Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions;

Dimensions of Ethics
"No one left behind" campaign: In 2018, the Indian government launched
a campaign called "No one left behind" to promote the inclusion of people
with disabilities. The campaign has helped to raise awareness of the rights
of people with disabilities, and it has inspired people to be more inclusive.

"The Akshaya Patra Foundation": This foundation provides free midday

meals to school children in India. As of 2023, they have served over 2 billion
meals to over 1.8 million children.

"The CRY Foundation": This foundation works to protect the rights of

children in India. They have helped to rescue over 20,000 children from
child labor and trafficking, and they have provided education and
healthcare to millions of children.

"The Kindness Revolution" campaign: In 2015, a group of people in the

United States started a campaign called "The Kindness Revolution" to
promote acts of kindness. The campaign has helped to inspire people to be
kinder and more compassionate, and it has made the world a slightly better
place.

"The Giving Pledge" campaign: In 2010, a group of billionaires started a campaign called "The Giving Pledge" to commit to
giving away the majority of their wealth to charity. The campaign has inspired other wealthy people to give back to society, and
it has helped to make a real difference in the lives of millions of people.

"The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation": This foundation is one of the largest philanthropic organizations in the world. They
have committed to spending $10 billion per year on global health and development initiatives.
Personal life examples
 Honesty: Telling the truth, even when it is difficult. For example, being honest with your spouse about your feelings, or
with your boss about a mistake you made.
 Integrity: Acting in accordance with your own values and principles. For example, refusing to take a bribe, even if it would
mean losing your job.

Consequences
 Honesty: If you act ethically, you are likely to feel good about yourself and your actions.
 If you are known for being honest and trustworthy, people are more likely to trust you and want to be around you.
 If you are known for being ethical in your work, you are more likely to be promoted and earn a good reputation.

Ethics - in Private Relationships

Positive examples Negative examples
Couple donates organs of their stillborn child to save 3 lives: A couple Violation of fidelity: A man in Mumbai was
in Mumbai donated the organs of their stillborn child to save the lives of arrested for cheating on his wife with multiple
three other children. women. He had been using a fake profile on a
dating app to meet women and had even fathered
Woman helps reunite family of 10 after 70 years: A woman in Delhi a child with one of them.
helped reunite a family of 10 after 70 years. The woman, who was working
as a genealogist, was contacted by a man who was looking for his long- Violation of privacy: A woman in Delhi was
lost family. The woman was able to track down the man's family and reunite arrested for blackmailing her ex-boyfriend. She
them after 70 years of separation. had threatened to release intimate photos of him if
he didn't give her money.

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Teenager sets up foundation to help homeless children: A teenager in
Kerala set up a foundation to help homeless children. The teenager, who
had been homeless himself for a time, knew how difficult it was to live on
the streets. He decided to set up a foundation to help other homeless
children get the food, shelter, and education they need.
Violation of consent: A couple in Kerala was
arrested for forcing their daughter to marry a man
she didn't love. The daughter had tried to run away
from home several times, but her parents had
always found her and brought her back.

Woman donates kidney to stranger: A woman in the United Kingdom Violation of consent: A man in the United States
donated her kidney to a stranger. The woman, who had been on the waiting was arrested for stalking his ex-girlfriend. He had
list for a kidney for several years, decided to donate her kidney to a been following her, sending her threatening
stranger after hearing about their story. messages, and even breaking into her house
Personal life examples
 Respect: If you are arguing with your partner, it is important to stay calm and respectful, even if you are feeling angry.
 Confidentiality: If your friend tells you that they are struggling with an addiction, you should not share this information with
anyone else without their permission.
 Responsibility: If you break a promise to your partner, you should apologize and make an effort to keep your promises in
the future.

Ethics - in Public Relationships

Positive examples
HUL launches campaign to promote menstrual hygiene: Hindustan Unilever (HUL) launched a campaign to promote
menstrual hygiene in India. The campaign, called "Touch the Pickle," aimed to break the taboo around menstruation and to
encourage women to talk about it openly.

