(qd) In an atom, all the electrons travel with the same velocity 15. The radial distribution functions [P(r)] is used to determine the most probable radius, which is (r) used to find the electron in a given orbital. for 1s-orbital of hydrogen like atom having ir 3 2 atomic number Z, is 2 = 42° (9, 22r?) ,-22-/09 , ar a3 a Then which of the following statements is/are correct? (a) At the point of maximum value of radial distribution function =0 ; one antinode is ar) dr present (b) Most probable radius of Li?* (©) Most probable radius of He* is FS pm (@) Most probable radius of hydrogen atom is ag pm Select the correct statement(s) : (a) An orbital with 1=0 is symmetrical about the nucleus (b) An orbital with 1=1 is spherically symmetrical about the nucleus (© 3d, is spherically symmetrical about the z-axis 16. d) All are correc 13. colert + itm @OAQ\ 4a uM a ‘Teme 26. An a-particle having kinetic energy 5 MeV falls on a Cu-foil. The shortest distance from the nucleus of Cu to which a-particle reaches is (Atomic no. of Cu =29, K=9 x10°Nm?/C*) (@) 2.3510 m ©) 1.67«10-*m (© 598x10"%m (@ None of these 27. Inthe graph becween V7 and Z for the Mosley’s equation Vv = a(Z ~b), the intercept OX is -1 on Vv axis, ‘a z x What isthe frequency when atomic number (Z) is SL? @) 5057 ©) 10057 (© 2500 st (© None of these 2 28, nine gv an gation fr went fsb pon of apes = BE ar Where n = principal quantum number of energy level, K = constant in terms of R (Rydberg constant). The value of K in terms of Ris: @R we ot @s 2 R R 29. The energy of separation of an electron in a hydrogen like atom in excited state is 3.4 eV. ‘The de-Broglie wave length (in A) associated with the electron is: (Given radius of first orbit of H-atom is 0.53A) (@ 333 ©) 6.66 ©1331 @ None of these 80. If excitation energy for the Hike (hypothetical) sample is 24 eV, then binding energy in Il excited state is! @2e @se os @seROBLES IN PRYSICAL CNIS 18. Monochromatic radiation of H-atoms absorb en Corstens of incident radiations @) 9.75 nm ©) 50.nm © 85.8 nm @ 97.25 nm Wavelength is incider on Heatoms subsequently radiations tenaen of six different wavelength. Fin 19. ‘The energy of a @> (ba On © 1.54%10? m/s @ 154x104 ms 22. Mr measurement of quantum efficiency of photosynthesis in green plants, i was found that area ere lish of wavelength 6850 A were needed toreleate one molecule ofO. Te average energy storage in this process for 1 mole 0, evolved is 112 kes! ‘What is the energy conversion efficiency in this experiment? Given : 1 cal =4.18.J; Ny =6 x10; h=6.63 x10" Js, @ 235 (©) 26.9 © 66.34 @) 73.1 28. A hydrogen like species (atomic number Z) is present in a higher excited state of quantum ‘number n. This excited atom can make a transition to the fist excited state by successive {Etulssion of two photons of energies 10.20 eV and 17.0 eV respectively Alternatively, the atom from the same excited state can make a transition to the second excited state by successive emission of two photons of energy 4.25 eV and 5.95 eV respectively. Determine the value of 2, @1 ) 2 ©3 @4 24. H-atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of A = 1025.6 A and excited atom gives out induced radiations. What is the minimum wavelength of these induced radiations? @ 102.6 nm (b) 12.09 am © 121.6 nm @ 8108 am 25. If the lowest energy X-rays have 1. =3.055x10~ m, estimate the minimum difference in energy between two Bohr’s orbits such that an electronic transition would correspond to the emission of an X-ray. Assuming that the electrons in other shells exert no influence, at what Z (minimum) would a transition from the second energy level to the first result in the emission of an Xray? @1 &) 2 o3 @412. 4 16. 17. ‘When an electron makes a transition from (n +1) state to nth state, the frequency of emitted radiations is related to n according to (n>> 1) : to v2 ov 2 2 or (a v=22 Ina collection of H-atoms, all the electrons jump fromn = Sto ground level finally (directly or indirectly), without emitting any line in Balmer series. The number of possible different radiations is: @ 10 ws 7 @s [An electron is allowed to move freely in a closed cubic box of length of side 10 em. The ‘uncertainty in its velocity will be (@) 33510 msec (©) 5.8% 10-4 msec” (© 4x10 msec (@ 4x10 msec ‘An clement undergoes a reaction as shown : X+2e" —+ X%, energy released = 30.87 eV/atom. If the energy released, is used to dissociate 4 g of H molecules, equally into H" and H*, where H’ is excited state of H atoms where the electron travels in orbit whose circumference equal to four times its de Broglie's ‘wavelength. Determine the least moles of X that would be required : Given : LE. of H= 13.6 eV/atom, bond energy of H, = 4526 eV/molecule @1 2 3 @4 Ifthe energy of H-atom inthe ground state is -B,the velocity of photo-electron emitted when a photon having energy E,, strikes a stationary Li” ion in ground state is given by ‘At which temperature will he