CHAPTER 2

This chapter present a review a Literature and Studies both Local and Foreign which are
relevant to the present study

FOREIGN LITERATURE

A mobile phone is a phone that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while
moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a
mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. In addition, modern phones
also support wide range variety of other services such as text messaging, MMS, email, internet access,
short range wireless communications (Infrared, Bluetooth, business applications, gaming and
photography.)

The purpose of this study was to determine if cell phones can be used as learning tools by
accessing the internet, using them as a calculator, and searching the dictionary in order to positively
affect classroom grades. Relevant literature from various sources of information were used to provide
insight as to why using electronic discusses both negative and positive attributes of using electronic
devices, such as cell phones as an instruction. Dietz and Hen rich (2014) found that since the increase
of technology in the classroom (e.g., use of cell phones), there has been an increased report of a
decline in overall grades and decrease in seatwork. Using cell phones in the classroom has been
connected with lower recall and a decrease in student satisfaction with instruction. Comprehension has
also lessened when students use electronic devices for non-education purposes.

Chandler-olcott and Mahar (2003) believe classrooms that integrate technology with every
social learning environment will gain potential to promote more academically related interest within the
school.

Javaid et al (2011) conducted a study on University students and use this splendid mobile
technology in a better way by sharing helpful information with their class fellows and teachers.

ALBANY, N.Y. (2016), is the mobile phone a learning tool or a distraction for K though
12student? A new study from the university at Albany reveals a complex answer regarding mobile
phone school policies in China: Chinese teachers and parents are rooted in their belief that phones are
learning disruption, while students see them as support for their school-related work. Adults and
children do agree, however, that mobile devices should be banned during classes and exams.
FOREIGN STUDIES

Along with their books and school supplies, most high school and college students -- and
many younger students -- make their daily trip to school with their trusty smartphone. Mobile phones
connect students to one another, to educational resources, and to a potential host of distractions. The
presence of cell phones presents both opportunities and challenges for today's students. Mobile
phones can be a helpful academic tool, or a hurtful academic disruption depending upon the attitude
and use pattern of the students and the policies of the schools they attend.

According to Burns and Lohenry (2010), the students equipped with the cell phones enter
college classrooms daily. Realizing the impact of technology on fellow learners and faculty represents
an area of concern. A pilot study was conducted to determine student and faculty perception regarding
cellular phone use in the classroom. A quantitative descriptive study examined the perception of faculty
and students' use of cell phones during class time. A convenience sample was comprised of graduate
students and faculty in health sciences and on campuses in Arizona and Illinois. Results revealed that
the majority of students indicated that they refrained from cell phone use during class time while all
faculties indicated that they refrained from using the cell phone during class time. Students indicated
that they used the text message feature and checked cell phone messages. Both students and faculty
cell phones rang during class time. Cell phones were identified by both groups as a source of
distraction during class time. Cell phone etiquette along with policies regarding cell phone use in the
classroom offer suggested methods for alleviating the distraction that cell phones currently offer.
Improving awareness regarding cell phone distractions may offer value for healthcare providers
bridging professional behaviour of the academia to the healthcare arena.

Beatty (2004) noted that “by providing frequent feedback about students on going learning
and confusions, it can help an instructor dynamically adjust her teaching to students improve
attentiveness and increase knowledge retention.

Kieta and Jostens’s (2007) echo these findings “53 present of the student respondents
agreed or strongly agreed with the claim clickers have been beneficial to

Their learning,” but smart devices allow for so much more. I can poll student anonymously,
give instant results, confirm audience understanding and provide feedback, and gather data for
reporting.

With smart phones(mobile phones with built-in internet connectivity) expected to number
651 million by 2019 in India according to networking technology giant Cisco, nomophobia (no-mobile-
phone-phobia, coined in 2010 by the UK Post Office), may be just one of the many problems that the
new generation of ‘digital natives’ will face over the long term.
 A 2011 Unite report estimated India’s population of adolescents to be around 243 million.
A huge chunk of this demographic is also the likely target of internet service providers, as the average
age of the web surfer gets younger every year. With landline phones all but phased out worldwide, it is
no surprise to see toddlers and pre-schoolers being allowed to use (and usually master) their parents’
electronic devices. Despite the uneven spread of broadband internet in India, the love for smartphones
and other hand-held electronic devices has exploded across nearly every sphere of life, and overturned
ultimately, the way we behave. This passion has turned to addiction, and needs concrete intervention,
say experts.