Tata Motors launches campaign to promote road safety: Tata Motors launched a campaign to promote road safety in India.
The campaign, called "No One is Safer on the Roads," aimed to raise awareness of the dangers of road traffic accidents and to
encourage people to drive more safely.

ITC launches campaign to promote sustainable agriculture: ITC launched a campaign to promote sustainable agriculture in
India. The campaign, called "Growing Together," aimed to raise awareness of the importance of sustainable agriculture and to
encourage farmers to adopt sustainable practices.

Nike launches campaign to promote diversity and inclusion: Nike launched a campaign to promote diversity and inclusion.
The campaign, called "Equality," aimed to challenge stereotypes and to promote a more inclusive society.

Google launches campaign to promote online safety: Google launched a campaign to promote online safety. The campaign,
called "Be Internet Awesome," aimed to teach children how to use the internet safely and responsibly.
Negative examples
Coca-Cola accused of misleading consumers about water use: Coca-Cola was accused of misleading consumers about its
water use in India. The company was accused of claiming that it used "sustainable water practices" when, in fact, it was using
a significant amount of water in its bottling operations. The accusation led to a public relations nightmare for Coca-Cola, and the
company was forced to apologize and make changes to its water usage practices.

Reliance Industries accused of polluting the environment: Reliance Industries was accused of polluting the environment in
India. The company was accused of dumping toxic waste into rivers and streams, and of causing air pollution from its factories.
The accusation led to a public relations crisis for Reliance Industries, and the company was forced to pay millions of dollars in
fines.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited accused of price gouging: Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
was accused of price gouging in India. The company was accused of raising the price of gasoline and diesel at a time when the
government had capped the price of these fuels. The accusation led to a public relations backlash against HPCL, and the
company was forced to apologize and lower its prices.

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Nestlé accused of marketing baby formula in unethical ways: Nestlé was accused of marketing baby formula in unethical
ways in Africa. The company was accused of giving free samples of baby formula to mothers in hospitals, and then pressuring
them to switch from breastfeeding to formula. The accusation led to a public relations scandal for Nestlé, and the company was
forced to change its marketing practices.

Facebook accused of enabling the spread of misinformation: Facebook was accused of enabling the spread of
misinformation on its platform. The company was accused of failing to take down false news stories, and of allowing these stories
to spread to millions of users. The accusation led to a public relations crisis for Facebook, and the company was forced to make
changes to its algorithms in order to reduce the spread of misinformation.

Conflict of interest: Celebrities like Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh and Virat Kohli faced criticism for not clearly identifying
promotional posts for products like Oppo, Vivo etc. This was seen as misleading social media marketing.
Personal examples
 Honesty: If you are a salesperson, it is important to be honest about the features and benefits of your products, and to
avoid making false or misleading claims.
 Respect: If you are in a meeting with a client, it is important to be respectful of their time and to listen to their concerns.
 Fairness: If your company is involved in a controversial issue, it is important to be transparent about your position and to
be willing to answer questions from the public.
 Discrimination: If you refuse to hire someone because of their race or gender, you could be sued for discrimination.
 Greenwashing: If a company claims that its products are "environmentally friendly" when they are not.

Human Values - Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators;
Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.
Free Hugs: In 2016, a group of students from Delhi University started a "Free Hugs" campaign to spread kindness and
compassion. The campaign went viral, and it helped to raise awareness of the importance of human connection. The students
who started the campaign were named Ashish Chanchlani, Prajakta Koli, and Bhuvan Bam.

Beach cleanup campaign: In 2019, a group of

volunteers in Chennai started a campaign to clean
up the city's beaches. The campaign was called
"Beach Warriors," and it was organized by the
environmental group, Care Earth Trust. The
campaign helped to remove over 100 tons of trash
from the beaches, and it raised awareness about
the importance of environmental protection.

Mobile classroom for underprivileged children:

In 2017, a group of students in Kolkata started a
project called "The Mobile Classroom" to provide
free education to underprivileged children. The
project was started by students from Jadavpur
University, and they created a mobile classroom
that they take to different neighborhoods. The
project has helped to educate over 1,000 children, and it is a shining example of how students can make a difference in their
community.

