9.9 Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy ‘Suppose, only conservative forces are acting on a system of particles and potential energy U Sefined corresponding to these forces. There are ether no other forces or the work done by them is zero. We have U,-U,=- and W=k,-K, (rom work energy theorem) then U, -U, ==, -K,) or U/ +K, =U, +K, fi) The sum ofthe potential energy and the kinetic energy is called the total mechanical energy. We see from Eq (i, that the total mechanical energy ofa system remains constant, ifonly conservative forces are acting on a system of particles and the work done by all other forces is zero, Ths is called the conservation of mechanical energy ‘The total mechanical energy is nt constant, if non-conservative forces such as fiction is also acting ‘on the system. However, the work energy theorem, is stil valid. Thus, we can apply W, + We + Woy =Ky~K, Here, W=-Uy-U) So, we get Woe + Weg = (Ky #0) ~(K, 40) or Wye + Weg =Ey ~E, =BE Here, E = K-+U is the total mechanical energy. @ Extra Points to Remember *+ Werk one by consenatve forces i equal to minus of change in potenti energy Wo=aUn=WU)-U)=U)-U, + Werk done by al the forces is equalto change in nets ener. Wy =AK=KiK; + Werk one bythe frees oer han he consenave rcs ror-consavatne + exer orcs equ to change n mechanical ene) Wa + Mae = AEE; ~E = K+) 1K $U) + tere are mo no-consratv fre, then Wag nO =E,-E, Funes, case ino rtrmatons ven egardng the change inknec energy ten we can take iz Inia case, Me = aU =U, -U, © Example 9.19 A body is displaced from position A to position B. Kinetic and utentiel cntaten of tip hats ox nieliieds hamINTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 9.5 1. Ablock of mass 1 kg starts moving with constant acceleration a =4m/s*. Find (2) average power of the net force in a time interval fromt =0 tot =2, (b) instantaneous power of the net force att =4 s. 2. A constant power P is applied on a particle of mass m. displacement of particle as function of time ¢ 3. Atime varying power P =2t is applied on a particle of mass m. Find (a) kinetic energy and velocity of particle as function of time, (b) average power over a time interval fromt =0 tot =t. ind kinetic energy, velocity andINTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 9.4 1. Potential energy of a particle moving along x-axis is given by 3 u-[5 +9] Here, Uis in joule and x in metre. Find position of stable and unstable equilibrium. 2. Force acting on a particle moving along x-axis is as shown in figure. Find points of stable and Unstable equilibrium. Fig. 9.29 3. Two point charges + q and + q are fixed at (a, 0, 0) and (-a, 0, 0). third point charge -q is at origin. State whether its equilibrium is stable, unstable or neutral if tis slightly displaced (2) along x-axis. (b) along y-axis. 4. Potential energy of a particle along x-axis, varies as, U = -20 + (x -2)°,where Uis in joule and xin meter. Find the equilibrium position and state whether it is stable or unstable equilibrium. 5. Force acting on a particle constrained to move along x-axis is F =(x —4). Here, Fis in newton and x in metre. Find the equilibrium position and state whether it is stable or unstable ‘equilibrium.@ Extra Points to Remember «+ we plot graphs between Fand,ror U andr, F willbe zero at equlorium while U wil be maximum, minimum for constant depending on the type of equitium. This al is shown in Fig. 924 F Fig. 9.25 A point, F= 0,2 = 0 bu Us constant. Hence, Ais neal equsorium postion. Apoins 8 and 0, F= a 4 = bu is maximum, Thus, these ae the pins of unstable equim, wu Atpointc, F = 0 YU oa 0, but Uis minimum. Hence, point C isin stable equilibrium position. ae @ o Fig. 9.26 “+ Oscillations of a body take place about stable equilibrium position. For example, bob of a pendulum ‘oscilaies about its lowest point which is also the stable equilium positon of the bob. Similarly, in Fig. 9.26 (0) the ball will oscillate about its stable equilirum position, + Ifa graph between F and ris as shown in figure, then F = Q.alr=%,7=% andr =. Therefore, at these thee points, body isin equilrium, But these three positions are three diferent types of equirums, For example F Fig. 9.27 . body is in unstable equilibrium, This is because, if we displace the body slightly rightwards (positive dlitection), force acting on the body is also positve, e. away from, =f position. [Atr = f,,body is in stable equilibrium. Because if we displace the body rightwards (positive direction) force ‘acting on the body is negative (or leftwards) or the force acting is restoring in nature. tr =, equliium is neutral in nature. Because it we displace the body rightwards or leftwards force is again zero,three equilibrium positions in the language of physics. Table 9.1 S.No. ‘Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium 1.__Net force is zero. Net force is zero. Net force is zero. | 2 Frm oorsiope ot arapnis = 0orsiope ot Urgraph is $4 oor slope of Ur araph is 2000 2200. 2200. 3. When displaced from its ‘When cispiaved irom is equibrium When displaced irom is cequitrium position anet restoring positon, anet force starts acting on equilibrium position the body has force stars acting on the body the body which moves the body in_ nether the tendency to come which has a tendency to bring the the drecton of displacement or back nor to move away from the body back tots equilbrium ‘way from the equilium poston. _cxginal position. Its again in positon, equilibrium, 4. Potential energy in equitirium Potential energy in equilibrium Potential energy remains constant position is minimum as compared position is maximum as even the body is displaced from tots neighbouring points. Compared ots neighbouring _its equilibrium positon. au points. o®U o FY positive or ae Eg e a 5. When displaced from equilrium When displaced from equilibrium When displaced from equilibrium position the centre of gravity ofthe position the centre of gravity of position the centre of gravity of body goes up. the body comes down the body remains atthe same levelINTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 9.2 41. Aballofmass 100 gmis projected upwards with velocty 10 mis. returns back with 6m. Find work done by air resistance. 2. Velocity-sime oraph of pate of mass 2 kg moving in astraight in sas shown n Fig, 9.20 Find the work done by all the frees acting on the particle. vies) 20 =e) Fig. 9.20 3. ts work-energy theorem valid in a non-inertial frame? 44. Apartcle of mass m moves on a straight line with ts velocity varying with the distance travelled according to the equation v = ax, where a is a constant. Find the total work done by all the {forces during a displacement from x =0to x =b '5. ASkg mass raised a distance of 4m by a vertical force of 80 N. Find the final kinetic energy of the mass ifit was originally at rest. g = 10 m/s. 6. Anobjectof mass mhas.a speed v, asi passes through the origin. Its subjected toa retarding force given by F, =~ Ax. Here, Aisa positive constant. Find its x-coordinate when it stops. 