REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The Negative Effects

The researcher gather exclusive literature to review. It dives into the impact of
smartphone use on the sleep patterns of high school students. We'll explore what previous
research has uncovered, uncovering key findings and areas where further investigation is
needed.According to (Gupta et al. 2017) Mobile phones have become an integral part of the
lives of young adults and college students in India, affecting their usage patterns, behaviors,
and academic pursuits. Giving proof, truly that these patterns affect the behavior of the
students that may fall into procrastination and may lead to compromising their daily activities.
As of (Arumugam et al., 2020) excessive smartphone use at night affects students' well-
being, leading to difficulties in concentration, daytime sleepiness, and problems handling daily
stressors. Giving them anxiety when their phone is been seperated from them. Furthermore,
emphasizes the importance of early intervention, particularly in terms of encouraging
responsible mobile phone usage. Although the adverse effects of prolonged mobile phone use
may not manifest immediately, the research suggests that they can become apparent over
time. Therefore, according to (Vallepalli, 2017) Therefore, it is crucial for students to be
aware of the potential health implications associated with excessive mobile phone use and for
educational institutions and policymakers to consider strategies for promoting responsible and
balanced usage among the younger generation. The fast and convenient access that
smartphones provide has led them to occupy a considerable portion of our time. As of
(AlMutairi, 2020) its unregulated and excessive use of these devices may inadvertently impact
both individual and student health. As a function of a student being active on school and
other errands, claiming that being on the phone on a period of time can damage not just our
mental but also focus on our daily activities. According to (Rahman, 2021) it is imperative to
address the issues of smartphone addiction and sleep quality to enhance the academic
performance and overall well-being of the students.

Accordance to the effects of continuous usage of smart according to (Gupta, 2015)

Mobile phone dependency among students has become a subject of interest in the academic
community, prompting numerous studies to investigate its implications. Researchers have
conducted descriptive studies on this topic, often utilizing self-administered questionnaires to
collect data. These surveys are designed to gather information on students' mobile phone
usage habits, as well as the resulting impacts on their psychological health, sleep-related
behavior, and academic performance. In this review the researcher tackles the continuous
effects of long term usage of smartphones that may give a base foundation for the research.
Furthermore with the continuous usage, according to (Pjaee, 2021) smartphones have
become an integral part of students' lives due to their advanced features and applications.
Students use smartphones for both educational and recreational purposes. Previous research
indicates that students employ smartphones for various reasons, including entertainment,
learning, and social interaction. This literature review seeks to explore smartphone usage
among students and specifically examines the adverse effects of smartphones on students,
with a focus on social aspects and educational psychology. In addition in social aspects
according to (UOTP, 2023) Cell phones have reshaped communication in both good and bad
ways. The ability to connect from anywhere to anyone around the globe has its upsides.
However, because a cell phone is a tool, it depends on how we as humans use them to
determine if they are ultimately serving us or hurting us.

Psychological Effects

In this review focuses on the psychological effects of us continuous usage of

smartphones. The researcher gather up some literature's that may surface and solidify
theories that the researcher establishes. Definitely, when we say smartphone usage it may
fall to psychological effects according to (Therapy Brands, 2023) Phone addiction frequently
results in a phenomenon known as "digital detox anxiety." This anxiety is characterized by
physical symptoms like sweating, shaking, and heart palpitations when individuals are
separated from their phones for an extended duration. Additionally, this anxiety can arise
when someone doesn't promptly receive a text or email or misses a social media post or
notification. It is like a overthinking per se style of anxiety. As for (Nebraska Medecine, 2022)
Signs that it might be time for a digital detox include stress when separated from one's
phone, compulsive checking, and negative emotional responses after using social media.
Furthermore, seeking professional help is encouraged if disconnecting from technology or
reconnecting with people becomes challenging or if digital influences are negatively impacting
mental health.

Sleep Deprivation

In this review the research gather up some literature to tackle the effects of
continuous effects of long term usage of smart phones, accordingly sleep is the most import
and essential activity for us to have focus for a corresponding activities, but for us in this
generation we most like sacrifice our sleep for just watching entertainment but sometimes
using our sleeping hours to review. According to (LaMotte, 2021) That falls in line with prior
studies that have found overuse of smartphones at night to be associated with trouble falling
asleep, reduced sleep duration and daytime tiredness. That’s likely because use of
smartphones close to bedtime has been shown to delay circadian rhythm, the body’s normal
sleep-and-wake clock. Giving the reliance that people rather than to still awake than to spend
time sleeping. Furthermore, information according to (Bin, 2021) smartphones have become
indispensable tools, with their usage set to increase further, particularly among teenagers.
Adolescents, already coping with significant academic pressures, are at risk of developing
excessive smartphone dependency, potentially undermining the development of their core
values. As this group warrants special attention, mobile phone dependence has emerged as a
notable social concern. In addition, according to (Sanjeev al., 2022) Emerging research has
indicated that excessive mobile phone use can lead to disrupted sleep patterns. For example,
in a study conducted in Turkey, mobile phone usage was associated with higher rates of
headaches, daytime sleepiness, and poor sleep quality. Similarly, a study involving Japanese
adolescents revealed that using mobile phones after bedtime led to shorter sleep duration,
poorer sleep quality, insomnia, and increased daytime sleepiness. Accordingly that people
should restrict themselves and immediately put using not as a habit but a leisure thing
according to (He al., 2020) Restricting mobile phone use before bedtime for four weeks was
effective in reducing sleep latency, increasing sleep duration, improving sleep quality,
reducing pre-sleep arousal, and improving positive affect and working memory. Giving us
proof that smartphone usage is culprit why some of the students are coming in tired into
school. Giving proof by (Preety et al., 2018) indicated that many teenagers use technology
within an hour before attempting to sleep or use cell phones in bed, significantly disrupting
their ability to fall asleep and maintain restful sleep throughout the night. This disruptive cell
phone use before bedtime has been linked to negative outcomes, including daytime fatigue,
restlessness, and lethargy, which directly affect academic performance and mental health.

Conclusion

The extensive literature reviewed in this study highlights the multifaceted impact of
smartphone usage on high school students, encompassing various aspects, including
psychological well-being and sleep patterns. Smartphone dependency among students has
become a subject of significant concern, with studies emphasizing the potential adverse
effects on their behaviors, academic performance, and overall mental health.

Specifically, excessive smartphone usage, especially late at night, has been associated with
disruptions in sleep patterns, leading to issues like insomnia, daytime fatigue, and difficulties
in maintaining mental focus and daily activities. The negative consequences of such
continuous smartphone use are further compounded by the psychological effects, with
symptoms like digital detox anxiety becoming prevalent when individuals are separated from
their phones or experience delays in receiving messages and notifications.
Overall, the research underscores the necessity for promoting responsible and balanced
smartphone usage among high school students. Educational institutions and policymakers
should consider strategies for enhancing awareness of the potential health implications
associated with excessive mobile phone use. Moreover, fostering good sleep habits and
reducing mobile phone dependency is vital for the academic performance and well-being of
students.