Excessive use of mobile phones causes students to fare poorly in elementary, junior high
and high school, not only because it makes them lose their concentration due to a lack of sleep, but
also because it apparently compromises what they have studied, researchers say. Students who spend
several hours each day staring into mobile phones or smartphones tend to change their sleeping habits
and stay up late to use the devices, education ministry research published Thursday showed. The
research was conducted last November with 23,139 participants from the fifth grade of primary school
up to the third year of high school, at 771 public schools nationwide. It showed, for instance, that 53.5
percent of junior high student, who said they use a mobile phone for more than four hours a day to talk,
send email or surf the Net, habitually do not get to sleep until after midnight. That ratio was much lower,
at 14.9 percent, for those who don’t use mobile phones at all. The research also found that overusing
mobile phones affects the quality of students’ sleep.

Asked if they find it hard to get up in the morning, 78.1 percent of junior high respondents
who often watch or use electronic devices, including TVs, game consoles, mobile phones and
computers, immediately before bedtime said they sometimes or frequently do have trouble the next
morning. That compared with 60.9 percent among those who don’t use gadgets at all.

This lack of sleep also affects school performance, said Junichi Sato, an education board
official who led the project, which was jointly carried out by the city of Sendai and Tohoku University.
The research, published in March, looked into the correlation between studying enthusiasm and
smartphone usage. It found that using a mobile phone for an extended time even affects students who
habitually study a lot. That implies a lack of sleep or reduced study time as a result of mobile phone
usage is not the only way these devices affect performance at school. The study revealed that students
who spent over two hours every day both studying and using messaging apps, especially the popular
Line, scored worse on a math exam than those who spent less than 30 minutes a day but didn’t use a
smartphone at all.

“When people talk about children using smartphones in a negative sense, their main
concern seems to be about their criminal use, but this study calls the attention of parents and students
to the risk that excessive use of smartphones can compromise students’ effort to study,” Sato said.
Sato advises the use of smartphones and other mobile devices be limited to just an hour a day.
LOCAL LITERATURE

Jhasper Managyo (2017) stated that, Filipinos are using their mobile phones not only to
communicate but also as mobile computers as well, according to a recent market study issued. TNS, a
global customized research company, said in its report that Filipino consumers are not must using cell
phones to call and texting messages and photos, but also as a means to have internet on-the-go,
allowing users to be always online. Of the 38,000 respondents in Metro Manila, 75 percent of the
respondents surveyed used mobile phones to take photos or videos; 45 percent to browse the internet;
44 percent to access their social networking sites and 37 percent to check their emails. The study was
conducted from November 2012 to January 2013

. “Based on the findings of the study, the increase in various mobile activities & plain the
growing trend of Wi-Fi accessibility in public areas”, said TNS Philippines Managing Director Gary de
Ocampo.

The Kaiser family foundation (2005) named today’s youth the m-generation because of the
adolescents’ ability to multitask. Student can use a variety of media devices at one time, such as talking
on the cell phone, text messaging, and typing an essay all at the same time.

LOCAL STUDIES

The mobile phone has fundamentally affected our society, accessibility, safety, security,
and coordination of social and business activities. It has become part of the culture of every region in
the world. The uses of mobile phones are numerous and this includes keeping contact with friends.
According to a new study released by Nielsen Philippines, Filipino users spend an average of 174
minutes each day online—nearly three hours—through their smartphones.

At the same time, the international media and consumer research firm revealed that three
out of four Filipinos who own smartphones now use them as their main access point to the Internet,
pointing to the growing influence that these mobile devices have over online activities previously
reserved for desktop and laptop computers. In its Evolving Digital Consumer report, Nielsen said that
Filipino smartphone users’ digital lives revolved mainly around entertainment, which takes up an
average of 78 minutes per day among local users.

The Nielsen study showed that the use of smartphone apps (tech shorthand for
‘applications’ or task-specific programs) took up an average of 56 minutes a day, while communications
tasks on the smartphone consumed an average of 40 minutes a day. “The media landscape is
transforming exponentially with more consumers getting savvy and sophisticated with how they access
content,” Nielsen Philippines executive director Carlo Santos said in a statement.As such, companies
seeking to do business with consumers were urged to recognize this growing trend.

“As we have more consumers connecting to the Internet with more frequency, with longer
duration, and through various portable devices, marketers have to consider how to tap into this
opportunity to engage with the evolving consumer,” he said. Because Filipino users were partial toward
entertainment-oriented activities on their smartphones, Nielsen said that the Google Play Store—an
online marketplace from where various apps are sourced—had the largest overall reach of 90 percent
among local users.

Effective engagement entails more than awareness of the brand,” Santos said. “Brands
must thoroughly think about their digital strategies. Smartphone owners are a captive audience,
spending an average of 174 minutes a day on their smartphones which makes smartphones a good
channel to reach consumers. However, for consumers to pay attention to the ad, it has to be different
from what they usually see.”

Taking out of the equation the time spent sleeping, that figure rises to almost one-fifth of an average
Filipino’s waking hours used staring at an Internet-connected mobile device.