crisis

Prepared by
 Asmaa Mohamed
 Alaa Mahmoud
 Ahmed Shabain
 Mariam Nabil
 Mohamed Azzam
Supervised by
Prof.Dr. Neama
Master Degree
1st semester
2020
 Outlines:-
1. Introdution of crisis.
2. Defintion of crisis.
3. Signs and syptoms of crisis.
4. Types of crisis.
5. Characteristics of crisis.
6. Phases of crisis.
7. Crisis intervention.
8. Principles of crisis intervention.
9. Goals of crisis intervention.
10. Characteristics of crisis intervention.
11. Process of crisis intervention.
12. Risk factore of crisis intervention.
13. Persons can provides crisis intervention.
14. Aproaches of crisis intervention.
Introduction:-
Crisis is a period of transition in the life of the
individual .family or group presenting individuals with a
turning point in their lives .which may be seen as a
challenge or threat a "make or break" possibility or risk
again or a loss or both simultaneously .crisis as a common
part of life in any society they may be social
/psychological/physical or biological in nature. Crisis can
be actually be a positive learning experience for a person
if effective coping or ineffective coping occurs the out-
come is adaptation or mal adaptation and the crisis
situation .
Definition:-
Crisis Define as any situation in which the individual
perceives a sudden loss in their ability to problem solve
and to cope mechanisms Ex (natural disaster /mental
illness/criminal victimization and so on). (Lillibridge and
.klukken 2001)
Another Definition
“ahighly emotional temporary state in which an
individual’s feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion or pain
impair his/her ability to act”
-:Another Definition
Is a perception or experience of an event or situation as
an intolerable difficulty that exceed the person current
.resources and coping mechanism

-:Signs&symptoms of crisis
physical response as :( increase heart rate /tremors/ -1
dizziness/ weakness/ chills/ headaches/ fainting/ sweating /
.nausea / upset stomach……)
Emotional response as: -2
(irritability/anxiety/panic/anger/fear/guilt/depression
./sadness/feeling isolation and denial)
Mental response as: (slowed thinking /disorientation -3
/blaming/poor judgment /difficult making decision feeling
.isolation /memory problem)
Behavioural responses as: (crying spell/ extreme hyper -4
activity/with drawl/increase or decrease in alcohol drug or
alcohol use/change in hygiene and/ or self- care/change in
social pattern and/or communication (Greenstone and
.Leviton, 2002)
Types of crisis:
1- Situational crisis
2-Maturational crisis
3- Adventitious crisis (social crisis).
1-Situational Crisis:
-Situational crisis is a response to a traumatic event that
usually is sudden & unavoidable.
-Incidents that affects an individual or family regardless of
age, socioeconomic status.
-Situational crisis can be personal or public (school
violence).
*Examples:- rape, divorce, death of loved person.

2- Maturational Crisis
-Is an experience such as puberty, adolescence, young
adulthood, aging process in which one’s lifestyle is
continually subject to change?
-These are normal processes of growth & development
*Example:-
-Retirement in which a person faces the loss of a peer
group.
3- Adventitious Crisis
Are accidental , un common &un anticipated , that
occurs outside the individual . It is not a part of everyday
life .
E.g. Natural disasters.
A natural disaster is the consequence of a natural
hazard (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, and landslide)
which moves from potential into an active phase, and as a
result affects human activities. Human vulnerability,
exacerbated by the lack of planning or lack of appropriate
emergency management, leads to financial, structural, and
human losses. The resulting loss depends on the capacity
of the population to support or resist the disaster, their
resilience.[7] This understanding is concentrated in the
formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet
vulnerability".[8] A natural hazard will hence never result in
a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong
earthquakes .Jackson-Cherry & Erford, B.T. (2010).

Characteristics of Crisis:-
1-Every crisis is complicated
2-The disequilibrium of crisis provides impetus for change
(+/-).
3-Brief therapy can help – but it treats the symptoms, not
the cause.
4-Choice is essential.
5-Crisis is “universal” because no one is immune.
6-Crisis is time limited (6-8 weeks).
7-period of heightened psychological accessibility.
8-usually stimulated by an outside precipitator.
9-Are normal reactions to emotionally hazardous situations
10-Individual’s appraisal/perception determines the
occurrence and seriousness of the crisis.
11-The more seriously threatening the appraisal, the
greater the likelihood for primitive coping behaviors.
12-persons in crisis tend to “pull away” from contact.
13-persons in crisis tend to lose all concept of time.
Crisis Intervention Strategies, Gilliland & James (2012).

PHASES OF CRISIS
1- Precipitating Event:-
-State
of equilibrium or well-being (in which person able to
cope with every day stress)
-An unusual/unanticipated /stressful or traumatic
precipitating event occur cause an initial rise in anxiety.
The individual and family respond with familiar problem-
solving mechanism.
2-Preception (May last a few hours of few days):-
-When stressful event impact phase occur.
-High level of stress, inability to reason logically. Inability
to apply problem- solving behavior. Inability to function
socially, Helplessness, anxiety, Confusion, possible panic.
-The individual or family perceives the event or accusation
as meaningful and as threat to individual or family
goals/security or ties of affection. For instance a family
may perceive a complaint of abuse or neglect as a threat to
family integrity and inter personal security.

