Input

DIGITAL
FILTER
By:
Prof. Yogesh B. Patel
Assistant Professor
Output EC Dept., UVPCE
Digital Signal Processing
What is DSP?
Need of DSP
Advantages of DSP
Limitations of DSP
Application of DSP
 What is DSP?
Any kind of signal processing which is carried out in digital domain
is called digital signal processing.
Need of DSP
Need of DSP Cont…
Digital Signal Processing scheme
Simple Digital Filtering Block

Clean digital signal using the digital lowpass filter

Signal spectral analysis
Speech sample and speech spectrum
What is the difference between 128kbps and 320 kbps mp3 files?

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as

MP3, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a
form of lossy data compression.

Simple Equations

Higher Bit Rate >> More Bits/Seconds >> More Sound

Information >> Higher Sound Quality >> Greater Storage
Space

Lower Bit Rate >> Less Bits/Seconds >> Less Sound

Information >> Lower Sound Quality >> Lesser Storage
Space
DSP includes subfields like:
Audio and Speech signal processing
SONAR and RADAR signal processing
Sensor array processing
Spectral estimation
Statistical signal processing
Digital image processing
Signal processing for communications
Control of systems
Biomedical signal processing
Seismic data processing, etc.
 Applications
of
Digital Signal Processing
Automation & Process Control Automotive & Transportation

• Barcode Scanner • Active Noise Cancellation (ANC)

• Machine Vision: Camera
• Machine Vision: Frame Grabber
Communications & Telecom

• Cable Modem Termination System

• Military: Radar/Sonar
• Oscilloscope
• Vector Signal Analyzer
• Vector Signal Generator
• Wireless Communications Tester
• Signal/Waveform Generator
• Video Broadcasting & Infrastructure: Scalable
Platform
• Video Broadcasting: IP-Based Multi-Format
Transcoder
• Video Communications System
• Video Conferencing: IP-Based HD
• Point-to-Point Microwave Backhaul
• Software Defined Radio
• TETRA Base Station
• Wireless Repeater
Consumer & Portable Electronics Health Tech

• Audio Dock: Portable • CT Scanner

MP3 Player/Recorder) • Endoscope
• Video Doorbell • MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Baby Monitor • Ultrasound System
Industrial

• Digital Multimeter: Bench / System

• High-Speed Data Acquisition and Generation
• Machine Vision: Camera
• Machine Vision: Frame Grabber
• Signal/Waveform Generator

Security & Safety

• Camera: Surveillance IP Network

• DVR and DVS
• Fingerprint Biometrics
• Video Analytics Server
• Video Doorbell/Baby Monitor
Space, Avionics & Defense

• Military and Avionics Imaging

• Military: Munitions and Targeting
Weather forecasting
 Applications of Digital Signal Processing
 Audio signal processing  Analysis and control of industrial
 Audio compression processes,
 Digital image processing  Medical imaging such as CAT
scans and MRI
 Video compression  Audio effects for use with electric
 Speech processing guitar amplifiers
 Speech recognition  Speech compression and
 Digital communications transmission in digital mobile
 Biomedicine phones
 Room correction of sound in hi-fi
 Weather forecasting and sound reinforcement
 Economic forecasting applications
 Seismic data processing  hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and
 MP3 compression equalization
 computer graphics
 Image manipulation
 Applications of Digital Signal Processing Cont…

 RADAR is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine

the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect
aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather
formations, and terrain.
 SONAR (SOund Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that uses sound
propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate,
communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water,
such as other vessels.
 Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of
elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The
field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as
diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and
artificial processes (such as explosions). A related field that uses geology to
infer information regarding past earthquakes is pale seismology
 Applications of Digital Signal Processing Cont…
 Telecommunications: telephone line modems, FAX, cellular telephones,
speaker phones, ADPCM transcoders, digital speech interpolation,
broadband wireless systems, and answering machines
 Voice/Speech: speech digitization and compression, voice mail, speaker
verification, and speech synthesis
 Automotive: engine control, antilock brakes, active suspension, airbag
control, and system diagnosis
 Control Systems: head positioning servo systems in disk drives, laser printer
control, robot control, engine and motor control, and numerical control of
automatic machine tools
 Military: radar and sonar signal processing, navigation systems, missile
guidance, HF radio frequency modems, secure spread spectrum radios, and
secure voice
 Medical: hearing aids, MRI imaging, ultrasound imaging, and patient
monitoring
 Instrumentation: spectrum analysis, transient analysis, signal generators
 Image Processing: HDTV, pattern recognition, image enhancement, image
compression and transmission, 3-D rotation, and animation
Moving Average Filter

