to rescue over 20,000 children from
child labor and trafficking, and they have provided education and
healthcare to millions of children.

"The Kindness Revolution" campaign: In 2015, a group of people in the

United States started a campaign called "The Kindness Revolution" to
promote acts of kindness. The campaign has helped to inspire people to be
kinder and more compassionate, and it has made the world a slightly better
place.

"The Giving Pledge" campaign: In 2010, a group of billionaires started a campaign called "The Giving Pledge" to commit to
giving away the majority of their wealth to charity. The campaign has inspired other wealthy people to give back to society, and
it has helped to make a real difference in the lives of millions of people.

"The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation": This foundation is one of the largest philanthropic organizations in the world. They
have committed to spending $10 billion per year on global health and development initiatives.
Personal life examples
 Honesty: Telling the truth, even when it is difficult. For example, being honest with your spouse about your feelings, or
with your boss about a mistake you made.
 Integrity: Acting in accordance with your own values and principles. For example, refusing to take a bribe, even if it would
mean losing your job.

Consequences
 Honesty: If you act ethically, you are likely to feel good about yourself and your actions.
 If you are known for being honest and trustworthy, people are more likely to trust you and want to be around you.
 If you are known for being ethical in your work, you are more likely to be promoted and earn a good reputation.

Ethics - in Private Relationships

Positive examples Negative examples
Couple donates organs of their stillborn child to save 3 lives: A couple Violation of fidelity: A man in Mumbai was
in Mumbai donated the organs of their stillborn child to save the lives of arrested for cheating on his wife with multiple
three other children. women. He had been using a fake profile on a
dating app to meet women and had even fathered
Woman helps reunite family of 10 after 70 years: A woman in Delhi a child with one of them.
helped reunite a family of 10 after 70 years. The woman, who was working
as a genealogist, was contacted by a man who was looking for his long- Violation of privacy: A woman in Delhi was
lost family. The woman was able to track down the man's family and reunite arrested for blackmailing her ex-boyfriend. She
them after 70 years of separation. had threatened to release intimate photos of him if
he didn't give her money.

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Teenager sets up foundation to help homeless children: A teenager in
Kerala set up a foundation to help homeless children. The teenager, who
had been homeless himself for a time, knew how difficult it was to live on
the streets. He decided to set up a foundation to help other homeless
children get the food, shelter, and education they need.
Violation of consent: A couple in Kerala was
arrested for forcing their daughter to marry a man
she didn't love. The daughter had tried to run away
from home several times, but her parents had
always found her and brought her back.

Woman donates kidney to stranger: A woman in the United Kingdom Violation of consent: A man in the United States
donated her kidney to a stranger. The woman, who had been on the waiting was arrested for stalking his ex-girlfriend. He had
list for a kidney for several years, decided to donate her kidney to a been following her, sending her threatening
stranger after hearing about their story. messages, and even breaking into her house
Personal life examples
 Respect: If you are arguing with your partner, it is important to stay calm and respectful, even if you are feeling angry.
 Confidentiality: If your friend tells you that they are struggling with an addiction, you should not share this information with
anyone else without their permission.
 Responsibility: If you break a promise to your partner, you should apologize and make an effort to keep your promises in
the future.

Ethics - in Public Relationships

Positive examples
HUL launches campaign to promote menstrual hygiene: Hindustan Unilever (HUL) launched a campaign to promote
menstrual hygiene in India. The campaign, called "Touch the Pickle," aimed to break the taboo around menstruation and to
encourage women to talk about it openly.

Tata Motors launches campaign to promote road safety: Tata Motors launched a campaign to promote road safety in India.
The campaign, called "No One is Safer on the Roads," aimed to raise awareness of the dangers of road traffic accidents and to
encourage people to drive more safely.

ITC launches campaign to promote sustainable agriculture: ITC launched a campaign to promote sustainable agriculture in
India. The campaign, called "Growing Together," aimed to raise awareness of the importance of sustainable agriculture and to
encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices.

Nike launches campaign to promote diversity and inclusion: Nike launched a campaign to promote diversity and inclusion.
The campaign, called "Equality," aimed to challenge stereotypes and to promote a more inclusive society.

Google launches campaign to promote online safety: Google launched a campaign to promote online safety. The campaign,
called "Be Internet Awesome," aimed to teach children how to use the internet safely and responsibly.
Negative examples
Coca-Cola accused of misleading consumers about water use: Coca-Cola was accused of misleading consumers about its
water use in India. The company was accused of claiming that it used "sustainable water practices" when, in fact, it was using
a significant amount of water in its bottling operations. The accusation led to a public relations nightmare for Coca-Cola, and the
company was forced to apologize and make changes to its water usage practices.

Reliance Industries accused of polluting the environment: Reliance Industries was accused of polluting the environment in
India. The company was accused of dumping toxic waste into rivers and streams, and of causing air pollution from its factories.
The accusation led to a public relations crisis for Reliance Industries, and the company was forced to pay millions of dollars in
fines.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited accused of price gouging: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
was accused of price gouging in India. The company was accused of raising the price of gasoline and diesel at a time when the
government had capped the price of these fuels. The accusation led to a public relations backlash against HPCL, and the
company was forced to apologize and lower its prices.

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Nestlé accused of marketing baby formula in unethical ways: Nestlé was accused of marketing baby formula in unethical
ways in Africa. The company was accused of giving free samples of baby formula to mothers in hospitals, and then pressuring
them to switch from breastfeeding to formula. The accusation led to a public relations scandal for Nestlé, and the company was
forced to change its marketing practices.

Facebook accused of enabling the spread of misinformation: Facebook was accused of enabling the spread of
misinformation on its platform. The company was accused of failing to take down false news stories, and of allowing these stories
to spread to millions of users. The accusation led to a public relations crisis for Facebook, and the company was forced to make
changes to its algorithms in order to reduce the spread of misinformation.

Conflict of interest: Celebrities like Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh and Virat Kohli faced criticism for not clearly identifying
promotional posts for products like Oppo, Vivo etc. This was seen as misleading social media marketing.
Personal examples
 Honesty: If you are a salesperson, it is important to be honest about the features and benefits of your products, and to
avoid making false or misleading claims.
 Respect: If you are in a meeting with a client, it is important to be respectful of their time and to listen to their concerns.
 Fairness: If your company is involved in a controversial issue, it is important to be transparent about your position and to
be willing to answer questions from the public.
 Discrimination: If you refuse to hire someone because of their race or gender, you could be sued for discrimination.
 Greenwashing: If a company claims that its products are "environmentally friendly" when they are not.

Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators;
Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.
Free Hugs: In 2016, a group of students from Delhi University started a "Free Hugs" campaign to spread kindness and
compassion. The campaign went viral, and it helped to raise awareness of the importance of human connection. The students
who started the campaign were named Ashish Chanchlani, Prajakta Koli, and Bhuvan Bam.

Beach cleanup campaign: In 2019, a group of

volunteers in Chennai started a campaign to clean
up the city's beaches. The campaign was called
"Beach Warriors," and it was organized by the
environmental group, Care Earth Trust. The
campaign helped to remove over 100 tons of trash
from the beaches, and it raised awareness about
the importance of environmental protection.

Mobile classroom for underprivileged children:

In 2017, a group of students in Kolkata started a
project called "The Mobile Classroom" to provide
free education to underprivileged children. The
project was started by students from Jadavpur
University, and they created a mobile classroom
that they take to different neighborhoods. The
project has helped to educate over 1,000 children, and it is a shining example of how students can make a difference in their
community.

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A teacher in Australia started a program called "Peaceful
Schools" to teach students about conflict resolution and
peace-making. The program has been very successful, and
it has helped to reduce violence and bullying in schools.

Be Kind to Yourself: In 2018, the Royal Russell School in

Surrey, UK started a program called "Be Kind to Yourself" to
teach students about the importance of self-care and mental
health. The program has been very successful, and it has
helped to reduce stress and anxiety among students.

Relevant Quotes
"The true measure of any society can be found in how it treats its most vulnerable members." - Mahatma Gandhi
"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." - Abraham Lincoln
"The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the home." - Confucius
"I am prepared to die, but there is no cause for which I am prepared to kill." - Mahatma Gandhi
"It is not enough to be compassionate, you must act." - Dalai Lama

Personal life examples

 Honesty: If you are caught cheating on a test, you will not only lose points on the test, but you will also lose the trust of
your teachers and classmates.
 Respect: If you are in a conversation with someone from a different culture, it is important to be respectful of their customs
and beliefs.
 Courage: If you see someone being bullied, it takes courage to stand up for them, even if you are afraid of being bullied
yourself.
 Tolerance: If you have a friend who is Muslim, it takes tolerance to respect their decision to fast during Ramadan, even
if you don't understand why they do it.

Attitude: Content, Structure, Function; its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour; Moral and
Political Attitudes; Social Influence and Persuasion
Stephen Hawking: Hawking was diagnosed with ALS
at the age of 21, and doctors gave him only a few
years to live. However, he refused to give up, and he
went on to become one of the most brilliant physicists
of our time.

J.K. Rowling: Rowling was a single mother living on

welfare when she wrote the first Harry Potter book.
She was rejected by 12 publishers before Bloomsbury
finally agreed to publish her book. Today, Harry Potter
is one of the most successful book series of all time.

Nelson Mandela: Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years for his political beliefs. However, he never gave up hope, and he
eventually became the first black president of South Africa.

Nadia Murad: Murad was a Yazidi woman who was kidnapped and raped by ISIS. However, she refused to give up, and she
became a powerful advocate for the Yazidis and other victims of ISIS. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2018.

Hubert Sumlin: Sumlin was a blues guitarist who was born blind. However, he never let his disability stop him from pursuing
his passion for music. He went on to become one of the most influential guitarists in blues history.

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Sandra Bullock: Bullock was a struggling actress when she was cast in the movie "Speed." The movie was a huge success, and
Bullock became a household name. She has since gone on to star in many other successful movies, including "The Blind Side"
and "Gravity."

Relevant Quotes
"Watch your thoughts; they become words. Watch your words; they become actions. Watch your actions; they become
habit. Watch your habits; they become character." - Lao Tzu
"Your living is determined not so much by what life brings to you as by the attitude you bring to life." - John Homer Miller
"A man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes." - Mahatma Gandhi
"Change your thoughts and you change your world." - Norman Vincent Peale
"The greatest discovery of my generation is that human beings can alter their lives by altering their attitudes." - William
James

Personal examples
 Beliefs: If I believe that everyone deserves to be treated with respect, then I am more likely to treat others with respect.
 Values: If I value honesty, then I am more likely to be honest in my dealings with others.
 Emotions: If I am feeling angry, then I am more likely to disagree with something, even if I would normally agree with it.
 Adaptive function: If I have a positive attitude about school, then I am more likely to do well in school.
 Motivational function: If I have a strong attitude about helping others, then I am more likely to volunteer my time to help
others.
 Negative attitude about smoking: I avoid being around smokers, and I refuse to smoke myself.

Moral and Political Attitudes

The group of women empowering other women through education in Mumbai is called the "Sakhi Foundation". They have
been working since 2001 to provide education and training to girls from low-income families, and have so far helped over 10,000
girls to complete their education.

In 2022, a group of students at the National Law University in Delhi started a campaign to raise awareness about the issue of
sexual harassment on college campuses. The campaign, called "Not Your Fault", has been met with a lot of positive feedback,
and has helped to start a conversation about this important issue.

In 2019, a group of students in the United Kingdom started a campaign to raise awareness about the issue of climate change.
The campaign, called "Fridays for Future", has inspired millions of students around the world to take action on this important
issue.

Greta Thunberg and ethical concerns

Contributions Concerns
Raised global awareness about climate Concerns about exploitation of Greta's age and vulnerability for agendas.
change. Concerns about potential negative impact of her message on young people's
Inspired youth-led climate action. mental health.
Held politicians and corporations Concerns about co-opting her message for political or commercial interests.
accountable.

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Social Influence and Persuasion
Band wagoning: A group of students at a college are persuaded to buy a new type of laptop because they see that many of
their friends and classmates are already using it. The students may not have done much research on the laptop, but they are
persuaded to buy it because they see that it is popular.

Appealing to the emotions: A charity organization runs a campaign that shows images of starving children in Africa. The
campaign is designed to appeal to the emotions of viewers and persuade them to donate money to the charity.

Scarcity principle: A salesperson tells a customer that a particular product is in limited supply and that they should buy it now
or they might miss out.

Anchoring principle: A politician states that a particular

policy will cost $100 million. Then, they offer a lower
price, such as $50 million. This is likely to make the $50
million price seem more reasonable, even though it is still
a lot of money.

Authority principle: A marketing campaign features a

celebrity endorsement for a product. This is likely to make
people more likely to buy the product because they trust
the celebrity's opinion.

Liking principle: A social media influencer shares

positive and engaging posts about a product. This is
likely to make people more likely to follow the influencer and buy the product that they are promoting.
Personal examples
 If I trust my friends, then I am more likely to be persuaded by their opinions.
 Being persuaded by friends to pick up new habits like taking up vegetarianism or non-vegetarianism.
 Being persuaded by boss to take on a new project.
 Being persuaded by a salesperson to buy a product that I did not really need.

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Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service
(Integrity, Impartiality and Non-partisanship, Objectivity, Dedication to Public Service, Empathy, Tolerance
and Compassion towards the weaker-sections)

Integrity
In 2018, the Indian government launched the
"Integrity Pact" initiative, which is designed to
prevent corruption in public procurement. The
initiative requires that all government contracts be
accompanied by an integrity pact, which is a legally
binding agreement between the government and the
contractor that sets out the terms of the contract and
the expectations of both parties.

In 2022, the Indian government announced that it

would be launching a new anti-corruption helpline.
The helpline will allow citizens to report allegations
of corruption in government departments.

In 2020, the UK government launched a new

campaign to promote integrity in public life. The campaign, called "Integrity Matters," aims to raise awareness of the importance
of integrity in public service.

Singapore: In 2019, the Singapore government launched a new initiative called "IntegritySG." The initiative aims to promote
integrity and good governance in all aspects of Singapore society, including public service.

Sathyanarayana Rani, an IAS officer known for his honesty and simple lifestyle. He traveled by public transport and refused
lavish perks.

Vinod Rai, the former Comptroller and Auditor General, is credited with auditing and exposing major scams during the UPA
era in an independent and non-partisan manner.

Arun Bhatia, an IPS officer who cracked down on food adulteration mafias in Madhya Pradesh and launched public
awareness campaigns despite threats.

Shivdeep Waman Lande, an IPS officer lauded for eliminating organized crime, drug mafias, and corruption in various
regions of Maharashtra.

Armstrong Pame, an IAS officer who built a 100 km road in Manipur by crowdfunding from people when the government
lacked funds.

Dr. Omesh Kumar Bharti, a civil surgeon who exposed fake drug rackets and refused bribes worth crores during his career
in Punjab.

Personal examples
 Avoiding conflicts of interest by recusing oneself from decision-making processes involving personal interests.
 Reporting fraudulent activities within the organization, despite potential risks, to uphold accountability.
 Hosting town hall meetings and openly sharing information to ensure transparency and public engagement.
 Speaking up against discriminatory practices and advocating for an inclusive work environment.
 Seeking diverse perspectives, facilitating collaboration, and making informed decisions for the public's benefit.
 Responsively addressing community concerns and being accountable for finding solutions.

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Impartiality and Non-partisanship
In India, the Election Commission of India (ECI) is an independent body that is responsible for conducting elections in the
country. The ECI has a code of conduct that all political parties and candidates are expected to follow. The code includes a
section on impartiality and non-partisanship, which states that "all political parties and candidates shall avoid any activity that
may create the impression that they are biased in favour of or against any particular religion, caste, community, language, sex
or region."

In 2021, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India issued a notice to the Uttar Pradesh government for
allegedly failing to provide impartial relief to victims of communal violence in the state. The NHRC found that the state
government had discriminated against victims from a particular community in the distribution of relief materials.

A.P. Shah - As Chief Justice of Madras and Delhi High Courts, he passed landmark judgements decriminalizing consensual
homosexual acts in 2009 and legalizing passive euthanasia in 2011 in an impartial manner based on constitutional
principles.

T.N. Seshan - He strictly enforced the Model Code of Conduct during elections in the 1990s. He disqualified many
candidates across parties for election code violations and banned exit polls impartially.

S.Y. Quraishi - As Chief Election Commissioner, he pioneered electoral reforms like indelible ink and strict monitoring of
expenses by candidates. He impartially facilitated smooth conduct of assembly elections in several states.

E. Sreedharan - He efficiently completed big infrastructure projects like Delhi Metro much before deadline without
allegations of bias towards any government or party in power.

Personal examples
 Treating all political parties equally and ensuring fair election processes.
 Providing objective and balanced journalism, avoiding personal biases or affiliations.
 Making legal decisions based on the merits of the case, without favoritism towards any party.
 Evaluating job candidates solely on qualifications, skills, and experience, disregarding political affiliations.
 Developing policies based on thorough research and the public interest, rather than political ideologies.
 Remaining neutral and facilitating fair conflict resolution as a community mediator.

Objectivity
The Right to Information Act was enacted in 2005 to give citizens the right to access information held by the government. The
act has helped to increase transparency and accountability in government, and has also helped to ensure that public
administration is more objective.
In 2017, the Election Commission of India ordered a re-poll in the Bhabua assembly constituency in Bihar after allegations
of booth capturing and other irregularities. The commission's decision was based on a thorough investigation, which found that
there was evidence to support the allegations.

Sanjiv Chaturvedi - As Chief Vigilance Officer at AIIMS, he exposed corruption by the director based on factual inquiries.
At Haryana, he objectively investigated scams in community health centres.