translational kinetic energy of H-atom equal to that for H-atom of first line Lyman transition? (Given N, =6% 10") (@) 780K (b) 132«10°K (© 7.84 x10" K @ 1000 For a 3s-orbital, value of y is given by following relation v2 1(a 2) 2/2 arz ve@9-t{4] 6-60+0%)e°; oH 2k Gs za(2) (6-65+0") where © == ‘What is the maximum radial distance of node from nucleus ? (348) 40 @o @ so ihe oF 30+ a 2g ~~ . oFi oe Level 2 1, tential energy of learon presen in He” i be! ” or iP Antor (o 4ncor o 4xcor? 2. A single electron in an on has ionization energy equal o 217.6 eX Whats the total number of ‘neutrons present in one fon of 2 @2 4 os @s ‘8. For a hypothetical hydrogen like atom, the potential energy of the system is given by (2) == were ris the distance between the two particles. fBohr's model of quantization of angular momentum is applicable, then velocity of particle is given by @ ve wy eB? 4. Amal particle of mass m moves in such a way that P-E.=— > mkr?, where kis a constant and ris the distance of the particle from origin. Assuming Bohr's model of quantization of angular ‘momentum and circular orbit, ris directly proportional to : (@) n? oa Own (@) none of these ‘5. A beam of specific kind of particles of velocity 2.110” m/s is scattered by a gold (Z =79) nuclei, Find out specific charge (charge/mass) of this particle if the distance of closest approach is 2.5% 10" m, (@) 4.84107 Crkg () 4.84%107 C/kg (©) 242107 C/kg (A) 3x10"? Greg . what ithe angular velocity (w) ofan eecron occupying second orbit of L® ion? cay BEE 2 anime pa gg Awe pa cg Smet @ aK orn oF ew Ke 7. The ratio ofthe radius difference between 4" and3" al ian cru ionis: @ asa 3:1 3:4 (@ 9:1 . The velocity of an electron in excited state of H-atom is 1.093x10° m/s, What is the circumference of this orbit? (@) 332x107 m — (b) 6.64x10"" m_— (©) 13.30x10 m_ (4) 13.2810 m 9. ‘The angular momentum of an electron in a Bohr's orbit of He” is 3.165210 kg-m?/sec. What is the wave number in terms of Rydberg constant (R) of the spectral line emitted when, an electron falls from this level to the first excited state, [Use h = 6.626 x10 Js ] SR 3R SR (a) 3R oe oF oF 10. If radiation corresponding to second line of “Balmer series” of Li ion, knocked out electron from first excited state of H-atom, then kinetic energy of ejected electron would be: {@) 255 ev (b) 425 ev © 11.25 ev @ 1955 ev- any elementary substance appearin, 7 ig in the reacti I Feat of formation under standard state is taken soe the enthalpy of fc ie ese of allotropes, PY of formation ofthe 2 Mealltrope i taken a8 20, ©. the heat af formar cis zero but of diamond is not zero ot jenthalpy of thombic sulphur is zero, at 3 Heal of combustion is always negative, {a Caloific value isthe amount of heat evolved when one ‘ of fuel of food is burt in the presence of air or excess of oxygen. ». Heatof combustion is used tocalculate calorific value of fuelsie..heat of combustion per gm or per mL. Greater the value more effective is the fuel, 5 Anadll requires 2500 to 3000 kcal of energy per day. ‘ During dissolution, physical state of the compound. ‘changes. stile during hydration, there is no change in the physical sate of the compound. + Heatof solution can be + ve as well as ~ve. { Enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid and strong base isalways ~57.1 kJ or -13.7 Keal. 4 Teaninn’'e mile The roti of wnthalnes af seameet BERD Given: CHD + Hy) — GH, (0: Say dogeaten 2? = 119 I mol Find the actual heat of hydrogenation of benzene from Hess’ law as follows: 1. 6C(s) + 6H,¢(g) —> CH, (0); 4H” = -156 kd mol! 2. 6C(s) + 3Hy(g)—> CyH(D: AH” = +49 KJ mol! C$H(D) + 3H3(8) —> CoH,2(0: Ay irogenaton > is drpenaton!!”)pcuat = ~156 - 49 = 205 kJ mot! Note: by) penaion!” is always negative. Now, ( ‘Hypothetical heat of (=) hydrogenation of benzene) ~ \ of cyclo hexatriene Heat of hydrogenation =ox( of cyclohexane } = 3x (-119)=-357 kd mol"! Hore we have accumed that there are anly % double handsCritical temperature: T,=8al27 Rb 4. Critical pressure: P= art? 3s Critical volume: . 3b ap. Relation berween critical constants: pv.= 3 RT, Hm GT, Boyle’s temperature T,=a'Rb 4 = R.... for 1 mole of gas 29. GJC,= Y= 1.66 (for monatomic gas) = 1.40 (for diatomic gas) = 1.30 (for triatomic gas) ares R 8314 JK! Ny 6022 10% molecules = 1.38,JK" molecule! 31. Loschmidt number = 2.768 x 10!? cm, (It is the number ‘of molecules present in 1 cm? of a gas or vapour at STP). 