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 1 Ethics and Human Interface

Ethics (PYQ: 2022|2020|2016|2015)

❖ Ethics is the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their
Definition
rightfulness or wrongfulness, as a means for the attainment of ultimate happiness.

❖ Examples of being Ethical can be following rules, being Honest at work, being Loyal in
Example(s)
relation etc.

❖ “Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is
right to do.” (Potter Stewart). (PYQ 2022)
Quote(s)
❖ “In law a man is guilty when he violates the rights of others. In ethics he is guilty if he
only thinks of doing so.” (Immanuel Kant).

Normative Ethics

Definition ❖ Normative ethics includes a set of Moral Standards that determine the Right or
Wrong conduct. It is also called Prescriptive Ethics.

Example(s) ❖ Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics, Immanuel Kant’s Deontological Ethics, J. S. Mill’s

Utilitarianism or Consequentialism, Bhagwat Gita’s Nishkama Karma.

Quote(s) ❖ “We should conduct ourselves towards others as we would have them act towards us”.
(Aristotle)

Virtue Ethics

Definition ❖ It aims to understand and live a life of Moral Character. It was given by Aristotle.

Example(s) ❖ Building a Honourable and Moral character by practising 4 Cardinal Virtues of Plato
like Courage, Temperance, Justice, Prudence etc.

Quote(s) ❖ "The good of man is an activity of the soul in conformity with virtue." (Aristotle)
❖ “He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north
polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it.” (Confucius)

Meta Ethics

Definition ❖ It refers to the study of origin and meaning of Ethical Concepts. It is the study of what
Ethical terms and theories refer to.

Example(s) ❖ Addressing questions like “What is the meaning of Moral Judgements or terms”?

Quote(s) ❖ “Metaethics is more basic, since it studies how to select moral principles and thus how to
do normative ethics.” (Harry J. Gensler)

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 Personal Ethics (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It is specific to a person and determines the person’s moral standards and the code
of conduct.

Example(s) ❖ Mahatma Gandhi through his traits of honesty, sacrifice, truthfulness, discipline is an
embodiment of high personal ethics.

Quote(s) ❖ “Disciplining yourself to do what you know is right and important, although difficult,
is the highroad to pride, self-esteem, and personal satisfaction.” (Margaret Thatcher)

Professional Ethics (PYQ: 2015)

Definition ❖ It refers to the Moral Principles or Values that govern the way Businesses and
Individuals engage in business activities.

Example(s) ❖ Infosys, Tata are considered as the companies with the highest Business Ethics
consisting of Integrity and Transparency.
❖ Companies not using the data collected from the consumers without consent is an
example of professional ethics.
❖ Employee not misusing the company’s resources for personal use can be an example
of professional ethics.

Quote(s) ❖ “Work ethic is important because, unlike intelligence, athleticism, charisma, or any
other natural attribute, it’s a choice.” (Mike Rowe)

Ethical Dilemma (PYQ: 2021|2018)

Definition ❖ It is a situation when two Equally important Moral Values conflict with each other
and the person has a dilemma of choosing one over the other.

Example(s) ❖ A civil servant working against a sand mining cartel (being honest, dutiful, etc.) despite
repeated threats for harming his/her family (protecting lives of others) from the
cartel.

Quote(s) ❖ “Ethical dilemmas have a way of sneaking up on a person. If something smells funny,
stay away from it. Or help get rid of it.” (Price Pritchett)

Bounded Ethicality

Definition ❖ It refers to the systemic and predictable ways in which people make decisions
without realising the implications of their behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Implicit Prejudice i.e., a person favouring Equality may discriminate based on Gender
or Race unknowingly.

Quote(s) ❖ “Living is Easy with Eyes Closed.” ( John Lennon)

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 Ethical Fading

Definition ❖ It occurs when the Ethical Aspect of a decision disappears from view and a person
focuses on other aspects of a decision more than its Ethicality. It helps minimise the
guilt one feels by violating the Ethical Standards.

Example(s) ❖ Focussing on profitability and ignoring the Ethical ways of making profits.
❖ Volkswagen (Ethical Scandal) Automobile makers had cheated on Air Pollution Tests
❖ Practice of Greenwashing by big corporations for profit.