7. Abllock of mass Mis hanging over a smooth and light pulley through a light string. The other end ofthe string is pulled by a constant force F. The kinetic energy ofthe block increases by 404 in 1s. Stale whether the following statements are true or false: (@) The tension in the string is Mg (©) The work done by the tension on the block is 40 J (€) The tension in the string is F (@) The work done by the force of gravity is 40J in the above 1s 8. Displacement of a particle of mass 2kg varies with ime as s = (21? -2t + 10)m. Find total work Tae BBM Now as mass is conserved #1 * sy = He => irks A = Se [sor pa, tn PE]246 » Mechanies-I1 4, Tota energy ofa cosed systomis alvays negative For example, energy plane-sun,saeite-earh or electon-nuceus systems aways negatve. St seircoc coon eine art. ‘The seme is tre for electron-nucieus system because there also, the electrostatic force F, = * 6. Tralecory ota body pc tom pot Ante drcton AS wth tanta ats: [ite boa be pj tom pont wth weloty vine econ AB. For ele was ot vibe pate ae tent Hor ae the porabe cases q v “ ()itv=0,pathisa straight ine tem Ato Me (i) HO, 0 (ii) lil) iv) (@= 90°)Chapter 15 Elasticity * 389 © Example 9 A sphere of radius 0.1m and mass 8x kg is attached to the lower end “of a steel wire of length 5.0 mand diameter 10 m. The wire is suspended from 5.22 m high ceiling of @ room. When the sphere is made to swing as a simple pendulum, it just grazes the flor at its lowest point. Calculate the velocity of the ‘phere at the lowest position. Young’s modulus of stel is 1.994% 10""N/m*. ‘Solution Let Albe the extension of wire when the aphere sat mean postion. Then, we have Ty ale 2r25.22 « af=5.22- 1-2 5:22-5-2 x0. 02m ‘Let Te the tension in the wire at mean postion during ceillatons, then fara T Substituting the values, we have asin yee coneretyxoon 62643 ‘The equation of motion at me Here, and ‘Substituting the proper values in Bq, (, we have 49)-@5.19 x9.) 25102 (626.43) 25.13 9.8) - 2010) Solving this equation, we get wake Ans.390 © Mechanics 11 © Example 10. A thin ring of radius R is made of a material of density 9 and Young's modulus Y. Ifthe ring is rotated about its centre in its own plane with ‘angular velocity find the small increase in its radius ‘Solution Consider an element PQ of length dl. Let T’be the tension and A the area of cote action ofthe wire. = Aap ‘The component of 7, toward the centre provides the necessary centripetal ore to potion PQ. a(t “0 or small angles Substituting in By. (we have Let afte the increas in radius. AGxR) _ ak ane AveINTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.7 1. Is itpossible to have a geostationary satellite which always remains over New Delhi ? 2. Two satellites A and B revolve around a planet in two coplanar circular orbits in the same sense with radii 10* km and2 x 10* km respectively. Time period of Ais 28 hours. What is time period of another satelite? 3. Two satelites A and B of the same mass are orbiting the earth at altitudes R and 3R respectively, where Ris the radius of the earth. Taking their orbits to be circular obtain the ratios of their kinetic and potential energies. 4, A satelite of mass 1000 kg is supposed to orbit the earth at a height of 2000 km above the earth's surface. Find (a) its speed in the orbit, (b) ts kinetic energy, (c) the potential energy of the earth-satellite system and (d) its time period. Mass of the earth =6 x 10% kg. 5. Askylab of mass2 x 10° kgs first launched from the surface of earth in a circular orbit of radius 2R and then it is shifted from this circular orbit to another circular orbit of radius 3R. Calculate the energy required (a) to place the lab in the first orbit, (b) to shift the lab from first orbit to the second orbit. (R =6400 km, g = 10 m/s?) 13.10 Kenler's Laws of Planetary Motion=9.35x10? m or h=935km INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.5 1. 4. 6. ‘Two particles of masses 20 kg and 10 kg are initially at a distance of 1.0 m. Find the speeds of the particles when the separation between them decreases to 0.5 m, if only gravitational forces are acting. . Four particles each of mass m are kept at the four vertices of a square of side ‘a’. Find gravitational potential energy of this system. A particle of mass ‘m’ is raised to a height h=R from the surface of earth. Find increase in Potential energy. R = radius of earth.g = acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth, Show that ifa body be projected vertically upward from the surface of the earth so as to reach a height nR above the surface (i) the increase in its potential energy is (=) mR, (ii) the velocity with which it must be projected is [2 = where Ris the radius of the earth and Vor m the mass of body. projectiles fired vertically from the earth's surface with an initial speed of 10 kms. Neglecting air drag, how high above the surface of earth wil it go? A particle is fired vertically upwards from earth's surface and it goes upto a maximum height of 6400 km. Find the initial speed of the particle.INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.4 1. 2. The gravitational potential due to a mass distribution is V=3xy + y°z. Find the gravitational field. Gravitational potential at x =2m is decreasing at a rate of 10 J/kg-m along the positive x-direction. It implies that the magnitude of gravitational field at x = 2m is also 10 N/Kg. Is this statement true or false? . The gravitational potential in a region is given by, V =20(x + y) J/kg. Find the magnitude of the gravitational force on a particle of mass 0.5 kg placed at the origin. |. The gravitational field in a region is given by E=(2i + 3j) N/kg. Find the work done by the gravitational field when a particle of mass 1 kg is moved on the line 3y +2x =5 from (1m, 1m) to(-2m, 3m).INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.3 1. Two points masses 'm’ each are kept at the two vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ as shown in figure. m o . Fig. 13.37 Find gravitational potential and magnitude of field strength at O. 2. Five point masses ‘m’ each are kept at five vertices of a regular pentagon. Distance of centre of pentagon from any one of the vertices is ‘a. Find gravitational potential and field strength at centre 3. In the above problem, if any one point mass is removed then what is gravitational potential and magnitude of field strength at centre? 4. A particle of mass m is placed at the centre of a uniform spherical shell of same mass and radius R. Find the gravitational potential a acistance % from the centre. 5. Aparticle of mass 20 g experiences a gravitational force of 4.0 N along positive x-direction. Find the gravitational field at that point. acer ceeeeenees -~ +A AMMrm ne we a «INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.2 1. Value of g on the surface of earth is 9.8 m/s*. Find its value on the surface of a planet whose mass and radius both are two times that of earth. 