30. Boltzmann constant (k) =$8 tng ‘SR Supertiaiey: Fluidity i «propery by wie of which igus haves tendency to low, Lese the viscosity more ia the iy, Certain Figid have almost no viscosity and therefore soch Huis can ct a ape ids there efetvely noefectve esitanceotheirflow.Soch guid ‘when Kept in # container goes upil defies avi) and flows out ofthe vessel. Such 2 superid state of mater sometines refered as another sae of mate ‘One such superfluid itm Ian allotropi orm ofl Hetvm 1 (He I) at 4.12 K is normal iui, bat ‘on cooling to 2.178 K another allorpe of li (He I) types The transition from He to He Ili accompanied by sharp uanson in physical properties. For example, ‘et expands on cooling haa thermal conductivity many Iundreds of times greater than tht of copper at ro0m femperture and has no Viscosity under cei conditions. ‘Under ch condos, He can act as superid FORMULAE: 1 No.of mols of ea 1m 10 de = en =10L = 1 at |e oem y= HO i= To ious rerNer'= IP ree APL we=mmKere-anenk ec=S orm 2. Bop te gation PY’ ~ constant or PV, =P e (atconstantTandn) 2. Chase's aw equation: v ve tor «consumo ¥/T,= H/T, (atcomtnt Pann) 4 Presse lew Amon law ution): ? Po teeE conte Ha r BB econ Yond) 5. Avogais we van evan of sate del py PV = ART 7. Values of (00821 Lam K" mot! = 8.3145 107 rp K"! mol! =8314IK! Graham's law of difsion: a. fe & Vim V4 12, Dato’ of atl pressure: Pentre 13, Paria presse of ay component (sy 4: ranma? sehr is mae ction of od Pitt pre 14, Molaraas nd density:es ¢, Fortran pes, SE = 13346, 48, <4 crag molcolar Welgh of gaseous tore Dl, Ag thet br ms and 8 be tc weight ofthe component ‘gga stat: This st itemedia btcen ad te tnd ens sn orp tren orcs aking thal te Some cht pope ace 1 Braperaton i the sontancos change in which "igs int ep tt the hid. Evaporation occur a al tompertres, roportion increas with ness i mare ae fern ntonpertre nddecrse in mace cin fren contrast o evaporation Boing {elon at dent tempers ant eves tabble formation below the surface Fvepwaion (ins cot ty Vapour presnoe: Ie he pres xe Wythe ‘tous othe hid neque eh sb at ‘rentcnpeatre. Vapour presse fig rene Sn tacene i temperature. Lig ng wk ‘Meroe srt foes hve high ody ‘evap andere. hve high apo rere « oting point: The temperature at which the vapor soot lid Becomes equ othe wobec eure cle being ptt Boing poe fs ht TRraes wath increase extra prsire. Lies faving weak strane fs hve low boing pos fed ice versa The temperate of «boing a Seas reais constant 4 Surface tension: The force ha 2c ih anges imaginary neon ut leg a he suri of be Haein Is expescdin} nore Src {thon of gud general dents with mre intemperate i mceured Dy a appara called Sagmometer 1 Coetelent of wscnty: The ere Sauare meter require to unio ‘ony of ne tes per second betwen te rae Inpenofteigadata distance ofone mee om ich ther i expec ing 5. Lagi Being ‘ogee fires are mee ico ‘The ferce of ation beeen two ayer of eid ah ving eno septa by # datas cand ving ‘boty gdhnt doce expreed a H cso Joa B oof-n S sem coaicient of viscosity and its nits are Lode aye Xe ype cm? += | poise oa orem? n bate. 1 ae ‘Si wats of weeny re Pa vor Nae? ‘Commonly sed uni pine sone teh of he SE we ‘es rcenet emer The ainsi DeNEED ‘encom of acon, od belt emprarre 7 ne ah whore and ar comstants fora given Hi 1 Efcct of presare on viscosity: Vso neem teh inree presse Lgl rsa: Te ae coin ss wich en ed longo hry pos tranafrmatons one ‘Seen rt fe sharply ying tid ais 08 ‘rset enone ES ee ‘Ati ryt fet only one color, when white ght ‘cont Ibe temperature changed it rect herent Care ad So suk tiga crystals ean be wed 0 detect ‘Seta temperature changes. The iid ental are of two np (@) Neamt qu crystals nce ke) and (1) Smecte Agu erysas (up the) ‘Surfactants: These are surface active agents which Grcreases the surface tension of wate €g., soaps and detergents “Trouton’ rule: The molar hes of vapourisaton of guid ‘xpresed in Jules divided bythe normal boiling point of the liquid en the absolute scale approximately equal 10 re = 889K! mot" 21 eal" mot) % Lui drops are spherical due to surface tension forces Guidberrs rae: According wthisrue.he normal oiling print 7, of the liu is nary twotid of it critical fempeatre (7) when both are expressed onthe absolute nn 5h ‘iidty: The exproclcoeticiet of viscosity is Midi of be iu. eee oem‘Sng tenncen them. The eqiibriom distance between the cefes ofthe molecules when thy are closet each ‘ter. jotbefoe the epulsion stat) called olson Sameer (Cotton number (Ne): The numberof ellison which ‘single molecule undergoes wih other moles inom ‘con calledctson robe Neo Vivo NIP were Femmes vetoty (2 molecular diameter AIP= number of molecules of 3 perc? Cotton frequency (Z). The oa! mmber of collisions Schick take pce none second amongst the molecules present in Jom ofthe gas called colin frequency. ‘Maticmascaly Z = No of cllsions of ingle molecule (NOx No, of olealesin em? (WP) [As binary collision involves two molecules. Collision frequency, pe Beenie Sint! NIV Noy 2 z Lewin? Punting = ee Ot IE cs orp BE ecg ao Fa 1. On incresing temperature (7) averge velocity () I Ata particnar volume Z = 7"? “4h. Mean free path (i): The distance travelled bya Mose tes Pi asccessve clio incall feet Soren 5 fer termes paar eau Lae ‘No.of eallisions(¥,) eee Mahony ho where = clision diameter and Ni the mumbo TRolcales ofthe pe per unit volume. For» males as PY = oT or PY =INQRT. 