BMMS 09 CognitiveRadioNetworks Part1

Cognitive Radio Networks (Part 1)
Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022

Вонр. проф. д-р Милош Јовановиќ
Agenda
} Part 1
} Introduction
} Cognitive Radio System Concept
} Cognitive Radio Deployment Issues
} Part 2
} Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks
} Multihop Cognitive Radio Networks
} Control and Coordination in Distributed CRNs
2 Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022

Introduction
} Cognitive radio technology is rapidly gaining popularity
} Can significantly help spectrum utilization, via exploiting some
parts not used by licensed users
} Dynamic spectrum usage for next generation wireless
networks
} Can change its transmitter parameters based on the
interaction with the environment
} Original definition of Cognitive Radio (CR):
} “A wireless communication paradigm utilizing all available
resources more efficiently, with the ability to self-organize,
self-plan, and self-regulate”;

Introduction
} Aims of CR-based technology:
} Combat scarcity in the radio spectrum using dynamic spectrum
access (DSA);
} Opportunistically using available spectrum segments in a
somewhat intelligent manner;
} CR transceivers can completely change their transmitter
parameters, based on the spectral environment:
} Operating spectrum;
} Modulation;
} Transmission power;
} Communication technology;

Introduction
} CR basic functionality:
} Can sense a wide spectrum range;
} Dynamically identify currently unused spectrum blocks for data
communication;
} Intelligently access the unoccupied spectrum (spectrum
opportunity);
} CR devices can be networked to create Cognitive Radio
Networks (CRNs)
} Architectural solutions which address the limited spectrum
availability and inefficiency in spectrum usage;

Introduction
} In general, a CRN distinguishes two types of users:
} Primary (licensed) users (PUs);
} Have priority in spectrum utilization within the band;
} Secondary users (SUs);
} Must access the medium in a non-intrusive manner;
} PU – uses traditional wireless communication systems
} Static spectrum allocation;
} SU – equipped with CRs
} Exploit spectrum opportunities;
} Sustain their communication activities without interfering with
PU’s transmissions;

Cognitive Radio System Concept
General features of Cognitive Radio Systems

Cognitive Radio System Concept
} Cognition: “The process involved in knowing, or the act of
knowing, which, in its completeness, includes awareness
and judgement.”
} Perceiving, recognizing and reasoning are also closely related
to the cognitive process;
} Cognitive Radio: “Identifies the point at which wireless
personal digital assistants and the related networks are
sufficiently computationally intelligent about radio
resources and related computer-to-computer
communication, to detect communication needs as a
function of use context, and to provide radio resources
and services most appropriate for those needs.”
Cognitive Radio
} Significant spectrum congestion
} Especially in the region od 0.8 to 3 GHz;
} Three fundamental cognitive tasks in the perception-
action cycle of cognitive radio:
1. Radio scene analysis of the environment (performed by the
receiver);
2. Dynamic spectrum management and transmit power control
(performed by the transmitter);
3. Global feedback, enabling the transmitter to act in light of
information about the radio environment, feedback to it by
the receiver;

Information Flow in Cognitive Radio

Software-Defined Radio
} SDR is the enabling technology for cognitive radio
} Low-cost and available processing;
} Commercial, military and space communications;
} SDR features:
} “Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are
software-defined”;
} Reconfigurable radio;
} Flexible architecture radio;

An Example of SDR Architecture

Capabilities of Cognitive Radio Systems
} CRS is a radio system employing technology that provides
the system the capability to:
1. Obtain knowledge about its environment,
2. Adjust operational parameters and protocols, and
3. Learn from the obtained results.