2. Value of g on the surface of earth is 9.8 m/s. Find its value (2) atheighth = from the surface, (b) at depth d = & from the surface. (R =radius of earth) 3. Calculate the distance from the surface of the earth at which the acceleration due to gravity is the same below and above the surface of the earth 4. Calculate the change in the value of g at altitude 45°. Take radius of earth R = 6.37 x 10° km. 5. Atwhat height from the surface of earth will the value of g be reduced by 36% from the value at the surface? Take radius of earth R = 6400 km. 6. Determine the speed with which the earth would have to rotate on its axis, so that a person on the equator would weigh 2 th as much as at present. Take R = 6400 km. 7. Abody is weighed by a spring balance to be 1000 N at the north pole, How much will it weight at the equator? Account for the earth's rotation only. ‘At what rate should the earth rotate so that the apparent g at the equator becomes zero? What will be the length of the day in this situation? 9. Assuming earth to be spherical, at what height above the north pole, value of gis same as that ‘on the earth's surface at equator? 8.INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 13.1 1. Three uniform spheres each having a mass M and radius a are kept in such a way that each touches the other two. Find the magnitude of the gravitational force on any one of the spheres due to the other two. 2. Four particles having masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are placed at the four comers of a square of edge a. Find the gravitational force acting on a particle of mass m placed at the centre. 3. Two particles of masses 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg are placed at a separation of 50 cm. Assuming that the only forces acting on the particles are their mutual gravitation, find the initial accelerations of the two particles. 4. Three particles A, B and C, each of mass m, are placed in a line with AB = BC =d. Find the gravitational force on a fourth particle P of same mass, placed at a distance d from the particle B ‘on the perpendicular bisector of the line AC. 5. Spheres of the same material and same radius r are touching each other. Show that gravitational force between them is directly proportional tor’.vs of motion are to be applied. The system may be single particle, a block, a combination of two blocks e kept over the other, two blocks connected by a ‘ing, a piece of string etc. The only restriction is that parts of the system should have identical celeration.Both jt, and 1, are dimensionless constants which depend on the nature of surfaces in contact. Value of is usually less than the value of i.e. constant value of kinetic friction is less than the limiting value of static friction. Note (i) In problems, ify, and, are not given separately but only is given. Then use f= =BN GW If more than two blocks are placed one over the other on a horizontal ground then normal reaction between two blocks will be equal to the weight of the blocks over the common surface.4. Like any other force of nature friction force also makes a pair of equal and opposite forces acting on two different bodies. 5. Direction of friction force on a given body is opposite to the direction of relative motion (or its. tendency) of this body. — A © 0 @ Fig. 8.109 In Fig. (), motion of block A means its relative motion with respect to ground. So, in this case friction between block and ground has a tendency to stop its motion. In Fig. (ji), relative motion between two blocks B and C means their different velocities. So, friction between these two blocks has a tendency to make their velocities same. 7. Static friction is self adjusting in nature. This varies from zero to a limiting value /, . Only that ‘much amount of friction will act which can stop the relative motion. 8. Kinetic friction is constant and it can be denoted by fy. 9. Itis found experimentally that limiting value of static friction f, and constant value of kinetic friction fj, both are directly proportional to normal reaction N acting between the two bodies. 2 Si oF Seen = Si =BN and Se=WN Here, 1. ,= coefficient of static friction and 11, coefficient of kinetic friction, Both 1, and 1, are dimensionless constants which depend on the nature of surfaces in contact. Value oft, is usually less than the value of, i.e. constant value of kinetic friction is less than the limiting value of static friction. Note () In problems ify, and, are not given separately but only is given. Then use fi=f = WN (i if more than two blocks are placed one over the other on a horizontal ground then normal reaction8.7 Friction Regarding the frictional force () following points are worthnoting : 1. 2. It is the tangential component of net contact force (F) acting between two bodies in contact. Itstarts acting when there is tendency of relative motion (different velocities) between two bodies in contact or actual relative motion takes place. So, friction has a tendency to stop relative motion between two bodies in contact. If there is only tendency of relative motion then static friction acts and if actual relative motion takes place, then kinetic friction acts.INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 8.4 1. Two blocks A and 6 of masses 1kg and 2 kg have accelerations (21 )m/s® and (-4j)m/s*, Find (a) Pseudo force on block A as applied with respect to the block B. (b) Pseudo force on block B as applied with respect to the block A. Pseudo force with respect to a frame moving with constant velocity is zero. Is this statement true or false? Problems of non-intertial frames can be solved only with the concept of pseudo force. Is this statement true or false? 8.7 Friction Regarding the frictional force (f) following points are worthnoting : 4. It is the tangential component of net contact force (F) acting between two bodies in contact. 2. Itstarts acting when there is tendency of relative motion (different velocities) between two bodies n contact or actual relative motion takes place. So, friction has a tendency to stop relative motion between two bodies in contact.