CHAPTER : 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

The literature of review is like a survey of journals,

articles, scholarly books and other sources of research. A literature
review provides the theoretical concept for the research of specific
topics and help to determine the objectives and nature of the
journals, articles, scholarly books and other sources of research. The
review related studies help researchers to know how much effective
work has already been done in the concerned area. there are many
books, journals, periodicals, magazines and websites has variety of
the effect of mobile phone addiction on sleep quality in adolescents.

MEANING:

MOBILE PHONE:

A mobile phone , cellular phone, cell phone, hand phone

or pocket phone sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell, or just
phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a
radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone
service area. The radio frequency link while the user is moving within
a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a
connection to the switching systems of mobile phone operator, in
addiction to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of
other services , such as text messaging, mms, email, internet access.
Mobile phone offering only those capabilities are known as feature
phones; mobile phone which offer greatly advanced computing
capabilities are referred to as smart phones.

ADOLESCENTS:

Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological

development that generally occurs during the period from puperty to
adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years
but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin
earlier and end later. age provides only a rough marker of
adolescence, and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition.
traditionally, it includes ages 10to19, but an expansive definition
includes ages 10to24 to account for a more comprehensive
understanding of this phase of life.

A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on

information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology,
history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these
perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between
childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation
of children for adult roles.

SMARTPHONE ADDICTION:

While a smart phone, tablet, or computer can be a hugely

productive tool, compulsive use of these devices can interfere with
work, school, and relationships. When you send more time on social
media or playing games than you do interacting with real people, or
you can’t stop yourself from repeatedly checking texts, emails, or
apps- even when it has negative consequences in your life-it may be
time to reassess your technology use.

Cell phone addictions, sometimes referred to as problematic

that of an internet, gambling, shopping, or video game addiction and
leads to severe impairment or distress in one’s life.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

CHA AND SEO, [2018] aimed to examine the predictive factors of

smart phone addiction in middle school students in south korea. Two
groups were chosen, one risk group and another normal group. The
two groups expressed significantly different results. The predictive
factors for smart phone addiction were social networking and
awareness of game over use. a researcher revealed that teenagers
who spend more hours on their gadgets are highly likely more at risk
of suicide.

Negi and godiyal [2016] Observed HNBUG-SRT college students

while walking around the campus, along with a questionnaire and
found 64% of students used mobile phones in the campus. A
randomized sample of 100 students was collected. The survey showed
that there were negative psychological effects of smart phone usage
on the young generation. They felt depressed and anxious while using
cell phones. On the other hand, some youngsters showed relax
behavior even without having a cell phone. a study investigated the
addiction to the internet and personality traits and found that loyalty,
emotional stability, and extroversion were the major predictors of
internet addiction.
S Thomee A Harenstam[2011] purposed that high frequency of cell
phone use had a risk of mental health outcomes when they had a 1-
year followed-up for young students aged 20-24. They concluded that
high cell phone usage was associated with sleep deprivation and
symptoms of depression for both men and women. The overall aim of
this study was to investigate whether there are associations between
psychosocial aspects of mobile phone use and mental health
symptoms in prospective cohort of young adults.

C Augner,GW Hacker[2012]
This study aims to address possible associations between
excessive or dysfunctional use of mobile phones and certain
psychological variables. methods of this study focuses on problematic
mobile phones use (PU)in 196 young adults. A survey was arranged to
measure PU, daily mobile phone use in minutes, use of short
messages service(SMS) and also included psychological and health
variables (eg, chronic stress, depression) .results statistic analysis
indicates that chronic stress, low emotional stability, female gender,
young age, depression, and extraversion are associated with PU.