2. Numer of molecules pe wi volume, w= PMs er where Ny Avogadro's number ae pl Tina PN r tows aE ‘4. Ataconstan pressure the mean fe path ine Ate constant temperature the mea fre pat acs ‘withthe decease in pressare and vice-versa Atcontanttemperstire and pressure, seth clit ‘ameter. 0, more isthe mean fee pth 2 49, Molar heat capacity: is amount ofheat equieé tit the tempers of fmol of substance thr °C “Molar heat = Spelde heat Molar mass amount of eat required vo me temper of ofa ubance toigh1°C) Best 8 ‘constant volume =C, and at constan presse Cy Some weil relations of Cand C, areBEriekenrarna ‘Compare bond angles for the following molecules: oy un” oP wx>y @x-y yx 4 1 ‘Compare x and y bond lengths for the above given ‘molecules: (x>y @)y>x (@)x=y (d) None of these O Sa ee f Oo” Ss snd y bond lengths forthe above given2.23.11 CONSEQUENCES OF INTERMOLECULAR H-BONDING Some of the properties affected by H-bonds are as follows: 1. High melting and boiling points: The compounds bi H-bonding show abnormally high melting and boi points, as shown in Figs. 2.59(a) and (b) for the eles of groups 14, 15, 16 and 17. 250 8 Melting point (K) ——_» a é 8 @topo tas sm etoeseseme = |(Trigenal bipyramid) “The exbalsivotved in nybeiiaton are? Hyena = 13923 * jon som, Gromer gn yao. Dat? thar Taupe. The ata vobed in hybriinaon ae, we cre Tp ba ue 1. ithe shape, he shins volved in hybeiaton are pd Geo ctbt (1et pth gee ‘ppd tape Th red io Pita pdaeeon hme de edd € tan enon 16) 92 ot is pmagna pri Pp) oe pith torte xa tape ‘The orbeals involved in bybendisation are sp? diy, he cee Peper eer nerarr 2 Mypaton att = +1) =7 = (crea sae i petgosl pram (pp) ince 1 sors do not have ery Ips Theorie tvolved tn Iyeidation ae py he deerls ep, PhP + +a) 1 Wiese csr Cl no mpd pet lpnrtlt sensi 2 Wark ree ere ogy aise Sd ie a pote mca 3 Te iol momento Lit is 1.964» 10 Cm and ntertomic tance tween sd in is moc 6A. Whats the per ceat ionic character in Li? “Prat wheter each of he flowing toler hat a «BF, aya, ot 39610 ee mm RL de a, Seer as em Cait be pesmi S| see eerie Sree oe a isteteent m pence ecreerse shebiemanasteeccasd| | ema 1, State whether the fllowing ae ionic or covaen? Ca, MEO) ENECO, Nig HC LCC, NS” hc, i Diamood Cac; ENA Lat 18 enti wich of them ar polar and non-polar iF BBC, eMC aN, eHo | 6% BAI ca, ka, psc, 1 Give reson othe flowing Pris known but NF, i ot 81,0 isa good solve Bi non-polar bt plana. <¢Nr,is pyramidal and polar ‘© Carbon ~ oxygen (C—O) bood lengths eeu s NCO, { MaF, is more soluble in water than MgC 10, ive esos fo the following CO, has no dipole momeat but $0, sd H,0 tne oieineetoe 1 Carbon has two unpaired electrons in he ones bt, bat itis tetravalea in organic compound «CaF s more oni than Ca, 4. Sigma bonds ae stronger thn pi boods, © CH is planar while CH, i linear 1 10's more polar than HS. 1 lone compounds do not conduct clr i lt state, but they conduct electricity in soo # mohen ste 1M, Indiete wheter the folowing pars of element Soni or covalent compounds. Also write the wok = CandS — b.NaandCl ¢.SandO 4.Coadl 12, Arrange the lowing ws dete EERE Come andy, ~O.N" Ch Mg=O,At-F sty Me. (Decreasing | 1 en pee, conn rp (Daceig okt nt (@ HF, HCL HBr, HI onder of (@ecreming140 RS. Praca. Cumusay Fon Coupermons 2 Te mur of cliia orbi xanga iin the ‘atone Or Os @2 wt {Mits_Fx Nebel = 4 Thal wl ave on cern tee ip eit) 2A Frome etonicconiguntn of he gen men KL, sea? land whch one are igh oto (M=INese37" Le [Ne}3739? © Re[ie]73p! Notas Ae bg (its Lhe a ed pala ema tN, ewe Line he ight poe) 25, Whe falwing parvo econ exch en vont fnnntngmaas Wandlntmn shen of OF er @m Wat: nadie! nproen Spat cmniaig se ‘seh Si wl ei ees having 41? ‘cme erentcn ‘mT ple aes (-V2.0,+12) fre spin ‘gems nels mfp (19) lb weap weap Ue Ae Ip, Wap ae (O27 27,3739" ect tee 29, ean of ft Boe of ign sta hen Se Srl wavdenghof lero inden ox om wx «i (ints gy rain motes * Tee How ny ies os ight wave far in acum ha ‘leon Bohr eo barge ste (137 tne () 67 tee (2) TST es () 97 ines (ine: 2216810 emae 21881 cave * vai tige 9 Velsty of cron "2issxi@t 748) 21. Rowman mpi ne Sr Sone tata 0 wna'ato ansera onsee? Tt pte =r 0M ae nar ix fod) Ten pind ve tue Veet mene ptt 2, Tot pur emt cesar pp rea of of ot om otk 2h. Wien open stom cnt phan fee 11 ee Sel npc nomena lng GOSH Hee) RIKI ee (9 Mex (0) 42210 Fae (Was Emin of pt of 12.1 eV ceeapnds th Maton fmreSior=t a ameFong va il ho be ogee ‘What te ra of be Rye cont for Bom © Ine ei? On OM em @ue ys ln oy fe price 0 aie Bet tees Wa i to of tne pot (5/7) a mend ot ia) Soe tm id of 7 of oF of oF umes 7 Aaah er a, i Bag BaP Teed Bee an lero eed by an ‘ce Bit of FOF pony one ore Rola @atz 1 Anexcideleeen of ons nif pan of waeegth 2. resin iron sine he pcp gua tne efecd sme en: : one = oe (0m) 1 Cae) > Cate (09m) 9" Con) * Con (0m) 34> Candy > Coed (50> Can)? Cody Fotlowing queaoas may have mere han oe core pt: "Sots eea elon othe bao Bae ear (0 vei aetcrn = tune tron = (© mis oft a2— (feo ston = 2. To wich ofthe flowing pci, te Babe