STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ONLINE IDENTITY THEFT ON THE INTENTION TO

ONLINE SHOPPING IN VIETNAM

3. Literature review

3.1 Impact of evening smartphone usage to sleep quality

School and university students are among the age groups most targeted by
communication technologies. They are also the most interested in possessing
smartphones, spending a significant portion of their time and cognitive resources on
these devices. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of technology in
contemporary life, exposing students to a vast array of global information. In the
academic realm, smartphones have evolved into indispensable tools for students,
serving purposes such as sending messages, submitting assignments, and data
retrieval [9].
However, the more individuals engage with smartphones, the more they become
dependent on these devices, potentially leading to what is commonly referred to as
"Compulsive Smartphone Use." Compulsive smartphone use is characterized by
problematic usage patterns rather than rational behavior [10]. It often exhibits the
following characteristics: (1) an inability to control the urge to use smartphones, (2)
distress when smartphones are inaccessible, (3) excitement derived from smartphone
use even when fatigued, and (4) restlessness when ceasing smartphone usage [11]. A
striking statistic reveals that 63% of smartphone users aged 18-29 fall asleep with their
cell phone, smartphone, or tablet in bed [12].
Sleep quality is a multifaceted concept encompassing an individual's satisfaction
with their sleep experience, considering factors such as sleep initiation, maintenance,
duration, and feeling refreshed upon awakening. According to the National Sleep
Foundation, good sleep quality in adults is defined as falling asleep within 30 minutes or
less, experiencing uninterrupted sleep throughout the night, and being able to return to
sleep within 20 minutes if awakened [13].
Sleep quality can be adversely affected by excessive smartphone use,
particularly before bedtime. Studies suggest that internet use can disrupt sleep quality,
leading to reductions in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, slow-wave sleep, and sleep
efficiency [14]. The National Sleep Foundation points to three mechanisms through
which technology devices can impact sleep:
 - Disruption of Melatonin Production: Excessive use of smartphones and tablets
in the evening emits blue light, which disrupts the natural production of melatonin, a
hormone crucial for regulating our sleep-wake cycles [15].
- Mental Alertness: Engaging with technology devices in ways that stimulate the
mind, such as reading stimulating content or engaging with social media, can trick the
brain into a state of alertness, making it difficult to relax and initiate sleep.
- Interrupted Sleep: Even without actively using technology before bedtime, the
mere presence of devices within arm's reach can disrupt sleep due to notifications, such
as text messages, emails, phone calls, or calendar reminders.
As a result, individuals who use smartphones before bedtime often experience a
decline in sleep quality. The compounding effects of these factors can have significant
repercussions on sleep patterns and overall well-being.

3.2 Impact of evening smartphone usage to emotional well-being

The influence of excessive smartphone use on emotional well-being has been a
subject of growing concern. Several studies have demonstrated that prolonged
engagement with smartphones can lead to negative consequences, affecting
individuals' emotional states and mental health. Notably, Ishii (2010) identified that
students who overuse smartphones may experience adverse effects on their academic
performance, as excessive smartphone use is often associated with shorter study
periods and an increased vulnerability to becoming victims of crimes.
Moreover, Tindell and Bohlander (2012) observed that a majority of university
students regularly use smartphones in classrooms, and some studies have revealed a
detrimental correlation between smartphone use and students' academic achievements
(e.g., Chen & Lever, 2004; Lepp, Barkle, & Karpinski, 2015). This suggests that
students may perceive smartphones primarily as sources of entertainment, leading to
habitual use. Hong et al. (2012) further identified a positive relationship between anxiety
and smartphone use, coupled with a negative association between smartphone use and
self-esteem.
Additionally, Miller (2017) and Sarhandi et al. (2017) highlighted that prolonged
exposure to electronic screens, such as those on smartphones, can significantly hinder
the ability to fall asleep. This disruption in sleep patterns, often resulting in sleep
deprivation and poor sleep quality, can lead to emotional disturbances, reduced
alertness, excessive daytime sleepiness, and impaired memory and cognitive
functioning (Giri et al., 2013). The prefrontal cortex, responsible for reasoning, is
particularly affected by sleep deprivation, contributing to the display of negative
emotions in sleep-deprived individuals. This, in turn, adversely affects the amygdala,
leading to abnormal emotion processing (Davis, 2018).
Furthermore, a lack of sufficient and quality sleep has far-reaching
consequences on various bodily systems, including the brain, heart, metabolism,
immune function, mood, and disease resistance (National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke, 2018). Smartphone addiction, characterized by excessive usage,
has been associated with physical and psychological health issues. Studies have
reported common symptoms such as headaches (51.47%) and irritability/anger
(50.79%) among excessive smartphone users (Acharya et al., 2013). Gutiérrez et al.
(2016) emphasized the detrimental impact of smartphone addiction on individuals,
leading to sleep deprivation, anxiety, stress, and depression. In Vietnam, Ly and Vo
(2018) reported that 96.2% of college students had symptoms of depression, anxiety
and stress.
In summary, the excessive use of smartphones, especially in the evening, can
have a profound impact on emotional well-being. It is linked to academic performance,
heightened anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and disrupted sleep patterns, ultimately
affecting cognitive and emotional functioning.