Ashok Khemka - The IAS officer cancelled Robert Vadra's illegal land deal with DLF in Haryana in 2012 based on objective
analysis, despite political attacks.

Personal examples
 Using data and evidence to make decisions, rather than personal biases.
 Providing services fairly and without favoritism, regardless of background or circumstances.
 Conducting transparent and unbiased evaluations for government contracts.
 Analyzing policies objectively, based on research and facts.

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  Enforcing regulations impartially, without influence from personal relationships.
 Engaging stakeholders equally and considering diverse perspectives.

Dedication to Public Service

Ashok Khemka is an Indian civil servant who is known for his integrity and dedication to public service. He has been transferred
45 times in his career, often for exposing corruption. In 2005, he was transferred after he ordered an inquiry into the sale of a
government plot at a below-market price.

Satyendra Dubey was an Indian engineer who was killed in 2003 for exposing corruption in the National Highways Authority of
India. He was working on the Golden Quadrilateral Project when he discovered that several contractors were using substandard
materials. He wrote a letter to the Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, exposing the corruption. A few days later, he was shot
dead.

Sonam Wangchuk is a Ladakhi engineer who has dedicated his life to improving education in Ladakh. He founded the Students'
Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh (SECMOL), which runs a network of schools that use innovative methods to
teach children. He is also the founder of the Ice Stupa project, which uses artificial glaciers to store water for the summer months.

Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian social activist who has been working to end child labor for over 30 years. He founded the Bachpan
Bachao Andolan (BBA), which has freed over 80,000 children from bonded labor. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
2014 for his work.
Personal examples
 Emergency Services Volunteer: After a flood in her village, Priya became a volunteer for the National Disaster Response
Force, spending her weekends helping prepare her community for potential disasters.
 Low-Income School Teacher: Ravi, a software engineer, left his corporate job to teach computer science in a government
school in rural Bihar, striving to bridge the digital divide.
 Policy Analyst: Nisha, a public policy graduate, joined a non-profit in Delhi advocating for slum dwellers' housing rights,
using research to inform effective policies.
 Mental Health Advocate: Struggling with depression, Ajay became a mental health advocate, working for a suicide
prevention hotline in Mumbai and raising awareness about mental health.

Empathy
The Bharosa Cells initiative by the Maharashtra Police is a good example
of how empathy can be used to improve public administration. These cells
are specifically designed to deal with cases of gender-based violence, and
they are staffed by officers who have been trained to be empathetic and
understanding. This has helped to improve the way that the police respond
to these cases, and it has also made it easier for victims to come forward and
seek help.

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) has a policy of providing free
travel to pregnant women and people with disabilities. This policy is designed
to make it easier for these people to get around the city, and it is a reflection
of the DMRC's commitment to empathy.

The Scottish Government has introduced a new law that requires all public sector organizations to have a "duty of care" to
their employees. This means that organizations must take steps to protect the mental and emotional health of their employees,
and it is a reflection of the Scottish Government's commitment to empathy in the workplace.

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 Antara Singh - As Unnao DM, she arranged for homes and jobs for survivors of sexual assault to ensure their rehabilitation.
She also boosted women's helplines and one-stop centers.

Amitabh Thakur - An IPS officer who led campaigns to make police more sensitive, including training cops to treat
complainants with respect and increasing diversity through recruitment of women constables.

Personal examples
 Mental Health Counselor: After losing a close friend to suicide, Ankit, a psychology graduate, dedicated his career to
mental health counseling. Ankit's empathy for others battling mental health struggles is what drives him to provide
compassionate care and support.
 Social Worker: Raised in a marginalized community, Meena became a social worker, dedicating her life to helping others
like her navigate systemic barriers. Her empathy for her clients, rooted in her own experiences, helps her understand their
struggles and effectively advocate for them.
 Public School Teacher: Despite a higher salary in private schools, Aryan chose to teach in a public school in a low-income
area of Kolkata. His empathy for the children and their struggles helps him to teach in a way that caters to their unique
needs.
 Environmental Officer: Seeing the damage to her hometown's environment in Assam, Chitra joined the State Pollution
Control Board. Her empathy for local communities affected by pollution drives her to work tirelessly for environmental
justice.
 Public Health Doctor: Working in a remote area of Rajasthan, Dr. Gopal often treats patients who can't afford healthcare.
His empathetic approach not only helps him provide medical care but also emotional support to his patients and their
families.

Tolerance
The Delhi government recently launched a "Tolerance Week" to promote tolerance and understanding among different religious
communities. The week-long event included a variety of activities, such as workshops, seminars, and cultural performances.

The Kerala government has a program called "Peace Clubs" that aims to promote tolerance and understanding among
students. The program includes training on conflict resolution and mediation.

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) has a policy of providing accessible public
transportation for people with disabilities. This includes providing ramps, elevators, and accessible restrooms at all MMRDA-run
facilities.

The Delhi High Court has a program called "Legal Aid Cell" that provides free legal assistance to people who cannot afford to
hire a lawyer. The cell also provides training on legal rights to marginalized communities.

Rajiv Mehrishi - As Union Home Secretary during the 2016 Jat agitation in Haryana, he arranged talks between all sides
and helped restore order through conflict management skills.

Hasmukh Adhia - As Revenue Secretary during GST rollout in 2017, he patiently reconciled conflicting demands of various
states and parties to build consensus for the tax reform.

Personal examples
 Public School Teacher: Rafiq, a teacher in a Hyderabad school with children from over ten different ethnic backgrounds,
creates an inclusive environment in his class. He encourages students to share their unique traditions and festivals,
fostering a sense of mutual respect and tolerance.

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  Healthcare Worker: Sunita, a healthcare worker in rural Punjab, serves a patient population with diverse religious beliefs.
Even when patients refuse certain treatments due to religious reasons, she respects their choices and seeks alternate
solutions.
 Social Worker: As a social worker in Kerala, Joseph helped rehabilitate a family involved in petty crime due to poverty. His
tolerance for their past mistakes and non-judgmental support was crucial in helping them start afresh.

Compassion towards the weaker-sections

In 2022, a district collector in Telangana, India, named K. Shanmukha Priya, was praised for her compassion towards the
weaker sections. She launched a program called "Ashraya" to provide shelter and care for homeless mentally challenged
people. The program has been successful in providing a dignified life to many people who were previously living on the streets.

In 2020, a social worker in Mumbai, India, named Nirmala Pandit, was awarded the Padma Shri for her work in helping the poor
and marginalized. She has been working for over 30 years to provide education, healthcare, and other services to the poorest
of the poor in Mumbai.

In 2022, a government employee from Kozhikode, Kerala, named R. Rajesh Kumar, founded "Compassionate Kozhikode"
and "Compassionate Keralam." These are two initiatives that aim to promote compassion and empathy in public
administration. Kumar has been working to raise awareness about the importance of compassion and to encourage government
officials to be more compassionate in their work.

In 2022, a mayor in London, England, named Sadiq Khan, was praised for his compassion towards the homeless. He launched
a program called "Homelessness to Hope" to provide housing and support services to homeless people in London. The
program has been successful in helping many people get back on their feet.

Relevant Quotes
“The price of greatness is responsibility.” – Winston Churchill
“Public service must be more than doing a job efficiently and honestly. It must be a complete dedication to the people and
to the nation.” – Margaret Chase Smith
“The welfare of the people in particular has always been the alibi of tyrants.” – Albert Camus
“A good end cannot sanctify evil means; nor must we ever do evil, that good may come of it.” – William Penn
“The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.” – Theodore
Roosevelt

Personal examples
 Social Worker: Ravi, a social worker in a slum in Mumbai, organizes skill training programs for unemployed youth. Having
grown up in similar circumstances, Ravi's compassion towards these young individuals drives him to help them secure
better futures.
 Doctor: Dr. Geeta provides free medical camps in rural Rajasthan, offering treatments to villagers who cannot afford
healthcare. Her compassion towards these underserved populations is the motivation behind her selfless service.
 NGO Founder: After losing his sister to domestic violence, Aman founded an NGO in Delhi that provides legal aid to women
facing domestic abuse. His compassion towards these women, born out of personal tragedy, fuels his relentless efforts.
 Food Bank Organizer: After witnessing the plight of homeless people in Kolkata, Arjun started a food bank that distributes
meals to the homeless every day. His compassion for these marginalized individuals is what keeps his service going.

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Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, and their Utilities and Application in Administration and Governance.
The State Bank of India (SBI) has been using emotional intelligence training for its employees since 2017. The training aims
to help employees improve their communication skills, empathy, and conflict resolution skills. The bank has seen a positive
impact on employee morale and customer satisfaction since implementing the training program.

The Government of Kerala has launched an initiative called "Emotional Intelligence for Public Service." The initiative aims
to train government officials in emotional intelligence skills so that they can better understand and respond to the needs of
citizens. The program has been well-received by government officials and has been credited with improving the quality of public
service in Kerala.

The Government of Madhya Pradesh has launched an initiative called "Emotional Intelligence for Social Workers." The
initiative aims to train social workers in emotional intelligence skills so that they can better understand and respond to the needs
of people in need. The program has been well-received by social workers and has been credited with improving the quality of
social services in Madhya Pradesh.

The Akshaya Patra Foundation is a non-profit

organization that provides free meals to school
children in India. The foundation has been using
emotional intelligence training for its staff since
2015. The training aims to help staff members
better understand the needs of children and to
build stronger relationships with them. The
foundation has seen a positive impact on the
quality of its services since implementing the
training program.

The City of Chicago has launched an initiative

called "Emotional Intelligence for Public
Safety." The initiative aims to train police officers
in emotional intelligence skills so that they can
better understand and respond to the needs of
citizens. The program has been well-received by
police officers and has been credited with reducing
the number of police-involved shootings in
Chicago.

Relevant Quotes
"Once we accept our limits, we go beyond them." - Albert Einstein
"Anyone can become angry. That is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time for the
right purpose and in the right way - that is not easy." - Aristotle
"Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to
understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and
intellectual growth." - John D. Mayer
"The ability to observe without evaluating is the highest form of intelligence." - Jiddu Krishnamurti
"Emotional intelligence is your ability to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others and your ability to use
this awareness to manage your behavior and relationships." - Bradberry & Greaves

Personal examples
 Self-Awareness in Public Administration: As the municipal commissioner of Chennai, Rajesh recognized his tendency to
get defensive when criticized. With this self-awareness, he started seeking feedback actively and handled it more
constructively, improving his leadership effectiveness.

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  Self-Regulation in Policing: Meena, a police officer in Delhi, often encounters aggressive behavior from offenders. By
practicing self-regulation, she manages her emotional reactions, maintaining calm and professionalism even in high-stress
situations.
 Emotional Intelligence in Crisis Management: During a flood crisis in Assam, district magistrate Ajit effectively utilized his
emotional intelligence. Understanding the anxiety and fear of his citizens, he maintained a calm demeanor, provided
regular updates, and acknowledged the public's emotions, which helped to establish trust and manage the crisis effectively.
 Emotional Intelligence in Public Policy: Working in a public policy think tank in Kolkata, Arjun often deals with complex and
contentious policy issues. His emotional intelligence allows him to facilitate discussions between stakeholders with differing
opinions, leading to more comprehensive and effective policy solutions.

Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and Problems; Ethical Concerns and
Dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions;
In February 2022, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) arrested senior Indian government official Devender Kumar on
charges of corruption. Kumar was accused of accepting bribes in exchange for awarding government contracts to a private
company. The company was involved in the construction of a new highway in India.

In July 2021, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) released a report that found widespread corruption in the
government's public procurement system. The report found that government officials were awarding contracts to their friends
and family members, and that they were pocketing kickbacks from contractors. The report also found that the government had
lost billions of rupees due to corruption in the public procurement system.

The use of surveillance technology by government agencies:

A government agency uses facial recognition technology to track the movements of its citizens. This could raise concerns
about privacy, as the government would be collecting data on people without their knowledge or consent.

A government agency uses surveillance drones to monitor public protests. This could raise concerns about freedom of
assembly, as the government would be able to track the movements of protesters and identify them.

A government agency uses surveillance technology to target specific individuals. This could raise concerns about
discrimination, as the government could be using the technology to target people based on their race, religion, or political beliefs.

Pegasus controversy:
The controversy began in 2021 when a consortium of media organizations revealed that the Israeli spyware Pegasus had
been used to target journalists, activists, and politicians in India. The government has denied any wrongdoing, but the
scandal has led to calls for an independent investigation.

Ethical concerns with Aadhar

Privacy concerns: Critics argue Aadhaar represents excessive government surveillance and violates the right to privacy.
Linking it to essential services risks data misuse and profiling.

Exclusion of marginalized groups: Errors in biometric authentication have led to denial of social benefits for vulnerable
sections like the poor, elderly and manual laborers.

Data security issues: There are concerns about data leaks from private agencies involved in enrollment and
authentication, and inadequate safeguards for security.

Mandatory linking to services: Making Aadhaar mandatory for services like bank accounts, phones and pensions is seen
as coercive by critics.

Function creep: Using Aadhaar for purposes beyond welfare delivery like SIM cards and private services violates the
original purpose of the program per critics.

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 Inadequate grievance redressal: Limitations in addressing updation failures, wrongful denials of service,inactive cards
have added to concerns.

The use of force by law enforcement officers:

A law enforcement officer uses excessive force to subdue a suspect. This could raise concerns about the right to life, as
the suspect could be injured or killed as a result of the officer's actions.

A law enforcement officer uses lethal force to shoot a suspect who is running away. This could raise concerns about the
use of deadly force, as the suspect could be killed even though they were not posing an immediate threat to the officer or others.

A law enforcement officer uses force to disperse a peaceful protest. This could raise concerns about freedom of assembly,
as the officer would be using force to prevent people from exercising their right to protest.
Extra-judicial killing
The term "extra-judicial killing" refers to the deliberate killing of a person by a government official or agent outside of the
legal framework.
Examples
 Vikas Dubey: Vikas Dubey was a gangster wanted in connection with several murders. He was killed in an encounter
with the Uttar Pradesh Police on April 10, 2022. The police claimed that Dubey was killed in a shootout, but there
have been allegations that he was executed extrajudicially..
 On December 6, 2019, four men accused of raping and murdering a 27-year-old veterinarian were killed in an
encounter with the Telangana Police. The police claimed that the four men were killed in a shootout after they tried
to escape. However, there have been allegations that the men were executed extrajudicially.
Ethical issues
 Violation of the right to life and human dignity.
 Circumvention of the principles of natural justice and due process.
 Presumption of guilt without trial or conviction.
 Use of excessive and unjustified deadly force.
 Lack of accountability and transparency.
 Undermines public trust and confidence in law enforcement.
 Promotes a vigilante culture instead of rule of law.
 Can result in innocents being targeted based on flimsy suspicion or prejudice.
 Unethical practices like staging fake exchanges or false surrenders.
 Sets a wrong precedent and encourages encounters as shortcuts.
 Amounts to giving police the roles of judge, jury and executioner.
 Weakens institutional checks against abuse of power by security forces.
 Risk of cases being motivated by personal vendetta or vested interests.

The decision-making process for allocating scarce resources:

A government agency decides to allocate scarce resources to a project that benefits a small number of people, while
other projects that would benefit a larger number of people are not funded. This could raise concerns about fairness and equity,
as the government is not allocating resources in a way that benefits the most people.

A government agency decides to allocate scarce resources to a project that is supported by a powerful interest group,
while other projects that are supported by a smaller or less powerful interest group are not funded. This could raise concerns
about corruption, as the government is allocating resources based on political considerations rather than on merit.

The relationship between government and the media:

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A government agency tries to censor the media by preventing journalists from reporting on certain stories. This could raise
concerns about freedom of the press, as the government is trying to prevent the media from informing the public about important
issues.

A government agency tries to intimidate the media by threatening to revoke the licenses of journalists who report on
critical stories. This could raise concerns about the right to know, as the government is trying to silence the media and prevent
the public from learning about important information.

Other issues:
A civil servant is asked by their boss to lie to the public about a government policy. The civil servant could refuse to lie,
but this could mean that they would lose their job. They could also lie, but this would mean that they would be complicit in
deception.

A civil servant is asked by a politician to help them cover up a scandal. The civil servant could refuse to help, but this could
mean that the politician would be exposed and could lose their job. They could also help, but this would mean that they would
be complicit in a cover-up.

A civil servant is asked by a private company to help them influence a government decision. The civil servant could
refuse to help, but this could mean that the company would not be able to get what they want. They could also help, but this
would mean that they would be using their position to benefit a private interest.

The use of government power to silence dissent. This can raise concerns about freedom of speech and the right to protest.

The failure to protect the rights of minorities and marginalized groups. This can raise concerns about discrimination and
social justice.

Relevant Quotes
"The government is not reason; it is not eloquence; it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master." -
George Washington
"A public office is a public trust." - Thomas Jefferson
“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” ― John F. Kennedy
"It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it." - Aung San Suu Kyi
“The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only object of good government.” – Thomas
Jefferson

Personal examples
 Transparency in Public Administration: As a public health officer in Jaipur, Vandana implemented an online system to
ensure transparency in the distribution of free medicines. She faced opposition from those benefiting from the previous
opaque system, but her commitment to ethical governance prevailed.
 Accountability in Police Services: Inspector Anil from Delhi ensured that all complaints registered at his police station were
properly recorded and followed up, even if they involved influential people. His commitment to accountability faced
resistance but ultimately improved public trust in his police station.
 Impartiality in Judicial Services: Judge Meena in Kolkata faced a dilemma when she had to rule on a case involving a
former classmate. She disclosed her relationship to all parties and requested a transfer of the case to uphold impartiality.
 Integrity in Civil Services: Rajiv, a tax officer in Chennai, was offered a bribe to ignore certain irregularities in a big
corporation's tax file. He refused the bribe, reported the incident, and proceeded with an unbiased audit, demonstrating
high integrity.
 Conflict of Interest in Private Institutions: Neha, a manager at a major tech firm in Hyderabad, was tasked with selecting a
vendor for her company. When her cousin applied as a vendor, she declared a conflict of interest and excused herself
from the selection process to maintain ethical standards.