1. Obtaining Knowledge
} CRS knowledge includes:
} Operational radio environment;
} Geographic environment;
} Internal state;
} Established policies;
} Usage patterns;
} Users’ needs;
} Methods for obtaining knowledge:
} Getting information from component radio systems;
} Received signal power, signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR), and
load;
} Geolocation;
} GPS or wireless positioning system;
} Spectrum sensing;
} Access to a cognitive pilot channel (CPC) and whitespaces database;

2. Adjust Parameters and Protocols
} Capability to dynamically and autonomously adjust its
operational parameters and protocols, according to the
obtained knowledge, to achieve some predefined
objectives.
} Two stages of adjustment:
1. Decision making
} Intelligent management system for decisions;
2. Reconfiguration
} May include change of output power, frequency band and/or radio
access technology (RAT);

3. Learn from Results
} Capability to learn from the results of its actions to
further improve its performance.
} Using obtained knowledge, CRS makes reconfiguration
decisions;
} Based on the decisions, CRS adjusts the parameters and
protocols;
} The learning results then contribute back to both obtaining
knowledge and decision making;

Cognitive Radio System Summary

Centralized & Decentralized CRS
} The centralized, operator-driven solution is designed for wide
area utilization
} Composite wireless network + Cognitive network management
system;
} Operator spectrum manager (OSM);
} Joint radio resource management (JRRM);
} The decentralized solution is used for local ad-hoc / mesh
networking
} Cognitive mesh network + Cognitive control network;
} Multi-radio user equipment (MUE);
} Reconfigurable base stations (BSs);
} Spectrum sensing, CPC, cognitive control radio and networking,
geolocation, primary protection database, distributed decision
making;

Centralized & Decentralized CRS

Cognitive Pilot Channel
} A channel that conveys necessary information for the
operations of the CRS.
} Information about which radio accesses can be expected in a
certain geographical area;
} Main info: Operator information, RAT type, used frequencies,
etc.;
} Additional info: pricing information, usage policies, missing
protocols, etc.;

Cognitive Pilot Channel
} A CPC eliminates the need for continuous scanning of the
entire spectrum
} Used for the startup phase of a terminal – the terminal doesn’t
know the environment, available RATs, used frequencies, etc.;
} Can also be used to exchange sensing information
between BSs
} Performs collaborative /
cooperative sensing;

Key Types of Cognitive Radio Systems
} 1. Heterogeneous CRS
} One or several operators are using more RANs using the same
or different RATs;
} The allocated frequencies of the RANs are fixed;
} Various terminals:
} Some can connect only to a particular RAT;
} Others can reconfigure themselves and use different RATs, operated
by different operators;
¨ Optionally, they can support multiple simultaneous links with RANs;
} e.g.: A CRS has only legacy BSs, and some reconfigurable
terminals – the terminals can make decisions to reconfigure
themselves to connect to different component RANs;
} Considered in IEEE 802.21 & IEEE 1900.4;
Key Types of Cognitive Radio Systems
} 2. Spectrum-sharing CRS
} Several RANs (using the same or different RATs) can share the
same frequency band;
} e.g.: Several RANs operating in an unlicensed spectrum – the
CRS capabilities can enable coexistence;
} e.g.: A secondary system operates in the white spaces of a TV
broadcast band – the CRS capabilities should provide
protection for the primary service (TV broadcast), and
coexistence between secondary systems;
} Considered in IEEE 1900.4, IEEE 1900.6, IEEE 802.11y, IEEE
802.11af, IEEE 802.19.1, IEEE 802.22 & ECMA-392;

Cognitive Cycle
1. Spectrum sensing
} The cognitive radio monitors the spectrum bands, records their
information, and detects spectrum holes;
2. Spectrum analysis
} The spectrum hole’s characteristics are taken into account;
3. Spectrum decision
} The cognitive radio determines the data rate, the transmission
mode, and the bandwidth of the transmission;
} Then, the appropriate band is chosen;
} According to the spectrum characteristics and the user requirements;

Cognitive Cycle

Cognitive Cycle
} When the operating spectrum band is determined,
communication can be performed over it.
} But, the radio environment changes over time and space -
-> the cognitive radio should keep track of the changes in
the environment.
} If the current band becomes unavailable, the spectrum
mobility function is performed for seamless transmission;
} Any environmental change during transmission (PU
appearance, user movement, traffic variations, etc.) can trigger
this adjustment;

