Chapter 1: The introduction of Macroeconomics

Definition:
- Scarcity: It is the situation when unlimited wants exceed the limited resources
available to fulfill those wants.

- Opportunity cost: The benefit that individual is losing out by choosing an

option instead of another option (the value of the next-best alternative when a
decision is made, it is what is given up).

- Economics

- Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior and

performance of an economy as a whole. It focuses on aggregate changes such as
CPI, GDP, inflation level, unemployment rate.

 Macroeconomics focuses on fundamental objects:

 Total output, economic growth, business cycle
 Unemployment, social welfare
 Price level, inflation
 International trade, balance of payments, foreign exchange
rate

- Economics model is any simplified representation of reality that is used to

better understand real-life situations.

- Normative statements are based on how the situation could be different or

improved upon, it is a prescriptive idea of how the world ought to be.

- A positive statement is a factual account of how the world is. A description of

real and verifiable aspects of the current scenario.

- Fiscal policy: the use of government revenue collection (taxation) and

expenditure (spending) to influence the economy.

- Momentary policy is a set of actions of central bank to control a nation's overall

money supply and achieve economic growth and stability.

- Phillip curve
Chapter 2:

Definition and formula

- Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and
services produced within an economy in a given period of time.

1. R

Natural resources (R) factor plays an important role in the development of

Vietnam's economy. With its wealth of natural resources, Vietnam has made
significant achievements in the fields of agriculture, fisheries and tourism.
However, there is still much untapped potential and solutions are needed for
Vietnam's economy to develop in the long term.

According to data and statistics, Vietnam is one of the countries with the largest
arable land area in the world, with more than 10 million hectares of agricultural
land. Agriculture contributes about 15% of GDP and creates jobs for more than
40% of the population. At the same time, Vietnam also has a long coastline and
rich aquatic resources, contributing to exports and providing a source of income
for many farming households. In addition, the tourism industry also contributes
greatly to GDP and creates jobs for millions of people.

However, for Vietnam's economy to develop in the long term, specific solutions
are needed. First, we need to protect and manage natural resources sustainably.
This can be done through strengthening environmental management, protecting
biodiversity and using resources efficiently. At the same time, promote
education and raise awareness about the importance of protecting natural
resources.

Second, it is necessary to increase investment and development of economic

sectors related to natural resources. Investment in agriculture, fisheries and
tourism will help enhance competitiveness and create many job opportunities.
At the same time, we need to strengthen research and

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Apply technology in these industries to improve efficiency and added value.

Finally, it is necessary to develop green and sustainable forms of economy.

Using natural resources in an efficient and environmentally friendly way will
help minimize negative impacts and protect resources for future generations. We
need to encourage and support businesses and organizations to implement
energy saving measures, use renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse
gas emissions.

To summarize, the natural resources factor (R) plays an important role in the
development of Vietnam's economy. For long-term economic development, it is
necessary to protect and manage natural resources, increase investment and
development of related economic sectors, develop green and sustainable forms
of economy, and create a favorable business and investment environment. Only
when these solutions are implemented can we see sustainable development and
continue to contribute to prosperity of the country.

2. T

The technological factor (T) plays an important role in the development of

Vietnam's economy. With the increase in technology and changes in production
and management methods, T has contributed significantly to economic growth
and improved people's quality of life. However, there is still much untapped
potential and solutions are needed for Vietnam's economy to develop in the long
term.

According to data and statistics, Vietnam has made significant achievements in

the field of technology. For example, the number of internet users has increased
to more than 70 million, or about 70% of the population. The popularity of
smartphones and mobile applications has created a revolution in information
access and e-commerce transactions. At the same time, domestic technology
companies have also recorded significant successes, with technology startups
achieving market capitalization of millions of US dollars.

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However, for Vietnam's economy to develop in the long term, specific solutions
are needed. First, we need to increase investment in technology research and
development. This can be done through creating a favorable environment for
businesses and organizations to research and develop technology. Governments
can also provide financial support and incentives to promote innovation and
technological development.

Second, it is necessary to strengthen training and development of human

resources with technological knowledge and skills. Training and developing
quality human resources in the technology field will help create a workforce
capable of creating and applying technology effectively. At the same time, it is
necessary to create the right environment to attract and retain technology
professionals, by providing attractive policies and career development
opportunities.

Finally, it is necessary to promote cooperation between businesses and

technology research and development organizations. Creating an environment of
cooperation and information sharing between parties will create breakthroughs
and creativity. At the same time, it is necessary to create mechanisms to
encourage and protect intellectual property rights to ensure that new
technologies are protected and exploited effectively.

To summarize, the technological factor (T) plays an important role in the

development of Vietnam's economy. For long-term economic development,
there needs to be investment in technological research and development, training
and human resource development, promoting cooperation between businesses
and technological research and development organizations, and create a
favorable business and investment environment. Only when these solutions are
implemented can we see sustainable development and continue to contribute to
the country's prosperity.

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3. K

Currently, the capital situation in both domestic and foreign investment

segments of Vietnam is facing some notable challenges.