ter isnot ‘roll Oe OL © He @ Ham 1 The gine of ia saga momentum of mn don is rent 0 5-aFDE cto Ga my aye ae 0) caer (arl a? (o PUz=asy Krad SP @ zor} a?om OM om @me (ing eB Fu 2g iF J. i 2 te kn oe of « pul is dd, de Drop vevclngl bceae (9 2times—() 4times (@) VEtimes () Lines a en, B= Ke yet pie (me: oo Aes aoe BM eet 37, Imagine an om mae wp of + rote and utc of double the mar ofthe aco et avn hse hare asthe eleren. Aply the Beh’ stone todel and ‘onal ll posible anno of is typathel parce he fin acted eve. The lags wavlengh photon ut wil be emit has wavelength & given in ee of the Rye, cone or ge a) ea o2 of of « (i ary eid a ‘am ‘The Ings wavelngts Ae photon wil conepnd 1 he tsion of price fom n= ona? (@-3) ‘38 What into of sie period (15/7) in seen ari of yop stom ord et of He ol? (41. Adyesaora ptm of wavelength snd emit te ene Hey ine wo oa of wavelength spectively. TRS on oe 4S a @a- be a og a Dep cgi iy aa moms (Oa) 31> Coe) 9 > Conds ©) 26 Ca) 9 * Come (am) 30> C9 > Cree (a) 34> Ce) 4? Condy ollowiog questions may have mar than one correct opto: 1S the comet relations onthe bas of Bae ry (© loci of econ =F () ony froin (©) rains of it 12Z (6 freon electron = 2 To sich of he following specie, the Bor thay is ot slicable? OH OU © Ham ‘3 The magus of opin angular momentum of n econ is sive rae 4 7s tae sccm afiG) 2-444 sleds 4 Sec te came cpr Oacsminient oceania iat (©) Pd(Z = 46): [Kr] 4d, 55” » oserd rn Sathek os 1 anon he lowing:142 GAB. Prrsica. CHessrry For Courermans, + et te mnt See ea mae 9 iereaecar aca ema Rasen career as (2 At apt riven os 6 et aaa a mone 6) falar tatamatscemeg ete 3 Sooo 2 Tica a ana we ‘quantum numbers tadraiecon tee See et soeceme Behance Seanmoyrer yn po Cr, 2 wis! 2s wast | Which of he lowing he core fr Hampi He of lydogen specu? @maTon=2 Om =6 Omesomel — @Omalame3 9 Inthe Bobe'smode of te stom (@ thers oft iti proportional on? () theta ney ofthe eco athe mth rit inverely ‘roporoa! i" (eto monemn of be ening mine (@ the maguitne of ptt cnr ofan lecten ina obit ‘nro thn nate oeay 10. Which mong the folowing seat ie obit in both ‘eopton and emis pecans? (@) Uman aries () Balmer series (©) Prschen seis (@ Bracke seca 1, The msi ne sy of ptr is dey epson ate a Them ed © ieasty (© waves Gewnnbe——_( bogey 12, Rida veperinent tlie at (0) int he orev cee ©) alow cena proud mens {© moot gpa sn ton coy (@ sevotmcicn i wy all 13, Wihotefoiwing sin hen gae? Ody Ode Oo Ody 1M, Ini te awn uo cin less he i corals nome? © nds (Baal 2p (6) 2p and 39(6) Ipsnd¥d 15, Which flowing eal be ope oat? Ov Oe Op Or 16 Fora of ppl qu on =e (9 ier (0) cle (© Secon mein) (0) cect wih /= 3 17, Tepes ai te me nee of ecm 0) room {© proms earns (0) Gens 1, Wh fhe flowing seer le ranber of pons Senne cfueaont Siete 1%, Teams pct of be wee ection pend ce ese pets che eaten a CO Le dr obyanger Sn eee bere 0 Oe Oe Ou ou 1. sacs are et eg te lig oon (0 Kerr of ecto miami foi {8 chlo oc cc inn er {© fad often fer tes ds of he feet (@ Wo ney eve oily gcd __—_——_—__——————————————| ‘© Single correct option.wae Integer Answer TYPE QUESTIONS ‘This section contains 10 questioas. The answer to each of the questions is a single digit integer, ranging from 009. Ifthe correct answers to question numbers X, Y, Zand W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2 respectively, then the ‘correct darkening of bubbles will look like the figure: Fo: Lhe lon il fom he ato orbit, all the three types of lines, ie. Lyman, Balmer and ‘Paschen was found in the spectrum, Here, the value of ‘n’ will = heii in hypnosis Tetighe rit nhh te deco hx bed (le: Nabe = =D S n=) Total number of nodes present in 4d orbitals will be : Spin multiplicity of nitrogen in ground state will be Orbital frequency of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen is twice that of 2nd orbit. The value of mis: If kinetic energy of an electron is reduce by (1/9) then how ‘many times its de Broglie wavelength will increase. If electrons in hydrogen sample return from 7th shell to 4th shell then how many maximum number of lines tan be ‘observed in the spectrum of hydrogen. ‘An electron in Lit* ion is in excited state (nm) . The wavelength corresponding to a transition to second orbit is 10, 48.24 nm. From the same orbit, wavelength corresponding 0 a transition to third orbit is 142.46 nm, The value of m, is: ‘The energy corresponding to one of the lines in the Paschen seties for H-atom is 18.16% 107” J. Find the quantum numbers forthe transition which produce this line. war 5-5| va 181610 = 2. 