Reconfigurable Radio Systems Management and
Control
} Operating frequency
} Dynamically changing the communication frequency, based on
information from the radio environment;
} Modulation
} The modulation scheme can be reconfigured and adapted to
users’ requirements and channel conditions;
} e.g.: In some delay-sensitive applications, the data rate is more
important than the error rate --> a modulation which provides
higher spectral efficiency should be selected;
} e.g.: Loss-sensitive applications should focus on the error rate,
and use modulation schemes with low bit error rates;

Reconfigurable Radio Systems Management and
Control
} Transmission power
} Can be reconfigured within power constraints;
} The power can be increased to provide a more reliable
communication channel, within the admissible power limit;
} If higher power operation is not necessary, the CR can reduce
the transmitter power to a lower level --> allows spectrum
sharing by other users and decreases interference;
} Communication technology
} CR can be used to provide interoperability among different
systems;
} The parameters can be reconfigured at the beginning of a
transmission, as well as during;

ETSI Reconfig. Radio System Architecture

Cognitive Radio Deployment Issues
Emerging use-cases for deployment of Cognitive Radio

Cognitive Radio Deployment Issues
} TV white space (TVWS) frequency bands are becoming
available
} Due to the switch from analog to digital TV;
} So, SUs can use unlicensed equipment and share the spectrum with
digital TV transmitters and other PUs (e.g. wireless microphones);
} TVWS Services
1. Indoor services: small coverage, lower power levels than those in
ISM bands;
2. Outdoor coverage from indoor equipment: requires penetration
through barriers, medium range coverage, slightly higher power
levels than those in ISM bands;
3. Outdoor services: significantly higher power levels then ISM bands,
comparable to those from cellular systems;

TVWS Services
} Indoor TVWS services
} Can easily be achieved with Wi-Fi or ZigBee technologies;
} But, that would require using 2.4 or 5 GHz bands, which are
significantly crowded;
} So, CR on TVWS can provide better indoor propagation of
signals through the home;
} And, at a lower energy – very important point for battery-powered
devices;

Secondary Access to White Spaces Using CR
} The use of CR in TV bands is conditioned by regulators
} They need to be certain that CR can avoid harmful interference
to primary users;
} Also, they need to be certain that CR can reliably detect and
use TVWS;
} Main methods for using CR in TVWS:
} Geolocation databases;
} Beacons;
} Spectrum sensing;

} Geolocation databases
} A CR device queries a central geolocation database, and sends
its location and device specifications;
} The querying is needed for discovering available TVWS frequencies
for operation at a given location, time, height and required service
area;
} The geolocation database uses the data provided by the CR
device, along with data of locations, transmit power,
frequencies and antenna radiation patterns of all TV
transmitters;
} Performs a set of propagation modeling calculations;
} The output: a list of TVWS channels that can be used by the
requesting device, without harmful interference to TV services;

} Geolocation databases
} The results also include transmit power limits and time validity
parameters, per channel;
} Several limitations:
} This approach, with a central database, is useful only if the usage
pattern vary slowly --> the database does not need very frequent
updates;
} The CR devices must know their location (with 50-100 m accuracy);
} To access the database, the CR devices need an Internet link, or a
wired / wireless link;
} Usually, a master-slave architecture is used: there is an AP / BS which
is connected to the Internet, can geolocate itself, and can query the
central database;

} Beacons
} CR devices can only transmit it they receive an enabling
beacon, granting them use of vacant channels;
} Alternatively, a CR device can transmit as long as it does not
receive a disabling beacon, denying it the use of those
channels;
} Several issues:
} A beacon infrastructure is necessary;
} Beacon signals can get lost (e.g. hidden node);

} Spectrum sensing
} A crucial technique in CRNs, to accurately and efficiently
detects PUs and avoiding interference;
} CR devices autonomously detect the presence (absence) of
PUs, using a detection algorithm;
} Several issues:
} Unpredictable problems (e.g. channels instability, noise uncertainty)
can significantly degrade performance of spectrum sensing (its
accuracy and/or efficiency);
} Increased sensing activity will lead to improved sensing accuracy, but
decreased sensing efficiency (too much overhead);
} There needs to be an optimal balance between accuracy and
efficiency;