In the domestic investment segment, capital mobilization is still quite limited.

Data from the General Statistics Office shows that the total value of domestic
investment has grown slowly in recent years. In 2020, the total value of
domestic investment only reached 1.47 billion USD, down 25% compared to
2019. This reflects the lack of domestic capital, especially public investment
capital, making it difficult to develop. develop domestic projects and businesses.

In terms of foreign investment, Vietnam has attracted a large amount of foreign

investment capital in recent years. According to the United Nations World
Investment Report 2021, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Vietnam reached
16.1 billion USD in 2020, an increase of 10% over the previous year. However,
there are still some issues that need to be resolved. Infrastructure does not meet
the requirements of foreign investors, especially in industrial parks and special
economic zones.

To solve the long-term capital problem in the Vietnamese economy, there are a
number of solutions that need to be applied. First, the government needs to
increase investment in infrastructure development, especially in areas with high
economic development potential. According to the 2021 Socio-Economic
Development Plan, the government has set a goal of increasing public
investment and infrastructure development, expected to account for 28% of
GDP in 2021.

Second, there needs to be clear and transparent policies and regulations on

investment and administrative procedures. This will help increase accessibility
and trust among investors, both domestic and foreign. The Government needs to
continue to promote administrative reform, simplify the investment process and
create favorable conditions for businesses.

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Finally, it is necessary to increase domestic capital mobilization through
incentive policies and improve the business environment. The government could
consider creating reasonable loan mechanisms, encourage domestic savings and
investment, and strengthen domestic capital management and supervision. At
the same time, it is necessary to strengthen training and development of high-
quality human resources to attract long-term investment capital.

In summary, to solve the long-term capital problem in the Vietnamese economy,

it is necessary to increase investment in infrastructure, improve investment
regulations and administrative procedures, and increase capital mobilization.
domestic. Only when there is a favorable and stable business environment can
Vietnam attract long-term investment capital and sustainable economic
development.

4. H

The human factor H of the Vietnamese economy is currently facing many

difficulties and advantages. Although there have been significant improvements
in training and improving human resource qualifications, many limitations still
exist.

One notable difficulty is the quality of training. According to a report by the

Ministry of Education and Training, only about 20% of graduates achieve high
quality qualifications. In addition, only 30% of teachers are highly qualified in
universities and colleges. This shows that it is necessary to improve the quality
of training to meet the needs of the modern economy.

Another difficulty is the lack of high-quality human resources. According to the

General Statistics Office, only about 20% of Vietnamese workers have
university degrees or higher. This makes it difficult for industries and services to
increase added value. In addition, there are disparities in skills and qualifications
between regions, causing local disagreements in economic development.

However, the Vietnamese economy also has advantages in terms of human

resources. With a young population and abundant labor, Vietnam has the
5
potential to develop human resources in the future. In addition, the dynamism
and willingness to learn of the workforce is also a strong point.

For long-term economic growth, Vietnam needs to apply the following

solutions:

1. Invest in education and training: The government needs to increase

investment in the education and training system, and improve training quality to
meet the needs of the modern economy. In particular, it is necessary to focus on
training human resources with highly specialized skills and meet the
requirements of industry 4.0.

2. Encourage research and development: It is necessary to create favorable

conditions for research organizations and businesses to promote innovation and
technological development. This will help improve the qualifications and skills
of human resources.

3. Promote cooperation between businesses and universities: It is necessary to

build close relationships between businesses and universities to train human
resources in accordance with the actual needs of businesses. Internship and
parallel training programs should be promoted to create a bridge between theory
and practice.

4. Educational innovation: It is necessary to change teaching methods and

curricula to suit the requirements of the labor market and industry 4.0. In
particular, it is necessary to strengthen soft skills training such as
communication skills, time management and teamwork.

With these solutions, Vietnam's economy can grow long-term, create sustainable
development and increase added value in the future.

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5. NON –

Non-economic factors play an important role in Vietnam's economic

development today. Below are some specific data about these factors, along with
the difficulties and advantages they bring:

1. Population: With a population of more than 97 million people, Vietnam has

the advantage of young workers and abundant human resources. However, there
is also the challenge of providing enough jobs and ensuring sustainable
development for all members of society.

2. Urbanization: Vietnam's urbanization rate is increasing rapidly, with more

than 35% of the population living in urban areas. This creates opportunities to
develop the urban economy and service industries, but also poses challenges in
urban management, traffic and infrastructure.

3. Information and communications technology: Vietnam is becoming one of the

countries with the fastest information and communications technology
development in the world. This creates opportunities for the development of
high-tech industries and startups, but also requires investment in network
infrastructure and quality human resource training.

4. Climate change: Vietnam is one of the countries seriously affected by climate

change. Phenomena such as tropical surges, droughts and floods have caused
great damage to the economy. To cope with this situation, Vietnam needs to
invest in renewable energy development and reduce emissions, while also
building flood and drought prevention measures.