x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n − 1)

y (n ) =
3
 Action of the average has little effect
on slowly changing signals and much
larger effect on rapidly changing
signals
 It means: Low freq. signals suffer little
attenuation while high freq. signals
are strongly attenuated
 So it is nothing but low pass filter
Divide freq. between 0 to π in to six freq.
Feed cosine wave forms with these freq.
 x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n − 1)
y (n ) = x(n) −
3
Sine wave is essentially eliminated,
leaving only the spike
Low freq. sine wave is heavily
attenuated, High freq. spike is only
moderately attenuated
This differential filter represents a
high pass filter
x(n) – current sample
x(n+1) – future sample
x(n-1) – past sample
Causal filters: Filters that require only current
and past values of signal are called causal
filters.
Above discussed moving average filter –
require future values - are called noncausal
filters
x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n − 1)
y (n ) =
3
• Convolution: is the process of feeding one function in
to (through) another function.
• e.g. Convolving the input function with moving average
filter
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
Where h(n) = coefficients of our filter
x(n) = input function
 In moving average filter h(n) had three coefficients and they
were all equal to 1/3
 Moving average filter can be expressed as
x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n − 1)
y (n ) =
3
y (n ) = x(n + 1) + x(n) + x(n − 1)
1 1 1
3 3 3
 Replace the constants with function h

y (n ) = h(0) x(n + 1) + h(1) x(n) + h(2) x(n − 1)

2
y (n) = ∑ h(k ) x(n − k + 1)
k =0
 In general
∝
y ( n) = ∑ h( k ) x ( n − k )
k = −∝
 Advantages of Digital Filters
Or
Why we prefer digital filter over Analog filter?
 Performance of digital filter does not vary with environmental changes.
 Therefor periodic calibration can be avoided
 In case of Analog filter R, L, and C component are environmental
sensitive like temperature, humidity etc.
 Digital filter can have linear phase response
 Not possible Analog filter
 No. of input signals can be filtered by one digital filter without replacing
hardware
 Filtered and non filtered, both data can be saved for further use
 Performance of digital filter is repeatable from unit to unit
 Using VLSI technology, hardware of digital filter can be reduce, at low
cost and low power consumption
 Digital filter can be used at very low freq. application like Biomedical
application
 Digital filter are highly flexible and portable
 Performance Comparison of Analog and Digital Filter
Parameter Analog Digital
I/O Analog or Continuous Discrete or Digital

Component/Composition L,C,R Digital Hardware and

Software
Filter Specification In Analog Filter, It is value Coefficients of difference
of component equation

Flexibility Less(easy) More (easy)

Portability Less(easy) More (easy)
Effect of environmental Easily Affected due to LCR No problem
conditions

Noise Max. noise effect minimum

Storage We can not store Analog We can store digital signal
signal
 Limitation of Digital Filters
• Speed limitation: speed depends on digital
processors, conversion time of ADC, Settling
time of DAC
• Finite word length effect
• Long design and development time of digital
hardware
 Linear phase
 Linear phase is a property of a filter, where the phase response
of the filter is a linear function of frequency, excluding the
possibility of wraps at ± π.
 In a causal system, perfect linear phase can be achieved with a
discrete-time FIR filter. Linear phase system has the property
of the true time delay.
 Since a linear phase (or generalized linear phase) filter has
constant group delay, all frequency components have equal
delay times. That is, there is no distortion due to the time delay
of frequencies relative to one another; in many applications,
this constant group delay is advantageous.
 By contrast, a filter with non-linear phase has a group delay
that varies with frequency, resulting in phase distortion.
 A filter with linear phase may be achieved by an FIR filter
which is either symmetric or anti-symmetric.