‘moving with a constant velocity is an inertial frame of reference. Non-inertial Frame of Reference ‘An accelerating frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of reference. [Note (9 Arotoing frame of reference isa ron inertial ame of reference, becavetis ao an accelerating one W Earth rotating about its ans of rotation and it revving around the centre of sun asa So, i ‘non interta frame of reference. But for mest of the coses, we consider tsa: an inertial frame of Now let us come tothe pseudo force, Instead of ground (or inertial frame of reference) when we start, ‘watching the objects ftom a non-inerial (accelerating) frame of reference its motion conditions are felt differently. For example Suppose a child is standing inside an accelerating lif. From ground frame of reference this child appears to be accelerating but from lif (non-inerial) frame of reference child appears tobe at rest. To justify this changed condition of mation, from equations point of view we hhave to apply a pseudo force. This pseudo force is given by F,=-ma Here, ‘ms the mass of that body/object whichis being observed from non-inetial frame of reference anda is the acceleration of frame of reference. Negative sign implies that direction of pscudo force F, is opposite toa. Hence whenever you make free body diagram of body from a non- inertial frame, apply all real forces (actually acting) on the body plus one pseudo force. Magnitude ofthis pseudo force is ‘ma’ and the direction is opposite to a Example Suppose ablock 4 of mass mis placed on alli ascending with an acceleration ay.Let be the normal reaction between the block and the floor of the lif. Free body diagram of in ground frame of reference (inertial) is shown in Fig. 8.100. ab |e Fig. 8.100 N=mg = may or N=m(g+ay) “290 + Mechanics -1 4. Calas the acceleration o ther bocks and tensionin the Stong showin gure. The puey andthe ting are ight and ft suoces are smooth, Fie 85 5. Find tho mass Mo that it remains at rest in the adjoining gue. Both te puley ‘nd sing are ight and fiction is absontoverywhor.(g = 10 mis"). Fi 896 6, in Fig. 897 assume that there is negligible fiction between the Becks andtable, Compussthe tension the cord comecing m2 andthe pulley and ‘acceleration of mg if m=300g, m, =2009 and a F=040N. Fig 897 7. Inthe gure shown. 2, =6.m/s* (downwards) anda =4m/s?(upwerds). Find acceleration ot. — Fig 898 1, Find the acceleration ofthe block of mass M inthe ‘shuaton shown i te figure. Al the suraces are ‘botess.INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 0.9 1. Make the constraint relation between ay, a, and ay. Fig. 8.92 2. At certain moment of time, velocities of 1 and 2 both are 1 m/s upwards. Find the velocity of 3 at that moment. Fig. 8.93 3. Consider the situation shown in figure. Both the pulleys A and the string are light and all the surfaces are smooth. (2) Find the acceleration of 1 kg block (b) Find the tension in the string. (g = 10 m/s”). Fig. 8.94@ Extra Points to Remember * Insome cases, acceleration of a block is inversely proportional to tension force acting on the block (or its component in the direction of motion or acceleration). tension is double (as compared to other block), then acceleration will be half. In Fig. (a): Tension force on block-1 is double (27) than the tension force on block-2 (=7) Therefore, acceleration of black -1 will be half. If block-1 has an acceleration ‘a' in downward direction, then block -2 will have an acceleration ‘2a’ towards right. In Fig. (b): Tension force on block-1 is three times @T+T=37) than the tension force on blook-2 (=7), Therefore acceleration of block-2 will be three times. If block-1 has an acceleration ‘a’ in upwards direction, then acceleration of block-2 will be ‘3a’ downwards. —2a 2 (a) aye aye T 7 27 2r r ar TB 1] |@ 1 (b) Fig. 8.91© Example 8.21 Using constraint equations find the relation between a, and ay.284 + Mechanics: 4. Into arrangement shown in gure what shoul be the mass of block A, eo tat he system remain at rest? Neglect rcion and mass of sings F875 5, Two blocks of masses kg and 4kg are released from rest over a smooth incined pane of {naination 20° ae shown in igure. Whats the normal force between he two blocks? 6, What shouldbe the accoleration a ofthe box shown in Fig. 8.77 so that the ‘lock of mass m exerts a force onthe floor of he box? e877 7. nthe figure shown, nd acceleration ofthe system and tensions, 7; nd, (Takeg = 1Om/s*) Fg 878 1. Inthe tite shown, al surfaces are smooth Find yo), on (@)accaleration ofa etree bocks, fo] (©) nettorce on 8 ka, 4 ka and 10g blocks and (0) fore acing between 4g and 10 kg books. Fie 879 9, Three blocks of masses”, = 10kg,m, =20kg and m, =30 kg are on 8 smooth hotzontal lable, connected to. each ‘other by ght perry horizontal stings, A horizontal force F = 60 Nis ‘pple tomy, towards ight Fina {a} tension Tad 7; and (0) tension 7, Wal ofa sudden the sng batwoen m, andi, snaps.INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 8.2 41. Three blocks of masses 1 kg, 4 kg and 2 kg are placed on. 129 n Ea a smooth horizontal plane as shown in figure. Find — {@) the acceleration of the system, (b) the normal force between 1 kg block and 4 kg block, Fig. 8.72 (c) the net force on 2 kg block. 2. In the arrangement shown in figure, find the ratio of tensions in the strings attached with 4 kg block and that with 1 kg block. 3. Two unequal masses of 1 kg and 2 kg are connected by an inextensible light string passing over a smooth pulley as shown in figure. A force F=20N is, applied on 1 kg block. Find the acceleration of either block. (g = 10 m/s).* Ifais the acceleration of a body, then ma force does not act on the body but this much force is required to provide a acceleration to the body. The different available forces acting on the body provide this ma force or, we can say that vector sum of all forces acting on the body is equal to ma. The available forces may be weight, tension, normal reaction, friction or any externally applied force etc. If all bodies of a system has a common acceleration then that common acceleration can be given by Net pulling/pusing force _ NPF Total mass ™ Net pulling/pushing force (NPF) is actually the net force. Example Suppose two unequal masses m and 2mare attached to the ends of a light inextensible string which passes over a smooth massless pulley. We have to find the acceleration of the system. We can assume that the mass 2m is pulled downwards by a force equal to its weight, ie. 2mg. Similarly, the mass m is being at la pulled by a force of mg downwards. Therefore, net pulling force on the system is 2mg - mg = mg and total mass being pulled is 2m+ m= 3m. 7m] [2m Acceleration of the system is yd Net pulling force __ mg _g mg 2mg ~ Total mass tobe pulled 3m 3 Fig. 8.50 Note While finding net pulling force, take the forces (or their components) which are in the direction of motion (or opposite to it) and are single (ie. they are not forming pair of equal and opposite forces). For example weight (mg) or some applied force F. Tension makes an equal and opposite air. So, they are not to be included, unless the system in broken at some place and only one tension is considered on the system under consideration. * Alter finding that common acceleration, we will have to draw free body diagrams of different blocks to find normal reaction or tension etc.8.4 Newton's Laws of Motion his intersting to read Newton's original version othe laws of motion. ‘Law | Every body coninis ins state of rest or in uiform motion in a straight line ules iis compelled o change that stat by forces impressed upon it “Lawl The change of motion proportional othe magnitude of force impressed and is made inthe lection ofthe straight line in which that force is impressed. Lawl To every action hee i always an equal and opposite rection or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are alway directed to contrary pars. “The modern versions ofthese laws are: 41. Abody continues intial state of est or motion with uniform velocity unless ated on by an ‘unbalanced extemal force. 