Quote(s) ❖ “Remember, Ethical fading is about self-delusion. Anyone, regardless of their personal
Moral Compass, can succumb to it.” (Simon Sinek)

Law (PYQ: 2015|2016)

Definition ❖ It is a binding force and includes the set of Rules recognized by a particular country
or community to regulate the behaviour of its citizens.

Example(s) ❖ Constitution of India, Laws enacted by the legislatures for the benefit of the people
like POCSO, POSH, etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For
in all the states of created beings capable of law, where there is no law, there is no
freedom.” (John Locke)

Rule (PYQ: 2020|2018|2017)

Definition ❖ It is generally the regulations or procedures that govern the conduct within the
specific area of activity. It may be a binding force if it is linked to the statutory
requirements.

Example(s) ❖ Rules of conduct of business in the Houses of the Parliament regulate the manner
and procedure governing the proceedings of the House.

Quote(s) ❖ “Rules are for the obedience of fools and the guidance of wise men.” (Douglas Bader)

Utilitarianism

Definition ❖ It considers an action to be Morally right if it is favourable to more people.

❖ Happiness of the greatest number of people is more important than the greatest
happiness of one Individual.
❖ It was advocated by Jeremy Bentham (Quantitative Utilitarianism) and J. S. Mill
(Qualitative Utilitarianism).

Example(s) ❖ Redistribution of income from rich to poor.

❖ Displacement of locals for public project of larger interest

Quote(s) ❖ “The greatest happiness of the greatest number.” (Jeremy Bentham)

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 Harm Principle

Definition ❖ It states that people are free to act as per their wish as long as their actions do not
harm other persons. It was given by J. S. Mill.

Example(s) ❖ Ensuring vaccination of persons during the spread of pandemic to prevent harm to
others.

Quote(s) ❖ “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a
civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”. (J S Mill)

Deontology

Definition ❖ Deontology is duty based ethics. (It comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty)
❖ It deals with the actions itself and not with the consequences of the actions.

Example(s) ❖ Promises must be kept as it is right to keep them irrespective of the consequences.
❖ Satyagraha and Ahimsa as Deontological Principles used by Gandhiji during Indian
National Movement

Quote(s) ❖ “Always treat people as an end in itself, never as a means to an end.” (Immanuel Kant)

Morality (PYQ: 2020|2019|2018|2016)

Definition ❖ It refers to the set of commitments acceptable to an Individual even when they are
rejected by others.

Example(s) ❖ A Moralist may favour war even when others don't.

❖ Constitutional Morality
❖ A Moral Code of a person may appreciate or accept unmarried Mother or Live-in-
Relations.

Quote(s) ❖ "The most important human endeavour is the striving for morality in our actions. Our
inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions
can give beauty and dignity to life." (Albert Einstein)

Hedonism

Definition ❖ It refers to giving highest Moral Value to one’s own Pleasure - by minimising pain, in
terms of Ethical Philosophy.
❖ The belief that Pleasure, or the absence of Pain, is the most important Principle in
determining the morality of a potential course of action.

Example(s) ❖ A person indulging in reckless consumption of drugs only to derive pleasure.

❖ Any unhealthy practice done by the person just for pleasure, giving no or little other
benefits.

Quote(s) ❖ “My rule of life prescribed as an absolutely sacred rite: smoking cigars and also the
drinking of alcohol before, after and if need be during all meals and in the intervals
between them.” (Winston Churchill)

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 Human Values

Definition ❖ They are Individual Principles or qualities that guide judgement and behaviour of a
person or a group.

Example(s) ❖ Ideas of Equality and Justice, etc.

❖ Showing Compassion towards living creatures such as animals can be an example of
Human Value.

Quote(s) ❖ “In order to lead a meaningful life, you need to cherish others, pay attention to human
values and try to cultivate inner peace.” (Dalai Lama)
❖ " Try not to become a man of success rather try to become a man of values" (Albert
Einstein)

Altruism

Definition ❖ It refers to acting in the best interest of others rather than in one's own self-interest.