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  Equal Opportunities in Education: As a principal of a public school in Mumbai, Ravi made sure that children from all
backgrounds, including marginalized groups, were given equal opportunities in school admissions and activities,
embodying the ethic of equality and fairness.
 Whistleblowing in Government Institutions: As a government engineer in Bhopal, Arun discovered a fraudulent scheme
involving the misuse of public funds. Despite the risks, he reported this to higher authorities, showcasing ethical courage.
 Ethics in Environmental Governance: Deepika, a Forest Officer in Madhya Pradesh, faced an ethical dilemma when a
mining company sought approval to mine in a forested area. Despite potential economic benefits, she prioritized
environmental ethics and rejected the proposal.

Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical Guidance; Accountability and Ethical
Governance; Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance;
In 2022, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the Right to Information Act (RTI) applies to political parties. This ruling
was seen as a major victory for transparency and accountability in Indian politics.

Activists like Aruna Roy used the RTI Act to expose large-scale corruption in welfare schemes like NREGA, ensuring
accountability through legal means.

Harsh Mander invoked juvenile justice laws to protect rights of underage detainees after the controversial arrest of climate
activist Disha Ravi.

NGOs like Common Cause have repeatedly used PILs to make the judiciary direct reforms and transparency in areas like
electoral funding.

Kerala's participatory budgeting initiative involved town hall meetings and discussions with local communities to formulate
people-centric bu dgets reflecting collective values.

Personal examples
 Ethical Guidance from Laws: As a tax officer in Mumbai, Ramesh is guided by the Income Tax Act and rules in assessing
the taxes owed by individuals and corporations. His commitment to the law ensures he carries out his duties impartially
and honestly.
 Ethical Guidance from Regulations: Sharmila, an environmental officer in Assam, uses the Environment Protection Act as
her ethical guidance. Despite pressure from local businesses, she ensures stringent compliance with regulations,
safeguarding the local environment.

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  Ethical Guidance from Conscience: Working in a private pharmaceutical company in Hyderabad, Arun refused to endorse
a product he knew had not passed all necessary safety tests, despite it being legal to sell. His conscience guided this
ethical decision.
 Accountability in Ethical Governance: Manish, a municipal commissioner in Jaipur, introduced a transparent online system
to track public complaints and their resolutions, enhancing accountability and promoting ethical governance in his office.
 Strengthening Ethical Values in Governance: A police superintendent in Bihar, Jyoti initiated regular ethics training for her
staff, reinforcing moral values and improving overall conduct in her department.
 Ethics from Rules: Akshay, a judge in Delhi, follows the Code of Conduct for judges, treating all litigants in his court with
fairness and respect, ensuring impartiality and preserving the dignity of his position.
 Conscience in Public Service: Working in the education department of West Bengal, Sumit found discrepancies in the
distribution of scholarships to underprivileged students. Guided by his conscience, he reported this to his seniors despite
potential backlash.
 Moral Values in Governance: As a district health officer in Kerala, Nidhi prioritized the equitable distribution of health
resources in her district, ensuring even the most remote communities had access to healthcare. Her actions displayed a
commitment to moral values of fairness and equality.

Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is investigating allegations of foreign funding to the Popular Front of India
(PFI). The PFI is a Muslim organization that has been accused of promoting extremism. The NIA is looking into whether the PFI
has received funding from foreign sources, such as terrorist organizations.

The World Bank has been criticized for its lending practices. Some critics have argued that the World Bank has forced
developing countries to adopt policies that have benefited Western corporations at the expense of the poor. They have also
raised concerns about the World Bank's lack of transparency.

The United States has been accused of using foreign aid to promote its own political interests. For example, the United
States has been accused of using aid to countries in the Middle East to promote democracy and human rights. Critics argue that
this is a form of imperialism.

The European Union has been criticized for its handling of the refugee crisis. Some critics have argued that the EU has
not done enough to help refugees. They have also raised concerns about the lack of coordination between EU member states
on the issue.

The use of conditionality in foreign aid. This is when donors attach conditions to their aid, such as requiring recipient countries
to adopt certain policies or reforms. Critics argue that this can be a form of coercion and that it can undermine the sovereignty
of recipient countries.

The use of military force to promote democracy. This is a controversial issue, with some arguing that it is justified to use
force to protect human rights and promote democracy in other countries. Others argue that this is a form of imperialism and that
it can lead to instability and violence.

The use of natural resources to fund conflict. This is when warring factions use the profits from natural resources, such as
oil or diamonds, to finance their conflict. This can lead to human rights abuses and environmental damage.

The use of corruption to divert aid funds. This is when government officials or other individuals use their positions to embezzle
or misappropriate aid funds. This can deprive vulnerable people of the assistance they need.

The use of sanctions to punish human rights violators. Sanctions can be a powerful tool to pressure governments to change
their behavior. However, they can also have unintended consequences, such as harming the poor and vulnerable.

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The use of development assistance to promote corporate interests. Some development organizations have been accused
of using their funding to promote the interests of Western corporations. This can lead to environmental damage and the
exploitation of local communities.

The use of humanitarian aid to promote political agendas. Humanitarian organizations have a responsibility to provide
impartial assistance to those in need. However, they have been accused of using their aid to promote political agendas. This
can undermine the neutrality of humanitarian work and can lead to accusations of bias.

The use of technology to collect and use data in developing countries. Technology can be a powerful tool for development.
However, it is important to be aware of the ethical implications of collecting and using data in developing countries. For example,
there are concerns about the use of facial recognition technology in China, which could be used to track and monitor citizens.

Ethical concerns raised against India’s stance on Russia-Ukraine war

 Neutrality vs. aggression: India abstained on UN resolutions condemning Russia's "aggression against Ukraine"
violating UN Charter Article 2(4).
 Self-interest over principles: India gets 70% of arms from Russia, has $15 billion defense deals. Trade with Russia
dilutes impact of sanctions.
 Sovereignty double standards: India invokes UN Charter Article 2(7) on sovereignty in its disputes, but muted on
Russia breaching Ukraine's sovereignty.
 Undermining sanctions: India ramped up Russian oil imports after Western sanctions, now world's largest buyer at
800,000 barrels per day.
 International law: India seen as failing to uphold core principles of UN Charter prohibiting use of force.
 Strained relations: India's stance opposed by US, Europe, Quad allies Japan, Australia. Causes friction.
 Human rights: India avoids criticizing Russia's alleged attacks on civilians, possible war crimes.
 Reputation: India's democracy and human rights record seen contradicted by its neutrality on Russia's actions.

Ethical issues in China's international relations conduct:

 Territorial expansionism: China makes sweeping claims in South China Sea violating UNCLOS. Has border disputes
with India, Bhutan, Japan.
 Undermining sanctions: China increased oil purchases from Iran and Russia after US sanctions, diluting their impact.
 International law: China rejects 2016 South China Sea tribunal ruling by citing Article 298 of UNCLOS. Seen as
undermining international law.
 Human rights: China widely accused of genocide, mass detention of Uyghurs, violating UN conventions it has ratified.
 Environmental commitments: China emits 27% of world CO2 emissions, seen as not meeting Paris Agreement
commitments.
 Economic coercion: China has restricted trade from Australia and Lithuania over political disputes, contravening WTO
principles.
 Transparency: China accused of lack of transparency on issues like industrial subsidies, COVID-19, violating
international norms.
 Democratic principles: China's authoritarian system at odds with democracy clauses in UN Charter and Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.

Personal examples
 International Aid Distribution: As an officer in an international NGO based in New Delhi, Rajat coordinated disaster relief
funding after a major earthquake in a neighboring country. He ensured that funds were equitably distributed, prioritizing
the hardest-hit regions rather than politically significant areas, demonstrating fairness in international relations.

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  International Trade: As a trade negotiator for the Indian government, Sunita faced a dilemma when negotiating a treaty
with a country known for human rights abuses. She advocated for clauses addressing these issues, demonstrating ethical
consideration in international relations.
 Research Funding: Dr. Anand, a scientist in Bengaluru, was offered funding by an international corporation to conduct
research. However, he found out that the corporation had a history of unethical practices. He declined the funding,
demonstrating integrity.
 Climate Agreements: Rohan, an Indian diplomat at an international climate summit, pushed for fairer agreements that take
into account the different economic capacities and historical carbon emissions of countries, emphasizing the ethical issue
of equity in international relations.
 Foreign Investment: As the head of a state investment agency in Gujarat, Meena faced an ethical dilemma when a foreign
investor, known for exploitative practices, wanted to invest in local industries. She negotiated stringent terms to protect
local interests, balancing economic growth and ethical concerns.
 Global Health Initiatives: As a representative of India in the World Health Organization, Dr. Ramesh advocated for equitable
access to vaccines and treatments for all countries, not just wealthy ones, addressing the ethical issue of health equity in
international relations.
 Cultural Exchange Programs: As the director of a cultural exchange program in Mumbai, Anita dealt with international
funding agencies that wanted to impose their cultural values. She negotiated to ensure respect for local cultures,
highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity in international relations.
 International Humanitarian Work: Ravi, an Indian working in an international humanitarian agency, coordinated the
provision of aid in a conflict-ridden region. Despite pressure, he maintained neutrality and impartiality, upholding ethical
standards in international relations.

Corporate Governance
Satyam scandal: In 2009, Satyam Computer Services, one
of India's largest IT companies, was found to have engaged
in massive accounting fraud. The scandal led to the
resignation of the company's chairman, Ramalinga Raju, and
the arrest of several executives. The scandal also raised
serious questions about corporate governance standards in
India.

Nirav Modi fraud: In 2018, Nirav Modi, a billionaire jeweler,

was accused of defrauding Punjab National Bank (PNB) of
over $2 billion. The fraud involved Modi using fraudulent
Letters of Understanding (LoUs) to obtain loans from PNB.
The scandal led to the arrest of Modi and several of his
associates. The scandal also highlighted the need for stronger
corporate governance standards in India's banking sector.

HDFC Bank: In 2022, HDFC Bank, one of India's largest

banks, was fined 1.14 billion rupees ($14.5 million) by the
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for failing to comply with anti-
money laundering regulations. The fine was the result of a
probe by the RBI into allegations that HDFC Bank had failed
to properly monitor customer transactions for signs of money laundering. The case highlighted the importance of compliance
with anti-money laundering regulations in corporate governance.

Yes Bank: In 2020, Yes Bank, one of India's largest private banks, was placed under a moratorium by the RBI after it was
revealed that the bank was facing a liquidity crisis. The moratorium was lifted a few months later, but the episode highlighted
the importance of financial soundness and liquidity management in corporate governance.

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Adani Group: In 2022, the Adani Group, one of India's largest conglomerates, was accused of violating corporate governance
norms by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The allegations included the group's failure to disclose certain
information to investors and its use of related-party transactions. The case is still ongoing, but it has highlighted the importance
of transparency and disclosure in corporate governance.

Infosys: In 2022, Infosys, one of India's largest IT companies, was accused of inflating its profits by overstating revenue from
its consulting business. The allegations were made by a whistleblower, and Infosys is currently under investigation by the
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The case has highlighted the importance of internal controls and whistleblowing
mechanisms in corporate governance.

Enron scandal: In 2001, Enron, one of the largest energy companies in the United States, collapsed after it was revealed that
the company had engaged in massive accounting fraud. The scandal led to the bankruptcy of Enron and the loss of billions of
dollars for investors. The scandal also raised serious questions about corporate governance standards in the United States.

Facebook: In 2018, Facebook was fined $5 billion by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for violating the terms of a
2012 consent decree. The decree was designed to prevent Facebook from engaging in further privacy violations. The fine
highlighted the importance of data privacy and security in corporate governance.

Tesla: In 2018, Tesla CEO Elon Musk was fined $20 million by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for making
false and misleading statements about the company's production plans. The fine was the result of an investigation by the SEC
into Musk's tweets about Tesla's production capabilities. The case highlighted the importance of accurate and timely disclosure
in corporate governance.

Personal examples
 Transparency: As CFO of a large IT company in Bangalore, Ravi has been meticulous about providing transparent
quarterly financial reports to shareholders. His commitment to transparency helps to build trust and reliability among
investors.
 Board Independence: Meena, a board member of a leading pharmaceutical company in Mumbai, ensures she's not
involved in the daily operations of the business. This independence allows her to provide unbiased oversight and protect
the interests of stakeholders.
 Ethical Leadership: As CEO of a well-known e-commerce company in Gurugram, Rajat faced pressure to engage in
unethical practices to increase profits. Instead, he chose to prioritize ethical business conduct, setting a tone of integrity at
the top.
 Stakeholder Engagement: Anil, the founder of a food-processing start-up in Chennai, actively engages with stakeholders
including employees, customers, and local communities. His actions have fostered a sense of trust and collaborative spirit,
contributing to the company's positive reputation.
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Nidhi, the CSR head of a telecom company in Hyderabad, initiated projects focused
on digital literacy in rural areas. This action not only benefits the community but also aligns with the company's long-term
strategic goals.
 Executive Compensation: Shruti, a member of the remuneration committee of a major automotive company in Pune,
advocates for linking executive compensation with the company's performance. Her efforts aim to motivate better
performance and discourage risky behavior.
 Risk Management: Arjun, as a risk management officer in a bank headquartered in Kolkata, implemented robust
procedures to identify, manage, and mitigate financial risks. This prudent approach has safeguarded the bank's assets
and reputation.
 Shareholder Rights: Geeta, a minority shareholder in a textile company in Ahmedabad, uses her voting rights at annual
general meetings to voice her opinion and influence the company's decisions. Her active participation highlights the
importance of respecting shareholder rights in corporate governance.

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Probity in Governance: Concept of Public Service; Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity
Durga Shakti Nagpal, an IAS officer in Uttar Pradesh, was
suspended in 2013 for taking action against the sand mafia. She was
reinstated after a public outcry, and her case is seen as an example
of the importance of public servants who are willing to stand up for
what is right.

Other examples:
A government official who refuses to take a bribe, even though it would
be easy to do so.
A businessperson who refuses to cut corners on safety standards,
even though it would save them money.
A doctor who refuses to give preferential treatment to a friend or family member, even though it would be easier to do so.
A teacher who refuses to grade students based on their personal biases, even though it would be easier to do so.

Relevant Quotes
“When the conduct of men is designed to be influenced, persuasion, kind unassuming persuasion, should ever be adopted.”
– Abraham Lincoln
“It is essential that governance be underpinned by ethics.” – Aung San Suu Kyi
“If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal
members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.” – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
“The people cannot trust the government unless the government trusts the people.” – John F. Kennedy
“The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn't said.” – Peter Drucker

Personal examples
 Concept of Public Service: Vinay, a civil servant in the Public Works Department in Rajasthan, oversees the construction
of rural infrastructure. He believes public service is about improving the quality of life for citizens, so he ensures the timely
and quality construction of roads and bridges, directly impacting the local communities.
 Philosophical Basis of Governance: Maya, an IAS officer in Madhya Pradesh, views her role from the lens of the "social
contract theory," where she sees the government as an entity entrusted by the people to ensure their welfare. This
philosophical underpinning guides her work in policy implementation.
 Probity in Public Office: Arun, a police officer in Punjab, was offered a bribe to ignore a crime. He refused the offer and
arrested the individual, thus demonstrating probity by upholding the law without succumbing to personal gain.
 Public Service as a Vocation: Working as a school teacher in a remote village in Sikkim, Geeta could have opted for a
more comfortable city job. But her commitment to educate underserved children validates her view of public service as a
calling, not just a job.
 Governance and Justice: As a district magistrate in Uttar Pradesh, Anil believes that the principle of justice is central to
governance. Therefore, he works tirelessly to ensure fair treatment and equal opportunities for all citizens in his jurisdiction,
regardless of their social or economic status.
 Probity and Transparency: Shruti, a health officer in a district in Bihar, has made all health-related transactions and tenders
in her department transparent by digitizing them. By doing so, she has upheld the value of probity and reduced the chances
of corruption.
 Service to the People: Ravi, a municipal sanitation worker in Delhi, believes in the concept of "seva" or service to the
people. Despite the nature of his job, he works diligently, believing that his work contributes to public health and cleanliness
in the city.
 Ethics in Administration: As a tax official in Gujarat, Priya ensures fairness in tax assessment and refrains from misuse of
power. Her ethical conduct reinforces the moral basis of governance and probity.

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Information Sharing and Transparency in Government, Right to Information
In 2010, the Right to Information (RTI) Act was used to expose the 2G spectrum scam, in which the Indian government had
sold 2G spectrum licenses at below-market rates to favored companies. This led to the resignation of several ministers and the
blacklisting of several companies.

In 2011, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the Commonwealth Games, which were held in India in 2010. This
led to the resignation of several officials and the cancellation of several contracts.

In 2012, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the allocation of coal blocks, which are used to generate electricity.
This led to the resignation of several ministers and the blacklisting of several companies.

In 2018, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the construction of the National Highways Authority of India
(NHAI) roads, in which the NHAI had awarded contracts to favored companies at inflated prices. This led to the resignation of
several officials and the cancellation of several contracts.