18x10") —- | ssocir*-2nsir 2] ‘On solving, n=6 } Time mmm f den een i be seaubaell fist appears is xx. The value of willbe: (iat: AB= (line: f= 4 for gsubshell ‘Thus, the subsbell wil frst appear in (n= 1+ = $) Sth shell. — Angular momentum (mor)= nF. l= aR2 R2 Node = — 31. Plot of radial probability function (47 r?R?): 4ar?R2 —p Tn the ning af radial nrahalhilite acainet *>® oiumherneskea joI ars conn 1. Successive ionis n ergy of an atom is greater than previous one, because: (@) E ratio increases 0) 2 ratio decreases (© 2 ratio remains constant @ none of these 2. Correct order of ionisation potential of coinage metals is: (@ Au > Ag > Cu (b) Cu> Ag> Au (© Au > Cu> Ag @) Ag > Cu> Au 3. IE, and IE, of Mg metal are 178 and 348 kcal/mol respectively. The energy required for the given reaction is: Mg(g) —> Mg"%(g) +2¢ (a) +170 kcal/mol (b) +526 kcal/mol (© -170 keal/mol (d) -526 keal/mol ee SOREN Ye at 4 , " saa " arewaves = principal quantum number 150 h of electron (4) V(volts) are of electron was confirmed by Davisson and Germer experiment. Uncertainty Principle ig to this principle, “it is impossible to measure simultaneously the positi sum of a microscopic particle with absolute accuracy”. { them is measured with greater accuracy, the other becomes less accurate. 2 > h/4n of (x) (Av) > — or (wg (any> 4am an ‘Ax = Uncertainty in position, Ap = Uncertainty in momentum. Incertainty in velocity, A). = Uncertainty in wavelength. nass of microscopic particle, 4 = Wavelength of microscopic particle enberg replaced the concept of orbit by that of orbital. ager Equation srodinger equation is central equation of wave mechanics according to following eq) oy dy aty , 8x2m ee ay? ae? ‘Wave function = f(x, y,2) otal energy of particle Potential energy of particle. ‘A Schrodinger equation leads to infinite solutions. “Most of the solution are not realistic (or acceptable). Only few solution can be accep ach solution - y (x, y,2) correspond to a definite energy state which depends on q number n,l&m. By proper mathematical manipulation the main equation is broken in two parts anc separately. (@ Radial part contain only‘, depends on quantum numbers n & i) Angular part contain 0 and ¢, depends on quantum numbers l&m. ach value of y contain all the information about that particular quantum stat 4 Atomic Orbital : This is a three dimensional space around the nucleus within wi ‘probability of finding the electron is maximum, * Degenerate Orbital : Orbitals with same value of n and | of same subshell are deg orbitals, which have same energy. For example, 2p, ,2y 2P2 &t. (E-V)y=0‘Arowc STRUCTURE 13 as Eizo? Jota tin pre ote i Kees ope Pa racine 2. Compas wae Reco canbe vena WeOA= AO) $8000) Se ae Deen ft wave fon on ut ecm be sve o Yan(0.0)= Ras (On) At node, the 29. Graph of radlal wave function vale of changes from postive to negative. lL ie Number of radia nodes = (n~1—. 30, Plot ot radial probabity dehy *R2 ‘31, Plot of radia probebity function (47°): thn In the plot ofa probably gaint", amber peak, Le, selon of maximum probability nel‘Slaglet state Verma) th Singlet acted th + ‘Spin mtipity 1 =241 Spin muti =1 =2K0¢1e “Tipe exc tte 19. () Numer of bets ia sell = (4 Nur of marin eb i hel = 9? (8) Number of ial nds in nya onl ‘worl has no soe; 2 bial as one spi ‘ode pct eno pert: Spotl as ae (iy Seeinger wave ation does nt give sin ‘ustan me ) A pan psig hough the mace t which te ‘otbiy of fang he ecto 2s called ‘ed plane ‘Teemumber of aad plan inan bial =/ ‘etal hve nono plane, pois have coe dal neds ave we nda planes ad 0 28 Pry extnon ‘No vo leon in an stom can hve he suet al et Quant aR rvebnl camo have mae han 2 secons bcese ee ‘gunn munbers (pnp, amu aod mage) at he Stay be ue Bet he fourth mat be leet, si tat be fm eppnte drecton 1 pose cack he ‘Suioum mer of seen wich cn be sccommodtd co 8 22, Aafiwu principle: Aun iss Germ word meng ‘ming op. Te Coon aiid varos ob odet (th erasing ner Aa bial of lowes ory id fat The sores of eis ine ene of he tcesing, oe 1s 2p 3.39. 3,4. A, Spt, 4, 69.1 5,6, ‘The cory ofthe eae governed by (e+ Dre () Sebel with over of (n+) hs lower en, ener ‘ied fre pln =A)illbe fied ber dn 15). (0 When (241 values ae same, ten the sel with lower val of sill ee Spee Tnd) wil be fled bere s(t = 4) ‘case pts hwer vale of 2h. Hund’ rae! No clston ping takes place ia the bins ina acereg el wl each ial occupied yon ‘Seoron wpa spi Exactly Dal Med ae aly tebe mule the mm more sable, Le Psp dad®, sdf cofigurtions ee mos sabe. ‘All hone sms which const of tet ne ei singly xcept bene Dhle a tose sin Sich al he ode re doubly cecapied ae diamageetie i Magnetic moment = fife FEM ‘+= mbar of epider 2A. Hae a fly-in hve ex bility ue to grote exchange exergy sd sphere metry ound emcee, 725, Kisonly els wich do not hve fur bes ike '¥ vest probaly offing he econ at (yond 2) ‘Oper of oun canbe gent diy=By‘arom STRUCTURE sy ebetepemn#E perio! Defects of ebrtheory:_() latex the spect of smliecvon nes i) It ls to expan fe wpecrom of Tyeope. i) Hee nt provide an explanation why angu ‘momar ul vay bean ingle of 2) ‘Scot expla sping of opel ines ude he iafunce of ‘tape el (Zeman ec su lected Stark fc) "3 Sommeris eatmon: Sante (191) inmadaced ‘Sipuel and one ceular beri The ted bit hes tro ‘Spel done cedar bert THA. Dual ature: Light ba dul canter, be, itbshaves semaine lke pric ed crete ie waves. de role (G924) preted that soll priles auch aceon, bald ‘Sow weve poperies og with ple chance. TBE ‘Yovclngt Q) sncd wits prof mas mand ving ‘7 veloc vs ie bythe reaontip = wae, Plank’ const "The wave nae wat consid by Davison and Gamer's ‘Devito and Gomer gave some modified equsons for (E; ~ B2)> (Eq ~ Es). ‘ ‘where, E;,E,£y...are energies of ecrresponding shells, €) Froueneyof deepen th it mie £ "ke our 1 662x102? ame, . ; . (ai) Period of revolution of electrons in nth orbit (Z,), Dar 15x10 Zz electrons.) 