2. The acceleration ofa body is inversely proportional ofits mass and directly proporional to the esl extemal fore acting on i i Fos 13. Fores always occur in pairs If body exerts a force on body B, an equal but opposite force is ‘retedby body B on by Working with Newton's First and Second Laws [Normally any problem relating to Newton's laws is solved in following four steps 4. Firstofall we decide the system on which the laws of motion ars to be applied. The system may be 4 single particle, a block or a combination of two or more blocks, two blocks connected by a ‘ting, ee. The only restriction i thal parts ofthe system should have the same aceleraton 2. Once the system is decided, we make the list ofall the forces acting on the system. Any force applied by the sjstem on other bodies is not included in thelist ofthe forces. ‘3. Ten we make a fee body diagram ofthe system and indicate the magnitude and directions ofall ‘the forces listed in step 2 inthis diagram, 4. In the las step we choose any two mutually perpendicular axes say x and y inthe plane of the forces in case of coplanar forces. Choose the x-axis along the direction in which the sytem is Known to have or is likely tohave the acceleration. A direction perpendicular to it may be chosen asthe y-axis. [the system is in equilibrium any mutally perpendicular directions may be chosen ‘Wit the components of al the forces along the x-axis and equate thie sumto the product ofthe ‘mass of the system and its acceleration, i. BF, =a @ ‘This gives us one equation, Now, we writ the components of the forees along the axis and ‘equate the sum to 2et0. This gives ws anther equation, i. IF, “i, ‘Note (the systems in equivm we wil wie the to equations os W90 ond By, =0 (a ifthe forces er colineor the second equation Le BF, =0's nat ned EPAF yyCoplanar Forces in Equilibrium ‘When an object is in equilibrium under the action of a set of two or more coplanar forces, each of three factors which comprise the possible movement of the object must be zero, i.e. the object has (no linear movement along any two mutually perpendicular directions OX and OY. (ii) no rotation about any axis. The set of forces must, therefore, be such that (a) the algebraic sum of the components parallel to OX is zero or EF, =0 (b) the algebraic sum of the components parallel to OY is zero or EF’, =0 (©) the resultant moment about any specified axis is 2er0 OF 2 yyy ax ‘Thus, for the equilibrium of a set of two or more coplanar forces EF, =0 0 and Etanyaxis =P, Using the above three conditions, we get only three set of equations. So, in a problem number of unknowns should not be more than three.rr ace site Suny 19 veGAUN ery © Example 8.7 ABCD is a square of side 2 m and O is its centre. Forces act along the sides as shown in the diagram. Calculate the moment of each force about (a) an axis through A and perpendicular to the plane of square. pp —4N_¢ 3NL 0 {5N 8 (b) an axis through O and perpendicular to the plane of square. aN Solution Taking anticlockwise moments as positive we have: — (@) Magnitude offorce = 2N 5N 4n 3N Perpendicular distance fromA 0 am 2am Moment about A o -10Nm +8N-m (©) Magnitude of force 2N 5N 4n 3N Perpendicular distance fromO 1m 1m im im Moment about 0 42Nm___-6Nm +4 Nem -3Nm © Example 8.8 Forces act as indicated on a rod AB which is pivoted at A. Find the anticlockwise moment of each force about the pivot.© Example 8./ ABUL is a square of side 2 m and U is its ™ ie centre. Forces act along the sides as shown in the diagram. Calculate the moment of each force about (@) an axis through A and perpendicular to the plane of square. (0) an axis through O and perpendicular to the plane of square. Solution Taking anticlockwise moments as positive we have: (@) Magnitude of force 2N 5N an 3N Perpendicular distance fromA 0 2m am Moment about A 0 =10N-m +8N-m (b) Magnitude of force 2N 5N 4N aN Perpendicular distance fromO 1m 1m 1m im Moment about 0 42Nm SNe +4.Nem 3Nm © Example 8.8 Forces act as indicated on a rod AB which is pivoted at A. Find the anticlockwise moment of each force about the pivot. oF 2FChapter 6 Kinematics © 197 24. A particle moves along the x-direction with constant acceleration, The displacement, measured from a convenient position, is 2 m at time ¢ = 0 and is zero when t= 10 s If the velocity of the particle is momentary zero when ¢ = 6 s, determine the acceleration a and the velocity v when t=108, 25, At time ¢ ceelerat 2 particle is at (2m, 4m). It starts movi ing towards positive x-axis with constant elocity a0) After? can Adair 9 . - “19 The acceleration of a particle moving only on a horizontal xy plane is given by @ = 31 + 41), where @ is in meters per second- squared and 1 is in seconds. At 1=0, the position vector 7 = (20.0 m)i + (40.0m)j locates the particle, which then has the velocity vector ¥ = (5.00 m/s)i + (2.00 m/s)j. At t = 4.00s, what are (a) its position vector in unit-vector notation and (b) the angle between its direction of travel and the positive direction of the xaxis? +20 @ In Fig. 4-32, particle A moves along the line y = 30m with a constant velocity ¥ of mag- nitude 3.0 m/s and parallel to the xaxis, At the instant particle A passes the y axis, particle B leaves the origin with a zero initial speed and a constant acceleration of magnitude 0.40 m/s. What angle between @ and the positive direc- tion of the y axis would result in a collision? Module 4-4 DeniectilaMatinn — horizontal when the pilot releases a radar decoy (Fig. 4-33). The hori- zontal distance between the re- lease point and the point where the decoy strikes the ground is d = 700 m. (a) How long is the decoy in the air? (b) How high was the re- lease point? 28 @ In Fig. 4-34, a stone is pro- jected at a cliff of height h with an initi at angle @ = 60.0° above the horizoi 5.50 after launching. Find (a) the h speed of the stone just before impact height H reached above the ground. 8,F = (5.0m)i — . (b) Sketch the ates: x = —5.0m, in unit-vector no- ive to the positive ght-handed coor- srdinates (3.00 m, r notation and as sitive x direction? 01 — 3.0) + 6.0k, in meters. What and (b) angle of the one with the least magnitude and the (c) magni- tude and (d) angle of the one with the greatest magnitude? 