Example(s) ❖ Giving up your seat to someone in need in a metro, donating organs, etc.
❖ Akshaya Patra Foundation providing free food to underprivileged Children.

Quote(s) ❖ “Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the
darkness of destructive selfishness.” (Martin Luther King)

Altruistic Cheating

Definition ❖ It refers to cheating for the welfare of others as it is easier for people to rationalise
their wrong doing when it benefits others. It may or may not benefit the person
him/herself

Example(s) ❖ Spy keeping his identity secret to help his Country.

❖ Bribe given by Parents to get admission of their child in school/selection in Sports.
❖ Helping a close friend cheat in the Exam.

Quote(s) ❖ “Knowing that others will benefit from our actions does indeed motivate people to
cheat more.” (Dan Ariely)

Cognitive Bias

Definition ❖ The way a particular person understands events, facts, and other people, is based on
their own particular set of beliefs and experiences and may not be reasonable or
accurate.

Example(s) ❖ Stereotyping women as less competent for work due to motherhood responsibilities.
❖ Khap Panchayat legitimising Honour Killings.

Quote(s) ❖ “It is an acknowledged fact that we perceive errors in the work of others more readily
than in our own.” (Leonardo da Vinci)

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 Cognitive Dissonance

Definition ❖ It can also be referred to as a situation of mental discomfort when there is conflict
between one's Beliefs, Attitude, Values and Behaviour or Actions.

Example(s) ❖ An IPS Officer who believes in Non Violence has to give orders of Lathi Charge to
maintain Law and Order.

Quote(s) ❖ “He had very few doubts, and when the facts contradicted his views on life, he shut his
eyes in disapproval.” (Hermann Hesse)

Confirmation Bias

Definition ● It establishes that people naturally favour information that confirms their previously
existing beliefs.

Example(s) ● An Investor favouring Startups run by Jews, who are normally considered as more
enterprising and innovative.
● During the election campaign, people tend to look for information confirming their
perspectives on different candidates while ignoring any information contradictory to
their views.

Quote(s) ● “Confirmation bias is the most effective way to go on living a lie.” (Criss Jami)

Conformity Bias

Definition ❖ It is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using
their own personal judgement.

Example(s) ❖ Following a typical career path which is safer as per society, contributing to charity as
others are doing it, conserving water, etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.” (John F. Kennedy)

Incrementalism

Definition ❖ Incrementalism is the slippery slope that often causes people to slide unintentionally
into unethical behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Accounting fraud begins by fudging small numbers.

Quote(s) ❖ “That was how dishonesty and betrayal started, not in big lies but in small secrets.”
(Amy Tan)

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 Moral Agent

Definition ❖ A Moral Agent has the ability to discern Right from Wrong and to be held
Accountable for his or her own actions.
❖ Ordinarily human beings are considered as Moral Agents, while animals are not.

Example(s) ❖ Any adult with a sound mind can be considered as a Moral Agent while infants are not
considered as moral agents.

Quote(s) ❖ “To be a fully functioning moral agent, one cannot passively accept moral principles
handed down by fiat. Moral principles require moral reasoning.” (Michael Shermer)

Moral Muteness

Definition ❖ It occurs when people choose to stay silent even on observing Unethical Behaviour.

Example(s) ❖ Most people witness corruption but only few have the courage to report it.
❖ Silence of People on evil acts of Domestic Violence, Dowry, Child Marriage

Quote(s) ❖ “What hurts the victim most is not the cruelty of the oppressor, but the silence of the
bystander.” (Elie Wiesel)

Moral Myopia

Definition ❖ It was coined by Minette Drumwright and Patrick Murphy, and can be understood as
the inability to see Ethical Issues clearly.

Example(s) ❖ Advertising industry usually promotes stereotypes like fair complexion, Warning signs on
cigarette packets etc.
❖ Brazil Government allowing deforestation activities in Amazon Rainforest for cattle
Ranching and Soya bean Production

Quote(s) ❖ “Most of us suffer from a kind of Myopia. We see only the things that fit in our beliefs
about the world.” (T. J. MacGregor)

Moral Equilibrium

Definition ❖ It is the idea that deals with most people running a mental scoreboard where they
compare their self-image as a good person with what they actually do. If they do
something consistent with their positive self image, they feel a surplus on the good
side of the scoreboard.