3.3 Connections Between Smartphone Habits, Sleep Quality, and Academic

Performance
The interplay between smartphone habits, sleep quality, and academic
performance is an area of increasing interest in research. Various studies have shed
light on the intricate relationships among these factors, highlighting the potential
consequences of excessive smartphone use on both sleep and educational
achievements.
Firstly, studies have revealed that students who excessively use smartphones
often allocate less time to their studies, resulting in potential negative repercussions for
academic performance (Ishii, 2010). Additionally, students who utilize smartphones
extensively during class hours, as noted by Tindell and Bohlander (2012), may find their
attention diverted away from lectures and academic activities, which can hinder their
learning process.
Wilmer, Sherman, and Chein (2017) reported alarming statistics, indicating that a
significant number of students spend over 10 hours per day on their smartphones, with
many even using them during class. This prolonged engagement with smartphones has
been associated with academic performance declines, with Lepp et al. (2015) finding
that students who use cell phones extensively tend to have lower GPAs compared to
their peers who use them less frequently.
Moreover, insufficient or poor sleep quality, often linked to late-night smartphone
usage, can further contribute to academic challenges. Inadequate sleep negatively
impacts memory performance, decision-making, learning, and concentration levels
among students, ultimately leading to subpar academic performance.
In conclusion, there is a complex web of connections between smartphone
habits, sleep quality, and academic performance. Excessive smartphone use can lead
to reduced study time, inattention in the classroom, disrupted sleep patterns, and
ultimately, poorer academic achievements.

4. Theoretical Framework
For this study, I will adopt a theoretical framework that combines elements from
several existing models and theories to comprehensively examine the relationship
between smartphone usage, sleep quality, and academic performance among university
students.

1. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): TAM posits that perceived ease of
use and perceived usefulness significantly influence users' acceptance and adoption of
technology. In the context of my study, I will consider how students' perceived ease of
using smartphones and their perceived usefulness in both academic and non-academic
aspects affect their smartphone usage patterns.
2. The Health Belief Model (HBM): HBM suggests that individuals' health-related
behaviors are influenced by their perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers,
and cues to action. I will apply HBM to assess students' perceptions of the health risks
associated with late-night smartphone usage and its impact on sleep quality.
3. The Self-Determination Theory (SDT): SDT emphasizes the role of intrinsic
and extrinsic motivation in shaping human behavior. I will consider the extent to which
students are intrinsically motivated to use smartphones for academic purposes and how
extrinsic factors, such as social pressure or entertainment, influence their smartphone
usage.
By integrating these frameworks, I aim to develop a comprehensive
understanding of the factors that drive smartphone usage among university students,
with a particular focus on how these factors relate to sleep quality and academic
performance.
Conceptual Framework
5. Sampling Method
The sampling method for this research will involve a stratified random sampling
technique. The target population will be undergraduate students at the National
Economics University in Hanoi, Vietnam. The sample size will be determined based on
statistical calculations to ensure a representative sample. As this is an exploratory
study, a sample size of 200 students will be selected to participate in the research.

5.1 Data Collection Procedure

- Sampling: Stratified random sampling will be used to select the sample of 200
students from different faculties and years of study at the National Economics
University.
- Questionnaire Distribution: Questionnaires will be prepared based on the
survey questions developed earlier. These questionnaires will be distributed to the
selected students during class breaks or through online platforms to gather responses.
- Informed Consent: Students will be provided with information about the
research objectives and the confidentiality of their responses. Informed consent will be
obtained from each participant.
- Data Collection: Participants will be asked to complete the questionnaires,
providing responses to the questions related to smartphone usage, sleep quality,
emotional well-being, and academic performance.
 - Data Collection Period: The data collection process is expected to take
approximately two weeks to ensure adequate participation and response rates.

5.2 Data Analysis

- Data Entry: All collected data will be entered into a computerized database for
analysis using statistical software.
- Descriptive Analysis: Descriptive statistics, including means, frequencies, and
percentages, will be used to summarize the characteristics of the sample and the main
variables of interest.
- Correlation Analysis: Correlation analysis will be conducted to examine the
relationships between smartphone usage, sleep quality, emotional well-being, and
academic performance.
- Regression Analysis: Multiple regression analysis will be used to assess the
impact of smartphone usage on sleep quality, emotional well-being, and academic
performance while controlling for potential confounding factors.

6. Workframe and plan

No Tasks Deliverables Time

1. Task 1: Research Research proposal Week 1-2
Preparation and Design
2. Task 2: Data Collection Approved questionnaires Week 3-6
and Ethical Approval
3. Task 3: Data Analysis Research findings and insights Week 7-10
and Interpretation
4. Task 4: Report Writing Final research report Week 11-14
and Final Submission

The research project is expected to be completed within a timeframe of approximately

14 weeks, from the initial literature review and research design to the final submission of
the research report.

7. Survey Questionnaires
Participant Information: Name (Optional); Age; Gender; Academic Major;
Academic Year (e.g., Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, Senior)
1 - Strongly Disagree; 2 – Disagree; 3 – Neutral; 4 - Agree; 5 - Strongly Agree

Table 1: Smartphone Usage

Question 1 2 3 4 5
I use my smartphone before going to bed after 10
p.m.
I use my smartphone in the evening after 10 p.m.
on weekdays (Monday to Friday)

Table 2: Sleep Quality

Question 1 2 3 4 5
My physical condition in Very Unhealthy Neither Health Very
the morning after sleep is Unhealthy Healthy y Healthy
Nor
Unhealthy
I frequently wake up during Very Occasionally Often Very Always
nighttime sleep Rarely or Often
Never

Table 3: Impact of Evening Smartphone Usage on Mental health

Question 1 2 3 4 5
My emotions when using a Indiffiren Bored Excited Stresse Relaxed
smartphone in the evening are t or d or and
Happy Anxious Satisfied
I believe that using a
smartphone in the evening
affects my mood
I am able to concentrate during
my lectures the following day
I feel sleepy during my lectures
I lack interest in participating in
my lectures and class activities
I regret sacrificing my
sleeping time by spending
more time on my smartphone
I easily get stressed whenever
any problem occurs
I feel anxious when I do not
have my smartphone with me
I lack confidence if I do not
have my smartphone with me
I have low self-esteem if I do not
have my smartphone with me