10 The position —_ vector F = 5.00ti + (et + fP)j locates a particle as a function of time t Vector 7 is in meters, t is in seconds, and factors ¢ and f are constants. Figure 4-31 gives the angle 0 of the particle’s direction of travel as a function of t (@ is measured from 20° 0° + 10 +20 20-1 | 1(s) Figure 4-31 Problem 10. the positive x direction). What are (a) e and (b) f, including units? Module 4-2 Averane Acceleration and‘Sejm wah sn 5 ms) How og hrc euESA Gharbi meat 401A ihn down verity nih na ped of rm sat er ya os speed obese (oud) Ho ng dos a et ah me pn Sint sought ene) eon (a a al ‘iiec area ty spam oe wo ew ‘ret (jan) bal peer on tothe soe eeu 18 Tr ot i he nt mga ah re ‘mesg ean ached Es roi aaa ‘ng ces hl taped en econ Mie Econ the nc ro eHow far dose bl move a ‘are bacout| 102s bl pr on full et pa ‘oh fw do alk ooh hme pts wa a iiierrmaecnsaremeohe Casta capac iemanneeme Sore eer sae ce Seeeenregecanaeme Eoeeeeegee pee saints Seems SS fe tater Speed Ok mre? 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A special type of sum of rational expressions is called the pata faction decomposition; each erm nthe sum ‘ia paral faction. The technique of decompoting a ratcnal expression ito patil faction is useful in caleuus and other ares of mathematics. Si) Partial Fraction Decomposition of = action Decomposition of 27 “To form a patil faction decomposition ofa atonal expes- soa, we use the following steps Step-l + I fei i not a proper faction (a fraction with the numerator of loner degree than the denominator). divide Aa) by s()- For example, HosPa2 ese 2 x46 SS RES ESL Pay 2 HE a3 43 ‘Then, apply the following steps to the remainder, which is proper faction. Step-2: Factor (0) completly it factors ofthe form (ax + Dy" or ex + dr +e, where ex + dt + eis ineducble and ‘m and m are integers, Step-3 (@) For each distinc linea factor (ax +B) the decomposi- om masincde the em A (©) For each repeated linear factor (ax +.B), the decom: poston must inlude the terms By +e aad ar ane Bx, tee Step-S : Use algebraic techniques o solve forthe constants in the murerator of the decomposition ‘To find the constants in Step, the goal iso get a system of equations with as many equations as ther are unknowns in the numerators. One method for geting these equations isto subsite values for x on both sides ofthe rational uation formed from Steps 3 oF 4. Distinct Linear Factors © Example 1: Find the partial fraction decomposition of 2st 8s 4 5x2 ae @ Solution The given faction is not a proper faction; the rumerator his higher degree than the denominator. Perform the division, 2 shat ae 45rd ake Sx-2 The unica in 2B 4 22 Pade ‘work with the remainder action. Factor the denominator 51 ~ 4x = a + 2) (x ~2) Since the facto re sie ier factors we te 3110 we the decompositions both sides of equation (1) by xe + 2) (x2), geting Se-2= Ae + 2r=2)4 Bole= DH C42)‘auncedby te upwar push othe able and weave ZF = 8 Pipe 237 [Now consider what happens when you push nar is two ‘ods with equal bu oppositely directed forces F, and _nshowninfgare2 370), the mater stk doesnot remain st rest. Eventhough “F, balances —F; ‘and therefore the ‘esate te objet isto be in quia, Wel disuse second condin fr equlitriam inthe nex section. Fir, however, we must discus ow forces cae rottion EE Pie 238 ‘Toler bow force nd rotation ae related, we cn perform ‘the expen showninhgue-2.3, Wesco here wheel hat ‘umn ent of ores. Te ore F; te ot the whet ‘doce, wile F, eso tn th wheel counesockovee ‘By exerientng with diferent radi, snr, forthe ak, ‘we id tht the wo ting eet Balance whenever FrinFr ‘The shove relation, roduet offre tnd the radi, snow at torque. Torque is the pial quay which measures the ‘uming ft ofa force on a ody. is magaitade liven by the product ofthe fre ad the perpendicular dstnce fom the sis of rotation o pivot. In above cae i simply the duct of fore andthe ai ‘We om lea moe sbout turing effets fo figue-239. A mete stick pivoted at its centr is sbjoced toto free F nd Fs how Fi eting in dren perpen the rod tthe left of pvecand F, sate an ange Oo the od, totberightofthepvot. The force Fas tendency ofroing the rd in locos ection and F wil tod it eae in ere torque provide by frces Fs Anh, nd erg provided by fre Fis FX so sod the ting efecto the forces F dF, othe 104. Theo wl ate inthe direction of he torque whichever inbigher. (ne important point shouldbe noted tat “When the ine of force goes through the pot, or axis of rotation, the fore det the force abou the pot eer.” [Now we know bow to expres the trig efit of force fa ‘ers of torque, we can sate he second condition for atic{force Fis applied to one end of the rope. (8) Find the force the ‘ope exerts on the block, and (b) the tension in the rope at its midpoint. + ‘An important part of physics has to do with objects and systems that are at rest and remain at rest, which is known as static equilibrium. In this section we discover that two basic conditions must be satisfied if an object it to remain at rest. * Also we'll discuss how to use these conditions to different situations, tise eo ke ‘tcha ular directions, je {OTS Acting on BEB condition gr os RICH the forcen oe‘Moltiplying equation-(2.26) by? and adding to equation-(2.27) 2 Mg-mg=(4M+m)a wes at wow. physi 1208 ‘#Topié- Forces anid Newton's Laws of Motion LModsle fiumbers~ 5, 6,7, 8,.9, 10, 11,12, 13 and 14 Toate Practice Exercise 2.1 @ Find the tensions in the two cords and the accélerations of the hineks in fiours-2.2? if friction ia nealiaible. The nullevi are id) The masses of blocks 4 and B in figure-2.24 are 20 kg and 10 kg, respectively. The blocks are initially at rest on the floor and are connected by a massless string passing over & massless and frictionless pulley. An upward force F is applied to the pulley. Find the acceleration a, and a, of the two blocks 4 and Buwhen Fis(a) 124N (6)294N (c) 424N. Figure 2.24 (60) 00 0.0, 4.7 m/s, (6) 06 mis, 11.2 mt] (Gv) The three blocks in figure-2.25 are released from rest and accelerate atthe rate ofS m/s?.IfM= 4g, what s the magnitude of the fictional fore oi the block thet slides horizontally ? 2M 2M Figure 2.25which is more than the actual weight of body. Similarly we can show that if elevator is accelerating down then the reading of weighing machine will be less than the weight ofthe body. This an inter maleclr fre bowen he atoms of Hing which acts or reacts when the string is stretched There are ‘sore important points to remember about the tension ina string, ‘hich are heipfl in drawing free body diagram ofthe bodies in a system. These are @ Force of tension act on a body in the direction away, from the point of contact or tied ends of the string. For exémple consider figure-2.9, Aman pulls a box witha string, The tension in string acts on the box towards right or in the directionlaway fom the ted point and on the mantis again away fiom it The ‘way of showing the direction of tension is shown in figure. Ty Figare 2.9 (i) If string is massless and frictionless, tension throughout the string remains constant as shown in figure-2.10(a). But if ngure sate But if there is friction between surface of pulley and the string, due to friction, pulley wil rotate on its axis as the