Unit 3-Notes - FAT 2

Title
Unit 3 : MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF

TRANSMISSION LINES
By
Dr.S.Kumaravel , Associate Professor/EEE
Unit 3 Syllabus
Click to edit Master title style
• Classification of lines- Performance of Transmission lines – short
line, medium line and long line – ABCD constants - equivalent
circuits, phasor diagram – real and reactive power flow in lines –
Power Circle diagrams – Ferranti effect- shunt and series
compensation- surge-impedance loading, loadability limits based on
thermal loading – Formation of Corona – Critical Voltages – Effect on
line Performance.
10/8/2023 2
Objective
Click to edit Master title style
• Predict the performance of Transmission lines.
10/8/2023 3
Introduction
• Analyze the performance of single phase and
balanced three-phase transmission lines under
normal steady-state operating conditions.
• Expression of voltage and current at any point
along the line are developed, where the nature
of the series impedance and shunt admittance
is taken into account.
• The performance of transmission line is
measured based on the voltage regulation and
line loadability.
2
Transmission Line Representation
Is IR
+ +
Vs ABCD VR
- -
• A line is treated as two-port network for which

the ABCD parameters and an equivalent π circuit
are derived.
3
• To facilitate the performance calculations
relating to a transmission line, the line is
approximated as a series–parallel
interconnection of the relevant parameters.
• Consider a transmission line to have:
– A sending end and a receiving end;
– A series resistance and inductance; and
– A shunt capacitance and conductance
4
• The relation between sending–end and
receiving–end quantities of the two–port
network can be written as:
VS = AVR + BI R
I S = CVR + DI R
VS   A B  VR 
 I  = C D   I 
 S   R 
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➢ The transmission network also will have some power loss and
voltage drop during transmitting power from sending end to
receiving end.
Hence, performance of transmission line can be determined by
its efficiency and voltage regulation.
Power sent from sending end – line losses =

power delivered at receiving end
8
Voltage regulation
Voltage regulation of transmission line is measure of change of

receiving end voltage from no-load to full load condition.
9
• Every transmission line will have three basic electrical
parameters.
• The conductors of the line will have resistance, inductance,
and capacitance.
• As the transmission line is a set of conductors being run from
one place to another supported by transmission towers, the
parameters are distributed uniformly along the line.
10
Classification of lines
• Short Line Model
– < 80 km in length
– Shunt effects are neglected.
• Medium Line Model
– Range from 80–240 km in length
– Shunt capacitances are lumped at a few predetermined
points along the line.
• Long Line Model
– >240 km in length.
– Uniformly distributed parameters.
– Shunt branch consists of both capacitance and
conductance.
11
Performance of short transmission line (single phase )
Short Line Model
➢ To study the performance of these line, only R and L are taken into
account and the effects of line capacitance are neglected. The
equivalent circuit of a single phase line is shown as:
➢The total line R & L are shown as lumped or concentrated instead of
distributed. The circuit is a simple ac series circuit.
12
Short Line Model
Z = z = (r + jL )
= R + jX L
where :
r = per - phase resistance
L = per - phase inductance
 = line length
13
Short Line Model
• Thus, the ABCD parameters are easily obtained
from KVL and KCL equations as below:
VS = VR + ZI R
IS = IR
VS  1 Z  VR 
 I  = 0 1   I 
 S   R 
A = D = 1 pu ; B = Z  ; C = 0 S
14
Short Line Model
• The phasor diagram of the line for lagging load
power factor is shown in fig.(ii)
From the right angled triangle
ODC, we get,
15
Short Line Model
16
Short Line Model
17
Medium Transmission Line
➢ In Short transmission lines, the effects of line capacitance are
neglected because such lines have smaller lengths and transmit
power at low voltages which is less than 20KV.
➢ However the length and voltage of the line increases, the
capacitance gradually becomes of vital importance.
➢ Hence medium transmission lines have sufficient length and
usually operates at voltages greater than 20KV, the effects of
capacitance cannot be neglected.
➢ To obtain reasonable accuracy in calculations of medium line,
capacitance must be taken into account.
1
Medium Transmission Line
• To make the calculations simple, the capacitance is
assumed to be lumped or concentrated in the form of
capacitors shunted across the line at one or more points,
rather than distributed.
Methods for the solution of Medium transmission
lines are:
• End Condenser method
• Nominal T method
• Nominal ∏ method
2
Medium Line Model – Nominal T method
➢ In this method, whole capacitance is assumed to be
concentrated at the middle point of the line.
➢ Half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on
either side as shown in figure below:
3
In this arrangement full charging current flows over half
the line.
4
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8
Medium Line Model – Nominal π method
• In this method, capacitance of each conductor is
divided into two halves, lumped at sending end and

receiving end by each halves.
• Capacitance at sending end has no effect on the line
drop, its charging current must be added to the line
current in order to obtain the total sending end current.
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Long Transmission Line
1
2
• For accurate modeling of the transmission line
we must not assume that the parameters are
lumped but are distributed throughout line.
• The single-line diagram of a long transmission line
is shown
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• Which is called characteristic impedance
Which is called propagation constant
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Tutorial Problem – Transmission Line Model –Problem 1
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Title

Unit 3 : MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE OF

• A line is treated as two-port network for which

Power sent from sending end – line losses =

Voltage regulation of transmission line is measure of change of

• In this method, capacitance of each conductor is

divided into two halves, lumped at sending end and

• Which is called characteristic impedance

Which is called propagation constant

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