ACKNOWLEDGEMEN' I would like to thank the principal Mr. P. RAJASEKARAN, M.Sc., B.Ed., M. Phil., PGDCA, and my school for providing me with all the facilities and information to proceed my project. Tam thankful to my teacher of English, MRS M. ARUN SHENBAGA MALAR, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. for her valuable guidance which helped me in preceding this project work. I would like to thank my parents for their moral support and encouragement. I am also more thankful to my classmates and friends who helped and assisted me in developing the project. 1 would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to everyone who supported me in this project work. SignatureDECLARATION Thereby declare that the Project is the result of the study which was carried out by me under the guidance of MRS M. ARUN SHENBAGA MALAR M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. KSHATRIYA VIDHYA SALA ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, VIRUDHUNAGAR. Signature of the candidateINDEX: @ CERTIFICATE @ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT @ DECLARATION @ FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE @ FORMATION @ BLOOD @ LYMPH @ CONCLUSION @ BIBLIOGRAPHYThe average blood volume is about 5000mI (SL) in an adult weighing 70 Kg. 7.1.1 Plasma The plasma constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. Plasma mainly consists of water (80-92%) in which the plasma proteins, inorganic constituents (0.9%), organic constituents (0.1%) and respiratory gases are dissolved. The four main types of plasma proteins synthesized in the liver are 1, Albumi Albumin maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood. Albumin is the most abundant circulating protein found in plasma. It represents half of the total protein content (3.5 g/dL to 5 g/dL) of plasma in healthy human patients. Albumin is synthesized by liver hepatocytes and rapidly excreted into the bloodstream at the rate of about 10 gm to 15 gm per day. 2. Globulin: Globulin facilitates the transport of ions, hormones, lipids and assists in immune function. Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system. Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. 3. Prothrombin: Helps in clotting of blood. Prothrombin is a protein made by the liver. It is one of several substances known as clotting (coagulation) factors. When you get a cut or other injury that causes bleeding, your clotting factors work together to form a blood clot.1, Abundances Red blood cells are abundant than the other blood cells. There are about 5 million to 5.5 million of RBC /mm* of blood in a healthy man and 4.5-5.0 millions of RBC /mm* in healthy women. 2. Structure: The RBCs are very small with the diameter of about 7um. The biconcave shaped RBCs increases the surface area to volume ratio, hence oxygen diffuses quickly in and out of the cell. The RBCs are devoid of nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of these organelles accommodates more haemoglobin thereby maximising the oxygen carrying capacity of the cell. 3. Function: The red colour of the RBC is due to the presence of a respiratory pigment, haemoglobin dissolved in the cytoplasm. Haemoglobin plays an important role in the transport of respiratory gases and facilitates the exchange of gases with the fluid outside the cell (tissue fluid). 4, Death: The average life span of RBCs in a healthy individual is about 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen (graveyard / cemetery of RBCs) and the iron component returns to the bone marrow for reuse. Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen and helps in differentiation of stem cells of the bone marrow to erythrocytes (erythropoiesis) in adults.2) Function: The narrow passages in the lymph nodes are the sinusoids that are lined with macrophages. The lymph nodes successfully prevent the invading microorganisms from reaching the blood stream. Cells found in the lymphatics are the lymphocytes. Lymphocytes collected in the lymphatic fluid are carried via the arterial blood and are recycled back to the lymph. Fats are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the villi of the intestinal wall. Interdependent cells that protect the body from microbial infections and the growth of tumour cells. * Conclusion: Hence we could understand that the role of fluid connective tissues in immense in our day to day lives and lack of these could have drastic effect on the human race. These transport food, waste materials and helps in exchange of gases, which is essential for life to sustain on earth. * Bibliography: www.google.com www.wikepedia.com NCERT Textbook SCERT Textbook You Tube www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov www.genome.gov @e@e@ ® @ @ @ ® www.britannica.comDECLARATION | hereby declare that the project entitled “ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF PHENOLPTHALEIN” is a record of original project work done by me during the year of 2023-2024 under the supervision and guidance of Mrs. |. Elavarasi, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School, Virudhunagar. Signature of the Candidate (Name of the Student)INDEX . CERTIFICATE - DECLARATION . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AIM INTRODUCTION THEORY APPARATUS REQUIRED MATERIALS REQQUIRED PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 10. OBSERVATION 11. RESULT 12. PRECAUTION 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ye eI Ana wPeACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to thank the Lord Almighty for all the blessings he has endowed upon me. With profound sense of indebtedness, | thank my parents for their immense love and support to do this project. | express my grateful thanks to Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School for giving me the wonderful opportunity of doing this project. | express deep sense of gratitude and heartfelt thanks to our beloved Principal Mr.P.RAJASEKARAN, M.Sc., B.Ed., M. Phil., PGDCA., for his inspiring guidance and valuable suggestions which not only put me on the correct track but enabled me to analyse the problems from different angles and to complete the project within the stipulated time. | take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and sincere thanks to my chemistry teacher, Mrs. |. Elavarasi, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., for her moral support and valuable advice. | also express my heartfelt thanks to my family members and all my friends who had helped me in each and every step | took to complete my project successfully. MasterACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank our school principal Mr. RAJASEKARAN, M.Sc., B.Ed., M. Phil., and school for providing me with all facilities and information to proceed my project. Tam thankful to my Biology teacher, Mr. K. MUTHUKARUPPASAMY, M.Sc., M.Phil. B.Ed., for his valuable guidance which helped me in preceding this project work. I would like to thank my parents for their moral support and encouragement. I am also more thankful to my classmates and friends who assisted me in developing the project and the people who willingly helped. I would like to express my deep sense of Gratitude to everyone who assisted me in this project work. SignatureDECLARATION Thereby declare that the Project on FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE is the result of the study which was carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. KMUTHUKARUPPASAMY, M.Sc., M. Phil., B.Ed., KSHATRIYA. VIDHYASALA ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, VIRUDHUNAGAR. Signature of the candidateAIM: To prepare a synthetic indicator (phenolphthalein) from phenol and phthalic anhydride. INTRODUCTION: Phenolphthalein, which is closely related to the triphenylmethane dyes, was discovered in 1871 by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer. It is an organic compound with the chemical formula C20H140a, is a weak acid which can be used as an indicator for acid-base titrations. It turns colourless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to the class of dyes known as phthalein dyes. Phenolphthalein is slightly soluble in water and usually is dissolved in alcohols in experiments. It is a weak acid, which can lose H* ions in solution.PHENOLPHTHALEIN THEORY: a. PREPARATION : ot. 6 2 oo 0 Phenolphthalein is generally prepared commercially by the condensation reaction of 1 mole of phthalic anhydride with approximately 2 moles of phenol in concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture is then heated in a water bath for 2 hours.b.SEPERTION Then the produced crude mixture of phenolphthalein and unreacted substances are separated by first decantation using separating funnel. Then the mixture is further purified by filtration. c. TESTING: Finally the produced phenolphthalein is tested by adding it to acids and bases. d.COLOUR IN DIFFERENT MEDIUMS: Phenolphthalein shows different colours in different mediums. It is given in the following table: oe Be og pH<0 O 13 Red Colourless Pink Colourlesse. SYNTHESIS MECHANISM: ci on ip: jo" e d é \s SO, ‘o ss ft f f ‘ \ ‘\ ‘ ‘ % on “ot ‘ . : ® oa onAPPARATUS REQUIRED: e Mortar and Pestle e Round bottom 250m! flask e Glass Stirring Rod e Beaker e Watch Glass e Water Bath e Test tubes e Separating Funnel e Bunsen Burner e Tripod Stand e Wire Gauge e Clamp Stand e Funnel e Cork MATERIALS REQUIRED: e Phthalic Anhydride e Phenol ¢ Concentrated H2SO4 e Acetonee Ethanol Distilled Water e Standard HCI solution e Standard NaOH solution PROCEDURE: = Add 10 grams of Phthalic anhydride into a mortar and pestle and grind it into a fine powder. = Transfer it into a clean beaker and add 15 ml phenol and stir it well so that it is suspended properly. = Transfer this mixture into a round bottom flask through a funnel and add 7-8 drops of concentrated H2SOx. = Fix the round bottom flask using a clamp stand in the water bath. = Place the water bath in the wire gauge and heat up the mixture. = Using a cork close the opening of the round bottom flask.= Heat the mixture for about two hours while stirring it time by time so that phthalic anhydride doesn’t stick to the bottom of the flask. = After two hours the colour of the mixture had turned black. = Turn off the mixture and transfer it from the water bath and allow it to cool down. = After cooling filter the mixture using a filter paper to remove unreacted phthalic anhydride. = Transfer the solution to a separating funnel and add NaOH to it and shake the mixture well. = Allow it to separate for 5 minutes. = Then collect the top layer which contains high concentration of phenolphthalein. = Add acetone to dissolve the further impurities and heat the solution to remove them. = Add HCI to neutralise the solution.® Finally add the mixture to ethanol and phenolphthalein indicator is finally prepared. = Test the solution by adding it to standard HCI and Standard NaOH in test tubes. OBSERVATION: ¢ The final colour of neutral phenolphthalein is colourless. ¢ The produced phenolphthalein when added to HCl turns colourless. ¢ The produced phenolphthalein when added to NaOH turns pink. RESULT: Hence synthetic indicator (phenolphthalein) is synthesised. PRECAUTION: e Phenol is corrosive and can cause irritation.e Acetone is flammable. ¢ Don’t heat the mixture directly in the flame. ¢ Grind the phthalic anhydride properly. ¢ Don’t overheat the mixture this decomposes the formed phenolphthalein. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * www.google.com * www.wikipedia.com * You Tube * www.vedanthu.com * www.byjus.com * patents.google.com