In 2019, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the allocation of medical seats in government colleges, in which
the government had allocated seats to favored students at the expense of qualified students. This led to the resignation of
several officials and the cancellation of several admissions.

In 2022, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the recruitment of teachers in the state of Karnataka. This led to
the resignation of several officials and the cancellation of several appointments.

In 2022, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the awarding of contracts for the construction of a new flyover
in the city of Mumbai. This led to the resignation of several officials and the cancellation of several contracts.

In 2022, the RTI Act was used to expose the corruption in the allocation of land for a new housing project in the city of
Delhi. This led to the resignation of several officials and the cancellation of several land allotments.
Personal examples
 Information Sharing: As a district magistrate in Kerala, Radhika started a monthly newsletter to keep the public informed
about the local government's activities, demonstrating the importance of information sharing in government.
 Right to Information: As a citizen of Pune, Ajay filed an RTI application to inquire about the status of a delayed infrastructure
project in his locality. His use of the RTI Act brought transparency to the process, and the concerned authorities expedited
the work.
 Transparency in Tendering: Ravi, a municipal commissioner in Madurai, introduced an e-tendering system to make the
process of tender allocation transparent, reducing the chances of corruption and favoritism.
 Digital Governance: Rekha, as an IT officer in the Andhra Pradesh government, played a key role in digitizing land records.
This not only increased transparency but also made it easier for citizens to access these documents.
 Public Health Data Sharing: Dr. Anil, the chief medical officer in Kolkata, implemented a system to regularly update and
share data on disease prevalence and healthcare facilities. This information helps residents make informed decisions
about their health.
 Public Grievance Redressal: Sunita, an IAS officer in Uttar Pradesh, set up an online portal for the public to lodge
complaints and track their resolution status. This system increased government accountability and transparency.
 Public Consultation: Jay, a town planner in Guwahati, started a public consultation process for new development plans.
He ensured that citizens could access all relevant information and provide their input, fostering a participatory and
transparent approach.
 Use of RTI for Social Change: A group of women in rural Rajasthan used the RTI Act to expose corruption in the local
Public Distribution System. Their activism resulted in improved food grain distribution in their village.

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Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct
In 2021, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) amended its
code of ethics to include a provision that prohibits doctors
from promoting or endorsing unproven or spurious
treatments. This was in response to the growing problem of
quackery in India, where many people are being duped into
spending money on ineffective treatments.

Code of Conduct for Banks in India: This code of conduct

was issued by the Reserve Bank of India in 2006. It sets out
the standards of behavior that are expected of banks and their
employees. The code covers a wide range of issues,
including customer service, conflict of interest, and insider
trading.

Code of Ethics for Journalists in India: This code of ethics

was issued by the Press Council of India in 1978. It sets out
the ethical principles that are expected of journalists in their
professional practice. The code covers a wide range of issues, including truthfulness, accuracy, and fairness.

Code of Ethics for Corporate India: This code of ethics was issued by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2009. It
sets out the ethical principles that are expected of corporate entities in their business practices. The code covers a wide range
of issues, including corporate governance, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability.

Tata Steel sacks 38 employees for breaking company's code of conduct: In July 2023, Tata Steel sacked 38 employees
for violating the company's code of conduct. The employees were accused of engaging in fraudulent activities, such as submitting
false expense claims and inflating sales figures.

TCS to check weaknesses, tighten supplier management process: In June 2023, TCS announced that it would be tightening
its supplier management process in response to allegations of corruption. The company said that it would be conducting a review
of its supplier base and would be taking steps to ensure that its suppliers are compliant with its code of conduct.
Personal examples
 Codes of Ethics: As a journalist for a newspaper in Delhi, Kavita adheres to the code of ethics outlined by the Press Council
of India, ensuring her reporting is accurate, fair, and respectful of individuals' privacy rights.
 Codes of Conduct: Rajat, a teacher in a school in Pune, abides by the Teachers' Professional Code of Conduct, which
includes respecting all students' rights and promoting a safe and positive learning environment.
 Medical Code of Ethics: Dr. Aman, a physician in Kolkata, strictly follows the Medical Council of India's Code of Ethics,
ensuring patient confidentiality, providing necessary treatment without discrimination, and not engaging in unethical
practices like overcharging.
 Corporate Codes of Conduct: As an HR manager for a tech company in Bengaluru, Priya implemented a code of conduct
outlining acceptable behaviors in the workplace. This includes rules against harassment, discrimination, and encouraging
a respectful and inclusive work environment.
 Law Enforcement Code of Conduct: As a police officer in Chandigarh, Vikram abides by the Police Code of Conduct, which
mandates respecting all individuals' rights, using force only when necessary, and rejecting all forms of corruption.

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Citizen’s Charters, Work Culture, Quality of Service Delivery
Jandhan Aadhar mobile (JAM trinity) Citizens Charter: This charter was launched by the Government of India in 2014 to
improve the delivery of financial services to citizens. It sets out clear standards for the delivery of services such as opening bank
accounts, linking Aadhaar cards, and transferring money. The charter has helped to increase access to financial services for
millions of Indians and has improved the quality of service delivery.

E-Governance: E-governance is the use of information technology to improve the delivery of government services. It has the
potential to improve the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of government. In India, there have been a number of
successful e-governance initiatives, such as the National e-Governance Plan and the Digital India program. These initiatives
have helped to improve the quality of service delivery in a number of areas, such as education, healthcare, and taxation.

Biometric-enabled Ration Card Security System: This system was launched by the Government of India in 2013 to improve
the security and efficiency of the Public Distribution System (PDS). The system uses biometrics to authenticate beneficiaries
and track the distribution of ration cards. This has helped to reduce corruption and ensure that ration cards are only issued to
eligible beneficiaries.

New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC): The NDMC has a Citizen's Charter that sets out clear standards for the delivery
of services, such as garbage collection, water supply, and road repairs. The charter also includes a number of specific
commitments, such as providing information in Hindi and English and responding to complaints within 24 hours.

Indian Railways: The Indian Railways has a Citizen's Charter that sets out clear standards for the delivery of services, such as
booking tickets, providing information, and handling complaints. The charter also includes a number of specific commitments,
such as providing information in Hindi and English and responding to complaints within 72 hours.

UK's "Service First" Charter: This charter was launched by the UK government in 2007 to improve the quality of public
services. It sets out clear standards for the delivery of services such as waiting times, complaints handling, and accessibility.
The charter has helped to improve the quality of service delivery in a number of areas, such as education, healthcare, and
transport.

Ethical issues associated with rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Bias: AI can perpetuate societal biases. Example - Recruiting algorithms disadvantaging women applicants.
 Transparency: AI decision-making can be opaque. Example - Deep learning algorithm for loan approval not explaining
reasoning.
 Privacy: AI needs huge data, risking violations. Example - Facial recognition used on mass CCTV networks without
consent.
 Accountability: Unclear who is liable for AI harm. Example - Self-driving car accidents causing deaths.
 Job loss: AI automation could disrupt jobs. Example - Goldman Sachs starting mass replacement of analysts by AI.
 Autonomous weapons: AI selecting and engaging targets raises concerns. Example - US blocking UN treaty on lethal
autonomous weapons.
 Human values: AI could lack human ethical reasoning. Example - Care robots lacking empathy when assisting elderly.
 Existential risk: Speculative threat of superintelligent AI escaping control. Example - Warnings from thought leaders
like Elon Musk.
 Fairness: AI can have discriminatory impacts. Example - Algorithm downgrading teachers from minority schools.

Innovative and inclusive work culture at Google

 A focus on employee well-being with perks like free meals, on-site gyms, and wellness programs.
 Encouraging a creative environment through "20% time," where employees can work on passion projects.
 Emphasizing open communication and transparency through regular town hall meetings and "Googlegeist" surveys.
 Valuing diversity and fostering an inclusive environment through various employee resource groups and diversity
initiatives.

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 Stand out work culture at Wipro
 Encouraging a culture of collaboration and teamwork through cross-functional projects and knowledge sharing
platforms.
 Emphasizing employee well-being through programs like Wipro Assure, which focuses on mental health and work-life
balance.
 Promoting diversity and inclusion through initiatives like Women of Wipro and LGBTQ+ inclusion programs.
 Nurturing a learning environment through Wipro's Learning and Development programs, offering various training
modules and skill enhancement opportunities.

Personal examples
 Citizen's Charter: As the branch manager of a nationalized bank in Kolkata, Ramesh ensures that the Citizen's Charter is
clearly displayed and accessible, helping customers understand their rights and the bank's obligations.
 Work Culture: Nandini, a team leader at a software company in Bengaluru, encourages open communication, innovation,
and a work-life balance among her team members. This has not only improved the team's morale but also its productivity.
 Quality of Service Delivery: As a customer service executive for an e-commerce company in Gurgaon, Rajat consistently
provides clear, timely, and respectful responses to customers' queries and complaints, exemplifying quality service
delivery.
 Citizen’s Charters in Public Hospitals: Dr. Lakshmi, as a superintendent of a public hospital in Chennai, has displayed a
Citizen's Charter outlining the hospital's commitment to providing free and timely treatment to patients.
 Work Culture in Public Service: As a postal worker in a remote village in Himachal Pradesh, Geeta ensures the mail
reaches on time, no matter the weather conditions. Her dedication to her job shapes the work culture and sets an example
for her colleagues.

Utilization of Public Funds

The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government in Delhi has been praised for its efficient utilization of public funds. In 2022, the
AAP government was ranked first in the country by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) for its utilization of funds under
the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). The AAP government has also been
credited with improving the delivery of public services in Delhi, such as healthcare and education.

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has recently arrested several government officials for alleged corruption in the
utilization of public funds. In one case, the CBI arrested the former chairman of the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
for allegedly awarding contracts to ineligible companies in return for bribes. In another case, the CBI arrested the former
managing director of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) for allegedly embezzling funds meant for the construction of
hospitals and health centers.

The media has also reported on cases of misuse of public funds by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). In one
case, the media reported that an NGO had used public funds to build a swimming pool for its own staff, instead of using the
funds for the intended purpose of providing education to poor children. In another case, the media reported that an NGO had
used public funds to buy luxury cars for its executives, instead of using the funds for the intended purpose of providing relief to
victims of a natural disaster.

In 2021, the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) found that the government of Madhya Pradesh had spent Rs. 1,000
crore on the construction of toilets under the Swachh Bharat Mission, but only 40% of these toilets were functional. The
CAG also found that the government had failed to properly monitor the construction of these toilets, which led to a number of
problems, such as toilets being built in inaccessible areas or toilets being built without proper drainage.

In 2022, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) arrested the former chairman of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA)
for allegedly awarding contracts worth Rs. 2,000 crore to ineligible companies in return for bribes. The CBI also found that the
DDA had failed to properly monitor the implementation of these contracts, which led to a number of problems, such as the
construction of substandard buildings and the delay in the completion of projects.

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In 2023, the media reported that the government of Uttar Pradesh had spent Rs. 100 crore on the construction of a new
medical college in Gorakhpur, but the college was still not operational. The media also found that the government had failed
to properly monitor the construction of the college, which led to a number of problems, such as the college being built without
proper infrastructure and the delay in the completion of the project.

In 2022, the CAG found that the government of Bihar had spent Rs. 500 crore on the construction of roads under the
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, but only 60% of these roads were in good condition. The CAG also found that the
government had failed to properly monitor the construction of these roads, which led to a number of problems, such as roads
being built without proper drainage or roads being built in areas that were not accessible by vehicles.

In the United States, the government has been criticized for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. The government
has been accused of mismanaging the distribution of COVID-19 relief funds, which has led to delays in getting the funds to those
who need them most. The government has also been accused of failing to adequately track the use of these funds, which has
made it difficult to ensure that they are being used for their intended purpose.
Personal examples
 Education: Meena, a district education officer in Bhopal, used public funds to improve infrastructure in government schools,
purchase new learning materials, and conduct teacher training programs, thereby enhancing the quality of education.
 Healthcare: As the health minister of Kerala, Dr. Anil directed a significant portion of public funds towards upgrading
healthcare facilities and recruiting more medical professionals, improving the public healthcare system.
 Public Transportation: As a transportation commissioner in Mumbai, Priya used public funds to modernize local trains and
buses, making them more comfortable and accessible, thus benefiting daily commuters.

Challenges of Corruption
In 2022, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the government must disclose the details of all government contracts worth more
than Rs. 500 crore. The ruling was seen as a major victory for transparency and accountability in the fight against corruption.

The Coalgate scam: This scam involved the allocation of coal blocks to private companies at below-market prices. The scam
is estimated to have cost the government over Rs. 1.86 lakh crore.

The 2G spectrum allocation scam: This scam involved the allocation of 2G spectrum licenses to telecom companies at below-
market prices. The scam is estimated to have cost the government over Rs. 1.76 lakh crore.

The Adarsh Housing Society scam: This scam involved the illegal allotment of flats in the Adarsh Housing Society in Mumbai
to ineligible persons. The scam is estimated to have cost the government over Rs. 370 crore.

The Commonwealth Games scam: This scam involved the corruption in the organization of the 2010 Commonwealth Games
in Delhi. The scam is estimated to have cost the government over Rs. 70,000 crore.

In 2021, the United States Department of Justice announced that it had charged a former FIFA executive with corruption.
The executive was accused of accepting bribes in exchange for awarding World Cup broadcasting rights. The case led to the
arrests of several other FIFA officials and the resignation of the FIFA president.
Personal examples
 Police Corruption: As a resident of a small town in Uttar Pradesh, Ravi experienced the challenges of corruption when a
local police officer demanded a bribe to register a complaint, highlighting how corruption can hinder access to justice.
 Public Health Corruption: Working as a nurse in a government hospital in Tamil Nadu, Geeta witnessed the distribution of
substandard medication due to kickbacks received by suppliers, underscoring corruption's impact on public health.
 Educational Corruption: As a parent in Bihar, Rajesh faced the demand for a "donation" for his child's admission to a
school, emphasizing corruption's role in creating barriers to quality education.

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 Infrastructure Corruption: As a civil engineer in Mumbai, Pankaj discovered contractors using inferior materials for a road
project, having bribed officials to turn a blind eye, demonstrating how corruption can compromise infrastructure quality and
safety.
 Corruption in Welfare Schemes: In rural Rajasthan, Kavita, a widow, found that her name was missing from the list of
beneficiaries for a government pension scheme because the local official was siphoning off funds, illustrating corruption's
role in preventing welfare benefits from reaching the intended recipients.
 Bureaucratic Corruption: Anil, an entrepreneur in Bengaluru, faced multiple instances of red-tapism and demands for bribes
while trying to obtain licenses for his startup, signifying how corruption can stifle business innovation and growth.
 Political Corruption: As a local reporter in West Bengal, Alok uncovered a scam where politicians were misusing public
funds for personal gain, highlighting corruption's erosion of public trust in government institutions.
 Environmental Corruption: Sunita, an environmental activist in Goa, discovered officials were permitting illegal mining
activities in exchange for bribes, showing how corruption can lead to environmental degradation.