Example(s) ❖ Donating for charity or on a crowdfunding platform makes us feel good about
ourselves.

Quote(s) ❖ “The most important human endeavour is the striving for morality in our actions. Our
inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions
can give beauty and dignity to life.” (Albert Einstein)

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 Moral Relativism

Definition ❖ It holds that there are no universal or absolute sets of Moral standards. They are
Culturally defined. Though there may be a few values that seem nearly universal, such
as honesty and respect, many differences appear across cultures when people
evaluate moral standards around the world.

Example(s) ❖ Adopting a Vegan diet, etc.

❖ LGBTQ+ People enjoy Rights in the USA , France etc but are outlawed in Bangladesh,
Brunei, Afghanistan etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “A crime in one society can be a moral requirement in another society.” (Frank
Herbert)

Moral Nihilism

Definition ❖ Moral Nihilism is the meta-ethical view that nothing is objectively morally right or
morally wrong.
❖ It holds that there are no objective moral facts or true propositions - that nothing is
morally good, bad, wrong, right, etc - because there are no moral truths.

Example(s) ❖ Moral Nihilism would say that killing some one might not be wrong but it would also
not be right

Quote(s) ❖ “Nihilism is not only despair and negation, but above all the desire to despair and to
negate.” (Albert Camus)

Veil of Ignorance

Definition ❖ It helps people in establishing a Just and Fair Society as they are ignorant of their
personal circumstances.
❖ As explained by John Rawls, we must imagine ourselves sitting behind a Veil of
Ignorance that prevents us from knowing who we are.
❖ According to Rawls, Principles of Justice should be free from bias and should evolve
behind a Veil of Ignorance.

Example(s) ❖ Interviewer not knowing about social status, caste etc of candidates before awarding
marks in job interview.

Quote(s) ❖ “The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance.” (John Rawls)
❖ “Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.” (John
Rawls)

Benevolence

Definition ❖ It refers to the acts of mercy, kindness, generosity, charity, altruism, love, humanity
and promoting the good of others.

Example(s) ❖ Amidst the Coronavirus Pandemic, a divyang beedi worker Janardhanan, from the
Kannur district in Kerala had donated all of his life savings – ₹2 lakh to the Chief
Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF). He is now left with just ₹850.
❖ Kailash Satyarthi and his team of Bachpan Bachao Andolan have liberated more than
86000 children in India from Child Labour, Slavery and Trafficking.

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Quote(s) ❖ “Benevolence is the characteristic element of humanity.” (Confucius)

Veracity

Definition ❖ It refers to the Moral Obligation of the individuals to inform others of the truth.

Example(s) ❖ In Doctor-Patient relationship, wherein the Doctor informs the Patient of the side-
effects of a particular treatment.

Quote(s) ❖ “Hope is the only universal liar who never loses his reputation for veracity.” (Robert
Green Ingersoll)

Humility

Definition ❖ It is the state of being Humble or to keep oneself free from Pride and Arrogance.

Example(s) ❖ Mahatma Gandhi- He always gave credit to others for their contribution and was
responsive to the needs of the people.
❖ Once during an Event , Dr Kalam ( Erstwhile President of India) refused to sit on a chair
that was designated to him, because the Chair was larger in size than the other Chairs.

Quote(s) ❖ “Humility is not thinking less of yourself, it's thinking of yourself less.” (CS Lewis)

Gratitude

Definition ❖ It is a feeling of Gratefulness or Thankfulness towards something or someone.

Example(s) ❖ To be happy one must be thankful for the little things like family, friends, good health,
job, etc.
❖ Students achieving Success in Academics show Gratitude towards their family and
Teachers etc.

Quote(s) ❖ “Joy is the simplest form of gratitude.” (PYQ Essay 2017)

❖ “Let us rise up and be thankful, for if we didn’t learn a lot today, at least we learned a
little, and if we didn’t learn a little, at least we didn’t get sick, and if we got sick, at least
we didn’t die; so, let us all be thankful.” (Buddha)

❖❖❖

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