3- Dis organized Response (May last a brief or

prolonged period of time):-
-Unfamiliar feelings of vulnerability and helplessness
escalate as behaviors /skills or resources used in the past to
solve problems fail.
-Inability to cope results in attempts to redefine the
problem, avoids the problems, or withdraws from reality.
-Ineffective, disorganized behavior interferes with daily
living.
-Denial of problem
-Rationalization about cause of the situation.
-Projection of feelings of inadequacy onto others
4- Resolution Crisis (an adaptation & change
Continues):-
• Acknowledge reality of the situation.
• Attempt to use problem solving approach by trial &
error
• Tension and anxiety resurface as reality is faced.
• Feelings of depression, self- hate, and low self-esteem
may occur.
• The persons perceives the crisis situation in a positive
way (control their emotions, handle the situation, and
work toward solution).
• Successful problem-solving occurs.
 • Anxiety lessens, self –esteem raised and social role is
resumed
5 - Post crisis:-
-May be higher level of maturity and an adaption due to
acquisition of new positive coping skills.
OR

-If the person able to resume the normal daily activities

-Person who copes ineffectively may express (Depression,
or abuse alcohol - drugs – food). Symptoms of neurosis
psychosis.
EX:-
Mrs./samah is 30 years old, she is house wife & have 2
children, her husband was exposed to Motor car
accident,& admitted to hospital the doctor told her that he
is died, when she hear the doctor she have a panic
attack ,& fainting , after that she tried to stop her life , the
previous signs last for 5 days then she became isolated,
and told her sons your father will came in the evening so
you should finish your work to play with him, she became
disorganized in her grooming, and neglect her sons , this
signs last for 2 Months then she tried to contact with others
but she still isolated then she worked in a nursery and
became help her sons in studying. Jump up ^ Flannery,
R.B., &Everly, G.S. (2010).
6-Crisis as Opportunity & Dangers:-
This phase represents a turning point when the tension
and struggle evolve into mobilization of new resources or
ways of adapting .this will occur when a family with a
.history of substance abuse attends
A-Crisis as Opportunity
1-Acrisis is a Time limited for few days to few weeks
because person cannot tolerate level of extreme tension &
psychological disequilibrium.
2- Person experiencing help through skills & knowledge.
3- Person become productive & acquires adaptive coping.
B-Crisis as danger:
1- A crisis is danger when occur lower level of coping
function.
2-Person can develop.
a- In ability to recognized reality.
b- Poor interpersonal, occupational functioning.
c-Emotional in stability.
D-Personality disorder.
7-Mobilization of new Resources or adaptation:-
-Thisphase represents a turning point when the tension and
struggle evolve into mobilization of new resources or ways
of adapting .this will occur when a family with a history of
substance abuse attends.
-Since there is the possibility that a UN resolved crisis may
lead to further mal -adaptive behavior as more vicious
fighting or a heavier reliance on substance abuse.
-This phase it is the job of crisis workers to help family
seek and implement acceptable crisis- resolution strategies.
Crisis Intervention
Definition OF Crisis Intervention:-
Crisis Intervention is emergency psychological care
aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation to restore
equilibrium to their bio psychosocial functioning and to
minimize the potential for psychological trauma.
Another Definition:-
Is a short- term therapeutic process that focuses on
resolution of immediate crises or emergency through the
use of available professional personnel, family, and
environmental resources. Jackson-Cherry, L.R.,
&Erford, B.T(2010)?
Goal of crisis intervention:-
relieve the acute symptoms of family stress-1
restore the family and family members to -2
.optimal pre-crisis levels of functioning
identify and understand the relevant -3
.precipitating events
identify remedial measures that the family can -4
take or that community resources can provide to
.remedy the crisis situation
establish a connection between the family’s -5
.current stressful situation and past experiences
initiate the family’s development of new ways -6
of perceiving, thinking, and feeling, and
.adaptive coping responses for future use

Legal & ethical issues in crises intervention:-

1-The ethical principle of beneficence "to do good” refer
to the calculation of potential
Risks and benefits of giving or withholding treatment.
2- Establishing good communication with clients and
families and acting professional responsible manner will
minimize potential liability risks.
Who provides Crisis intervention:-
*Psychiatrists
*Psychologist
*Counsellors
*fire fighters
*Emergency medical staff
*rescue staff
*police officer
*doctors
*Nurses and Hospital worker
*Communication personnel
Characteristics of crisis intervention:-
a) Promptness of Intervention.
CAPLAN(1964) pointed out the heightened
susceptibility of a person to intervention during a crisis
period.
-This has been one of the reasons for the emphasis on the
immediate
access to the person in a crisis. As RAPOPORT(1967).
-Help rationally directed and purposively focused at a
strategic time is more effective than
more extensive help given at a time of less emotional
accessibility. It is therefore important to take advantadge
of theperson's readiness to work (FRANCE,1982). The
availability of crisis
intervention within 24 hours of the client's initial contact
has been regarded as optimal
(EWING,1978).
b) Present Centeredness.
Crisis intervention is focused on the client's present
problems, particularly those that precipitated his request
for help (EWING, 1978).
-It is important to mantain this narrow focus in order to
utilize the treatment more effectively.
BUTCHER& KOSS (1978) .
- consider that the achievement and maintenance of focus
is one of the most important technical aspects of crisis
intervention. While past conflicts and personality factors
influence how the stress manifests itself, it
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CRISIS INTERVENTION
is important to emphasize the present symptoms and
problems in the attempt to master the current crisis.
(LANGSLEY& KAPLAN,1968).