string slides on it. In this case due to friction between pulley and the string, tensions in string on two sides ofthe pulley will be different as shown in figure-2.10(b). If string has a mass, it will accelerate ‘and tension at each point will be different on the string as shown in figure-2.10(c). How this tension can be obtained, we will explain in further sections. (ii Ifa force is directly applied ‘on a string, as say a child is pulling a tied string from the other end with some force, the tension in the string will be equal to the applied force, irespective of the motion ofthe pulling agent. In figure-2.9, the man is applying ‘force F on string, thus the tension in string will be equal to this, force, irrespective of whether the box will move or not, man will move or not. Above three points are very useful in application of Newton's laws to different situations. For better understanding of the above points, we considera situation shown in figure-2.11 “On 1% py129 Ancbjectmover ic ha isacceletionisgivenasa=3~24. Fin he nial oped of the object uch tate patie will ave tbe mme-coorintat/='5.D¢0sithadat?=0. Also find the objet wins a17= 506 a. 7 te average velo ofthe parle betwee the two pats Pie=2) aed em 4) of main path, (024 ma) (0) Acarmovesrectlineary fomstaton 4a the ext stop 3 ith an acceler varying acortng tthe nw a= b= cr ‘where bad eae postive constants nd xis ts ditce fos ation 4, Pind the dite betwee thee ston ica tops ‘ation Bad i at fo eat om poe (00 A particle moves slong a aright ine such that ie Alaplacemen at anytime is lvenbys=1 62+ 51+ 4, What Inthe velocity ofthe patil when is celeron ser? om (9) Adis ecto ofa pon varie wit time a8 Fai c-on where isa constunt eco ind aia pote fet Fed: (©) The velocity ¥ andthe seeartion # ofthe parce usa Ahrens of ine (@) The ime interval Aken bythe parle on othe Ina postion, andthe distance x covered daring tht ine. (6¢0~2an = 205, ve at (8) Aboxistizown wit velocity 0 op of arosghtable of Teng Assume ein a the objet esac Qa ring ts ‘motion is aclemio is ivenas a=Iy, where kis postive ‘onaat Fd the vlan af the he when sn ee ne Practice Beet s ©) The diapaconentxof parle moving in oe dinecson, ‘der the ction of conta oc seated to the time ey the eqn: tole ‘whee xis in meres adie a code, Find the placement ofthe parle wha velocity 20 « (@ Instaancous velocity of patie moving i diem [Att=0, particle stars on igi Find nema} Consider the carage in on rail anda fer B shown in figae-124, then move witha velo Wa eodthe feet ith te vlocty 7 on ei. ae JA Mure 136 ‘Here the veloc of famer sa eames by on ebsrver inthe ‘aor ear C (rvs igen as- FacmVaPa 29 Thins tbe veloc of 8 with espect oC. Hererefreace ame of farmer is he tis and that of observer is earth. Always remember tat he velit ofan object (ae wih eect cai wil be velocity ofthe object (me) ois retin) ded othe velocity oft refereace fame ofthe objet. ‘Now consider the sitaton shown in Ggure-1.25..i sitar to previous case, but thediffereae iin tne. Now ober {smoring (ary vet) with he vac He a a24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. ‘A particle moves along the s-direction with constant acceleration. The displacement, measured from a convenient position, is 2 m at time ¢= 0 and is zero when {= 10 If the velocity of the particle is momentary zero when t= 6s, determine the acceleration a and the velocity » when i=105, At time ¢= 0, particle is at 2m, 4m). It starts moving towards positive x-axis with constant acceleration 2 m/s* (initial velocity = 0). After 2s, an additional acceleration of 4 m/s” starts acting on the particle in negative y-direction also. Find after next 2 s. (@) velocity and () coordinates of particle. A particle starts from the origin at = 0 with a velocity of 8.0} m/s and moves in the x-y plane with a constant acceleration of (4.0i + 2.0}) m/s”. At the instant the particle's x-coordinate is 29 m, what are (a) its y-coordinate and () its speed ? ‘The velocity of a particle moving in a straight line is decreasing at the rate of 3 m/s per metre of displacement at an instant when the velocity is 10 m/s. Determine the acceleration of the particle at this instant. A particle moves along a horizontal path, such that its velocity is given by v= (3¢” ~ 61) m/s, where Cis the time in seconds. If it is initially located at the origin O, determine the distance travelled by the particle in time interval from t = Oto ¢ = 3.5 sand the particle's average velocity and average speed during the same time interval. A particle travels in a straight line, such that for a short time2 s< t< 6 s,its motion is described by v=(4/a) m/s, where a is in m/s’. If v=6m/s when t=2 s, determine the particle's acceleration when = 38 If the velocity v of a particle moving along a straight line decreases linearly with its displacement from 20 m/s to a value approaching zero at s = 30 m, determine the acceleration of the particle when s = 15 m, Velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown in figure. At time ¢=0,8=~10 m. Plot corresponding a-t and s-t graphs. eoo0eoo0oe M1‘30, Using the conditions of the foregoing problem, draw the approximate time dependence of moduli of the normal w,, and tangent w acceleration vectors, as well as of the projection of the total acceleration vector, on the velocity vector direction, 31. A ball starts felling with zero initial velocity on a smooth inclined plane forming an angle @ with the horizontal. Having fallen the distance h, the ball rebounds elastically off the inclined plane. At what distance from the impact point will the ball rebound for the second time? 82, A cannon and a target are 5.10 km apart and located at the same level. How soon will the shell launched with the initial velocity 240 m/s reach the target in the absence of air drag? 83. A cannon fires successively two shells with velocity v = 250 mis;the first at the angle 0, =60° and the second at the angle 8; = 45° to the horizontal, the azimuth being the same. Neglecting the air drag, find the time interval between firings leading to the collision ofthe shells. 34, A balloon stars rising from the surface of the Earth. The ascension rate {is constant and equal to vo. Due to the wind the balloon gathers the horizontal velocity component v, = ay, where a is a constant and y is the height of ascent. Find how the following quantities depend on the height of ascent {a) the horizontal, drift of the balloon x(y); {(b) the total tangential, and normal accelerations of the balloon, ‘35. A particle moves in the plane xy with velocity v = ai + bxj, where iand j are the unit vectors of the x and y-axes, and a and b are constants. At ‘moment of time the particle wave located at the point {a) the equation ofthe particle's trajectory ¥(x): (b) the curvature radius of trajectory as a function of x. 36. A particle A moves in one direction along, 1 @ given trajectory with a tangential acceleration w,=at, where a is a 4 2 constant vector coinciding in direction g, with the x axis (Fig. 1.4), and + is a unit * vector coinciding in direction with the Fig aa velocity vector at agiven point. Find how the velocity of the particle depends on x provided that its velocity is negligible at the point x =0. 