S Arefin, R Islam,[2017]
Smart phone usage become popular to young generation
because of its educational and entertaining options by using the
numerous apps. Among the young people, students are increasingly
using smart phones. But excessive smart phone usage usually makes
the students addicted to the subconsciously impacts on user’s
academic performance ,daily activities, physical and mental health
and withdrawal tendency, and social relationships. This study aims at
identifying the factors that affect the level of smartphones addiction
of the students and its impact on their academic performance. A
structured questionnaire has been developed to gather data from the
students .A total of 247 questionnaire were collected from the
business students of a university of Bangladesh. Using structural
equation modeling (SEM) the data were analyzed. results revealed
five smart phone addiction factors such as , positive anticipation,
impatience and tolerance, withdrawal, daily-life disturbance, and
cyber friendship. This study suggests that the students should
minimize the usage of smart phone for achieving good academic
performance.

Krithika M [2013] in his article titled, the mobile phone usage

among teens and young adults of impact of invading technology,
elaborated that this exceptional examination of a present day
phenomenon, young people group pre occupation with their cell
phones. This ponder encouraged the examination of a developing
example of mobile phone utilization. wireless use is so unequivocally
incorporated in to youthful people groups conduct that
manifestations of social addictions, such as PDA use intruding on their
everyday activities. Despite of the constructive advantages like
utilizing mobile phone to associate call family companions etc. this
distinguishes the qualities of those adolescents and youthful grown-
up in danger of building up an over contribution with their PDAs.

A Schoeni, K Roser,M Roosli [2015] many adolescents tend to

leave their mobile phones turned on during night, accepting that they
may be awakened by an incoming text message or call. Using self-
reported and objectives operator recorded mobile phone use data ,
we thus aimed to analyze how being awakened during night by
mobile phone affects. In this cross-sectional study 439 adolescents
completed questionnaires about their mobile phone use during the
night, health related quality of life and possible confounding factors.
standardized computerized cognitive tests were performed to assess
memory and concentration capacity. Objective operator recorded
mobile phone use data was further collected for 233 study
participants. Overall, being awakened during night by mobile phone
was associated with an increase in health symptoms reports such as
tiredness, rapid exhaustibility, head ache and physical ill-being, but
not with memory and concentration capacity. prevention strategies
should focus on helping adolescents set limits for their accessibility by
mobile phone, especially during night.

Dixit S and Shukla H [2010] In their article titled, evaluate mobile

phone dependence among students of a medical college and
associated hospital of central India reflected that the consequences of
the investigation are suggestive of cell phone reliance among
understudies of M.G.M. Restorative college, Indore. The information
is characteristic of nomophobia to be a rising issue of the cutting
edge period. Multicentre examines are required to evaluate the
genuine issue and in the manner find away to handle the developing
issue.

Seong-Soo Cha,Bo-Kyung Seo[2018] this study aimed to a

examine smart phone use patterns, smart phone addiction
characteristic, and the predictive factors of the smart phone addiction
in middle school students in south korea. According to the smart
phone addiction proneness scale scores, 563(30.9%) were classified as
a risk group for smart phone addiction and 1261(69.1%) were
identified as a normal user group. The adolescents used mobile
messengers for the longest, followed by internet surfing, gaming , and
social networking service use .the two groups showed significant
differences in smart phone use duration, awareness of game overuse,
and purposes of playing games. The predictive factors of smart phone
addiction were daily smart phone addiction were daily smart phone
and social networking service use duration, and awareness of game
overuse.

Shono, and kitamura [2011] conducted the study on internet and

mobile phone text messaging dependency in which 92 men and 54
women participated, ages ranged between 22 to 59 years. The study
suggested that psychological dependency on internets and mobile
phone text messaging in japan was not limited to students but also
affects adults. The study showed that 34% of men and 25% of women
showed mild internet addiction and 6.1% of men and 1.8% of showed
pathological use of internets .the study found no gender difference in
internet use and mobile phone text messaging. the depression was
associated with both internet dependency and mobile phone text
messaging dependency where’s anxiety was associated negatively
with text message dependency.

CONCLUSION:
The analysis of related reviews helps the researcher to identify
the problem to taken up to the present study. based on the problems
identified the researchers formulated the methodology for the
present study.