Cooperative Sensing
} A solution for the hidden node problem
} Multiple users of the secondary system cooperate;
} The source SU (the device that wants to transmit packets)
sends a request to the fusion center, asking for cooperative
spectrum sensing;
} The fusion center will selectively assign several cooperative
SUs to perform sensing;
} The fusion center will gather and combine the sensing results
to make the final decision;
} Spectrum opportunities are discovered and specified by the
fusion center;
} The source SU can use the specified channel to send the
packets;

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Procedure

Cooperative Sensing
} Sequential cooperative sensing
} All SUs are scheduled to sense an identical channel in each
period;
} Channels are sensed one by one, sequentially;
} This approach exploits the spatial diversity of the cooperating
SUs (each one is located on a different location);
} Parallel cooperative sensing
} More than one channel is sensed in each period;
} The cooperative SUs are divided into groups – each group
senses one channel;
} Improved sensing efficiency: more channels are sensed in a
shorter time;

Sequential & Parallel Cooperative Sensing

Cooperative Sensing
} Synchronous cooperative sensing
} All cooperative SUs have the same sensing period, i.e. perform
sensing at the same time;
} Asynchronous cooperative sensing
} Each SU performs spectrum sensing according to its own
sensing period;

Q&A
Quiz questions to refresh what we just learned

Question 1
} Based on the spectral environment, cognitive radio
transceivers can completely change their transmitter
parameters. Which parameters, exactly?
} Operating spectrum
} Medium access
} Modulation
} Transmission power
} Security
} Communication technology

Question 2
} Which user types exist in a cognitive radio network
(CRN)?
} High-priority users (HPUs)
} Low-priority users (LPUs)
} Primary users (PUs)
} Secondary users (SUs)

Question 3
} Which are some of the fundamental cognitive tasks in the
perception-action cycle of cognitive radio?
} Radio scene analysis of the environment
} Security analysis of adjacent networks
} Dynamic spectrum management and transmit power control
} Machine learning of the outcomes

Question 3

Question 4
} What is a software-defined radio (SDR)?
} A radio in which some (or all) physical layer functions are
software-defined
} A radio in which some (or all) MAC layer functions are
software-defined
} A radio in which some (or all) antenna functions are software-
defined

Question 5
} Which are valid methods by which cognitive radio obtains
knowledge?
} Getting information from component radio systems
} Geolocation
} Access to a distributed Wi-Fi beacon
} Spectrum sensing
} Access to a Wi-Fi database

Question 6
} What is the purpose of the cognitive pilot channel (CPC)?
} Eliminates the need for continuous scanning of the entire
spectrum by CR devices
} Allows faster data rates by coordinating medium access
} Is used to perform collaborative / cooperative sensing
} Enables ad-hoc creation / coordination for mesh CR devices

Question 7
} Which of the following are valid steps in the cognitive
cycle?
} Carrier sensing
} Spectrum sensing
} Encryption analysis
} Spectrum analysis
} Spectrum decision
} User requirements assessment

Question 7

Question 8
} When using TV whitespace (TVWS) frequency bands for
wireless data communication, how can cognitive radio be
of use?
} Secondary users equipped with CR can use beacons to limit
interference with primary users
} Digital TV devices can use CR to save power / battery
} CR devices can use unlicensed equipment and non-intrusively
share the spectrum with digital TV transmitters
} CR devices can be used for digital TV transmitters, to provide
higher data rates

Question 9
} Which type of cooperative sensing utilizes the spatial
diversity of the devices?
} Sequential cooperative sensing
} Parallel cooperative sensing
} Synchronous cooperative sensing
} Asynchronous cooperative sensing

Question 9

Questions?


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Cognitive Radio Networks (Part 1)

Безжични мултимедиски системи 2022

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General features of Cognitive Radio Systems

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Emerging use-cases for deployment of Cognitive Radio

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Quiz questions to refresh what we just learned

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