37. A point moves along a circle with a velocity v=at, where 2 =0.50 ms“, Find the total acceleration of the point at the moment Ooo0e0 :0particle; (b) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time that the particle takes to cover the first s metres of the path. 23. A point moves rectilinearly with deceleration whose modulus depends on the velocity v of the particle as w = aVv, where a is a positive constant. At the initial moment the velocity of the point is equal to vp. What distance will it traverse before it stops? What time ‘ill it take to cover the distance? 24, Arradius vector of a point A relative to the origin varies with time fas = ati~bt?j, where a and b are positive constants, and i and j are the unit vectors of the x and y axes, Find {a) the equation of the points trajectory (x); plot this function; (b) the time dependence of the velocity v and acceleration w vectors, as well as of the moduli of these quantities; (©) the time dependence of the angle a between the vectors w and ¥; (@) the mean velocity vector averaged over the first ¢ seconds of ‘motion, and the modulus of this vector. 25. A point moves in the plane xy according to the law x=at, ¥y =at(t ~at), wherea anda are positive constants, and tis time. Find: {a} the equation of the points trajectory (x); plot this function; {b) the velocity v and the acceleration w of the point as functions of time; (c) the momentty at which the velocity vector forms an angle x/4with the acceleration vector. sin ot, 26. A point moves in the plane xy according to the law 'y =a(1 ~cos.), where a and @ are positive constants, Find : (a) the distance s traversed by the point during the time ¢; (b) the angle between the point's velocity and acceleration vectors. 27. A particle moves in the plane xy with constant acceleration w directed along the negative y axis. The equation of motion ofthe particle has the form y =ax~-bx*, where a and b are positive constants. Find the velocity of the particle at the origin of coordinates. 28, A small body is thrown at an angle to the horizontal with the initial velocity vg. Neglecting the air drag, find : (a) the displacement of the body as a function of time x(t); (b) the mean velocity vector (v) averaged over the first ¢ seconds and over the total time of motion. 29. A body is thrown from the surface of the Earth at an angle at to the horizontal with the initial velocity vq. Assuming the air drag to be negligible, find: (@) the time of motion; (b) the maximum height of ascent and the horizontal range; at what value of the angle & they will be equal to each other1141 Mon, 1605 @@ © € D0C-20230929-waoors. 22. posiuve airecuon OL ule x-axis, LIS VelUcLLy varies wit Une as v=vo(1-t/7), where vp is the initial velocity vector whose modulus equals v, = 10.0 cms; t=5.0s. Find : (a) the x coordinate of the particle at the moments of time 6.0, 10, and 205; (b) the moments of time when the particle is at the distance 10.0 cm from the origin; (c) the distance s covered by the particle during the first 4.0 and 8.0 s; draw the approximate plot s(t). The velocity of a particle moving in the positive direction of the x axis varies as v = a/x, where a is a positive constant. Assuming that at the moment t =0 the particle was located as the point x =0, find : = ul6o%6 aa60 a, ind the average sped over tbe whe jure (40m) (9) A price surts omrestand ueversesa distance with ‘frm eslertionand ten moves nfomaly withthe equ ‘locity overa further dsuace 2 Finally teomesto ret afer ‘moving though farther distance 3s nde ir etrton Assuing te ctr paths a stag ne, Gnd he rai of he ‘average speed over he journey tothe maximum speed oa the om 3) (A parce stars with an inl velocity w towards + ‘dzection with an acceleration oar time, str retaing with another acceleration a comes oan ntantaneous 0p and returns It reaches is inital poston at ine fy Dw the ‘pproinat tie dependence pots for particle's place sod veloc, (ott) Apatite moves inastnight ine. Fgue1.21 shows te dance versed bythe particles funtion of tine, Using ‘he grap ind the average velocity ofthe pot dering he time of movon. (he macro veo (the tine = at ich he nntactaneous velocity is quote mean velo _veriged over the Bt seconde Meare 131 1 10 0) 25, 0 1681 (tty The velocity ofa parte hat move inthe pose X- ection varies with is postion, ar shown agar 2. Find ‘snceleration nm when = 6m. Sr irecion's shown in ige 1.23. hare at?=0, fom ret Draw te position sme gph forthe motion. Piers 133 ‘110 Motion sith Tine and Displacement Dependence In previovs sections we've already ditcussed that instantaneous velocity and acelertion need not be conta inmotion ofa body movigin a stig in. These may depend ‘ontine or placement and scodeationcanalobe given es fincsion ofistntaoous speed ofthe particle Speed equations for uniform aeclertion can ote applied o salve mich ese. “Whenever anton of eclenton velocity given we mast te cleat solve the drei peed equaons sendy lscssed in section-.6. To under the concepts eae ‘to variation in instantaneous velo and aceclertion we take some laseatve snd numerical examples. # Musratve Example Iasiotneou velocity of parle moving in a stag init sivenas v= (444, vs. Fortis ve second of motion. ‘Thenfier velocity ofitbecomessconsant Find he acsieratoa ofthe parle at tine ¢= 3.0 andi placement el this Solution ‘Aswelnow tat aceelention of apace tie derivative of and tine = 3.05 sceseration it 2 oot ‘Tofind placement, welnow tht veloc ithe tine erativeand it is given in figure-1.19. Let v,, be the maximum velocity ‘attained in the motion, f, and f, be the time of accelerated and retarded joumey. If s, and s, be the distances traveled by the cari first and last motion we use areas of te triangle shown in figure to calculate the total distance traveled. Figure 1.19 Acceleration of car in first motion is isosceles triangle with the base along the time axis. The maximum speed was 30 m/s, and the total clapsed time was 50.0 s-What distance did he travel, 1570 m] (i) Figure-1.20 shows displacement-time graph of a particle. Find the time during motion such that the average velocity of the particle during that period is zero. 3) 20 10) Ses ea igure 1.20 {15.0 5] (Ut) A train starts from station 4 with uniform acceleration a, for some distance then goes with uniforin retardation a, for some more distance to come to rest at station B. The distance between station A and B is 4 km and the train takes 4 minutes to complete this journey. If accelerations are in km per minutes” unit, show that : 1 a a (iv) Between two stations a train accelerates uniformly at first, then moves with constant speed and finally retards uniformly. mA aA zz m