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 Ethics and Mythology
Syllabus Head Character & Context
Ethics and Human Arjuna: In Mahabharata, Arjuna frequently grappled with the ethics of war, particularly in
Interface Kurukshetra, where he had to fight against his own relatives, demonstrating the essence,
determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions.
Karna: Despite being born as a Kshatriya, he was brought up as a charioteer's son. The ethical
struggles he faced due to this identity crisis and his steadfast dedication to his friend
Duryodhana exemplifies the role of ethics in human interface.
Dimensions of Ethics Dronacharya: He demanded Ekalavya's thumb as guru dakshina, which raises ethical
questions about duty and justice.
Ekalavya: He faced the dilemma of fulfilling his duty towards his guru (Drona) and pursuing
his ambition of being a great archer, reflecting the dimensions of ethics in personal
relationships.
Ethics in Private and Public Draupadi: Her personal and public life was marked with incidents that challenged her ethics,
Relationships like the dice game where she was publicly humiliated.
Sita: She upheld her ethical and moral values under testing circumstances during her exile
and abduction, symbolizing the embodiment of ethics in private and public relationships.
Human Values - Lessons Lord Krishna: His teachings in Bhagavad Gita are revered as valuable ethical lessons,
from Lives and Teachings influencing personal and societal values.
of Great Leaders
Lord Rama: His life, marked by his commitment to dharma, provides valuable lessons in
leadership, sacrifice, and upholding human values.
Role of Family Society and Prahlada: Despite his father's demonic inclinations, Prahlada's devotion to Lord Vishnu
Educational Institutions in remained unwavered, showcasing the role of individual conviction in value inculcation.
Inculcating Values
Dhruva: His relentless devotion and commitment towards his goal, even as a young child,
teaches the significance of determination, a value instilled by education and society.
Attitude: Content, Lord Rama: His unwavering commitment to uphold Dharma showcases how his attitude
Structure, Function; its guided his thought and behaviour throughout his life.
Influence and Relation with
Thought and Behaviour
Hanuman: His unflinching devotion towards Lord Rama, and his bravery in the face of
challenges demonstrates the influence of attitude on behavior.
Aptitude and Foundational Yudhishthira: As the Pandavas' leader, Yudhishthira displayed aptitude and foundational
Values for Civil Service, values required for public service, showcasing integrity, impartiality, and non-partisanship.
Integrity, Impartiality and
Non-partisanship
Bhishma: He took the vow of lifelong celibacy and service to the throne of Hastinapura,
showing utmost integrity, impartiality, and non-partisanship.
Dedication to Public Lord Hanuman: His unwavering dedication to serve Lord Rama and his compassion towards
Service, Empathy, those in distress embody public service dedication, empathy, and compassion.
Tolerance and Compassion
towards the weaker-
sections
Karna: Despite his difficult circumstances, Karna was known for his charity, often helping
those weaker than him, reflecting his empathy, tolerance and compassion.
Emotional Intelligence- Lord Krishna: As a diplomat, guide, and philosopher, Krishna displayed emotional
Concepts, and their intelligence, guiding the Pandavas through numerous political and emotional challenges.
Utilities and Application in
Administration and `

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 Lord Rama: His governance of Ayodhya, considering the emotional wellbeing of his subjects,
reflects application of emotional intelligence in administration.
Contributions of Moral Rishi Vashishta: As the royal guru to Rama, his teachings contributed greatly to the moral
Thinkers and Philosophers and philosophical knowledge of the time.
from India and World
Rishi Vishwamitra: Known for his temper and subsequently his transformation into a revered
sage, he contributes significantly to moral and philosophical thinking.
Public/Civil Service Values King Harishchandra: Known for his truthfulness and integrity, he epitomizes public service
and Ethics in Public values and ethics in administration.
Administration
King Janaka: Sita's father and a philosopher-king, Janaka's rule is often held as an example
of ethical and value-based administration.
Ethical Concerns and Bhishma: His unwavering loyalty to the throne, despite its wrongdoings, raises ethical
Dilemmas in Government concerns and dilemmas in governance.
and Private Institutions
Dronacharya: His actions towards Ekalavya and his decisions during the Kurukshetra war
symbolize the ethical concerns and dilemmas in private and public institutions.
Accountability and Ethical King Dasharatha: His promise to Kaikeyi led to Rama's exile, highlighting the importance of
Governance accountability in governance.
King Rama: His decision to go on exile to fulfill his father's promise showcases accountability,
and his rule over Ayodhya represents ethical governance.
Ethical Issues in Lord Rama: His dealings with the Vanara kingdom and the search for allies during the war
International Relations and against Ravana present ethical considerations in international relations.
Funding
King Harishchandra: His interactions with sage Vishwamitra and his trials depict ethical
issues related to obligations and funding.
Probity in Governance King Harishchandra: Known for his unflinching adherence to truth, Harishchandra epitomizes
probity in governance.
King Rama: His decision to fulfill his father's promise and his ethical rule over Ayodhya
represent probity in governance.
Information Sharing and Narada: As a celestial wanderer, Narada was known to disseminate information, often
Transparency in instigating events, highlighting issues around information sharing and transparency.
Government, Right to
Information
Sanjaya: Gifted with divine vision, he narrated the events of the Kurukshetra war to
Dhritarashtra, symbolizing the role of transparent information sharing in governance.
Utilization of Public Funds, Ravana: His rule over Lanka and the misuse of divine powers obtained through boons reflect
Challenges of Corruption the challenges of corruption and misuse of public funds.
Kumbhakarna: Despite being aware of Ravana's misdeeds, Kumbhakarna chose to support
him, representing complacency in the face of corruption.

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Syllabus Head
Ethics and Human Interface
Dimensions of Ethics
Ethics in Private and Public
Relationships
Human Values - Lessons from Lives
and Teachings of Great Leaders
Role of Family Society and
Educational Institutions
Inculcating Values
Attitude: Content, Structure,
Function; its Influence and Relation
with Thought and Behaviour
Aptitude and Foundational Values
for Civil Service, Integrity,
Impartiality and Non-partisanship
Dedication to Public Service,
Empathy, Tolerance and
Compassion towards the weaker-
sections
Ethics and Historical figures
Character & Context
Mahatma Gandhi: Through his philosophy of Ahimsa (non-violence) and
Satyagraha (insistence on truth), he demonstrated the essence, determinants, and
consequences of ethics in human actions.
Ashoka the Great: His transformation after the Kalinga War, leading to the
propagation of Buddhism and ethical governance, is an instance of ethics in human
interface.
Bhagat Singh: His radical approach towards colonial rule embodied a different
perspective on ethics in the fight for freedom.
Chanakya: His treatise, Arthashastra, which has discourses on ethics, economics,
and politics, reflects the dimensions of ethics.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy: His efforts to abolish sati and his work towards other social
reforms show the ethical dimensions of societal customs and traditions.
Jawaharlal Nehru: His personal philosophies influenced his public actions and
policies, illustrating the relationship between personal ethics and public duties.
Swami Vivekananda: His personal dedication to spiritual growth and public
commitment to uplift society through education reflects the role of ethics in private
and public relationships.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: His life, marked by struggle and resilience, and his
instrumental role in framing India's constitution are lessons in human values.
Mother Teresa: Her life of service to the poor and destitute in Kolkata teaches
compassion and selflessness, key human values.
Rabindranath Tagore: His establishment of the Shantiniketan, which promoted
in holistic education, underlines the role of educational institutions in inculcating
values.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: As a leader in education reform, his initiatives highlight
the role of education in inculcating values.
Subhas Chandra Bose: His determination to attain India's independence, despite
disagreements with mainstream thought, reflects how attitude influences thought
and behaviour.
Vallabhbhai Patel: His attitude towards national unity influenced his thought and
actions, leading to the successful integration of princely states into the Indian Union.
Kalpana Chawla: Her attitude and dedication towards achieving her goals, despite
numerous challenges, inspire many young Indians.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Known as the "Iron Man of India", his dedication to the
unity of India, despite diverse princely states, showcases values of integrity,
impartiality, and non-partisanship.
Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam: His commitment to public service, scientific advancement,
and national development reflects the aptitude and foundational values needed for
civil service.
Sam Manekshaw: His strategic brilliance during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan war and
his professional conduct demonstrate aptitude and foundational values for civil
service.
Baba Amte: Known for his work with leprosy patients, his life shows dedication to
public service and compassion towards weaker sections.
Vinoba Bhave: His Bhoodan movement, aimed at persuading wealthy landowners
to voluntarily give a portion of their land to lower castes, shows empathy, tolerance
and compassion.
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 Sudha Murthy: Her philanthropic work through the Infosys Foundation
demonstrates dedication to public service and compassion towards the weaker
sections of society.
Emotional Intelligence-Concepts, C. Rajagopalachari: As the last Governor-General of India, his negotiation skills
and their Utilities and Application in during the transition period of Indian independence demonstrate emotional
Administration and Governance intelligence in governance.
Lal Bahadur Shastri: His humble leadership style and his ability to manage
complex situations during the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 reflect emotional
intelligence in governance.
Contributions of Moral Thinkers Swami Vivekananda: His philosophies and teachings significantly contributed to
and Philosophers from India and the moral and philosophical discourse in India and the world.
World
Sri Aurobindo: His philosophical and spiritual writings have been widely influential
in shaping India's moral and philosophical landscape.
Jiddu Krishnamurti: His teachings, which revolved around the understanding of
the mind and human relationships, contributed significantly to philosophical
discourse.
Public/Civil Service Values and Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: As the President of India and a distinguished philosopher,
Ethics in Public Administration he exemplified public service values and ethical conduct.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad: As the first President of India, his commitment to the
constitution and democratic values reflect public service values and ethics in
administration.
K. Kamaraj: Known for his simplicity and integrity, his tenure as Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu is a shining example of public service values and ethics in
administration.
Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Indira Gandhi: Her tenure as Prime Minister, especially during the Emergency
Government and Private period, raises ethical concerns and dilemmas in governance.
Institutions
Dhirubhai Ambani: His rise as a business tycoon from humble beginnings and the
controversies surrounding his business strategies reflect the ethical dilemmas in
private institutions.
Satyendra Dubey: His fight against corruption in the Golden Quadrilateral project,
which ultimately led to his untimely death, brings light to the ethical concerns and
dilemmas in government institutions.
Accountability and Ethical Atal Bihari Vajpayee: His leadership in the BJP and as Prime Minister of India,
Governance marked by consensus building, reflects accountability and ethical governance.
Dr. Manmohan Singh: His tenure as Prime Minister, especially during the
liberalization of the Indian economy, shows accountability in ethical governance.
Accountability and Ethical E. Sreedharan: His leadership in executing big infrastructure projects like Delhi
Governance Metro and Konkan Railway with high standards of accountability and ethics
demonstrate his commitment to ethical governance.
Strengthening of Ethical and Moral T. N. Seshan: As an Election Commissioner, he undertook major reforms to
Values in Governance eliminate malpractices and corruption in Indian elections, thereby strengthening
ethical and moral values in governance.
Vinod Rai: As the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, he brought to
light several cases of financial irregularities, thereby reinforcing the need for ethical
and moral values in governance.
Ethical Issues in International Amartya Sen: His work on welfare economics and social justice has addressed
Relations and Funding ethical issues in funding and international relations.
Dr. Manmohan Singh: As an economist and former Prime Minister, his role in
liberalising India's economy and managing international funding reflects ethical
considerations in international relations and funding.

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Corporate Governance
Concept of Public Service;
Philosophical Basis of Governance
and Probity
Information Sharing and
Transparency in Government
Quality of Service Delivery,
Utilization of Public Funds,
Challenges of Corruption
Narayana Murthy: As the co-founder of Infosys, he has been an advocate of ethical
corporate governance, setting high standards for transparency and accountability
in business.
Ratan Tata: As former chairman of Tata Group, his leadership is considered a
model of ethical corporate governance, known for its commitment to business ethics
and corporate social responsibility.
Nandan Nilekani: As co-founder of Infosys and architect of the Aadhar project, his
contributions to technology and governance represent the potential for ethical
corporate governance.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: As the chief architect of the Indian constitution, his philosophy
of social justice and equality forms the basis of governance and probity in public
service.
Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak: His emphasis on Swaraj and active participation
in public affairs presents a philosophical basis for governance and probity in public
service.
Jayaprakash Narayan: His call for "Sampoorna Kranti" (total revolution) reflects a
profound philosophical basis for governance and probity in public service.
Nandan Nilekani: His work on the Aadhar project promoted information sharing
and transparency in the government, bringing transparency to government
subsidies and financial transactions.
Aruna Roy: Her efforts in the Right to Information movement have contributed to
greater information sharing and transparency in government.
Anna Hazare: His fight against corruption and demand for an effective Lokpal
reflects concerns about the utilization of public funds, the quality of service delivery,
and the challenges of corruption.
Raghuram Rajan: As the former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, his policy
decisions and scrutiny of public banks display an emphasis on the quality-of-service
delivery and utilization of public funds.

Ethics and Contemporary personalities

Syllabus Head Personality 1
Ethics in Human Narayana Murthy: Infosys
Actions co-founder who emphasized
corporate transparency and
ethical practices in the IT
industry.
Dimensions of Ethics Kiran Mazumdar Shaw:
Biocon founder who balances
bio-pharmaceutical
innovation with ethical
dimensions like affordable
healthcare.
Ethics in Private and Anna Hazare: Social activist
Public Relationships whose personal and public
life both revolve around the
pursuit of anti-corruption and
rural development.
Personality 2
Azim Premji: Philanthropist and
business tycoon who integrated
ethical conduct and corporate
social responsibility into Wipro's
business model.
Ela Bhatt: Founder of SEWA,
she transformed the lives of
women laborers, focusing on
ethical dimensions of labor rights
and social security.
Medha Patkar: Social activist
known for ethical integrity in both
personal and public life,
particularly in her fight for
displaced and marginalized
communities.
Personality 3
Bill Gates: Philanthropist
and co-founder of Microsoft,
his work through the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation
embodies ethical actions in a
global context.
Elon Musk: Founder of
SpaceX and Tesla, he
navigates the ethical
dimensions of pushing
technological boundaries in
sectors like space exploration
and electric vehicles.
Malala Yousafzai: Activist
for female education and the
youngest Nobel laureate, she
symbolizes ethics in both
personal struggles and public
advocacy.

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Human Values: E Sreedharan: The 'Metro Sudha Murty: Philanthropist and Nelson Mandela: South
Lessons from Lives Man' of India who, through author whose life and works African anti-apartheid
and Teachings of his integrity and commitment, promote human values and revolutionary whose life and
Great Leaders, revolutionized public social responsibility. leadership taught lessons of
Reformers, transportation in major Indian perseverance, forgiveness,
Administrators cities. and unity.
Role of Family, Vishwanathan Anand: Dr. Verghese Kurien: 'Father of Michelle Obama: Former
Society, and Chess Grandmaster who the White Revolution' in India, his First Lady of the USA, her
Educational shows the influence of family life and work exemplify the value 'Let's Move!' initiative
Institutions in and societal values in his of education and societal underscores the role of family
Inculcating Values dedication to the sport and influence. and educational institutions in
educational initiatives. promoting healthier lifestyles.
Attitude: Content, Mary Kom: Six-time world P.V. Sindhu: Olympic silver- Usain Bolt: Retired sprinter,
Structure, Function boxing champion whose medalist in badminton, her his record-breaking career
attitude of determination, winning attitude and dedication attests to his focused attitude
resilience, and hard work led have played a significant role in and determination.
to her success. her achievements.
Aptitude and Aruna Roy: Founder of T.N. Seshan: His transformation António Guterres:
Foundational Values Mazdoor Kisan Shakti of India's Election Commission Secretary-General of the
for Civil Service Sangathan, her dedication to reflected strong foundational United Nations, he
public service and grassroots values required for civil service. showcases the aptitude and
movements exemplifies values required for civil
aptitude for civil service. service at the global level.
Emotional Arundhati Bhattacharya: Satya Nadella: CEO of Sheryl Sandberg: COO of
Intelligence- Former SBI Chairperson, she Microsoft, he is known for using Facebook, her leadership
Concepts, and their demonstrated emotional emotional intelligence to drive showcases the application of
Utilities and intelligence in her leadership transformation and innovation at emotional intelligence in
Application in style and her focus on Microsoft. administration and
Administration and employee welfare. governance.
Governance
Public/Civil Service Ashok Khemka: IAS officer, S.R. Sankaran: Former IAS Kofi Annan: Former UN
Values and Ethics in his commitment to rules and officer known for his dedication to Secretary-General, his
Public Administration ethical conduct, despite the upliftment of the rural poor, leadership exhibited civil
political pressure, reflects reflecting civil service values and service values and ethics in
civil service values. ethics. international public
administration.
Probity in Governance Rajendra Singh: Known as Julio Ribeiro: Retired IPS Angela Merkel: Chancellor
the 'Waterman of India', he officer, his commitment to law of Germany, she is known for
demonstrates probity in enforcement and public service her pragmatic leadership and
governance through his has showcased probity in commitment to European
grassroots water governance. integration, showing probity
conservation efforts. in governance.