0529 (where, r is the radius of Bohr orbit of ; * 1, nae (iv) Energy of electrons in a particular shell can be calculated 3 Cae a Tey pa Bt minke! . # ee (ii) Ionization energy = E. Sx 21.19 10" atom : 2 =~ Z2xi36ev A 13.6 eV (Rydberg energy) 1 ad sr ionization energies of two elements and 2. = os a (0) B, = Bn? E, = By x= for hydrogen ike species, (x 8 ney of itn) = a 1) mom (vi) Velocity of electrons in a particulagshepagprbitgag be oi OOOO 6 @ wn 0Density of micteus = 10" tonnes/ce 4, Atomic number (Z)= Number of protons in the nucleus ‘S. Mass number (4)= Number of protons + Number of neutrons. 6. Isotopes: These are atoms of same element having ‘same atomic number but different mass numbers, e.g., GH, 7H, 7:(a, Fey 7. sobars: ‘These are stoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic numbers, ¢ g., itn, 8K, $3Ca pe 5 fund series [Balmer series consists of four prominent lines Hy. iy baving wavelengih 6863 A 4861 4.4340 A's respectively. Balmer equation is, where, n= 3,4,5,6,... ‘The Rydberg formula is used to calculate the wavelength of any line of the spectrummoat stable? Solution: Sub Example $6. . Calculate the binding energy of the oxygen - PEt nucleon. isotope 180. The mass of the isotopes 100 oon. teen = 0,0005486amu, p= 1.00757 amu and n= 1.00893 amu.) Solution: The isotope: "0 contains 8 protons, Binding energy (MeV) weiiegtr cen sms mien have mass numbers 9,10, 11and 12 res meh 54,70, 66 and 78 MeV ve spectively: Which one of the atoms is lity depends on the value of binding energy 15 G o 4 1m 6 7 9 6 ‘No. 6 micleons a ‘8 neutrons and 8 electrons. Binding energy per nucleon (MeV) 7 6) 6s Actual mass of the nucleus.of '§0 ‘Thus, Bis most stable = 16~ mass of 8 electrons MrsceLtANFOus NUMERIC Eyampi gh Whit,104 Binding energy can als be calculated ine. This is ‘=Mas defect (an) 1.66% 10" (3x 10)? erg (1MeV= 60% 10" rp) “The binding energy incemser wih he inctete in some umber of he element, This ines that Heavier nucle should ‘more sable tan lghor nue. Buti snot 30 becuse eavier nucle above stoi number 82 are unstable ti has ‘lear daw bndng ery of cleus does not explain the > Sabiiy ofthe niles. The tol binding energy of nucleus when divided bythe ruaer of toseos gives the average of ean binding ey Fer alee, The binding energy per muclon i actly tbe Feature of te sablty ofthe meu. The grea the Binding tery per nocieon, more sale edhe mle Tot binding ene Tot er of eons When binding enery pr nucleon of «number of nce is pleted agaist the corresponding mass number, # graph is biained (Fig 2.19) whose characteristics area follows Binding energy per nucleo evon of —— GB. PHysicaL CuewsTRY FoR CoMPETMONS. 3@@82 THE WHOLE NUMBER RULE AND PACKING FRACTION ‘Aston believed that mass number values (cum of protons and ‘neutrons) of isotopes should be whole numbers on the sale of ‘oxygen ('%0=16) but actually it was observed that these were ‘ot integers. The diference inthe atomic mas of a isotope and mass. number was expressed by Aston (1927) as packing fraction by the following expression: Isotopic atomic mass ~ Mass number Packing tration ~ HPP toms ess = MAS RIPE ot the packing faction of picking fraction of oxygen i 20 1s clea that the value of packing fraction varies fom ove ‘stom to othe. This is sometime postive or zero but more often negative. ‘A negative packing faction mcans that atomic mass is less ‘than nearest whole number and this suggests that Some mass as. oan converted into energy when the partclariotope has been constinted, Ths energy 8 responsible for nuclear stably, All those having negative values of packing faction are stable ruck ‘A postive packing faction geerlly indicates instability of the males, However, tis stent ist comet frie In general, lower the value of packing fiction, the greater is the stbilty'of the nucleus. The lowest values of packing fractions are observed for transition elements ot iron family indicating thereby maximo stability oftheir mule. 228) ‘THE MAGIC NUMBERSTyron ne oe open Hand “tun semtn) Na ane woot toe Oxygen has tlree isotopes, "*O, 'Oand "*0. aE Nastia, yoo 4 joo " eg er sm, he tao pr sd he mad Ot ens ahh ssa, coe Scie fal he ope fo cee he ‘Tn a ap oft ort show ane ‘Seal proper Hove, es ofacions may ‘Seine beater of cme (iy Nite op aon deme oye poston trope bi (i) Tm tapes of elon lh sigh i phen o Determination of tetople Mase Chlorine as to istopes yC1 andy CP these ar found ‘nt in 3:1 ratio 75%: 25% respectively oop mass ‘maybe calealted Isotopic mas of elorne ot, ot 6 HOE aso" 1 mot +O” maf 18 9543 gape S354 Bases oR uotopi mas of chorne _Rafioof CU x muarof C + Ratio? C2” x mato CP” ‘Sun rio SxS DIT 65 228 THEORIES OF NUCLEAR STABILITY Since, maceu conte poively charged protons, here mart, tint a tong replive free botveen thom Thar been falcolaod that ‘he exists an elecostaie repulsion of ‘proximately sx tos between two protons sted ata micear » "Det ocuimy psp ant nein Mass Detect—Binding Energy Tis observed hat the atomic mas ofall ml (exept ‘nog sient fom the sum f the mae of protons tad etn. For example, tbe elim males consists of 2 potas ‘2 neutrons, The combined nu of 2 pots and 2 neoons thowld te = 2 LO07SR 23 1.0093 03902 am ‘Te acta observed mas of beim mic is 4.028 ama. A erence of 0302 ani observed betwen thse vals ‘This dierence istered as mae defect Mas deft = Tota miso mclons ~ Observed sfomic mass ‘This decease in mast (Le, mas defer) is converted into sen sccorting 10 Eisen equation E=mc*. The comty ‘eked when mile it frmed fom protons td newton ‘led the bindng nergy. This she frp which ols al e- ‘ceo logue inthe mcleus Binding cry canbe defied in her ways al, the energy eid obek the mci ito ‘onetiuet protons and newrne ining energy esr in MeV (ition Electe-Vots) Le, ami 931 Me. Binding enrey = Mase defect 931MeVof WHI be Celinitely « Because Value OF A Cannot oe ve, thus X will be R? and Z will be 4n7°R. Z represents wobability function; its value will be zero at origin] ve function (¥ ) of 2s is given by : reat) Egle radial node is formed. Thus for 2s, 7 in terms of ay , 4% = 2g ()% = 4/2 (= 4ay len =%, a= = 0, then from the given equation: 2:4 thin Bok call discKUITRATONS OF OMECTIVE Questions === 18. 1». GAB. | Baan Ite sboveraia peace ints 2s fia he thane bawecn he peak pins i (207A “(0) 159A (0) 053A. (2.24 ans. (@)] (itine : X=053A, ¥=26A Y~X=26-083 = 207A] Pilots for 2s orbital are: A A ARSE PHYSICAL CHeMIsTRY For COMPETITIONS Litine: Forts orbital, probability of finding the electron atthe nucleus is 2r0,] 22, The radial wave equation for hydrogen atom is: Tye =e [4] te- ne? -a rye? ald} to-n0e ame where, x= 2*/ ay; ay = radius of first Bohr orbit ‘The minimum and maximum position of radial nodes from rcleus are: (0)45,3ay W)B,3aq (Lay (4) 58 hay ans. 0] [Hint : At redial node, ' +. From given equation, and x? ~ 8x + 12=0 = xsl (Minimum he.(@) Number of radial nodes = (n—1~1) (i) Number of angular nodes =! (i) Total number of nodes = (n= 1) (iv) Number of nodal planes = 1 Note: Ifthe ode at r= is also considered then no. of nodes Will be “w(ooin~ 9. Examples: (i) For Lsorbial n=1, radia or angular node (i) For Asorbita, node. (it) For eorbital, n= 3,1=0, itll ave tv radial nodes. (is) For 2porbital, n=2, =|, it will have no radial node butit has onyone angular node. (*)For 3porbita,n=3, =|. itwill have one radial and one angular node. For s-orbitals: (11~ rail nodes + Dangular pode = (n ~ 1 total nodes. For porbital: (n= 2)radial nodes + angular node = (n ~1)total nodes, For éorbitals: (n= 3) radial nodes + 2angular nodes = (n~ I) total nodes 4 like alld-obtals has two angular nodes. The differences that he angular nodes are cones in ad.» orbital, not planes. Operator form Schrédinger Wave Equation AY=EY (Operator form) #9247] = Hamiltonian operator , it will have no it will have only one radial Kiet ‘Number of radial nodes = (n ~ 1~1. ‘At node, the value of ‘R’changes from positive to negative. Plot of Racial Probability Density ‘A ts 7 2» 1 t t | rl \ noe| perpen ti lal el (i) Toa mer of ie ==) {Nae fed pss ste Wena omen tm fete ne eae () For oral n= 1,140, wil hve no ral or onde (@)For rbd ne 2, 1=0, hve ny rai le i) Foraorbln=3,1=0, the wore ods {i For portal mv lh ra de belt not engl nde (Forjpauat n=) anger Ferrero (Gu ynaloode + Omar = (=a node Ferrers (oral ean oe Feraeniate (alae 2nd = (4 Da nd, theatres mace Te atc tne pr oeerecnesint ebaltple stl eve one radial and ome "otal nodes. F8)= RO Dependence of the wave ection on gust meen be eee) ¥an(0.00= Rul?) 04 @)00(@) ‘The function depend oly on teeth describe the Aintiboton ofthe ceo as incon of ro te nals. ‘These actin depend upon wo quan namo, rand The two facons © and ® tken tngeber give he angular inebuton of he lecton. Teal pf ev con se oi maybe sivenas, ener of nal endeas == ‘Atnode, thal of changes om pose to meatine. Plot of Radial Probabilty Denaty A: Chis ‘The pls of probability, Le, Hoe? ae more essing ‘han he plots of fincas hematin be en ta fr both ‘and orbs, the proabity has a masima valve a= 0, nthe males fase of 2 orion mare tira i ‘te probity plot trv. Plot ot Radia! Probabity Function (¢x77A4) order vsulle the coon cod within perc shel. 1s paced tat a'r 6? fom he male Ts dal robe fnction decries he tal pcb of dig the flecton im sper shel f ticket "a Tose the ‘Sstce tom te melee an tl Inthe lt of radial pobbiy agxinet ‘umber pes