c) Time Limits.
- It is important to set time limits on the treatment
(EWINg.1974).
- As a Result of the time constraints, the treatment goals
are limite. PATTERSON&O'SULLIVAN(1974)
-Have stated that the goals of most crisis intervention
programs can be achieved in 3-12 session.
- The client's awareness of it enhances and maintains the
client's motivation and speeds up
the change process.
d) Preventive Emphasis
-Crisis intervention seeks not only to resolve the present
crisis and to relieve the symptoms, but also help the clients
develop new problem-solving procedures and more
adaptive mechanisms for coping with future problems and
crisis (EWING,1978).
- Some times crisis intervention may serve as a stepping
stone to other therapeutic services, preparing the client for
further treatment.
e) Reality Orientation.
BUTCHER&MAUDAL(1976) consider that sometimes
it is helpful to confront the client with the unrealistic or
maladaptive nature of his beliefs or behaviors and to point
out the possible negative consequences of the perseverance
of current patterns.
g) Therapist Role
. The time limitation of crisis intervention forces
the crisis therapist to be much more active and directive
than he would be in «traditional» psychotherapy.
BUTCHER&MAUDAL(1976) .
-The therapist must be able to actively explore areas of
interest and to
direct the conversation toward those topics that might help
in the resolution of the crisis. BUTCHER& KOSS (1978).
-Have stressed the importance of the therapist's flexibility,
ability to use various therapeutic techniques and adapt his
interventions to meet the patient's needs.
As LANGSLEY &KAPLAN(1968) have pointed out,
whatever works is useful.
h) Therapeutic Relationship.
Developing a working relationship quickly becomes a
critica1 aspect of the intervention due to the time
QUADERNSDE PSICOLOGIA
limitation of the treatment. Therefore positive transference
is essential in crisis intervention.. The client should have at
least a somewhat hopeful expectation that the therapist
may be able to help him .(BELLAK&Jump up ^
Flannery, R.B., &Everly, G.S. (2000).
Phases of crisis intervention:-
-Aguilera (1994)identified four phases of crises
intervention:-
1.Assessment
2.Planning
3.Intervention
4.Evaluation
1.Assessment :-
The assessment stage of crisis intervention entails:-
1-identifying the precipitating factor "what happened".
2-Determining the client subjective reactions to the
precipitating factors "how did you respond"
3-Defining the context of the crisis situation including
the hazardous event "can you remember what started this"
4-Assess the client present state "what is happening
now".
5-Precisely defining in conjunction with the client
/current problem .
Assessment of the client may or may not include:
-obtaining a recent medical and psychiatric history .
-assessing the client current mental status.
-assessing the client potential for suicide.
-the therapist and client reach an explicit agreement
regarding the goal of the intervention.
2. Planning
-Assist in the development of new coping and problem
solving skills as -needed.
-Explored solution for this problem.
-Steps for achieving this solution are identified.
-Expected outcome are identified.
-Assist in identification of available support systems.
-Provide guidance about how to develop and maintain
support system.
3. Intervention
-It
is goal directed and focuses on the implementation of
measures to solve the specific problem.
-Introduce patient to persons or groups who have
successfully undergone the same experience.
-Assist in identification of alternatives.
-Take initial steps to make client feel safe and lower
anxiety. Safety intervenes to prevent violence angry.
-Listen attentively and encourage client to discuss crisis
situation.
-Facilitate verbalization of thoughts and feelings.
4.Evaluation
It involves the examination of behavioral outcomes and
the intervention toward achieving them. For example:
1.Client returns to work and resumes a usual family role
after situational crisis of heart attach
2.Having learned about healthful practices(i.e., routine
checkups, regular exercise, and low cholesterol diet.
Jump up to: a b Jackson-Cherry, L.R., &Erford, B.T.
(2010).

Crisis management life style

prepare

mitigate respond

recover
References

1. Charles P. Kindleberger and Robert Aliber

(2011), Manias, Panics, and Crashes: A History
of Financial Crises, 5th ed. Wiley, ISBN 0-471-
46714-6.
2. Jump up^ Luc Laeven and Fabian Valencia
(2012), 'Systemic banking crises: a new
database'. International Monetary Fund Working
Paper 08/224.
3. Jump up^ Fratianni, M. and Marchionne, F.
2011 The Role of Banks in the Subprime
Financial Crisisavailable on SSRN: "Archived
copy". Archived from the original on 11 May
2009. Retrieved 2009-05-05.