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Page | 37
 Ethics and Books
Syllabus Head Book 1
Ethics in "Gitanjali" by Rabindranath
Human Actions Tagore: The poems emphasize the
unity of all creation, respect for all
life, values of truth, humility, and
compassion, which form the ethical
bedrock of human interactions. It
explores the intricacies of human
ethics through spirituality.
Dimensions of "The Argumentative Indian" by
Ethics Amartya Sen: Explores Indian
traditions of public debate and
intellectual pluralism, pointing to
the ethical dimension of
democracy. It underlines the ability
of Indians to sustain discussions, a
mark of a society's ethical health.
Ethics in "Train to Pakistan" by Khushwant
Private and Singh: Amid the tumult of Partition,
Public the ethical compromises and
Relationships dilemmas faced by individuals like
Juggut Singh and Iqbal in their
private and public relationships are
explored. The book captures the
complex interplay of communal
politics and personal relationships.
Human Values: "Gandhi: The Years That
Lessons from Changed the World" by
Lives and Ramachandra Guha: Details
Teachings of Gandhi's philosophy of
Great Leaders, Satyagraha, non-violence and his
Reformers, contribution to India's freedom
Administrators struggle, highlighting his values.
The book offers an analysis of
Gandhi’s leadership and ethical
values in guiding India to
independence.
Role of Family, "Panchatantra" by Vishnu
Society, and Sharma: Fables like 'The Lion and
Educational The Rabbit' teach wisdom and
Institutions in courage, often imparted through
Inculcating familial and societal scenarios. The
Values fables underline how moral and
ethical values are taught and
transmitted through stories and
anecdotes.
Attitude: "The Secret" by Rhonda Byrne: It
Content, promotes a positive attitude by
focusing on the law of attraction,
Book 2 Book 3
"The Discovery of India" by "To Kill a Mockingbird" by
Jawaharlal Nehru: Nehru delves Harper Lee: Atticus Finch
into India's ethical and moral defends an innocent black man
heritage, including ideas from the accused of rape, teaching his
Vedas, Upanishads, and teachings children to uphold ethical
of Buddha and Ashoka, and norms against societal
connects them with the prejudices. It’s an exploration
contemporary sociopolitical reality. of racism and ethical courage
in 1930s Alabama.
"The Guide" by R.K. Narayan: "Animal Farm" by George
The protagonist Raju's journey Orwell: The transformation of
from a tour guide to a spiritual the pigs into tyrannical leaders
guide explores personal illustrates the corruption of
transformation, redemption, and power and the ethical decline in
ethical dilemmas. It portrays the a totalitarian regime. The book
possibility of redemption even in is a critique of the corruption of
ethically compromised socialist ideals in Stalinist
circumstances. Russia.
"The White Tiger" by Aravind "The Great Gatsby" by F.
Adiga: Balram's journey from a Scott Fitzgerald: The
village boy to a successful relationship between Gatsby
entrepreneur shows the ethical and Daisy explores the ethics
conflicts faced in relationships of love, wealth, and social
under socio-economic disparity. It status. It represents the ethics
offers a critique of India's class of relationships in the backdrop
struggle and the moral implications of American Dream.
thereof.
"Wings of Fire" by A.P.J. Abdul "Long Walk to Freedom" by
Kalam: Kalam's journey from a Nelson Mandela: Offers
humble background to the insights into Mandela's
President of India underlines his resilience, tolerance, and fight
values of hard work, perseverance for equality, detailing his
and dreaming big. It shows how struggle against apartheid. The
personal values and dedication book chronicles Mandela's life
can lead to extraordinary and the struggle against
achievements. apartheid in South Africa.
"Malgudi Days" by R.K. Narayan:
"To Kill a Mockingbird" by
Characters like Swami and hisHarper Lee: Scout and Jem
friends depict the values andFinch's experiences offer
norms of Indian society. The book
insights into how familial and
is a reflection of the socio-cultural
societal institutions shape a
ethos of small town India. child's moral compass. The
book offers a deep exploration
of racial injustice and the loss
of innocence.
"The Power of Your "Mindset: The New
Subconscious Mind" by Joseph Psychology of Success" by
Murphy: Murphy explains how Carol S. Dweck: Dweck
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Structure, which posits that one attracts one's subconscious mind presents the growth mindset,
Function experiences aligned with their influences experiences, advocating for a positive
thoughts. The book emphasizes emphasizing the power of a attitude towards challenges
the power of positivity and its positive attitude. It’s an exploration and failures. The book provides
impact on personal success. of the subconscious mind’s power a framework for achieving
in shaping our lives. success through a resilient and
adaptable mindset.
Aptitude and "India After Gandhi" by "Pax Indica" by Shashi Tharoor: "Profiles in Courage" by John
Foundational Ramachandra Guha: Provides Discusses the importance of F. Kennedy: Details instances
Values for Civilinsights into post-independence aptitude and foundational values in where U.S. Senators exhibited
Service India, including the challenges shaping India's international dedication to public service and
faced by civil servants, which relations. It offers an analysis of faced ethical challenges,
necessitate strong aptitude and India's foreign policies and the showcasing their aptitude. The
foundational values. It chronicles values guiding them. book provides narratives of
India's journey and the role of the courage and conviction in
civil services therein. American political history.
Emotional "Emotional Intelligence: Why it "Who Will Cry When You Die?" "Primal Leadership" by
Intelligence- Can Matter More than IQ" by by Robin Sharma: Offers practical Daniel Goleman: Highlights the
Concepts, and Daniel Goleman: Argues that tips to lead a fulfilling life, importance of emotional
their Utilities emotional intelligence is crucial in underlining the importance of intelligence in leadership,
and Application leadership roles. Goleman’s book emotional intelligence in personal influencing the organization's
in underlines how emotional and professional life. The book climate and driving its
Administration intelligence can have a significant provides wisdom on living life fully performance. The book offers a
and impact on personal and and with emotional intelligence. roadmap for developing
Governance professional success. emotionally intelligent
leadership skills.
Contributions "Autobiography of a Yogi" by "The Prophet" by Kahlil Gibran: "Beyond Good and Evil" by
of Moral Paramahansa Yogananda: The Prophet's wisdom touches Friedrich Nietzsche:
Thinkers and Yogananda's spiritual teachings upon themes of love, marriage, Nietzsche's work explores the
Philosophers blend science and spirituality, work, joy and sorrow, reflecting concept of "will to power" and
from India and reflecting the thoughts of great philosophical musings on life. The critiques past philosophers,
World moral thinkers. It offers an inside book is a collection of poetic leaving a deep impact on
look at the life of a yogi and his essays that discuss life’s major existentialist
spiritual journey. issues and fundamental human
concerns.
Public/Civil "An Administrator in the "Not Just A Civil Servant" by Anil "The Trial" by Franz Kafka:
Service Values Making" by M.K. Kaw: The book Swarup: Swarup, an ex-IAS officer, Kafka's book explores the
and Ethics in details the author's experiences in offers firsthand insights into the absurdity and dehumanization
Public the Indian Administrative Services ethical dilemmas faced by civil within a bureaucratic system,
Administration (IAS), highlighting the values, servants, and the values needed raising ethical questions on
ethical concerns, and challenges for ethical governance. It is a justice and administration. The
within the system. It’s a critical and narrative of the experiences and narrative scrutinizes the pitfalls
insightful look into the Indian ethical dilemmas faced by an of excessively complex
bureaucracy. Indian civil servant. bureaucracy.
Status and "A Feast of Vultures" by Josy "The Polyester Prince" by "The Big Short" by Michael
Problems; Joseph: This book investigates the Hamish McDonald: The Lewis: The book investigates
Ethical deep-rooted corruption in various unauthorized biography of the 2008 financial crisis in the
Concerns and sectors in India, emphasizing the Dhirubhai Ambani, the founder of United States, uncovering
Dilemmas in ethical issues and dilemmas in Reliance Industries, examines the ethical concerns in financial
Government private and government ethical dilemmas in Indian institutions. It’s an exploration
and Private institutions. It provides an business practices. It provides a of the role of financial
Institutions investigative narrative on critical account of Ambani's institutions in the 2008 financial
crisis.

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 corruption in India's public and
private sectors.
Laws, Rules, "India's Legal System" by N. R.
Regulations, Madhava Menon: It highlights the
and Indian legal system's role as a
Conscience as source of ethical guidance, with an
Sources of emphasis on the Constitution as a
Ethical moral compass. It’s a inconsistency of India's laws in
Guidance comprehensive guide to the Indian
legal system.
Accountability "My Experiments with Truth" by
and Ethical Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi's
Governance autobiography chronicles his
pursuit of truth, his principles of
non-violence, and self-discipline,
advocating for accountability and
ethical governance. It gives an
intimate look at Gandhi's journey of
self-discovery and his ethical
principles.
Strengthening "The Insider" by P. V. Narasimha
of Ethical and Rao: As a semi-autobiographical
Moral Values in political novel, it reflects upon the
Governance ethical and moral values in Indian
politics. Rao's tenure as the Prime
Minister of India, during which he
implemented several key
economic reforms, is a testament
to his ethical governance.
Ethical Issues "Pax Indica" by Shashi Tharoor:
in International Tharoor navigates the complexities
Relations and of India's international relations,
Funding; discussing ethical issues in
Corporate diplomatic ties, and funding. It
Governance offers insights into the complexities
of Indian foreign policy.
Probity in "Public Administration in India"
Governance by B. L. Fadia: The book critically
examines probity in Indian
governance, highlighting the
challenges faced in ensuring
transparency, accountability, and
ethical conduct. It provides a
comprehensive overview of public
administration in India.
business practices and the ethical
concerns raised.
"A Secular Agenda" by Arun
Shourie: Shourie advocates for a
uniform civil code in India, arguing
that existing personal laws are a
source of inequality. It critiques the
light of its secular constitution.
"One Life is Not Enough" by K.
Natwar Singh: Singh's experiences
in politics and diplomacy provide
insights into the need for
accountability and ethical
governance in the public domain. It
recounts the memoirs of an Indian
diplomat and politician.
"The Honest Always Stand
Alone" by C.G. Somiah: The
author, an ex-IAS officer,
emphasizes the importance of
integrity and honesty in the public
service, contributing to
strengthening ethical and moral
values in governance. The book is
a personal narrative emphasizing
the role of ethics in civil service.
"The Difficulty of Being Good"
by Gurcharan Das: Das uses the
Mahabharata to explore corporate
governance and ethical issues in
the modern context. It uses ancient
wisdom to explore the ethical
dilemmas in modern society.
"Governance" by Bimal Jalan:
Jalan discusses the need for
improving probity in Indian
governance, focusing on issues of
corruption and maladministration.
It highlights the challenges and
offers solutions to improve Indian
governance.
"The Social Contract" by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
Rousseau's work is
foundational to modern political
and ethical thought,
establishing a blueprint for
collective moral and ethical
guidance. It outlines the idea of
a social contract where rules
and laws ensure the common
good.
"Team of Rivals" by Doris
Kearns Goodwin: Abraham
Lincoln's presidential tenure is
a testament to his
accountability, ethical
governance, and leadership
skills. The book provides an
analysis of Lincoln's leadership
style and his cabinet.
"The Audacity of Hope" by
Barack Obama: Obama's
vision for America highlights
the importance of ethics and
moral values in governance,
emphasizing unity, equality,
and justice. The book provides
a vision for governance based
on unity, equality, and justice.
"No Logo" by Naomi Klein:
Klein examines multinational
corporations' negative impacts,
revealing ethical issues in
global business practices and
funding. It critiques global
corporations and their impacts
on society.
"Nudge" by Richard H. Thaler
and Cass R. Sunstein: Thaler
and Sunstein advocate for
'libertarian paternalism',
nudging people towards
decisions that improve their
welfare, underscoring the role
of governance in shaping
societal behavior. It introduces
the concept of 'nudge' and its
role in improving decision-
making.
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 Ethics and Movies
Syllabus Head Movie 1
Ethics and Human "Swades": The character Mohan
Interface Bhargav's (Shah Rukh Khan)
journey back to his roots reflects the
essence, determinants, and
consequences of ethics in human
actions, and the role of societal
institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude "Taare Zameen Par": The
transformation of Ishaan's attitude
towards learning and life under his
teacher Ram Shankar Nikumbh's
guidance demonstrates the
influence of attitudes on behavior.
Aptitude and "Gangaajal": The protagonist SP
Foundational Amit Kumar's integrity, impartiality,
Values for Civil and commitment to public service in
Service a corrupt city are foundational values
for civil service.
Emotional "Dear Zindagi": Therapist Dr.
Intelligence Jehangir Khan's demonstration of
emotional intelligence and its
application to improve the
protagonist's life.
Contributions of "Lage Raho Munna Bhai": The film
Moral Thinkers humorously reinterprets Gandhian
and Philosophers values for the contemporary world,
underscoring Gandhi's enduring
philosophical contributions.
Public/Civil "Indian": The film, featuring
Service Values and Senapathy, a vigilante who fights
Ethics in Public corruption, explores the need for
Administration ethics and values in public
administration.
Probity in "Shool": Honest police officer
Governance Samar Pratap Singh's struggle
against a corrupt system sheds light
on the concept of public service and
the importance of probity in
governance.
Movie 2 Movie 3
"Ankur": It powerfully portrays the "To Kill a Mockingbird":
socio-ethical conflict in a rural Lawyer Atticus Finch
setting, exploring issues of caste, exemplifies the essence
gender, and authority through its of ethics in human actions
characters. and how personal ethics
influence society.
"Chak De! India": Kabir Khan's "12 Angry Men": This
transformation and his influence on film explores how
the women's hockey team show personal attitudes can
the impact of attitude on behavior influence thought,
and success. behavior, and ultimately,
justice.
"Singham": Bajirao Singham's "Erin Brockovich":
dedication to public service, non- Erin’s fight against a
partisanship, empathy towards the powerful corporation
weaker sections, and his highlights her dedication
intolerance for corruption are to public service and
highlighted in this film. empathy for the weaker
sections.
"3 Idiots": Ranchoddas 'Rancho' "Inside Out": The film
Shyamaldas Chanchad uses personifies emotions,
emotional intelligence to navigate showing their utility in
college life and help his friends human life and their role
cope with academic and personal in decision-making and
stress. coping with change.
"Gandhi, My Father": The film "The Matrix": The film
explores Gandhi's philosophy incorporates several
through his troubled relationship philosophical ideas about
with his son, underscoring the reality, free will, and
personal costs of his moral destiny, stimulating
leadership. deeper thought about
human existence.
"Nayak": Journalist Shivaji Rao's "Mr. Smith Goes to
stint as a one-day CM sheds light Washington": The film's
on the status and problems of protagonist stands
ethics in public administration. against corruption in the
US Senate, reinforcing
the importance of values
and ethics in public
service.
"Rang De Basanti": The "All the President’s
transformation of a group of Men": The film chronicles
students and their fight against the Watergate scandal,
corruption symbolizes the underscoring the
philosophical basis of governance importance of
and probity. transparency and
accountability in
governance.
Page | 41
 Ethics and Civil Servants
Civil Servant Contribution Syllabus Linkage
Smita Eradicated 'Gutka' from Warangal by implementing strict regulations and raising Ethics and Human
Sabharwal awareness about its health hazards. Interface: Essence,
(IAS) determinants, and
Specifically, she enforced bans on gutka sales and ensured strict penalization consequences of ethics in
of violators. human actions

Sanjeev Fought against the illegal wildlife trade by implementing conservation measures Public/Civil Service Values
Sridharan like monitoring wildlife habitats, conducting anti-poaching operations. and Ethics in Public
(IFS) Administration: Integrity,
Coordinated with international organizations like WWF to curb cross-border impartiality, dedication to
wildlife trafficking. public service, empathy,
Created awareness through education campaigns about wildlife conservation. tolerance, and compassion
R. N. Ravi Facilitated dialogue between the government and insurgent groups as an Contributions of Moral
(IPS) interlocutor in the Naga peace talks. Specifically, he helped organize meetings Thinkers and Philosophers
between NSA and NSCN leaders and addressed grievances. from India and the World:
Contextual relevance of
Fostered peace and stability in the region by helping finalize the Naga Peace their teachings in
Accord. contemporary society
S.R. Dedicated his career to uplift weaker sections, particularly Dalits and Adivasis Aptitude and Foundational
Sankaran by seizing lands from upper castes and redistributing over 800,000 acres to Values for Civil Service:
(IAS) landless poor. Integrity, impartiality, non-
partisanship, objectivity,
Implemented welfare schemes for marginalized communities, providing dedication to public service,
housing, education, healthcare.He expanded Mid-day meal program and built empathy, tolerance, and
schools/hospitals. compassion

Played a key role in implementing MGNREGA, ensuring employment for over 1

million rural households in Tamil Nadu.
Armstrong Built a 100-km road in Manipur without government help, connecting 32 remote Ethics and Human
Pame (IAS) villages. Interface: Essence,
determinants, and
Improved the lives of residents by providing accessibility, facilitating trade and consequences of ethics in
mobility. human actions; Public/Civil
Service Values and Ethics
Raised funds through social media and involved local communities in the in Public Administration:
project. Dedication to public service

Kiran Bedi Addressed drug abuse and domestic violence issues through her NGO Public/Civil Service Values
(IPS) 'Navjyoti' by providing rehabilitation, counselling, vocational training and shelter and Ethics in Public
homes. Administration: Dedication
to public service, empathy,
Organized campaigns against social evils and implemented de-addiction tolerance, and compassion
programs, especially for youth.
Rajni Sekhri Introduced the 'Farm to Fork' concept in Haryana, eliminating middlemen in Probity in Governance:
Sibal (IAS) agricultural trade. Concept of public service,
transparency, and
Ensured better income for farmers by directly linking farmers and retail stores, accountability
bypassing mandis.

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 Built sustainable supply chains and provided farmers access to storage and
transportation facilities.
Durga Took on the sand mining mafia in UP by conducting raids on illegal mines, Ethical Concerns and
Shakti seizing equipment like JCBs and trucks, and lodging FIRs against perpetrators. Dilemmas in Government
Nagpal (IAS) and Private Institutions:
Ensured strict enforcement of laws by imposing fines, making arrests and Laws, rules, and
cancelling mining licenses of offenders. regulations governing
various institutions
Julio Ribeiro As Punjab DGP, he established law and order during the Punjab insurgency of Ethics in Private and Public
(IPS) 1982-1993. Relationships: Importance
of maintaining ethical
Fought against corruption by punishing rogue cops and tackling issues like drug conduct in professional and
abuse. personal life

Promoted communal harmony by controlling religious riots and politically

motivated violence, especially in Punjab and Gujarat.
Satyendra As a project manager for the Golden Quadrilateral Highway Construction Probity in Governance:
Dubey (IES) Project, he acted as a whistleblower against corruption by exposing poor quality Concept of public service,
work, lack of proper safety standards and financial irregularities. transparency, and
accountability
His activism led to increased scrutiny of contractors and accountability for costs
and timelines of the project.

Tragically, he was murdered for his crusade against corruption.

Ritu As MD of power distribution companies in Ghaziabad and Meerut, she Transparency and
Maheshwari implemented reforms to reduce power theft and improve financial efficiency. Accountability in
(IAS) Governance: Importance of
Conducted police raids on power thieves, installed smart meters to curb illegal maintaining transparency in
connections and dismantled unauthorized infrastructure. the functioning of public
•Improved billing and revenue collection, clearing arrears worth over Rs 150 institutions
crores.
Dr. Pawan As District Magistrate of Patna, he initiated programs for improving education Human Values - Lessons
Sinha (IAS) among underprivileged groups, especially girls. from the Lives and
Teachings of Great
Worked to enhance school infrastructure by constructing over 60 school Leaders, Reformers, and
buildings at a low cost. Administrators

Improved enrolment and retention rates, especially in rural and backward areas
through initiatives like book banks, scholarships and mid-day meals.
Kanishka While working as Asst. Commissioner, he introduced the 'One Rupee Clinic' in Human Values - Lessons
Singh Mumbai, providing basic healthcare services to underprivileged communities at from the Lives and
Chauhan a nominal cost of Rs 1. Teachings of Great
(IRS) Leaders, Reformers, and
Treated over 50,000 people from marginalized groups like slum dwellers, sex Administrators
workers, and pavement dwellers.