For long-term economic growth and overcoming the above difficulties, Vietnam
can apply the following solutions:

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1. Invest in education and training: Ensure that human resources have enough
skills and knowledge to meet the needs of the modern economy.

2. Encourage innovation and creativity: Create favorable conditions for startups

and the development of high-tech industries, while promoting technological
research and development.

3. Promote international cooperation: Expand export markets and attract foreign

direct investment, create favorable conditions for domestic businesses and
improve competitiveness.

4. Environmental protection and natural resources: Invest in technology and

environmental management, promote sustainable use of natural resources and
minimize negative impacts on the environment.

To summarize, non-economic factors such as population, urbanization,

information and communication technology, along with climate change, play an
important role in Vietnam's economic development. To achieve long-term
economic growth, it is necessary to implement solutions such as investing in
education, encouraging innovation and creativity, promoting international
cooperation and protecting the environment.

8
DỊCH

Các yếu tố phi kinh tế đóng vai trò quan trọng trong sự phát triển kinh tế của
Việt Nam hiện nay. Dưới đây là một số số liệu cụ thể về các yếu tố này, cùng
với những khó khăn và thuận lợi mà chúng mang lại:

1. Dân số: Với dân số hơn 97 triệu người, Việt Nam có lợi thế về lao động trẻ và
nguồn nhân lực dồi dào. Tuy nhiên, cũng có thách thức về việc cung cấp đủ việc
làm và đảm bảo sự phát triển bền vững cho tất cả các thành viên trong xã hội.

2. Đô thị hóa: Tỷ lệ đô thị hóa của Việt Nam đang tăng nhanh, với hơn 35% dân
số sống trong các đô thị. Điều này tạo ra cơ hội phát triển kinh tế đô thị và các
ngành công nghiệp dịch vụ, nhưng cũng đặt ra những thách thức về quản lý đô
thị, giao thông và hạ tầng.

3. Công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông: Việt Nam đang trở thành một trong
những quốc gia có tốc độ phát triển công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông nhanh
nhất thế giới. Điều này tạo ra cơ hội cho sự phát triển của các ngành công
nghiệp công nghệ cao và khởi nghiệp, nhưng cũng đòi hỏi đầu tư vào hạ tầng
mạng và đào tạo nhân lực chất lượng.

4. Biến đổi khí hậu: Việt Nam là một trong những quốc gia chịu ảnh hưởng
nghiêm trọng từ biến đổi khí hậu. Các hiện tượng như tăng nhiệt đới, hạn hán và
lũ lụt đã gây thiệt hại lớn cho nền kinh tế. Để đối phó với tình hình này, Việt
Nam cần đầu tư vào phát triển năng lượng tái tạo và giảm khí thải, đồng thời xây
dựng các biện pháp chống ngập và chống hạn.

Để tăng trưởng kinh tế lâu dài và vượt qua những khó khăn trên, Việt Nam có
thể áp dụng các giải pháp sau:

1. Đầu tư vào giáo dục và đào tạo: Đảm bảo rằng nguồn nhân lực có đủ kỹ năng
và kiến thức để đáp ứng nhu cầu của nền kinh tế hiện đại.

9
2. Khuyến khích sự đổi mới và sáng tạo: Tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho khởi
nghiệp và phát triển các ngành công nghiệp công nghệ cao, đồng thời đẩy mạnh
nghiên cứu và phát triển công nghệ.

3. Đẩy mạnh hợp tác quốc tế: Mở rộng thị trường xuất khẩu và thu hút đầu tư
trực tiếp nước ngoài, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho doanh nghiệp trong nước và
nâng cao năng lực cạnh tranh.

4. Bảo vệ môi trường và tài nguyên thiên nhiên: Đầu tư vào công nghệ và quản
lý môi trường, thúc đẩy sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên một cách bền vững và
giảm thiểu tác động tiêu cực đến môi trường.

Tổng kết lại, các yếu tố phi kinh tế như dân số, đô thị hóa, công nghệ thông tin
và truyền thông, cùng với biến đổi khí hậu, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong sự
phát triển kinh tế của Việt Nam. Để đạt được tăng trưởng kinh tế lâu dài, cần
thực hiện các giải pháp như đầu tư vào giáo dục, khuyến khích sự đổi mới và
sáng tạo, đẩy mạnh hợp tác quốc tế và bảo vệ môi trường.

10
On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with
the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables,
headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks.

GVHD. AAAA

SVTH:

Hà Nội, 2023

11
Lời càm ơn

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with
the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables,
headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When
you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current
document look.

You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by
choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home
tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or
using a format that you specify directly.

To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on
the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery,
use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and
the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with
the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables,
headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When
you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current
document look.

12
TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF FIGURES
On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with
the overall look of your document.

You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages,
and other document building blocks.

When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look.

You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by
choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab.

You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab.

Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a
format that you specify directly.

To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on
the Page Layout tab.

To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current
Quick Style Set command.

Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands
so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original
contained in your current template.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with
the overall look of your document.
1
2