Involved NGOs and private sponsors to fund treatments and medicine for the
poor.
Dr. Salim Ali As an ornithologist and naturalist, he contributed to the study and conservation Contributions of Moral
(IFS) of India's diverse bird species and their habitats. Thinkers and Philosophers
from India and the World:
Conducted systematic surveys and studies of birds across India. Contextual relevance of

Page | 43
 Founded India's first bird sanctuary at Bharatpur and advocated for their teachings in
environmental conservation by promoting the Wildlife Protection Act. contemporary society

Inspired interest in nature and birdwatching through his books, conferences and
editorial work.
Anil Swarup As Coal Secretary, he transformed the coal sector's transparency by Probity in Governance:
(IAS) implementing e-auction of coal blocks through a transparent and competitive Information Sharing and
bidding process. Transparency in
Government: Ensuring
Cancelled over 200 coal blocks allocated arbitrarily by the previous government transparency in the
and recovered Rs 3 lakh crores. functioning of public
institutions
Introduced reforms in coal e-tendering, mining and sales, ending the era of
cronyism in the coal sector.
Durga As SDM, she took firm steps against illegal sand mining, leading to the arrest of Ethical Concerns and
Shakti several perpetrators and the seizure of equipment like trucks, tractors, and Dilemmas in Government
Nagpal (IAS) sand. and Private Institutions:
Balancing personal values
Conducted surprise raids on mining sites, lodged FIRs against offenders and with organizational goals
imposed heavy penalties on violators of environmental laws.

Suspended mining licenses and shut down many illegal mines, standing up to
the local mining mafia at great personal risk.
Dr. Harsh •As Chairman of NABARD, he boosted financial inclusion in rural areas, Empathy, Tolerance, and
Kumar expanded credit facilities for farmers and promoted the growth of rural Compassion towards the
Bhanwala infrastructure. Weaker Sections:
(IFS) •Disbursed over Rs 3 lakh crore of credit to farmers and rural businesses, Understanding the unique
especially women entrepreneurs. needs of marginalized
•Promoted sustainable farming practices and off-farm livelihoods through dairy, communities
fisheries and food processing enterprises.
•Improved road connectivity, irrigation and digital access in villages through
refinance and infrastructure funds.
T.N. Seshan As Chief Election Commissioner of India (1990-1996), he implemented strict Strengthening of Ethical
(IAS) reforms to fight electoral malpractice and strengthen ethical values in and Moral Values in
governance. Governance: Importance of
ethics in public service
Enforced Model Code of Conduct, regulated campaign spending, banned
rallies, and penalized candidates for violations.

Abolished proxy voting, booth capturing, rigging, etc. to conduct India's first free
and fair national elections in decades.

Stood up to political pressure through his constitutional authority, raising the

prestige of the ECI.
U. Sagayam As District Collector of Madurai, he took numerous actions against illegal Foundational Values for
(IAS) activities, exposed several scams and corrupt practices, and stood up against Civil Service: Integrity,
political pressure. impartiality, non-
partisanship, objectivity
Conducted raids on illegal granite miners, took on fraudulent land registration
scams and solved long-pending civic issues.

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 Refused privileges like official bungalows and security, living by modest means
and fighting for transparency and accountability. Known for his courage,
integrity and zero-tolerance for corruption.
Vijaylakshmi Exemplified exemplary skills and dedication to public service as the topper of Aptitude and Foundational
Bidari (IAS) UPSC CSE 2000. Values for Civil Service:
Integrity, impartiality, non-
Held key roles as SDM, CEO, Commissioner of various departments where she partisanship, objectivity,
delivered pro-people governance, accelerated development and stood up dedication to public service
against corruption.
Anshu Founded Goonj, an NGO that promotes development for the underprivileged Ethical Concerns and
Gupta (IRS) through recycling waste materials and community empowerment. Dilemmas in Government
and Private Institutions:
Pioneered the 'clothing for dignity' concept, using urban scrap cloth and waste- Balancing personal values
material to make hygiene products for the poor. with organizational goals

Employs over 600 people in 'dignity hubs' across India, providing livelihoods
and skills training to economically disadvantaged groups.

Awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his work in disaster relief, public
service and humanitarian innovation.
Kailash Nobel Peace Prize laureate for dedicating his life to fighting child labour and Human Values - Lessons
Satyarthi child trafficking in India through peaceful means. from the Lives and
(IES) Teachings of Great
Founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan, rescuing over 83,000 children from Leaders, Reformers, and
forced labour. Administrators
C B As one of the first woman IFS officers, she fought against gender bias in the Ethics in Private and Public
Muthamma services by taking legal action against discriminatory policies like unequal pay, Relationships: Promoting
(IFS) lack of promotions and poor working conditions for female officers. gender equality and
inclusiveness
Won a landmark case in the Supreme Court granting equal status and benefits
to women in the civil services.

Paved the way for thousands of women to join the IAS and IFS, smashing the
glass ceiling.
E. As MD of Delhi Metro and Konkan Railway, he played a pivotal role in Public/Civil Service Values
Sreedharan completing these challenging infrastructure projects. and Ethics in Public
(IRSE) Administration: Efficiency
Praised for his technical competence, managerial skills and integrity in and effectiveness in the
implementing the Delhi Metro ahead of schedule and within budget. functioning of public
institutions
Overcame bureaucratic hurdles and lack of funds to build the Konkan Railway,
connecting India's western coast.

Improved urban mobility and connectivity in a sustainable manner through these

'efficiency enhancing' public transport systems.
Vinod Rai As Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2002-2013), he exposed several Probity in Governance:
(IAS) scams like 2G spectrum, coal scam and CWG scam; holding public officials Concept of public service,
accountable for misuse of funds and procedural lapses. transparency, and
accountability
His audit reports recommended the recovery of $6 billion in revenue and led to
the cancellation of dubious telecom licenses and coal allocations.

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 Strengthened transparency and compliance in governance, pressuring the govt
to pass the Lokpal Act and Whistleblowers Protection Act.
Ashok As IAS officer in Haryana, he exposed several illegal land deals involving real Aptitude and Foundational
Khemka estate companies and powerful political families. Values for Civil Service:
(IAS) Integrity, impartiality, non-
Cancelled irregular sale of panchayat lands in Gurgaon, punished officers partisanship, objectivity,
responsible for the fraud and recovered damages worth over Rs 100 cr. dedication to public service

Stood up to immense political pressure from his superiors, facing over 50

transfers in 25 years for upholding integrity and speaking against corruption.
Vijay Kelkar As an economist and policymaker, he played a crucial role in fiscal Accountability and Ethical
(IAS) consolidation, tax reforms and energy policy formulation as Finance Secretary Governance: Importance of
and Chairman of committees on fiscal reforms and petroleum pricing. transparency and
accountability in the
Oversaw economic liberalization in the 1990s, introducing VAT, dismantling the functioning of public
License Raj and carrying out divestment of PSUs. institutions

Advised the govt on introducing GST, direct tax code and a transparent policy
for natural resource allocation to spur economic growth.
Pradeep As CGDA and Principal Secretary in Haryana, he unearthed major scams in the Probity in Governance:
Kasni (IAS) state government like the teacher eligibility test scam, worth over Rs. 24 crores. Concept of public service,
transparency, and
Took-on the mining mafia by cancelling illegally leased mines and raising accountability
revenue through transparent auction of sites.

Pursued an active anti-corruption agenda, conducting raids, filing vigilance

cases against guilty officers and recovering damages worth over Rs. 800 crores
during his career.
Dr. As an IRS officer, he introduced measures to curb tax evasion and promote Transparency and
Shubhendu transparency in the tax collection process, developing innovative IT tools and Accountability in
Saha (IRS) data analytics systems to detect financial irregularities. Governance: Importance of
maintaining transparency in
Simplified tax filing procedures for individuals and businesses, reduced the functioning of public
harassment of assessees and ensured better compliance through an educative institutions
approach.

Revamped outdated systems and mindsets in revenue intelligence agencies by

adopting a fair, lawful and technology-driven approach to curb black money and
illegal profiteering.
Amrita Patel As Chairperson of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) from 1990 to Ethics and Human
(IAS) 2014, she played a significant role in the Operation Flood scheme, India's Interface: Essence,
"White Revolution". determinants, and
consequences of ethics in
Transformed dairy farming into a self-sustaining industry by promoting human actions; Public/Civil
cooperative milk producer societies at village levels and strengthened Service Values and Ethics
procurement, processing and marketing infrastructure across India. in Public Administration:
Dedication to public
Ensured better income and livelihood opportunities for millions of small and service, empathy,
landless farmers, especially women, through dairy entrepreneurship and cattle tolerance, and compassion
development programs.

Made India the largest milk producer in the world, producing over 150 million
tonnes of milk annually through her vision and commitment.

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 A HANDBOOK FOR SOLVING ETHICS CASE STUDIES

1: Case Studies based on Public Sector

Theme 1.1: Following rules vs acting with compassion

Cases illustrate the tension between strictly enforcing rules and acting with empathy towards citizens. Examples:
1) 2016 Question: Where enforcing eligibility criteria would deny support to a needy woman, but making an
exception would violate rules.
2) 2018 Question: Where strictly enforcing all tax rules would hamper a much-needed charitable hospital, but
ignoring minor defaults could set a wrong precedent.

Standard Answer Dimensions

Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Regulatory Compliance vs Compassionate Governance: This involves the conflict between upholding
established regulations and considering the specific, often difficult, circumstances of individuals or groups.
2) Equality vs Equity: The issue is whether to treat everyone the same (equality), or to adjust responses
based on individual needs (equity).
3) Institutional Integrity vs Moral Imperatives: While enforcing rules might uphold institutional integrity, it
could potentially undermine moral obligations to those in distress.
4) Public Welfare vs Rule of Law: Striking a balance between safeguarding public welfare and maintaining
the rule of law is a consistent challenge.
5) Long-term vs Short-term solutions: Addressing the immediate problem may sometimes conflict with
finding a sustainable, long-term solution.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Rigorous Rule Adherence: This approach, grounded in deontological ethics, prioritizes institutional
integrity and the rule of law.
Pros Cons
Upholds the principle of equality and maintains Could potentially harm vulnerable groups; lacks
institutional integrity; provides clear and consistent flexibility to account for individual circumstances.
enforcement of rules.

Option 2: Exceptions Based on Empathetic Understanding: This option, inspired by consequentialist ethics,
focuses on maximizing welfare outcomes.
Pros Cons
Addresses the immediate needs of individuals or May compromise institutional integrity; sets a
groups in distress; demonstrates empathy and precedent for subjectivity in rule enforcement; could
compassion. lead to accusations of favoritism.

Option 3: Consultative Review of Rules: This proactive approach involves a comprehensive review of the
existing rules through engagement with stakeholders.
Pros Cons
Upholds the principle of participatory governance; Could be time-consuming; may lead to conflicts
potential to balance institutional integrity with societal among stakeholders; no immediate relief provided.
needs.
Option 4: Rule Revision and Policy Change: Advocating for policy change if existing rules are restrictive or
unjust, upon review.
Pros Cons
Provides a long-term solution; sets a positive Could be a long-drawn process; may face resistance
precedent for institutional reform; maintains from stakeholders; no immediate relief provided.
institutional integrity while addressing societal needs.

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 Best Option
The combination of the third and fourth options generally represents the best route for decision-making because:
1) Inclusive Approach: This solution reflects both institutional need for rule enforcement and societal need
for compassion, showcasing the principle of inclusive governance.
2) Adaptive Governance: This approach aligns with the principles of progressive and adaptive governance,
thereby fostering institutional evolution.
3) Precedence for Reform: Advocating for rule changes instead of creating arbitrary exceptions sets a
healthy precedent for institutional reform.
4) Sustainable Solutions: This route addresses the root of the problem – the rules themselves – rather than
merely alleviating symptoms.

Theme 1.2: Obedience to authority vs moral duty

Some cases deal with the conflict between following superiors' orders and acting on one's conscience. Examples:
1) 2013 Question: Where the engineer is told to overlook safety issues to expedite a project but believes this
could be dangerous.
2) 2021 Question: Where the officer is asked to withdraw a report on illegal migrants but feels it is the right thing
to do.

Standard Answer Dimensions

Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Authority Compliance vs Individual Conscience: This involves the conflict between obeying direct
orders from superiors and acting based on one's personal moral beliefs and conscience.
2) Safety vs Efficiency: The challenge is whether to prioritize safety concerns, which could potentially delay
a project, or to prioritize project efficiency.
3) Integrity vs Loyalty: A struggle between maintaining personal and professional integrity, or demonstrating
loyalty to superiors and the organization.
4) Transparency vs Secrecy: Striking a balance between upholding the public's right to know and the
organization's need to maintain confidentiality or secrecy for various reasons.
5) Public Interest vs Organizational Interest: The dilemma between protecting the interest of the public and
adhering to the interests of the organization or superiors.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Complete Obedience to Authority: This
superiors.
Pros
Maintains a clear chain of command; demonstrates
loyalty; avoids potential conflict with superiors.
approach involves strictly adhering to the orders of
Cons
May compromise personal and professional integrity;
could potentially harm the public interest; might
violate ethical and safety standards.

Option 2: Acting Based on Moral Duty: This involves acting on one's conscience, disregarding the orders of
superiors.
Pros Cons
Upholds personal and professional integrity; May lead to conflict with superiors; could disrupt
demonstrates ethical courage; could potentially organizational harmony; might lead to personal or
safeguard the public interest. professional consequences.

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 Option 3: Consultative Approach: Engaging in a dialogue with the superiors about the ethical concerns and
trying to find a mutually agreeable solution.
Pros Cons
Maintains both integrity and loyalty; encourages a Might not be well received by superiors; could be
culture of open communication; might lead to better time-consuming; no guarantee of a successful
decision-making. outcome.

Option 4: Whistleblowing: If dialogue fails and the issue is serious enough, such as causing potential harm to
the public, reporting the issue to higher authorities or the public.
Pros Cons
Upholds public interest; demonstrates ethical Might strain professional relationships; could lead to
courage; could prevent potential harm. retaliation; might affect personal and professional
life.
Best Option
The combination of the third and fourth options is generally the most ethically and practically sound approach
because:
1) Ethical Compromise: It maintains a balance between respecting the authority and preserving personal
and professional integrity, embodying the essence of democratic leadership.
2) Culture of Openness: Promotes a culture of open communication, which is critical for a healthy and
transparent organization.
3) Precedence for Ethical Decisions: Encourages others to discuss ethical dilemmas openly and, if
necessary, report serious ethical violations.
4) Safeguard Public Interest: It puts the public interest at the forefront, which is the ultimate goal of public
service.

Theme 1.3: Speaking up about unethical practices

Several cases involve the dilemma of exposing unethical or illegal activities within the system.
1) 2020 Question: Where the commissioner is pressured to cover up lapses in a mall's construction that led to
deaths, but feels this would be wrong.
2) 2022 Question: Where the officer faces hostility for enforcing environmental compliance against polluting
industries.
Standard Answer Dimensions
Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Integrity vs Peer Pressure: This refers to the conflict between standing up against unethical practices and
succumbing to pressure from colleagues or superiors to keep quiet.
2) Transparency vs Concealment: This involves the choice between revealing wrongdoing and contributing
to an atmosphere of concealment.
3) Public Safety vs Organizational Image: The dilemma between protecting public safety (through voicing
out) and preserving organizational image (through silence).
4) Individual Consequences vs Societal Gain: The issue involves weighing the potential negative
consequences on oneself against the broader societal gains.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Conforming to Pressure: This involves keeping quiet about the unethical practices under the
pressure from colleagues or superiors.
Pros Cons
Maintains cordial relations with colleagues and Breaches personal and professional integrity; could
superiors; safeguards one's position in the potentially harm public safety or interest; maintains a
organization. toxic organizational culture.

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 Option 2: Speaking Out Directly: This involves openly challenging the unethical practices, potentially without
any prior internal discussions.
Pros Cons
Demonstrates personal and professional integrity; May lead to conflict with colleagues and superiors;
potentially safeguards public interest; could lead to could face retaliation or hostility; might affect
rectification of unethical practices. professional career.

Option 3: Internal Whistleblowing: Raising concerns internally, escalating the issue within the organization
before going public, if necessary.
Pros Cons
Maintains a balance between integrity and loyalty to Might not be taken seriously; could still face hostility
the organization; might lead to rectification of or retaliation; might not lead to change if the
unethical practices; may avoid negative public organization is inherently corrupt.
exposure.

Option 4: External Whistleblowing: If internal whistleblowing does not lead to any change, or if the issue is
too severe to be handled internally, the concern could be raised with external entities or the public.
Pros Cons
Upholds the highest levels of transparency; May severely strain professional relationships; could
potentially safeguards public interest; could lead to lead to serious retaliation; might affect personal and
serious action against the unethical practices. professional life.
Best Option
The combination of the third and fourth options generally represents the most ethical and practical approach
because:
1) Prioritizing Internal Mechanisms: It reflects the principle of subsidiarity by first attempting to address the
issue internally before escalating it outside the organization.
2) Upholding Public Interest: If the internal mechanism fails, external whistleblowing ensures that the public
interest is safeguarded above all else.
3) Balancing Integrity and Loyalty: This approach balances the need for maintaining personal and
professional integrity while also demonstrating loyalty to the organization.
4) Establishing Accountability: It sets a precedence for accountability and ethical conduct within the
organization.

Theme 1.4: Striking a balance between development and social costs

Some cases explore the need to consider both economic development and the impact on society, especially the
marginalized.
1) 2016 Question: Which discusses a rehabilitation policy for people displaced due to development projects.
2) 2018 Question: Which deals with the conflict between a factory's economic benefits and its pollution that
harms local communities.

Standard Answer Dimensions

Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Development vs Social Justice: This involves the conflict between pursuing economic development and
maintaining social justice, particularly for marginalized groups.
2) Progress vs Preservation: The challenge here is how to strike a balance between industrial progress and
preserving the rights and livelihoods of local communities.
3) Economic Gain vs Environmental Sustainability: The issue of whether to prioritize economic gain or the
long-term sustainability of the environment and local communities.
4) Short-Term Benefits vs Long-Term Consequences: Whether to prioritize immediate economic benefits
or the long-term social and environmental consequences.

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Available Options before the Decision Maker
Option 1: Prioritizing Development: This approach favours economic development and industrial progress,
potentially overlooking the social costs involved.
Pros Cons
Boosts economic growth; potentially creates jobs May exacerbate social inequality; could lead to
and infrastructure; could attract further investment. environmental degradation; risks the displacement
and marginalization of local communities.

Option 2: Prioritizing Social Costs: This approach places higher value on social justice, potentially impeding
economic development.
Pros Cons
Safeguards the rights and livelihoods of local Could slow economic growth; may deter potential
communities; promotes social justice; upholds investment; could delay the development of
environmental sustainability. infrastructure and creation of jobs.

Option 3: Negotiated Settlement: This option involves negotiation between stakeholders to reach a solution
that minimally impacts the community while facilitating development.
Pros Cons
Balances economic growth and social justice; fosters Could be a lengthy process; may result in conflicts
stakeholder cooperation; could lead to sustainable between stakeholders; the outcome may still not fully
development. satisfy all parties.

Option 4: Adaptive Management: This involves ongoing assessment and adjustment of the development
project to minimize social costs, based on feedback and monitoring.
Pros Cons
Allows for continual improvement of the project; Requires rigorous monitoring and assessment;
balances development and social costs over time; needs effective communication among stakeholders;
fosters stakeholder engagement. changes may still face resistance.
Best Option
The combination of the third and fourth options is generally the most ethically and practically sound approach
because:
1) Stakeholder Cooperation: It promotes cooperation between stakeholders, fostering a sense of shared
ownership and responsibility.
2) Sustainable Development: This approach allows for economic development while also ensuring the social
costs are minimized, aligning with the principle of sustainable development.
3) Adaptability: It allows for ongoing assessment and modification of the project to ensure the balance
between development and social costs is maintained.
4) Social Justice: This strategy ensures that social justice is not overlooked in the pursuit of development,
maintaining the dignity and rights of all involved.

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 2: Case Studies based on Private Sector

Theme 2.1: Conflict between integrity and self-interest

This is a common theme where people are presented with a choice between acting in an honest and ethical manner
versus pursuing their own interests. Examples:
1) 2014 Question: Where getting the order is important for the company's survival but would require paying a
bribe.
2) 2015 Question: Where developing the drug would cost a lot but save lives, but the company would not make
enough profit to justify the costs.
3) 2020 Question: Where the woman employee is offered money to withdraw her complaint against the
harasser.
Standard Answer Dimensions
Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Integrity vs Self-Interest: This pertains to the conflict between acting ethically and honestly versus
pursuing personal or organizational interests.
2) Profit vs Ethics: The dilemma of choosing between securing profits (through potentially unethical means)
or upholding ethical standards, which might come at a financial cost.
3) Short-Term Gain vs Long-Term Reputation: The choice between short-term advantages that might lead
to long-term reputational damage, and the long-term preservation of reputation that might involve short-
term sacrifices.
4) Organizational Survival vs Ethical Practices: Whether to prioritize the survival of the organization
(through potentially unethical means) or to uphold ethical practices even if it risks the organization's survival.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Prioritizing Self-Interest: Choosing to act based on self-interest or the interest of the organization,
even if it means acting unethically.
Pros Cons
Might provide immediate financial gain; could ensure Can lead to long-term reputational damage; fosters a
organizational survival. culture of unethical conduct; might have legal
consequences.

Option 2: Upholding Integrity: Choosing to act ethically, even if it comes at a personal or organizational cost.
Pros Cons
Preserves personal and organizational reputation; Might lead to short-term financial losses; could risk
promotes a culture of integrity; avoids potential legal organizational survival.
issues.

Option 3: Negotiation and Compromise: Attempting to find a middle ground, such as negotiating with
stakeholders or seeking alternatives to unethical practices.
Pros Cons
Balances self-interest and integrity; might avoid May not always be feasible or successful; could be a
immediate financial losses; preserves organizational lengthy process; might still have negative
reputation. consequences.

Option 4: Whistleblowing: In situations where unethical practices are prevalent, and negotiation fails, reporting
the unethical conduct to relevant authorities or the public could be an option.
Pros Cons
Upholds integrity and public interest; may lead to May strain professional relationships; could lead to
rectification of unethical practices. retaliation; might impact personal and professional
life.

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 Best Option
The combination of the second, third, and fourth options typically provides the most ethically sound and practical
solution because:
1) Upholding Integrity: It prioritizes integrity, reflecting a commitment to ethical practices in all circumstances.
2) Problem-Solving Approach: It encourages negotiation and compromise to solve problems, aligning with
the principle of stakeholder management.
3) Encouraging Accountability: The possibility of whistleblowing enforces accountability within the
organization and discourages unethical practices.
4) Long-term Organizational Health: This approach maintains the long-term reputation of the organization,
which is critical for its survival and success.

Theme 2.2: Obedience to authority and following rules vs moral duty

Some cases pit following the rules and instructions of superiors against acting on one's conscience. Examples:
1) 2021 Question: Where the project manager is told to overlook safety issues to meet deadlines but knows this
could be dangerous.
2) 2022 Question: Where the inspecting team is told to clear defective products to avoid losses.

Standard Answer Dimensions

Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Obedience vs Conscience: The primary ethical issue in these cases is the conflict between obeying
authority and following one's moral compass.
2) Organizational Efficiency vs Safety: This involves the decision between upholding the efficiency of the
organization or ensuring the safety of its stakeholders.
3) Profit vs Ethical Practice: This dilemma is about choosing between economic gains and maintaining
ethical practices.
4) Short-Term Gain vs Long-Term Consequences: The issue of choosing between immediate advantages
and potential long-term negative consequences.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Obedience to Authority: In this option, the decision maker complies with the authority, potentially
overlooking safety or ethical issues.
Pros Cons
Ensures immediate task completion; maintains Puts stakeholder safety at risk; compromises
cordial relations with superiors; safeguards job personal and professional integrity; might lead to
security. long-term reputational or legal issues.

Option 2: Following Moral Duty: The decision maker acts according to their conscience, even if it contradicts
the instructions of superiors.
Pros Cons
Upholds personal and professional integrity; May lead to conflict with superiors; could threaten job
safeguards stakeholder safety; contributes to long- security; might delay immediate tasks.
term reputation and trust.

Option 3: Negotiating with Superiors: This option involves discussing the ethical concerns with superiors and
trying to find a mutually agreeable solution.
Pros Cons
Balances obedience and moral duty; may lead to a Superiors might not be receptive; could still lead to
safer or more ethical outcome; maintains relations conflict; may not entirely resolve the issue.
with superiors.

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 Option 4: External Whistleblowing: If internal discussions fail or if the issue is too severe to be handled
internally, the concern could be raised with external entities or the public.
Pros Cons
Upholds personal and professional integrity; May strain professional relationships; could lead to
safeguards public interest; could lead to serious serious retaliation; might affect personal and
action against the unethical practices. professional life.

Best Option
Combining options 2, 3, and 4 typically offers the most ethical and practical solution because:
1) Upholding Integrity: This approach prioritizes the decision-maker's moral duty and integrity over blind
obedience.
2) Engagement with Superiors: It promotes open dialogue and negotiation within the organizational
hierarchy to seek viable solutions.
3) Ensuring Public Safety: In case of failure of internal mechanisms, the option of external whistleblowing
safeguards the larger public interest.
4) Balancing Interests: This approach balances personal, professional, and societal interests, which is
crucial for sustainable and ethical business operations.

Theme 2.3: Whistleblowing and speaking up

Several cases deal with the dilemma of speaking up about unethical or illegal practices at work.
Examples:
1) 2016 Question: Where the fresh graduate discovers her company is polluting the environment.
2) 2022 Question: Where the inspecting team discovers defects in products meant for the domestic
market.
Standard Answer Dimensions
Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Individual Responsibility vs Collective Responsibility: The conflict between an individual's
responsibility to call out unethical practices versus the collective responsibility of the organization
towards the public.
2) Organizational Loyalty vs Ethical Duty: The dilemma of choosing between loyalty to the
organization or fulfilling one's ethical duty to expose wrongdoing.
3) Job Security vs Public Interest: Balancing the fear of retaliation or job loss with the need to
protect public interest.
4) Short-term Impact vs Long-term Consequences: The struggle between the immediate
repercussions of whistleblowing and the long-term impact of not speaking up.
Available Options before the Decision Maker
Option 1: Silence and Compliance: The decision-maker opts not to blow the whistle and comply with
the organization's practices.
Pros Cons
Preserves job security and relationship with Compromises personal and professional
superiors; avoids immediate conflict. integrity; contributes to continued unethical
practices; may have long-term reputational and
legal consequences.

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Option 2: Internal Whistleblowing: Raising the issue within the organization's framework.
Pros Cons
Upholds personal and professional integrity; can Might not be effective if the organization's culture
lead to internal resolution; maintains the discourages dissent; may face internal
principle of organizational hierarchy. retaliation or marginalization.

Option 3: External Whistleblowing: Reporting the issue to external authorities or the public if internal
measures fail or aren't feasible.
Pros Cons
Ensures public transparency; can lead to serious May strain professional relationships; could lead
action against the unethical practices; upholds to serious retaliation; might impact personal and
personal and professional integrity. professional life.

Best Option
A combination of the second and third options typically provides the most ethically sound and practical
solution because:
1) Upholding Integrity: It upholds the individual's personal and professional integrity by not silently
complying with unethical practices.
2) Internal Conflict Resolution: It respects the organization's hierarchy and provides an opportunity
for internal conflict resolution by initially raising the issue within the organization.
3) Public Transparency: It ensures public transparency and accountability by resorting to external
whistleblowing if internal measures fail.
4) Societal Interest: This approach safeguards the larger societal interest, which is a key aspect of
responsible corporate behaviour.

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 3: Case Studies based on Applied Ethics

Theme 3.1: Discrimination and inequality

Many cases deal with issues of discrimination based on caste, gender and other grounds, and the need for equal
opportunities. Examples:
1) 2015 Question: Where children from higher castes are not allowed to eat midday meals prepared by a Dalit
cook.
Standard Answer Dimensions
Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) Discrimination vs Equality: The conflict between prevalent discriminatory practices and the ethical
mandate of ensuring equality.
2) Social Conformity vs Ethical Principles: The dilemma between adhering to discriminatory societal norms
and upholding ethical principles of justice, equality and human dignity.
3) Preservation of Culture vs Modern Ethical Norms: The tension between preserving cultural traditions
that may inadvertently promote discrimination and following contemporary ethical norms that advocate for
equality.
Available Options before the Decision Maker
Option 1: Tolerance of Discrimination: Here, the decision maker does nothing, effectively allowing
discriminatory practices to continue.
Pros Cons
Avoids immediate conflict; maintains the status quo. Perpetuates discrimination and inequality;
undermines basic human rights; encourages
unethical societal norms.

Option 2: Direct Intervention: The decision maker confronts the discriminatory practice head on, immediately
trying to stop it.
Pros Cons
Takes a strong stand against discrimination; upholds May face resistance or backlash; could be perceived
equality and human dignity; sets a positive example as disruptive; might create temporary disharmony.
for others.

Option 3: Educational Intervention: This option involves educating those involved about the importance of
equality and the detrimental effects of discrimination.
Pros Cons
Encourages societal change from within; fosters Might be a slow process; may face resistance to
understanding and empathy; could lead to long-term change; might not be effective in the short term.
improvements.

Best Option
A combination of the second and third options is typically the most ethical and practical solution because:
1) Stand Against Discrimination: This approach takes a strong stand against discriminatory practices, thus
promoting human dignity and equality.
2) Promoting Understanding: By educating those involved about the harmful effects of discrimination and
the importance of equality, it aims to foster understanding and promote change from within.
3) Long-term Societal Change: Though the process may be slow and meet resistance, this approach holds
the best chance for creating sustainable, long-term societal change.
4) Upholding Ethical Norms: This approach is in line with modern ethical norms that advocate for equality
and justice, providing a comprehensive response to discrimination and inequality.

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 Theme 3.2: Gender issues
A few cases highlight the problem of domestic violence/ discrimination and the dilemma of intervening in personal
matters.
1) 2015 Question: Where girls face restrictions on education due to patriarchal attitudes.
2) 2016 Question: Where an employee comes to know that his boss beats his wife at home.
Standard Answer Dimensions
Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
4) Respect for Autonomy vs Social Justice: The conflict between respecting an individual's autonomy and
the necessity to intervene in cases of injustice.
5) Public vs Private Domain: The dilemma of distinguishing between what constitutes a private issue and
what becomes a matter of public concern due to ethical violations.
6) Gender Equality vs Cultural Norms: The tension between ensuring gender equality and dealing with
ingrained societal and cultural norms.

Available Options before the Decision Maker

Option 1: Inaction: Choosing not to intervene due to the perceived private nature of the issue.
Pros Cons
Respects individual privacy and autonomy; avoids Allows injustice and possibly illegal behavior to
confrontation. continue; compromises the individual's ethical duty to
prevent harm.

Option 2: Direct Confrontation: Immediately confront the issue by directly speaking to the involved parties or
reporting the matter to the authorities.
Pros Cons
Displays a strong stance against injustice; could help Might escalate the situation if not handled tactfully;
in stopping the unethical behavior; upholds rule of could potentially infringe on perceived personal
law. privacy; might face resistance due to ingrained
cultural norms.

Option 3: Mediated Intervention: Seek a mediated solution, like counseling, or involve trusted community
figures to address the issue.
Pros Cons
A balanced approach that respects personal Might be a slow process; success heavily depends
boundaries while still addressing the issue; may have on the willingness of parties involved.
a more lasting impact; less confrontational.
Best Option
Typically, a combination of Direct Confrontation and Mediated Intervention serves as the most ethical and
practical solution because:
1) Upholding Justice: It demonstrates a clear stand against domestic violence and gender discrimination,
hence upholding social justice.
2) Preserving Dignity: By advocating for the victim's rights, it promotes respect for human dignity and
equality.
3) Balancing Autonomy and Intervention: This approach delicately balances the need to respect individual
autonomy with the duty to intervene in instances of clear injustice or harm.
4) Encouraging Cultural Shift: It could facilitate a cultural shift by addressing ingrained societal norms that
support gender inequality.

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 Theme 3.3: Ethics in International ethics
Examples:
1) 2014 Question: The international community is divided on the issue of arms trade.
2) 2021 Question: On war ethics

Standard Answer Dimensions

Ethical Issues/ Dilemmas Involved
1) National Sovereignty vs Global Human Rights: This is the tension between respecting the principle of
non-interference in a nation's affairs versus upholding and enforcing universal human rights and ethical
norms.
2) Collective Security vs Individual Privacy: Balancing the demands of national and international security
against the principle of individual privacy and civil liberties.
3) Realpolitik vs Ethical Obligations: The contrast between a state's pursuit of its own strategic, economic,
and political interests and the duty to adhere to global ethical standards and norms.
4) Short-term Interests vs Long-term Sustainability: The dilemma between securing immediate political or
economic gains and ensuring long-term environmental sustainability and equitable development.
Available Options before the Decision Maker
Option 1: Non-intervention: The decision-maker chooses not to intervene, respecting the principle of
sovereignty and non-interference.
Pros Cons
Upholds the principles of national sovereignty and Permits potentially unethical practices to continue;
non-intervention; avoids direct conflict or escalation. undermines international human rights and ethical
standards.

Option 2: Unilateral Action: The decision-maker confronts the issue directly, using measures such as
economic sanctions, military intervention, or public condemnation.
Pros Cons
Demonstrates a strong stance against unethical Risks backlash and escalation; may be viewed as a
practices; can lead to immediate change. violation of the principle of non-interference.

Option 3: Diplomatic Negotiation: The decision-maker engages diplomatically with the other country to seek
a resolution, invoking principles of peaceful settlement of disputes and mutual understanding.
Pros Cons
Maintains respect for national sovereignty; promotes May not result in immediate action; other party may
peaceful relations; may lead to consensual not be willing to negotiate; process can be slow.
resolution.

Option 4: Multilateral Engagement: The decision-maker seeks to build a multilateral consensus and
international coalition to address the issue.
Pros Cons
Distributes responsibility; has the potential for Can be time-consuming; may face different
broader impact; supports the principle of collective perspectives and interests; can be impeded by veto
responsibility and cooperation. powers in international bodies.
Best Option
Typically, a combination of Diplomatic Negotiation and Multilateral Engagement is the most ethical and
pragmatic option:
1) Upholds International Law: It adheres to the principles of international law, such as peaceful dispute
resolution, respect for sovereignty, and multilateral cooperation.
2) Promotes Human Rights and Global Ethical Norms: This approach shows commitment to universal
human rights and global ethical norms by seeking to end unethical practices.

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 3) Maintains International Peace and Security: Diplomatic negotiation respects sovereignty and aims to
maintain peaceful international relations, thus promoting international peace and security.
4) Facilitates Global Cooperation: It fosters the spirit of multilateralism and collective responsibility,
essential for addressing complex global challenges effectively.

Theme 3.4: Regulation of NGOs

One case discusses the need for government regulation of NGOs while not stifling their social work.
1) 2016 Question: Where an NGO founder faces bureaucratic hurdles in setting up a school.

Theme 3.5: Following rules vs acting with compassion

A broader issue impacting society.
2014 Question: Which analyses the factors driving migration from rural to urban areas.

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